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    142 views167 pages

    Grodal - Embodied Visions

    Uploaded by

    Maria Ríos

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 167
    Embodied Visions Evolution, Emotion, Culture, and Film Torben Grodal phn an yk ary ne Acknowledgments This boi and the ein tare been the making ite wr ie a chaakl te peopl se hve coment wth pte aes not ear my ‘ade an ay firs el alts in the Scery athe Cosine Sty af ‘he Mawing Image (SCSME. Aspe hans w ella she Deir of Media, Coptin a Consmatation ashe Uivenky of Cope At hous Grgenen, Lenard Hobe, ene Kener, Johannes Ry Lare Mit Saenan, Pac Sehopeln, rd Carper Tbe ado Mana Sth x ea ingand commenting on et eon ofthe bok. Thnk to Sly Lal fr linge nica of he Be dee af Fdid Vision a Kenneth de Leen for hpi me Fr fis. ant the tayo: lene fore carmenson the aoe Senneof the mutt inch book has een pba revue tr ven i thank de allowing for Kl proving permis rie an eet ‘his rec A previous version af cape wan pb Tren Grd, “Lore and Desi in the Cinema” Cre rr V4 le 2 pp 22-4 Copyighe ©3004 bythe Liner Fase Alight seve. A previo ‘sen of par copter 6 ws bie at "Prin Sens Aegrein snd Jo ‘an Exoonay Append to Fl inotons” ran, Va 1h en 19-41-07. © Beals Books. The inmdictin opr cerns a phic ‘epesation an ex eens tht hav pee bers pueda Toes Goal "The PECIA Fw: A Geteal Theory of Vista Asti” in Fe Sats A lnerina eas Va. 8 (Senet 20063 ppt. Aner ver ‘on of chap mus pubs a "Sere fer Ere, Ea ad Mace cape 6 in Te Vdev Come Tory Reader, 9p 29-46 © Rong Icy a dis o Infaa pie, 00) Aner version of chapter vas pully Vis Vlg in Fehr fr Por Wa. An ali orn af har 3 ws ube a dune Vol 6 ue 1 (200), An ene wenn of caper war publ ub. lectin, Objective, and Aashete Fling in Fin” Bodega, Mar ng lage Cal, and bed, 2000 Fp 47-04 Laon Unies Pros psn reuse ned by Jo Libbey Pblshety. A previ son fhe {ppencs wu publ in Norher Ligh 1 nsoduction: Bolen, Bislgy Cate, ad Fla Part | Frm, Culture,and Evolution Universi, Culture Vrnon and Childe ila, 4 Lave and Desite be Cinemas 4 Screaming Lambs and Luny Wolves Moral Arindee snd Evolution 5. Undead Ghoesand Living Pre: Funes and Honor 6, Sans, Melodrama, snd Kia of Los and Desh Contents Parti Narradve,Visual Aesthetics, Brain, and the PECMA Flow Introduction to Pat Ie'The PECMA Flow 27 Ser fr Byes Ear aad Vasc The Esclation cf Embodied Smalaione Chanter Simalion and Emotion 9, Art Fil he Tramee Body, and dhe Permaneat Soul 10. Sabjestive Actes in Fil 1 The Expsinor of Aadivinl Rel 12, Conlin: The Gene- Cult Sacan ad Bioclrisn ‘Apps: Provss PECMA Flows ia Tier Ose References Index Embodied Visions Introduction Evolution, Biology Culture, and Fim [Ltcceiioh mend wtinheumnie fc in ns Jest the ist ot naar sh eaway fom the praign chat has deme dims ofthe ah center. Thac pcg s bc on the sumpion a he Futana ee iii are, no eloped acer, s6 dat hun se cot xilycomed std infiely mabe The cree cnn of \hewoilconentiin pri cinch mac ate once esi by tony induced vem hn didi sed abner anlogous fr our peste lng stone ce the woking oeompusn,Asconting thi view bio: loge enna in ie py nopureehecsansion of ele Huansare bm Seth wharonemigh cals blanks hams mere by arf Ii a crac al es of rane! pasts he nda show wid 20 inte dagen Foren concerns rindabave os obor Bio theprolacefvcatanie fm bith onward smbined wh eat eakrl i tory bu et ih tong ging incr ofevoltnn ee Lada Conde are Jo Tyscrque ofthe lank ae tary in Bho op). Th eee wil tle cher al Mad, afer blag. However cll oduct dace wit Any relerence wrench done within» astra scence framework 4+ ert irs The new emerging paradigm may be led aaenery Bowron, o¢ “ipl boda Nan ets 2g, C. Show doit hanes sd tena odie and conficting cau. Hower sald advices ve the put 40 yan in ou knoylale of he biped Fantning af the heran, Irae hr ew «conrergene becren thew be elim Tis sate (wece mate ata nonce and he burt ar ben decried he “indore 99 fern eserseof Darwin i Ie sis see Comll oe The prea ole isa coarberon to thi enering pt {gm shows how he eves of varus Em geres and narae forms cn becapbned within an eoksoray-ilojl amet eds on deed of da snd ech of relevance er en tase visual esses chat ren) Yee dane while «marl cence Fewer Fim and Embodiedness, Cental my vein of his tew ets are experince ff ers rune mis a orcukiein gen consis of ress wil lvingorzeisns, fro brn. When we oak aur her shay haa, we set Icou vec era ese und lacrosse: Daniel Sra Joe) testbed dh unsmoda amen) vil kg she emg rom boy ‘pinenecnd come the ba foramen ge of lop and ore tothe mpeonn, The bly change iad otra acne at tho ploy nelle in memory cogetion al crass (Damasio 9 Lc 9s Gio 567) When we we someone afm whi hand he tor neros in our freeads smut sich and movements (Clee ere Samco 200) 46 tough other miter neuro the rovers o he iil ‘epresont roomate in Sehr 2007, just as oer peoples ‘ina con oceania wx Aah as Leland liso 199) hare pied out he moringy ef ear comionnas re ull he Fact tat ve 0 owtl an nedind minds aed ther moverense through space Esidence for ‘Hisar be found nvhefondsnuctly rphovi arsctreoflangunge ad it the canonical ste are Silime Kling othe dave te sede ght ‘ls epee bey sees menses, anda stow inchaps6.5, and 1 ls cue sich feng by work nate dpe Likewise 1 show inmy account ofthe PECMA flow geet, cote cgi and motor tex), ey sete phonon ou experkce of lm can be were ful ion dc bsnk way of provetg infomation fom che see Embodied exatence and behavior ny teefoe be dared on rumors cca Soon KigheasleeSheuheee Sechacesatideaiiiaeaisaainsieheted. Iron ktm Blog CUtrnandFam_§ lead reps ng Goes iets ated pup ha ean are Aspley a ei pence ely nc panei nas rere pl ara chmpulinperenay ska eesnepee i iaennceleteeteeeetee es eer {his evlaonny hstryand the vamanis epee deren proaches ‘hetane bjt and they benef fom coperton Singer 28), Moran, ‘Cine wo dew ashy dsveion bewees epic ini and de ‘sls mind singe ebjecie ply fate caine cain apes of be reraionbtmeen ind and ele (ue bio alain rape fsctinalintyaonand intneron sich eur che or plied sd nil i wold by alongenlcionsy Binoy [bioadtunl andi ppruc iter dnc rom, my, Osean de Afihetody, heme the edi nin ie decd ne concrete eng ae Iypmeanset copitine scence Te eabedil bain hu raed to ole ase 1 practi problers that have isd our ances I cee net ly 4 bea ives byexceme and myst Fen arn al perversions you inp ink whe ending Lina Wins (1000) dep of body pnts "Te biol appr eahure dor et contndit « Me op oh om she consar fl a ely hires and conti iw Aecrbing tn rlinionary promi nnd ton esrors thas hae led Be fenton spe tb ag cl epracsng Leas pide lr Actin, hw and under wit eorirons cure ns suppenerted au ed Ini Yo soapy increase fei. and cok explain the its of cht Ae The Bi cmpicias Lteved dt wear boun wi cen dace and MD ie ani ly. tg parol caper loro dody by the sh ie sis war aa nc el Vs iapentl cu eb Wf pe empire ale v0 rack a undemtanding and Enolegeo al the hyalina he wo Ka provided ena elation by Jest innate cccaine of the mind tat wo pp he pce Igo story dat, bat al ely 0 dv nerenton ro expa che cin ‘fhe dg. Chars Dwi sce is expratry pli by showing at the pres of rain and selon ch sri ever lan pis er I eld cee hs of ee pc ed al (Dnt 199) Ths, anna nd bans areboun wih erin eral pec ile napa bas hare been sly elon and du baveenabed Bult ssanore survive Bat, eI dena i tore desler 00, dina nis the 20h ceneay aged eshvinay hog ae Reve loon of eskurs self.coetion. 6 Enoeced se ‘Bodies end brn have eval thmnagh an eelstionary proses thi hs taken millon fy for mtn, Bellu and Pega 02 Mien tops Bare ct 200% Buss 2008) We ate alle wo wah fins wi ein tn bodies tat have evolved In arora een exvronment. The bilgy bf humans bas aot changed fundamentally since mc Picncmne rtana of Tat Afi ore y.000 00,09 yas age or eer fll yeu ur ances ed se unter aetna gape the A ‘San neta, vith semen hseing te fing ad bath men and women ‘ectcing Hsia on ad exon Awe. yeas gph waa the UpperPileic otra expen score. whesanguge ane paimlng wee intend nd iymans eden incre the tole lls el bg ily burying th ead (vite 996 Willis ape) Hanan culture oof Te nox maj ttning oi wa the lventon of apie, which began ‘he Mile Ba 3.000 yeu ogo aod proved espero lege and peas tet aaccommunie Daanond 997) Since then «see pid hangs The unfree lal clue and shee basi rom apc tnd td einen ce. These earl deepens have been cued ti by eroded bine he pe hat coed she ongiral humeral ies of Aen Boro ea 192: Canis ad Tooy 1997; Buss 200), bu tor vetons ite lo nun ané modifi our iaeae dpe and provided new way of ing the Ge, or sence, Andere 996; Ande for and Anderson 205, chow fils uvearae pein) The ore enna and sepsine ments dt our embodied bine dee ped ina hunt alee sey ae pthape eve mors obi ie nine ee incsof vin soe tar viewers per ter than wey bering he ‘oc blorn li bean any othe ins lex eee ‘Botmorian brie thc enhanced nan suv in he past. Fl ae fie fred dlc ng etal reponse and muy be hao wore at br ‘rhne ths atte inate enriora dipsens wheter or nt dee dae fen ae appropri modern enim sme ov Ele to sil threes svi in fat evionmess, Cran cet, innate digposions ca ont Heng for mor alow ie stachinen baton chien and pars Gee caper 2) oui eur rman icone beter ale ee hap 3) Fhe an geminal as hing wth bree ‘Shale and vides escapes Gand 7:se abo Fx 2009 cen hoe nox pone away Une in ceces which the mari of ks nee fee hvoien conkensars, Homor ais il fen us on ae a of be {Ding fod fer some ke ale cesar ce caper. The re hting the que ve Bd aril ‘elie dae inactionadventn fps me ain hcachigeashadalaaaanenaaa tail ial Irrcicton usAon Boog, uta an tn four hmengabeoc: evens vbo ronal he Povere svat woud rt eee imagers ald bed Heals pny ti A Toms nl Oat Nighi rit cer rs and i pero soste computer gas (Spur tal. Nowadays Former eda a at cwtined mouth, ba ex alo oan pe whe ser pes may he epic y ise es (One sample of x cal eal activi sth game of hie and sed ‘obser tae pce tiers gun, 8 posure Tash sa ine Tit Gn of Fifi or consume par of tiller ora boner Sic sed Owen (00) lve dele how may young una ind Ing Boman hilo, plo pte shat invlve a chat o igen ser, bee thos perf ped prac ein recnou orn hast prey Charing fmer atone he mot ender tie of armas hin ember pe ofan Iyporboies behav The development f seal eligence he iy un ‘sus cher mt spoones he alive ardent he nds psi Higher macralstes get have expand ne eee eke eel bare rae ra er ep and she dewloprent of me sophie habtog pane» ly ‘lean in the Fraton ef oder hema IMithen 196 Dunbar 996). The ‘etna orn cd leron ews he ct hele ba Dr idence sion drum i ct oly a hey have been acme 0 fich oat rough og enpoureThe ion eta fee dames ‘ofecimerta inate pertnrs in Sidr gmc of cht in be ue terse inl es sd pies ins bout dig and ekg fea ieee tla oeestee ier eleafeatiae smperence of rena suring the dram ccrictencs i ach ei, a Aerivehe i thawing ck le der not enbanee the uv nee of smo pope in she: prarrediy evo. Se eee Fee reel atee The bideandaeck frre o the ene rel frmals oy Be de ‘eribehow you hun down poles child mlscers. or dupes at hey tnd be scot ele fr gag nels. Thee of ede novel and le he rie fan cop show ili he eon inate dopesiion and clea eonaracins The eres compen eal eid irdeto Ree cee ores ence ‘hergth connuy ase probleme wx wanpueny snd mor sella, (Cline eons at providing creation and mol sane inthe wr soc jul and slo acre i inated sposton ike hung cee ‘imial, hing fem drgeous ken and svepreting sg and flere signs anc wacks They provide pile guns 8 she see If othe (Dunbar 996) and oxrche oil lgere end dernier minds {Bace-Cohen 999 Thus de delopnet of th sine pov pode of habla arte federal dnvlpinen sd ante captions ‘Anolon Vinee epee Jo these tarred ol wut seine ae deine by inna pesne ror thee nme pean see leaieameverts wit which we may hie eed echo The de ‘opm of ete has vied new ores or stshng hele digas fers ané needs aswel as eres net. However Das Sperber (996 as {ce Adorao ad Hotei: nie in fete Ealcace rio intuionliion of mht hey cle inne reasen othe conceraton ams Gi in gene (hols in Sa 2000) The ony cept ‘Be peot mecning wn te nets adn crgue othe dominaet hough a From de le or ad fl stadies became ineessing atheorte (uit econ ke Boe 085,198,188 Sieh 655: Cano 6958 “Auden 996 Tan 198; Graal 97 anvinga and Seth yy lle 002, eo at dace fit dcr fom a copacve pepe Te dina ted became acd of Kiril tdi se elit dig Foca oni ing lla were ellen by hl wel nl Kiri oer od een Bondvall and Carel (990) eed boc wth tee Poe Thy in wich ec pe a aap p ey ioral edie are incon ery talib ard ee Her has po sided mumenne lot conrntons cr and Sl de. Hewere. ‘he dangers an pl of malig itor suds without knw of =) ‘tobe tee muy be enenolifel wih lose vty and mos sie thar are infeed by Waber Bena’ (3977) ey "The Wok of Ain he dpe of Mechankal Repro? apd eter worse the ery of rei fy which porppone the ce human pach and human von have changed nly modern impli ta the bin end perepin can be ely Iodine Ths, orneance Mary Ane Dean 20] dees ‘elie macemtysecinmaieserence witht consdenngwhetet sich expeenc se pgclopay fel or potable as econ p> ‘a viwing experience snes priest psyboloialLiawlege lis ar fa Innes, eily comprehen fr pene Ig in premodern calttes Ment 999) Fertier cxrpls of ck reraiy sen may be far Linda Wills ig) velar, whic fr insur, contin Term Cringe tsp) emtyon tbe sotbnte of enorme, Crys ay on “modern, ‘ion? and Fader ny on preteen vison, None of she authors at {ny dct a whether ee cain out the hina pape and ay ‘fargo sectlince wilh wha kaw asthe nan bein wth, sds fel er nieces Garg frets chr char ty ‘ina ered shock. fagaeretin atc noise aed race 0 ee tar vent bea tha chow comepended a therreder phe eer tothe modes rapmente ran He expect een ‘heres pc Cr exits m Benji) coterence nd ri ae c= fahone, premodern. Borde (998 197-149; sao ead 2003) hs ounce show ec epistles ee el hen ets high allickptctemtaengierl estas ps sient mreeiiery easier dnp iad dergelacinskce aoe eee ener fs Koma of modern ores oF snes af miles a git with oe ee the middle ofthe fread have eld on arsctns ja eed rte hme mide cert sora. Bes Sings (20 lows ap on Bean ae cher Iden sharia eins Erbeween men pyc sere Haws ond srl exvicsrons if atom «Mind of eden per fakeg desgcondion,dibough he phsclored Date siping poide epee lear by medrese wil fete rin dag io mare ad sna by peloned ertion (Unde took 1-90) (Amore peal protien’ wth fhe medersy thai is thet it lis on oo le les ofthe eo betwee pererens ar the han miedand thas ondsicaly, noe bier exough, The dese of change al shock te Solel eran poncpions depeads nt onl on the ata in qenion but she the copie eps of tose expe ce shen. Filtre Uiuvowes arund go indeed fen ound hate fd itle word nas il hang inher, and chock jo a people om rd see rg be ce IN ig a entre teing by im ce ‘roy: Ove time were ot Brine rene cheat ade an es fay aperiene. Thus the input ofthe ard nanan depen fox uly onthe inal shes te secaliaon tat kes pace de lea of he individ the round he yee, af eeu ap amen lm es phased eliveeneptierty tegen ti berm bomen cis ap hgh Song tae or hii el ay cm that noma ore tee Roe moder, rare forme mere premodern Bioctwam poids + rarer for undentniing way naraies ae sea why he skal rele the ppc 1 entedditona needa oto ol. Cae and fin 19 ofthe Csey marie hare spel een for pst viewers. bu a ‘plain tov cau meres and bas mol eh ileent verines. Deion, of seis in stro accion” adi opin lint mate not nla history isthe br ao sede pet sera nies and ane Iioal erurs of ssh epreion (ic erie ial a a belonging lym priori! pod renin aurea Theis of fm snot be ose ache ery gene lea nda foe ch ‘hu cf nara. Rath ieisanchoel in the pfu yrs ann ‘esl ms combiratons of forms, long we the nw conc wei these es hae heen and il be povided “This bok might apyet be ope, reuse canna alent he same ‘uc and he ne degres of eal desing Natl spec 2 on ‘onlin. However i paps inno: dion of inurl nis ude ‘mins espe! bir aad oor Th pcpoeis one Korea studs by sing arable lnwuledge rm oer cipes to undernand wh 'shstiallyspecc and what hed on uritvaldaportiane The purpose is aot le ur short hisry bese inthe lag persetiveo he eain ‘humane e's hope tht hs bok miy apt thet xpd he hire fnerionsof bcm, In the bok, [show how nd why pyolgelexplentons bse on ro Lana andtelegeal onslrans ae igh compe wis ati and edente calli medomm coercive and anielecni preaches) fle suse Ruther than only wing ingasge rl dicen a a dl demanding aiviul matin, Tet lew Bl ae dination of npn and fr eto suns in the werd an hw fn nvr nny dee Ines and component, exc of which has sown history and ts on spend sf change Th hae aes of body gue. sch the expen 9 hey crs lis hae fre, o dsgasate Keogh and ere for hive a high deg of aneauey atl alow re of change However the tirenc fintaeeechanine doc or ele carl vara: ote cn ‘uy that inste macnn aves cena dg fei abun ty enegyconsiming ely es soaps inate sendencie, The dopa tls for Bu languge ray change more rap and ate diver clad salyoups wich may in cur lead inerpreine probe or ee oaide the grvp. Pie purse boy anpugeon fy ann rele, for example inyolvs more dp eales than Kaisybed lngsage. The bs: feces of sexy ace legal ound, bu diferent cleo bce he di Fern side tod eal fo mane tho ave exec eed tals at to uhat parrot body and epi dhe eal be ma be vile in pubic snd ety caleaalune anions aunt hoover Theses te ila violence a cepa wt wer dine ltt and individ: ie amen. the social paces tae mold evr embeded itencions ‘sneaking yo Tom a Hank seb tomo bepaheleg whch prvie the amen sd porsmeter the sent of ‘Structure of the Book Hh dive ito npr The pr caer ln rd caren i okay pyc and comprises ape 26 The cod fan how the msleep oh in eaplines af apr on je Feshapet 2 dices how clu est ca dele led he aarp of olga ban ae. show Mit flo clone dnd ters by inne ecelnrleoer a chert and by cpsir coer onda by-eend orc IR 0x0 Inc ern chert duc lcd er cewl ion ii that poate csi ley and he cere af eed er unplesomecf thew mechani hogh ace ofp peer tats ncn ntanien th Aken poured peter Tame gsi monehic res whi li ht gen prods ce forse, meeniy™cas be acetal by cen homoge ni ad aucceukrsnch cet of alm 0- NBeipiinespece sch ny ioe esc ee Blndapiers Teonper roman nevis poropaplic fen sd rie efi nce oublaknen of prcrlard hai aoe fl reese he ine Fano anorymnne en I don, Wut eave scons roe of te and deve tnd cee: bow Hi ple dhe econo th ems it rer avons Caper Aun iin soncete vies moran der etn: ‘ord cof ae snd an, Wher Tefal ppoch council sienew om rn bn epee Wiens and rprge monly portal hn gt So Pept chr nx cormcpurc ok pounder i, Cone chen Bd hl ne! by nar pls bead he ney ony Thence in whoatarcxingtaieown ml ere done It ces phase copntve an ota wea even aud Any areca ing Jnithan Danes The rote Lak > fete (Chapter sarge the asic and opens epee fas anlar pr f the ciation he ee epee a fot ef hae ‘revs ing 0 ae prea, moro exchange and eth, bts over sp ite wo he hype hiking eat sec apromives ‘hacen of anaced eigenen humans unl he wey in which is pompedy bein en cha ae igly int and accra ‘he arching nena act ‘Chaper eueonthe appar prox he wewes may be insted sh tare thar have gicencng and dice dations Dewees sd eres {ed iferens kin of salbedng, Le spa boeing pieboncy bonding nd! beige args tat mdr rapa Op ligand hts sel event seine aceeance and ubmsen ae pia! of many a lis Spill Seting Prive Rye, Kars a, al Vio ‘ang Hr omy he ad Saisie bal athena tbrinion income 0 aaraon. Larue that our inert in fin eat ‘ottoled onl by + with pon nana eeperen rate ha weld cra ney eres ire ave fr go fein acpe San cine heres hat ve a stony este reevnce, wheter the pea or bap arr Haran edicts ca: dibs ental mel of ass ‘he PECMA flow mde. The mode expan how dhe be arcitetre ae ‘heilloent pain procning fava data upporedilerentacbede Forms assed brit citer nence cur xperene of de igen and other typeof CChaner 7 dices th etionay al Fucinal met of nama. and ‘heway which difewnt mela, fom en and wines Ineanre and dana © Fim andes pes mprenntenpererce ie diet ay lies he wy inwbidhnuracis ate reed herr eiokaa umainsof cabo Feat, aye and ness. Chae: 8 dacsna ow veers uate Fite and chance aad he dilrn then shou how we experiance che 1: dncume are rode of experince, fom dinacedabereon 0 immenin, and chews how the pb wth mn thai ff view int che thy wy on ermmene He of haw we experience eer ean prove ngeridnddesrigtons ofthe viewer emperence The Seni rey Shinkpenenevvine sch pity ane admraton ane ade cel s- Perc mains uch as veh are ‘Chay 9 anys sre ofthe cooceps wed ro carci ae lw hgh eran irae ore of he reno fat ied spe jen nha tn pdfs between the atu mia tht dormer ss part per nreditinn bolton Cures fn While te ater focues on taen” mealngs. Out base expenone of the Wied invohes cone, pre, andthenfore leat tection with (ter expences hone dew on pel human bso: ou cpa rie ces els of wove pranee tuningy, whe ou iy 0 fren abuse corps produces expences hat ate bjoad the cae lend of concrete isemctin, High at may one down the mie lr of con era) interion beeen rel pepe and other peor ané eben. Ac fime er eke shart or sibecne permanent meanings, oF ciate 1 lover level of eeepal meaning sy i spor ofthe ibe, abstract moire ‘Cher 10 descies the spe of phenomena within fl sextet ta a sion caqoined a subjecne Tee wor mbt ina hu te seem ‘ eden of rg el cd reper eee a eee eee ee ee “how haw the PECNA few mace! cn describe haw mec expense te ‘het 1 blodang of vesious ation. The chapter ao provides caegprznten fabjeve ares in fi, ‘Chapter analy me ofthe way a which re expend by wiowes This rater than acing dine lat re he caper donee ic eee cee erent eee eee er eae eee cere eaten blepmarispeay a ts aurea pe) "ow cepisn stl abi, |e caper i | ake seme condudingeemarls and sum up some of che nso dng of ee Bo. tna appends, I useae the sail val the ECM Row made fs the fas of as vor Trer vi enphass on de cas by which Tier ea subj, yal enpesonen is cele by cain inser mation Part | Film, Culture, and Evolution 2 Universalism, Cultural Variation, and Children’s Film Jedbgs en tel vy cicmet Pcie wih the wang of bilo hutan rare Fe show dit lions ins are shpat ters by innate evvina tees and cgaive x tos andy spect clr nora 1 therey refine both he an late he Ive huton mince ong veson of culaabsn—and ch anaes Fit wong bokoi tthen os the mechan ha ad exile Hilthvet aon theca, promot eltanl bly ed wiemaiy Hn the eof sme fc rechaniamy on gene paver and cont fry lincorais explana wh Akai porodern grre theory. Final Meal moval ther whish cr ha nen perinésor clef Ie chrcernt hy mss omogencns fetes, Inne rode” Jor end tar ars are mespees whch many fice Wiad ens thar baersneny bs ata propery of made {alo bat i ener Teall devlopment se the carl explosion (Mion 19) ha been Away wcesng dvi an chan Tosinwrms cf erm and hnsow in percardimersins of enue lee no (Mi esi sir bares Homer Ode al Lia Str Vis aus the same ype wk mun presets found ie ‘noome demon or walls ring ht ae moe shan 1200 pe Ra cel ety pet she erences Although he Hay Perr wes the device gal ep sent and wisest at superaial is lave ease, hse ae poe We edatirely modern 20th entry seg, An acount of elt ane lm ‘rust theron beable ro decribe be ft ate of Sn ae cbr pducts Inger and che sive re eps why eran pes and forms rea aver ‘ine arin diferent clean this apps be han wives “Thera re min mop wepainedal emilee chreemblance fe groempel by lon rns" bseg pony nase wiht ‘sears eaente (2) tingrennel by clear etneion-—ciher Soe te mpostian acorn ecg or Fel is infec and ah ‘in: oes ence a debe an rth withnt vine lnspavien. Cacosing bersenc ccnbinig thse varous explains hs been anyplace by thea tha ty hare fen bee xd peal. Rls bare dcr the oa ae athe sure of nates (wel as meee) elie) ate ele greatest eae eg aa eee eed eee Peeters a eee eee er eee eer ‘eligi deni te bod emaeition ese eon tom clr (nl Ing dining) ane she hap turn sips atl conan. Bat che second half che2ot cer the des elor ad enateptn om cs, ‘se gender anc 38 wa line othe desi of any eaecon ewe care nebo biokg beings aa carmsn cae ata area be do pe Scans enough sherri Pel Wan ad Shiner hgh long sini wth en tk ding a human mie ad wih proper ‘Eling ticnnehag divided eld be mld by soci Sed ont ‘thoracic th ot ber portions sare the se be nation, ranean vader a hat csr scay they Dn thas 0 eho hei efor ee work a ia conn. At * real explinuons ised by Disa des evoke have been under ‘tae or boc adele Grd cs Frm an wolanay aa liso sal pets ooh orp de wot ib oi, Car elit tal Uist gea eanevnd pide nov thon Uc node Dian ‘aden prc my oer dee walling chee eee Culture and Biology in Children Films \uumane wee bore wih stefani we wake chen (teenie eae gaged ech aoene tye neal fe ase shar dle hae an innate mana archive and py a feral devdaprent. we woud exe heir elegy 2 prides Famer For adipose certain const che kif as tt inte hem Tia fehldens worsen be shawn to have ean unr ears ci he thersles ms ave cotinine dpesior ac cannot be sid tun wha barks, Tor dhe blksnedkeny ofc whe ae we weal hie pos at he bsog stsocee wip cin in ndlesae Ile ecto be molded by cali Thin i ot «prong hypo, sips sina we wl ein chats 3 and + not oly chien cores Init fle frase omsacre herr wore and leo the spear) hae ssiverty ha cantor be exline by elope hegemony see, let uthertore aes lok rere cf te mon pop chiles sich 1 Wikors Lane Come Hone. Disneys Bandk, Wines Fe Wille, Daves Mi Lin Wig Nisaahs Speed os, ot Sans Finding New. Like rest hi fit shee fn ve cera ey romsen: enced carers ia Ga dei of wa Daye ead ded (Se) cae he Iva recocon sce, pert fr uring the bin 0 presnton ro dan 1 Furierae the Hn acu on aeadimen sme parating age on the ween of werocl tains renship and 1 ere Ryd and Pe Jan 02a ote ue fr explesion snd pay Paeepy 198) Thee toons rot mer wee emsrctons ha repre vit cancers fer any hil snd les tha: eae to oe ate spreentconsof tee coeemc- fie lu suc, As dc er, pec aku value ince che mays Web ec parca ype, bx the neta dapons to ich, Ihe spp ae none ad epoch ween of ft urd Uieer mul Roly Foray 2001 Sry 2908, ‘Avast oF bonding irked vo che weg oF ve enogen de Hie rayne sflaencer he horde mothe: bi and oe Ih which aktences mle pring Kenn ae agresian row oer Hale (irhayp 999), Anachrsen cracls of manna and His hike iwi ssp da ths ia ine need ae fe ad IID fo ec) cea har anialagene al here pc Hee leq writer exzence of pring Beer (een arin hace BNP oi epi ener tk x crimp che way Nemes ee ‘fr Neve Inthe developmecr of humans the hormones tat sport Biot Wr arnt tte! proce painbondg and vrei ee el ne ayer. and many cides ones urate have evenonr ‘yoshaloeg the romantic lve tat es beyend the Melopal éedeent fv Although sides eres us on atachien ences been Ga joi sty ov Starke tice aprons of Spied day esa pro-rata herween Chino sd he boy Haku whih leh ap inatjpot dt appens when the pe ae temporaria pga igre) Slay Die Soe Whe nd ‘te Sen Deaf cere on the mn shane anhmen othe dacs bt heratachmen othe prince ves on abalgiud sd a eng, Accson ‘emotion are lo vil import ale pei fn ode so ijl 995) have shown how the ey senesin dea ocw o the urson of desely clued charter tat hae bee sep ile know very wel eat animal do teak nd tha she anima ‘et Save smshow ben esipped ws ura te but ie tin. ‘elsing nina pea rougenn han eve xen popular milen- sis joe toy animal are found sively Than ails mun pose cern fetes tho rae her al humans have inane dspodion fa dectng ed categning oor sear, v0 thar anima hae a nasal sence (Kei 934) 99). Monon he fogsomasials makes posse tosses salen agers sch nope fn ows and anes, The animals re ent sens dt cen can ne fo ty out ass mel fancy ad re hl thors o hw eter inch ‘otk ee chprer Funds dieunios of cea ie Batts cnet eth ar cileen. Ove explo at 21. Canal arom in finer cine by pula 'njcpaya iis cro n Miya Spe eywhoeictop al hited besten ones eps Fipand icles weldofendaned ean ‘caf fi ein, torn sel eo ‘inal bers wi erpanee Sori whale explain the fuel ole of animal some so tobe eonaeced ther bone pasion incltion ohne uke for erpl the twee ‘chow in Sur War who fli hirer with dlc det, Denalé Win fico) as sce he oo asia bets such senders ey [asd ralo on whee function to sapportthe cin developing con ‘lor ho ht aeahinenw te peat gagerces br sce peforning ‘a convellng he care, Humans have gerald dt cing ela 9 ‘her fying hin alo be wed seat ria paca say ‘a, appeing eran -eve here hie dinate ian inven, 0 in theese of ey deplan. The Palos ceropany mas product and man nuke einal animale objects that wre tn sper der se oar their ring capac. In pce of dest ean inary, ihe Poko animal Pach sick due tos hyperhare a cri ad te vines se puting ebro ex His nso tsp > chu serena «bee ily wos Boh the anal ep hat eve a aioe ebjes and dhe chaces Ansel in flor Slaniaane afin enaggnte thet pic of chika me erinal dorian cae Fr noc IR egy ene he ong i tes sch ashes chat tig in lio 0 he Bay ass of Mh Mouse) luge nes and moto inadeguigy ET pet magi «ra soul bx tha: scat fenderet at ct by hit Rls is cnggeaed ian etre, Te sv mana has or ilies fy depended on poids cate hes effing, Stas of he Aerlopmetco desis of lls bea show tha nse brining he 2 the hed body propor wes dul bu by dw poco of marer Tall, ey bra nthe ate sth cnr had tora proportions Ber Ie stl. 2003 Theprefrnc or clo fxn and wot epson dhe Ahlen preeence ated ber remo ugh hy ali, js ie lovaal cites mosey toe ser who watch the lm oesher with te ire and both chides nd ada at aud the in Tt ler a. ‘nd powaupy shar he eapeenceand da eheren may el or het ne pons fn dpe dhrcer extedoe aoc tan du chiden ae ses Tyindotisaed each flings bn ae cone 1 pasivesachiment. Like anguge, Boon consampcon licen inne ke ‘wens nl also nel soca by xpene vo carl hme tat devlep ne cope When dale Sein ly ar yin, they sk achive er onal cool by suming x double pres tho dh and to tl dy pay mex addy sida th dle an ly be ae wove alot taionl oben The depen of anima progenssin Fle alt a nce en ith he nial and ee expt he ‘This eos nscens exten tha of Banfi wep of Bam con the oe. The fe ht we ed plese nehren adam eppeaing Isarcleton othe atonnnite tegen 9 axe oreeng dat sal ol rmaniuls nd pei vo Humane Cie hes expen wa Koso (Gee and act sun tine develop mental meal fpr ac thc ppt penalty in aachnen Th Gr ch ss oor ining No are teenlenodemlerpeimermin dec with eachvent nd kaa rutin. Sac White and Cite in Spr Anny are ong empamered in di urge sera sachrent. Sow Waive being prea peo the dni {Gris bbsng he hein who sable ona er parent mea alarm tin pi Woot and Bn Ligh yy ae af este he ae teppei the pichecc boy Sousa becuse thy er hat he boy who owns them wil move say dere tha hid; bat hy dr ae chink inghow much his boy wil ther, ds Jenonsating ea fri an tir expat of en in cura, Howey heey vein comer fe he ‘her owner ill ange «nen toy ct he wl ome to ve mere thar be les thom snd har bewil trfne sbandon hice lymater T'and Se Way ‘fir ssid ble ind a mae archers. caste bs ae fo eemame this cm det foe atacand aop the pempestae of her loved eet in onerto help ET-and Wily te go ome “The empowerment of the dildo lie agency maybe acu, bu Ic Isofcnwieratra an we in ay lec Hay Pe in aie fn (ce Serine 298, ein sence Ron The ennponeiment may bead enloped ordered nm one fhe gel hen hat aboutin fy len Theat thn of rurale fr ond Dsl prc cea jr ac necting at in ey fst of mow chlor fine Th serie fa the term a anger tins era, ad then dere process of empverten th basen coir son fl fr or chide and adolecens, where thehenesareabotie fae et and the overcoming of ara a eure phenomenon in series for chien, (Gear «nerfs movi hw demand coin sla ype finvenion tata scones conmiined wl noted by i nnd proce “nun concming ection ent oie reonce to chides enue tesoe a marry o oth poms por low oferta senting gen This combed wih elem wd pel Rear tha Ie nea sth eel opi regs fra cpt ams, ‘cel srs presappoce ing such ental emis and dispsions butt des ast that ste cos sens wo nae fl Glas werey Marton exit cain hedging esha a fe geeks ay dt eden nr, Te make flor oll earn an ae thi dem veri dla of eoie very ey to make series tachven tat ck sence emetinl ‘np “Te basics of aang hice tent and alsin then w ll lhe sion nee fuer Bel of opons ln ae pial poral of agency Ieeemathac ules porany diflwacsincascterand ection a fen hued bys rene animals ater bighl oder bec ere Ailopidsanagnaive hrc iom afoul eft agre rs wol fai he ely eis ier or monte Teli dpa eyesore lvoaph he inte ears bad lnguge lie posure nd facil erresians Inve iporane ard capper hac langage wed bphpht the chin fe enovcns. The aca pra appearance ofthe charctes aris case Depo vce chin lisence an encoral lence, not surice leaf he Nemes beri Bari dell ie Pino ey ky Ty Serer lien pwr tebe cP Il sldvn ov ks sor rie lin a prin Ay eel Fr Wiles photographed i eke than an animation However the hee sot etn ior acter seh epider Man pie) o Sper alin), si aves ence rembing tcf miny tansrona obec lin coghve cnssine ado nest see mens devsop om fate spite, wo fal cuore mean, serene ac porn chat I ell i cenit Rnd eaten fina Tha echt IU isin (Coast Darden ry) dave es Pp (él asso flcalerin bung heir ove arrive mod Folledsbve lie widly ough ol eaeminion andere have Spl, con Tal aries, actully similar wo hoe Sad in cdc lt and tant Tia Mander gk) nde cue af cdere ois the rrr econo ener try to & deep asc with pura agency and are forms “pr wo covtespond wis erate dapossots, iwi sn eides pre toe fill nck schenas ver chne dado [he Transmission of Mind-Grebbing Hupetional Bunces Blog dtr pretest ois notin princi iret fm ke In ls Ceri ape + erie sich a shapes te ace cond Wo foe scones nth aerial oon my vary. Ha cok PIM ue neice tvid oe plac i wl eo pad cbr pict, Jad Dimond 997) ha dercnuaal how all owen sch tol the dmc of aim acne rs 9 have cones ‘yee le the gabe Iecane sch inventions hare ear abjeeuve aitan- Sirs. Siirk ore ae taal by word of mouth pending log eae roues ind chnagh migration and the sane goes or ale neti way of epg humans, sims el berger. ce pod Leen de clarl ‘rion some 50,000 yet andy baliacon thesperd wth which thre as bse dit bs aly axeened, with che Lem ce net Inco of gl celnral communist. Caliah have achiened ‘wide devin endo let nw haan dpa and needs ich Sorachient, the promi fel ile and dhe popes t licen hots emit frme of epewermen ht se pposedly ete vsioconra he word hme oar Hugh tnd wither whos ay phys imervexten, Hower, ther ae oie any dfn may 0 ety aes anda news. ying tarps Sepeman, an the engoerng of apices all alow he sae tevin dete o te part a lsmr co ws nhac Didier of lecoretion wile none ofl sete ond raga icerenton may al be ld inrms of the human dire fects ‘Contant ng theny af archerype carl ails arene xpos fingers proprime cae he i eee for inns of ich comple. oon Call aac ike wery semen and sbols a exe ive tne tat Me kale and bade. fom ean unctns I dhey ba nx ‘been vented a teste ally they nigh nx have oscar othe india inc Thing oie fahegypeeninsteconens ofthe mind ‘kal eas on ‘alu aproach Ther of cerain aac ma, but eed mo se pc thein enc frome cneimon clear aon wenn that eo ial Poona ndependeniy in en place ant even anes De te 5999 However ng a allowet cha Joxp Capel ample ba attr ocelle riven suse item bce (sth siemens bu hopes schera) ht, er nee cold apie George Les 0 ke ne saan Sa ‘Dan Spi (6) psi ut he carl emminon depend ot lyon de penne ofindidniv theca produ inqusion bran de rpbiy bese thx prone nd te onal ales ofthe incviule ‘tho pein dhe rsemin Sete sheoy of ue hae eri imi {oR Dessshery of memes. Davis 1976 Te Seth Goneand Ter pices, be ar dried what erp ace earl equiae oF rnc nay bundle af informant he dbs 4 we The reso the (Ginebra ery iva meme iheconerp of demowcy ee the ev dhe Dudy or meomoudy prev dfs Rte bi meri Cauaarmoyarc Cec in 3 se ca meme, The meme ies Ha ben en ap by, rong ether, Dani ‘Dens (psd Sse Blot (996. Memes Uke eas. spent respec ‘ise of whee they eben ordevimenato those human whos hes ‘hey ne plist, se ad wane, aca the ler wars vies irl antl inGrmacion The aan often re compere id erm the i coe, ademas he empha ee soaymcan objet Tiewpet of ment eonfigrnns Howey contrat gr, ener do fit have a blion mpi fret hay areal dae a bles enon videngite mecharomsin she oan ha oe aented by erin phenomena ‘a themes she hae ten ih loa fr humass eps deh becom np) or tht poses hgh derer of sla couse sence. The peben ih eusingraee totes uch lasers (1999) tha dey not dee Ic dime so dscns why» ven meme ale jack she bras tea Aono al why, for nmanes tac inte Raa Fhe ein A Storer bas pind ox in is theory of exer epithe paca {rl poducrdopends on wheter ay sere sft in man oie ed are ‘tiated or sat acon Meme sears ate ati pointing oe ies tl svis—meres—do ne neces promote hen of he inde ho bestang ars tem, bar ern hey work he dete: fibro stil ew expe fneoeal vers why memes ae aerine wo their Js ran overview fe peste coast mene tory se Aung 2200). i coco ed sth oe Ls I fos! bal ede eat sincere lod og, Ahem pbbing, and widely commutied. For empl theft se Ito of eile wove can an be combined in el et frie uns sche we ei ler mar orwrmanabieropeem ape nde tof objeto exteneemposemenesich aa mage wid tou. The icra bund conta fone ere ques combine’ ih fer sera acting br erp she ques of ting od and iy wih he Pitino eninge Seeds ning apertura meas. The bun i ay oie. ie vend exineneof ceria bens ch athe wick wierd fn ne ha dey Have smn tl bute Ses indepen deny Paved ray dire pao The fc ht he Farina cove of ove an be defined on hired she ies evn by thew a which ction bundles ay since Uiweedhewores tor everpeit hem hove laces Anoample osach Aoi th se of kings, queers nce prince and erowesin soles Nines sce whe thw Fv rls belng 0 a rmoe put. Bee, Bh Wir aa Te Lin King fo mpl ae pray onde for he American Pate bt en yl nif erethe pred evel soci model The 34_ fin cuureanctastes Samet ome of tee le isbn si snpemacy bad om bilgil- socalisberinsc”andtheabieytoeanmsedrot anon fo oer ings Succes area to ena rerenberjsasthe fancies isslent ssa pace af discon lave a pal contol by dlicien ‘fe are able 1 inupine oui ab pines o lice Ii a aes ‘eas sr iabetiedUlgy upper thedee fr sei doen. How tran the banderas pine” enor prods ef oilogy in he eae of ‘began arin ioootaledrerman f or Ife on the Pisoceoe wan xen Dh Lin King which ppl tale pice in sur ancl me ‘hese, sat base on jingle arches or sbi ges, since hunter aterersocees hd ona relative Alrachy (Miyagi and Tener 1992), he ind of aber hertehy depois the Sl The Tren eres tds sperman wore seta mode evienmen ele 1 a apete tained gl dt ba ecg td whe way lio Pins ped tn ghee in eer ion yrs ht llowed ue acne fod rom jung soe Stent fnctnel hand are compute objec a pay, whe, bso ives in che sense tht once they severed hey end he i tte bers he perform e-e-gasp fancins neon ro ene needs and mena model, Shields 9 potcive contr tices ae cist ited om nutie—ahe shel af asad an eat he ranted fo ine, inc raga ecromagetic his Ha tetas le bers crc Teron Th Led of he Rig ely ia ely 2 «a ea werd, bre ial se fact line ty bctve de nage fe ‘et (ewode ad oon) al che cong ond ean ic expe legac, eds bag fnctional anes hat Fr genencont ve shown thar ‘Filey a mnt-pbes ‘The imton of exstng cla emerson heeled y sme lfoun ideal agency chat froy come the sepductng. False Fuoeconal bance or stl mes may ca se by ade wis gute other bande and mola Alhengh Belt ends arby ae worl boty a dle hated puey who ute be carl acts be shox by humane when they ‘eons nt the pen. Th Ley King dvs on competing pola model Aeyetingontheane bands quasiNanteacery thar in he la ove though tise tat cement rm he eitinate made nich she Lin le ‘yee of pal diatom, and onthe cera haere pede wit 2 lax hierachy based on cei Ina Wr sis and sorts este ly side wid vanced echouopal ages. s DM (997) einer = vig cing ties Snider ed LariSemner balan chic covery, very erogenous lens. Lei Sein 964-1979 sagged tha whe ising pimive thong rom thee pur frwan by maders cence ‘wsdl dhe nove belie thebeinging oper what waar Banc Ne © modem thetght, which nveled ussied wees nse of ce= ple hurl ad arte undercard of pene. However, or Plenormen suck ome a elas in he ese ha ihy brig ge haerern at hand ad sort mers een ii hergeanon. A Sen {nd Quin (1997) hve demented prpl cn held connor ech af which i seated aly in the proper nea: Hewes tev es or 2 Jando bit have lel ancien. Universality and Cultural Specificity Along biology decrnines be Fahne amevork chilies sori god elas empeen ebciemmecnpemtaf bao (SASS app ae ya agearentheat lier kes over ny afer the mother enh ed Dur mores Tone forns By cones, Finding Nemo piel comet rhe mothe dsappeis before Nemo is ore and tke father tks ver the responsibly of sing hin ‘The fl aso oc n tapos an Ameria sabustan emery school ronment ech marae cine and nclides a finay sequence about, shu hat hve ane Califa yeqearae ln Leith eso Ath the 29908 en one a he san ens ofthe separation beeen Tania hr prring pi, wena Fe ii she seme of vpn lice sorh-cennry ena concrine shot she vale of Mosher Nate sha eve comple dbl sepstion seme feb oy oy hit ore he ‘sl am his mtr ensirsmen) whe Spathers 4.0 asin ever mor oles hee of sepuaten Liked iene of aes an ‘rth. prt uy on che cher hand, rcs edema corsmer soc The Kins frye src fis Greinas 3s) aus fo) sara: stars fo iil iach ra nel per ia he akg Geri Deelitnesiand th slemenio arcmin vid van cad cone of op dn pside the werner rst wit histori pec. The fotévo Rerone menruhie se cendy sled by he maker rang oe in pais hor erhascg Thee thu + hers the om and contents of fs Cena ok ‘weno fndamesal an biology conrell oes epresent cull vr shes fy bisa mate sito, ates aed menage tes gyms ris a hci rl pls an oi izations aro Nak el ony iy sinonera ity cht ‘aren ements ay nt berry independent one anther IT decide ‘mak 2 fl tet tld neon Fishin, {mar decd co el ony ha bis white supreicy, bu | uy eqily dst ela soy abou Back Pride IFT shor to make eos sour back pide, Lay we shor reve sretere, bet mar aemaely dee wae long acs nde es ‘tact curr pane | frhermom desde calor schema eer ssl keno char elton onan ny choice thie pc ae my dei ‘on whee tow + canon er uncon maa, ar whee oe om ‘shite supemacy 0° lick pide. Nov all elemens ate eqaly compu 261 Aus in is chapter noe thee etal oman sion between for an onze that would recive cangeof for veneer the cnten change Sac igh spoil ole encompusigall deelmers of Slr ny ather tales pods simpli ren though any af he fandametal apes fear wo within nana mpeifcdons ad hove the oul fot rag cukunly pci produce a unlined, The fisusenl jee arenae econ a gneiss bat xh asa srs nehanems inked to cilosrfirten saser and me ‘ras. The haman mine s nota geseal-purpse chine. at abieeg of Aire des exch with some pei fureton Theremin mech- ‘sian, sch as atten deste fomaade ove, fa, empty and agrenion pment nivel Lisle bud upear mots for conan dat armies Re hae spite capi or moduler Sr er van for ening, ofr ding bay Linge, fr lng aro expat singel her eulct mindset enle Comies ne Tony (a7 espe by Wu Jae ave pied ut thas aman da at have feverisnesthan animal bat many more becaeeme ae mich mane compli ‘axel beings. ris muttuce of nase nines sd pies hallow or sew combine and clus inaction, The iemporare of innate specie is ust Vai evidet in attic dein that red on cll laoa of eu of she mal wer. The tmimeie inpce of phoegaphis image rie on outs hua abies But fen when fim voles said exponen ie ole aen depend seat talon heinnaesecrionsof humane The human je pee epee the ror werd 2 er changne. moe driven by empl ed ntti, casi hits The vein ofenen lle foras eqns thar waorlp ei the sory of lanankine seeing the wold fsa. Norking old he rere unsauralot afl, An exter ctu righ eee argue tha ‘ye ted "Tenn fe fn 20 «ae les Bx cher woul oly be party rah ese er note eum take ee nse sunny el {ag = due ise phenomenon i mrkdy dein x probably sis fom tome inriae mental cise. Orin other words nate mechan, sane of hich ae sealed fin dle three copy enpenwble fers canton Ie intent by leno) erste Hae Fe Fre, like photezaph wl Ienpeneced as something sce. The same psn efits mach thse Irahce bya fa-e les. Beaver penpectne ean ete ees fhe sil sen, ene wih avery hot fees wil crore abject eee Aral 7) rated eth of fetta ae des fram presi Inge tredimensional expereace ons a swodincssna suri. Brae he Inman brain ha thems and thaws of difkrcat realy ics ele Wo Sipe cur new mane oF inlancing denna spac in way ther wl Is eaiy ped by ewe To yea reson inate humana Ao na chin espace Sd now way of ean, making Mechanisms of Cultural Change and Variety hens form Aiea mean ha hea sprnd vet dhe nthe pant ae Sila develepmescsince hen bs ben cancer by che dyes nce Hn of ceili snd cenipst oe On the ene hand he hs ben ping cere reno, tw cad in sherry of ewok Inmges‘On th oer han thee have hen canspeal force: «cotna Dseicang of atic, ste ligon nes 0 epsly a the Eur fone (Denond iy) ae the developmen fst isin ine The simple mechan of varie swat you mig el de An ari fy an xitingatwodeos performance, bus ar os land chance Ison he copy ish irene em dh ginal The mes emp, toy cfs lh Feom the revit an oe ovr ie thee wil bed ch map {nay netcite noise thx socom pads the Rncton a armor weve chases nay ae be inet and ae fr Snead reat Aor sunpt, you set or make a hare fi, you may invent changer eat Wl she fin bi ee bring Th igh be cle fen ope vi fordvel 1p) kas pode exanpls of ac Fnton epg i ro 0 the psenation of wo ppein enrraian Atacerai nee rareshet formula came to ac the pial sl, and you night fy Hs the onction-piminng pcr mi the canfrmed in (ely Iumporacoowerion bora dss Ion newFuncinal consierera my ake her solcn—like ing ewith pan mo cneterve petal ena of lie npresie morerent—mere dial. Borel (386 hie We imperunceof deadlines afl seng denne ca tive wy fin cate ard Econ te ponents tee expectitions. The cevdeprent of improve verges fer constrocting dace wil ie re 9 new naive ops eae {in Gre 1959) sha seer phenomena sacar orinary deat wis ets Ingres bel cles at end os of Funeian pteriaon he romani oping flighting and ot wh drat cen Bee eee efi eteeelal ree et ee Urethra ory at ale neat pope wail be pindact dary dasha Accemlon fen ewove neigh. eye. chow cans Appa Agen spreseaion serine oo: neal cy of He wa {iva perives the werd or ends the wo woe prtared. va eran uss woall sos sao hearer bth cose tn spp by ‘he ance acwrhow: Thin ce eke of ely cine dd nox he este ‘sco ake whined otra och rhe lay a ‘wed force best ofthe ivr tht the very ofthe dian rl inser Too Ging i ip) ad other ces hve consents lhothese exons tate my mpeeas pie Seren ‘ih etn eal Soph ited expel arden ei Ins imporare to sepate the gestion of ats vale cs ensures om the quesion of roges in whine the emi problensinled in eee an Minti a or pening yin ome esp ft al ‘lees pienso imal, Drawing theeslimesirl ern Sle ee ails da ego eel ciate ee ‘ople may peer oo deren image are ae in the deepen fa ihe eating ofthe accent emia, Srna fac sos use ang shows ha diminish depth—ar deco ve pases fr tne rt eninnee xen i dramatic pst Chines moemens it Sta Ap ate serveines made more pee when she le suppesed appt Fie Teta they fe or ke a Sets f jn ets ven reamse enpii eee etter eee eae ‘sie fn made up f rer Ben many cern, Bain cern Ener tdochee angel shever of lula Senne the penne emily ff ime and space were inptnt to hie, where Ean pond» grt ‘ale on expe, Con coniderine and the empleo pl exe “ity ste ey mice heswsh pon mere common entrain ht ne funcional comidertioes cen eae ape nd waron. Phe hry ofa he ss prea nme eae of tas to pevonlyabroncd cma te tenes We may al cha hang in one oneon. Thee ae any Siren rma behind ch cng in chee mci The change my be tated by change in pees for rrp bral “Mle igre il she dy fi viewer oe vcs oil eons bei te prefer menses or utr space fe» monses fom Trarshani, frm wil ry raul 0 opie fins to si thse prefence: Changs in prerenee ca ace far dire Fevons they muy fr intanc, esl iom sol change us mans acon ie In fe 1975 have impor ave soe worn, ane Are upped PRs he vind ithe Arcsin wen Gis of he 3300 Perce k Inn happessntee sow rapeateinvnted ony exing prem hi acid fr oanple, with de vein of ln and inemsve mein or of I oes ht ed eeigomoal prc Changer ray en bed 1 iluence snd inereence. 1 when censin produce eel ine ce pce 1 tree cee pew conten the praetther mee teres ens ‘ah maa inenes ca bese. rarer, in he meraton been he yo syed eps in Hole and Hong Kong. or nny fi ct hee ay oy not be Fnac twa ‘Aspect and vey important epect of fonction cane is ce sede Delrin le.On heen ard imiaiy come postr ling ad Iie theverdeacy ow opecton rd the commenti of form and contr, ‘hoe thepelnce for ceria all Fore eck a lose mor mean ‘Na ey potundly ere with soe parcel vin spy iaience of expan Tha ro gps of mie wes expe repel Wy Minne anv Schoenberg ad strand eich group wa fund to prefer ‘ei bs become tia to hem adioug ee ts cre tered Isa C2akne 10001 Ba ar che aia foroae Stl) pelted oat pring Tobioy se Grodal 1997) hakicaion a dines ace cr Na tins eric sxpuiencn snd wreilioncy ye necl Wise arreriecersnement—o1 vcnion. The rpein of ine Piet i edt abieeon, lc of area nd the lak of coco at Jul (ook 8 296-97 Beye 97). hi dee hereon rpition Bal shug expencs a yrykindarentl clea! and peycholil princi hy: omy wtndesand in nent eo he mehr! bas fr ate. [Pitti fo capendes psive feign aoc wih sey, AC the te Tishman hres seadenc ary thee pelo emu day get nv The moders eke f change Hai tepennes peedd-op werden of th nowelyauarion mechani, slabs in nh tn tend vo expres deep aeons x uneson, but ‘ule fet his tndamenalpreterence fr win (Nard :990) Thaw “Weshinpe fom deedimessena! two-dimensional painting aed 1300 ‘ulshecnonan neti prnhicar ditmatoniy tome have dime rif represen ea might hav Dee Fy ee ee tvs prs of nordo-abiteton eye wid ws conconinam, ‘ith dhe enormeux pansion in wae phovogrphic mea Avi cerpeed ‘ithe sem porgraphicmelia, with each the an with ke ping or rou peioste cee vey, ado of them nighthive et sored fprtae ié modesianon. The warson 0190 dimensons and abstraction leva complex in histor spec eves Mechanisms of Cultural Universalsm and Stablity “The mechanamsbchind change and eifftentaron ae conmerbalanced by rnecuneme chat promote snl ceiesteal pred. Ths ca aly be viel as flows! reckons weling to he producing penis na proc tea: the lating a wewes sn other rls tho aati prs oy cg, er wey data fevat fthe wo and have ding "ec ncon “To detent da viewer have cern perme pee tht are de toi Bers ith a ante wonton dn proce of Reon opSuiog ‘lend weretsiaareeamoeg per efi andotercaird prc Mary atic, mostra wl ae cat new invered independ nei feet paces anda dierent rine Sime nee no therfore the elt of induence and imtaven, but of the inven of cakurs means perform tu unser. Ths fr etl, chesinastes beeen che olf Chinese 0 shout Yeh Hin te Europes fry ee Cinderella, Dine nove wenion {aul hey Ween ae pany Joes inlence. but abo wo Funtenepiniion rogha proces obaeig incethe er ofa urseceiethecombinton ‘fw unde, becerng ich snd aging busbar, in which the eo bente Ishin one nether Tie coe mite htlre bon sine may te ‘din many deren acs, beats D the ite hes anc S| fhe dere oe maid ca be fut unnenly, Fncon cpm min hes ere es mechan orcas We caer inthe Gelpmen ofthecanal Holywood fin, Barone cea ae ‘er ow opi wins wih the bowed ofan and echo terse condidon uneonepining wil tnd promot nila. Fane Semopieking on pancetta beled sndsngandine rt ‘evan ind furtive niches mary alertt have cult eon tbe Enemas cndocnatsht ancoen reat tall infin My secripton of ncron oping in ame mets opetNe | lena refsmulaion of LevSims Kes on th as dsr in Src seal Aecbpolay and Motaiges MV 6 1954-1970. Pan beings Aine comin irc ine lei cers tens areal Umer Curator agOuder fin 4 among sore. Hwee Sthowgh woeling rie on rte mechan the hana mind. there 0 speci machinery 8 their a ere wt Aono mh making Leas supped. Rath, hse nace ae Ave we fercion opinion often! meal peecnes nth Bent tine gw te flee vb cored she vain pcan Breall nik Godvidl rug casa) Prey Woman ily Dh he Liman concep ofredion themed of poor nd ih Baran ad man heron ban, ner ori yop dio pr- A fxg by cotirming lence nin Bam The in King hh innate incon previ In he dctipton ofthe PECIA fow nthe lanescton te pate a Ahoy which cone lve and dei nce 70 he evlcon of a ithe form and cape ye he suprnrd iceate one of the paca Ie ic ese Sais bed onthe nina acre Bis th psn frei, enecon, or ay ‘Among i mel mchoaionetiet camer te prac fro Aly ad nee ve hoe ke fay ant ug to perfor is Tile eno watchthe sre mai re and oer gin Cal maison. Auer een aan. The epetiton of ty he sae nate eee feo o beth Fairy and empowemens eomparie to “at experened Ihe epee rectaton of prayen. mage works canes and hve ators thie br prope wits dnovecompuiie doorkr (Boyer and Ldsud Ti) Pes ich Te Lod ofthe Rng ox Sar Wf tie Bn exper Ws hig seni sia her feb o inal ae - eine For ich sil oops. ition and rep eher ely tht pew she fcinstinn cs che rept ee ep on Ge fichenon and Boy 000 The me fo ewe an since om iu onal and ever ieee see et nex co sck woe wl then go andy ed Thin wl Joe 1999). The pce for nmcky o ala san Bid dopendens wsdeninstion ve prienefr novely nl ce Hit ohare se andl owemictaon promos preference fr wnencing Wie Rubi (954) dniion of hw vewen we Reon fr aod m Tie copy than iver and ane. rnd pede of aie li lle copy xing mel, Cra rains iy ext oe ont ie ad be ee ony byte poe of The Desk a belo of Wenern hve suvved pry by vu flay and iy bs alo Ls a setin pin dy were sil vay {inlay opp. Th wikia she eel Fame af ntonlty ser Isalo the specie Aisoveal denen of eicence and say Assi is Amore perl ondsion thin edi, Where coprngis i wat a ‘on, nope audene macons wil impoe scons oe any devs fom ‘Be exblked noon, hus prmocag cela, wheres copying che ares ptm boas a gies medal saan produ exter os tour by rls ed ty hangs vn oer rel bacon celal. Helly coo feed inthe pha wing he mene dice and made ofthe western lone ta: happened sa Beat hind, eno elem ight or nigh tres be set Te pene ese oF the Dc mye ere dt nine and made sere by che mental esp of hana, but pce ae de © concrete bisorcl crmmnces—lududing, for ance, (henry Ailes inthe leas of lndtiaizaton ip Easter Barone and Enid serv combined wits the denoizion of the lew developed es und the penn inyresie f te sth Bam See Tee sacri, there widerpend nero in dn comprnv gy of Gempon clea ramon bs weer red to rar aempoe seuies har were rm sipplante by shed of pec cena ena ‘he manne of Gent tale Sus nd Qe be) The sto hed uc hovel aera betwee ules ns abandones. This hs hd 190 gi fas: on che one lan, it as promod te abc de of cul ena told opaque worse Kop 99 and on the ote hase soured the natin hc the pron pose of baliacan unica kinary Inter cakurldeelopmentroghow dh wel at bon «conn pros al ifereniai, yb sd alcombinton ‘The deepen a the huean misé-brn hs een chars by ae creasing Seay (sland ard Pegi 201s mine pea a ther nia Lome cl df aia rm she deers to the dtc and eve ‘pace. Asean ser, chebsc aati fos fern the peyton ‘ha guide and conwol onc encuner wih dit hla al ae probes they tw up. The eon gue fr dae abject saa tos sigl 6 hin enor 4 She Mosier vag eh cuss Het fet ceria sei crc four uma aba pvide te balay forever emer sheer and Sage in ln, The roa borre of or word with heath kw thes abies and he git foe the plane constte she permarent sing rims th whe he actin eye tative ane when vias then exaple, when ago dey eri ‘ec marvelous yay, the cate of Sipermaa ote Chino maria ‘i The diva eee of dene and gh emoconlyimperan (Grae 100) and change the wether othe sions, winds ty and an ih Ebaby aking she ively compete and Unter Guwalvruion aedCoudee Fant ‘yen eins in vse. Vines Zhang ow of Fig Dag a urna Ace empl the way in which mnie undo avery ge fol ea rcurte heme in fins Together wh Stal reprodvcin. te Wolo ye of roveh and ay he natal werd andi uma 2 wiper epaiene ‘Sov td carl niaens may prose cleal cuenee by inp Ig andl ching eran cpio for cramp che amount of al diay lowe in i30e Holyweed er x modern Ballywocd few. Ininainr ray ipporcenain deolognand lace crain pero lturenmevnicon ‘hs ahah ages longest and levee» wriseml dp oh the sec ors o ay. Hallywoad xa fitsace stony deterined oy fasta thee predacdbm prenspese the caopeon asap othe 1) rliay Mts eden iasttors 9 eee sol esl in pce shoes ie rl his ay be eee in fn. Hin Genres: Function and History Hin paraturebon cesta he dicuson sto wht Financ Aisin rnp oe cal fe nec conerctane. Scr Why 9s 7g Gren Toerr ry Les ‘Ohirun 97 arose ne pple and aad ee feof sce ens ni idarnend poh ihn Bn es Crs 76 Shh) The arcana mee a i ppl bcp x hen he ears nd Fc Hb ding They scr ie neo ge np and on orgie Batten ie pec in she minder the lind ene Aponte wre eel stacked nthe flaw decd eeios “We opens. Lee om he os oma de inte nck Wel tuldingdoppen al de opm co ene dis bea noe Ti Abort Rib Nice ante" SransSycie Aproch © Fin Go? bom bi reload o Airman 99) sha ronnie fhe acer At Aliana 995) pve wregly Miwon ie hy genes ping apie te rc neem I hal peony el St deaipin ofthe rac ad rete i i las eat, "One mers gay wer os Thi deg rewnseelato ste condr the hee words mern vy dynfrni Pky Novena gens ey myc syn ev hy erehttxia Te 44 Crean fiton ‘elton of gees suf bid in sap than he elon a sein (kan 199 70), He chins thar de are no dha chat ae res. ony hieeil ott Br “hiner” he reann hw ees ae rest fled cxeumwtincreand ein an eer (jet Ban Ft of Amar etic of eog gene sheser i ae, Cnr co ‘lanka gee thers thr ste mo mesohyscly ward gents de ur le dine byrecesiy a sfc ener, Cents ray erat be deere by mea of precy ten (Laat 9k, Grok 69). cern ee ro mio in cor coeds, friar, He ih ie exc ing ha gen ar unambiguous apes Of caventons, whey preices ad cosanmers of ion wa erin pin acne st mata agreed ul ah shat consneca ger gente wha! the dng Satusel an epics Hae Shoal and on Heres Altman dscipon of the hizo deeper of gees earl iomadhidigany tae ef corti of frm and fncineAlogh shoul be obvious cht casa ages comet, epics haw sang Fn bie so moder sad needanus comedies er atone fire Alon dears sonsinity—cry ir isaimel a deerbing dni. He vans ‘sow te dilfeee pepleandintiaionhae la lee ge lb sed that eur mame vary oer dn. Thas che sro mad nd ald te ten sed in very dierent mayen fren pres The pwhlems with Akai carcrebn of gene and euing we ape sly pure in hs enegue of acing thee gene envi lsc on shar arls Cenal to th crique tts ohcton eo Tederve oq ‘sulin opin The Fic Teor foci on arbigoas rare hae ‘atm cements longing the woel of rea with element ce into theexioce of upenatral serena Render ef such ater thes pice in psn a cg duran: ciety sree information or they azcope the einene ofthe aiperouud. Enso fh ‘artes in Eerie at fay ate Hen Jama Tarn fie ee ne fir werden, Clayton Te fence Rog Dow Lak Maya Te X Fi ‘Alona s Toros defn of gest at thetic the was ee se gee ou ary. He hen abe that Teco has mere replace the revnus drag of ge sed on cate with ne nite hy ora ‘tay od segues hiss a ld hined ppcach because ante rather than Atos. Bute paises Todor fr scing ws othe expense ofthe eer Taorovs descrip of the iotntc i homeo jot «formal pt ‘eal Tore dea wih seis in which thew i+ condi bowen nt ‘x spar phenomena exparatons and hic nex mca fora LUsteraan Cabra ition ant Chbers fim 45 froblemi ha been eal pba fr human fr thexsand ce (we ‘shape ). Conic: beers satu apernatu explana le the Se oft rlincav wll The Fl, ooreseugiuium noon de furs exiting nares can slo sreeern pedi hear of bas Marae (The X Fils were rade noch a han Teor hook). The tee sive sofc: bowen aso sa he spensrl ha wo sde n de o sean pleernens muy cue render othe experince of cnt on ce flab aks or viewer hasan inate dpoion tenes ein hen funlonted with onlingeidence, Pac Boyer (oon ht dns why di, [ston hac malesspemtien poiseare innate and can ase univer Taser dors no elim ha che reader wil eperince he eae ean leaf the corcen of gen sory on se corr he debs 1 fern Ielaiperwcen erin yes ef eos ad cna typeof reer tapos, Arson sis ae rhe in pring orth any gen ln epee de Plson the competencies of he viewer Ra even dug chee Sls fv wy Hersch ets dsgred party ect Fe teating sociation 1 the sorta thy ax consul te lik prey rsponss, sn peep Fre consin compererce Harr lau ae castrated to aoe ead hey ype viewers hr arable leas nin ocean salon Sone Hewes uy lane, bu Fw i any wil be pu ins romantic mod byt irri Lota whats pressed by pormedersine the einer viewers ‘Prnpoences so epercac ls te to sre eent bcd an gence grain ‘4 soto cmpoencs. Reducers and conser of tore shut ene $14 honinoe d wx ncel olaow anting about se rad move a leenne Woy groin onder co enjoy or comprehen eu in thi genre Undontoding Hiveations of ourcy onl quis ina univenal competence deve pads Pesce finan ly py or cp iy be cacibed a scl coreerion thr rept how 0 pr acs 1H srs desipson weld erin lack portant denen, leg Hpbi, ox example. why even wid sree may nn odges bone of Het oso frstenal advange. Oe of be oftied pron of how di Tm yd in iio calures understand mative derondy i Lihes 4a Key) sani ay ofthe reepion ofthe TV seves Dalles On Wier nnacon,hoever they shows Ha the base undemtaciogo the Tae Dall wan very sda in ll se dilecnt poupm was poly the. ‘Wel ielvcrsipsco he serial hardier, od sere wok the sees more Petty while otter soaks move diatansd view of ease of ic poe spo he gre. Egy ilering sls mude them jae the cher ir, 44 _ Pr Gsune arden Functions and schemas eit on stuny le of geal en ali. ‘arian and combination. The anol mera indadig he gut tod ‘movin very ener anctonalachera chet cone combined wih muy oer fanstina does rod aie ray we the secigue of thot wry ry ined ca ares, and ay have eer aback ough 4 hey ‘oinvolr dibs than shores sos. Careorzatne ae wine igh lee will monty be defn by very lsh concers0r emotions Coy sa meralon ae key clement of ime ne aggesion ey ere ‘wsrand ston fis love in romance nov an hor sere an 0, Singngand dancing ya behought ft ey hiram es da on ‘oul sty making muse a xepantecaygrywhemar the cacy fancy fs would serve ony scholar pupae. ad although sme might Bnd eo incest e dieu Clnemasenpe fins this ota cgay shat mow se wouldnt ‘Nera «hitch fnetons and schemes sme bloging 6 she ‘supposing sm ot consiing he as Thee some inthis esse ‘raat eed tobe hed by cena emetons a comaineetla ston {nd whethe: yu ar rtenling the pope, Pin, Bis Laden, or Gere W. Bash thre ae cern scyted wage of ning fu, Lieae whee you tae! In ‘ce orn he Amzna, there are esi ction and emotion forex, And aerous purus amons pss, cpl ih abrowall i otherhe in the kitchen, Genre, Function, and Function Compatilty Uwe manda mira pate oa sei aenly of Fein dev, ‘vn device ay he evan seen owhethertenbaseser pees soos ‘in expect. lou wnt wae ay mei, ein dees for renting ic say ae more efi than others Scena dnd people ely "ing up ad aching lirng pesos orn gts changing ino mone oe sets than aces awh die ply with al. ‘Some deve ae comple you mre oconaruca pase eed ‘ue Gl 97), you may open he ary preing the a happen ‘Wilde Debi Indomni Tia cormpble wth voie-mer nara, bene beth devices will prvett activ opciones do compare wk spec eros that disor protnypial wesc sn rn eee bene ch sie bck acine pag. Amaap sich comple enero sane wl some ‘o enhance each ole. Sypemsttal gees ry wll with he muon of Famass in homer lis a dhe deve wllehance one soe. hae Lrueraisn Cuter ation ad io Rls? ‘ear co igh ering that obey Newton and his als hun wo gh somahing hac ob superna lve, Sapa agents alos corpaie with sereorypcd, ose bse The mare compe sid aly en sco ures ouput ino fs, she beet wl we prone ea sil dics struc mer easly deal wl hea om Senne compatible ae wee, sere to mos each ther Hone Faure: ay be sombived with comic nes. For insane, ror soe ae ‘oni bath te soreeypcal bev: We an here make «cee he for fet, in which monster behave ina aetna ner Bat the cme deers wil modify the hrting impact af the crop mocnre The !nolicaion wil be compensated forly the hemor pye bea le povids comic ee othe rein rs bythe vay clement Cru fncions are gly incr. you ware yen wry we have fnew! dive you can oly hare inked neater of ists, orate vo ‘nosis che bebo fee prcaoais. Bury cant have ly besten rmiveand tong ction dre a sh seine: ‘We ae som alto expin haw spew densibe rouype eve Ipensandwibgseecy swan fod hore pomras an devin hate hove in human eninese Overtmeserilsoyielirs cmelinn wie, ann on will wich ovis tha have cela efi They my. for incre en the nano of toning gap of sexo behav, of song cone, The adn ss nor nel ear nich devi it orle to ely them the poem for sorely maken ino ech thease Bow wo eioy rng ecto Invent cv using gp ae ellck fom te alene Ther ray be Aeruin produrion tions, ota clown Sr eanple tact cbwe ave co vent joer ra renga oa epeticnc paive ayech& fen puinterhow to crewea printing wih pracve. Bur shades nx exemur ly popoese ary comesonding tdon smog viewer. Viewer oie ha ‘poe il is ane or scary o&ronantc and they may have ome kaw tgs inv, But equal they mayne. ca peple in emote anges Inmsily rup te expec f tee dinnionalphoogay. ws vewen ‘a immedi grup ara (Ove tine, teaton of predation ill dep» aunden invemory of ‘midis. aii wll ene» proc exc. Un ler ing Pars \ ne cevineement of te basic sme teeny coded holon empanatin forthe wy they work Grea yp) Bosal 8) raw upa sila eve inverter oa: Hl, and in cpr 31 et seme of the pce reso betind thee. Cen wrk wil scent ove snl plas within the yvei ater tan ahr tine, ey 41 Far. Cin ad fton sae be en pecerypes of omc because chy nave «ber of cone

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