CHAPTER - 4 FOURIER SERIES Fourier series and Fourier transform are main tools used in the analysis and design of many physical and ineering problems such as heat conduction, vibration, electrodynamics and linear time invariant systems. series is used in representation of periodic signals which involve the decomposition of signals in is of sinusoidal components. Periodic functions encountered in practice are triangular waves, rectangular ‘square waves, sinusoidal waves etc. Fourier series is the basic mathematical representation of periodic It is an infinite series of sines and cosines of multiples of x, satisfying certain conditions, known as 's conditions, Fourier series are, in a certain sense, more universal than Taylor series, because many functions of practical interest which are not infinitely differentiable or with finite number of discontinuities can conveniently be expanded in Fourier series, but do not have Taylor series representations. ‘the next sections, we discuss periodic functions and Fourier series. OT DDIC FUNCTIONS f+) = {) number T is then called period of f(x). the above definition it follows that, ifn is any integer, then f+ nT) =f) i forall x ce 21, 31, 4T, .. are also periods of f(x). We call T the fundamental period, or simply the period, it is period of f(x). nple 1: sin x, cos x, sec x and cosec x are periodic functions with fundamental period 2x while tan x x are periodic functions with fundamental period x. é 4If f(x) isa periodic function of period T then f(ax), a # 0 is a periodic function of fundamental ona 2n fundamental period of sin 2x is "5 = % 1 j 2 n cand cos 1x are periodic functions with fundamental period “= as sin n Scanned with CamScanner 2: The constant function {(x) = c is also periodic function. Every positive number is a period ofENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - 1 (4.2) FouRtER, 5) Md 2x 0, ie x ea f"% 3 3 sinx sin 2x sin 3x a oo * ae 0 \ J a\ tJ ax \ 7 3 3 £08 x 08 2x 008 3x Fig. 4.1 : sine and cosine Functions Having a Period 2x Trigonometric Series : A series of the form 2 + 1 COS x + by sin x + ay cos 2x + by sin 2x + .., where, 20 21, 43 .., by by, «. are real constants, Is called 4 trigonometric series and ay, by are t Coefficients of the series. We see that each term of the series has the period 2x. Hence, if the series converges, its sum will te: 1 f09 is a periodic function of period 2, defined in the interval e ) m1 + 12) 4) Substituting the values of ay a, and b, from (2), (3) and (4) in (1), we get; oe ne) | cfs E Bee corm + =D snr] (1 - e7 Z S = foes b. + Zaaem +nsin “| fx, 2 : Obtain Fourier series expansion for function fx) = ey in the interval 0 1 fa os mmc 0 or) 2a- ven (2 2xcos0 ai eR Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScanner—gyGiNeERING MATHEMATICS - 1 FOURIER SERIES Qn iitere 1S avaed fit P [est a [cos x + cos 0} 2n 2n Eat a 5 J 10) cos nx dx = = ( 2 sin) cos nx dx 0 2 eae it (:-2)s-an(o-2) i] 2 2 2 é Be - 2 42 ~ x (4n2-1) me 2: oe H] sax "(n+ 1) *@n-0) © 1 1 1 1 J: 2 2n+172n-1* 2n+1 2n-1] ~ 2n +17 2-1. 2x 2x 1 : £0) sin mxdx=2 J visns sin nx dx‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScannerENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ~ 1 (ais, FOURIER SERIES an ar ie 2 f 1 n= J £00 sin ne dx = f os «tx sin nx dx ° 0 2n L = 35 J 2 (cos ax-sin nx) dx ° 2n 2 = 3m J [sin (+n) x= sin (an) xf dx ° - z[-S. cos (a= n) ” 2n (a+n) (a= =e 4 LTf Cos (2na + 2na) | cos (2no.- 2am 1 ] = On (+n) (a-n) (a+r) * (=n) 1 f@=cos 2mm) (1 cos 2noy _ El (+n) ~ (a=n) | ac 1 (cos 2no~ 1) : a a) ma? = n?) Hence from (2), (3), (4), the required Fourier expansion is in 2x0 asin 2na i cove = 2H, sin sin nx. (5) Now putting x = 2m in (5), we get in 2na asin 2nc sin 2xo. | asin 2xo cos 2na = ~>55 7 Rcot2na = x. 7: What is the Fourier expansion of the periodic function whose definition in one period is —m, O) ~ (2) : % [ute] Fe Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScannerENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ~ I (4.26) n-x, if —4s-x<0 | Sol.: Here fy) = m+x, if OS-xS0 (ea if O if (9) sin nx dx + i (x-») sin nx dx x ° by = 4 pay (2) a Seer Si bas cagt bs = Gat oO ence from (a) and (2), required half-range sine series is fds $ [ana-danacegonse-| Scanned with CamScannerENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ~ 1 (4.60) FOURIER sy To 00 SI aasas5s>50598' Note : This series represents odd periodic extension of f(x) as shown in Fig. 4.24 below : Sol. : Let fx) = 2 + Z ajcos nx ‘ : n=1 2 x in 2 x where a = 2 face? finden? Len 0 ° ° ee oe 4 x HBr cee © aetna ° 0‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScannersol. :Let cos?x = where, hen = 2, we have bn = 0 Ale aie ame ape bp = bys Z 1 n _a-cy as ] j j = 8 3 i af (L=cos nm) +5 Japp (i - cos nn) + = , , 3S cosas mde «2 f (A828 0 tat 0 t : 1 sin nx dx +5 Sf 2 sin nx cos 2x a + cos 2 n . 1 sin nx x7 {sin (n + 2) x + sin o-a0a] s of n+2 oe cotine Dx cosin=2 8) #2 tf (1-cos on) +3 {25 t1-cos (n+ 2)x) Bb (1 cos in-2) x} 1 git dep jet 1 || (1-cosnm) | +5 Invatn-2 n>2 0, for all even n> 2 2 2a], for all odd n 2] 2 ™ n(n2- 4). T 2% (iscosm) . be re al (aes ee 0 ® cf: (sin 2x + cos 2xssin 2x) deat Sf (sinaxe3 5 ° -or] -@ Scanned with CamScannerENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I (4.70) FOURIER sy 4 28 _ 2 Thus, bi = 3_+ be =0, by =755, by = 0, bs = ipee From (1), (2), (3) and (4), we have yee [San aT aoa ] cos*x = = 3 SINX + 7 sin 3x + Ie sin x (BxeRaise 43] Expand the following functions f(x) in a half-range (a) cosine series, corresponding periodic extension of f(x) : ( KOSxsm (DK) =RO 27250 > Ans. : Cosine series: x = 2m 1 im Begs 8. Find a series of as of multiple of x which will represent x sin x in the interval (0, 7) o2o ks z Deduct that 1 + 7° 35 29% hoes a (c05 2x cos 3x | cos 4x j ene Ne ia see t+. ) puts 9. Find the half-range cosine serie 0 f(x) = Leia toms (Best) x a x ees mete ae inthe range ( 4) inahatrange sine sees Fat Fetek 1 fi Ans.:2 (sinat-2ein a2 ¢ 2 +35 3in 29¢_ 2 3a sin 28 + ) Sy ak oe a 12 Ff f= + rove that forall values of x in (0,0, asx )3 + 2 aff. Use this result to evaluate 7 + n=l 1a 4 3+ G+... from half range cosine series of the function f(x) of period 4 defined in (0, 2) by; m 0 Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScannerae ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ~I (4.84) FOURIER. Sky it é by = 2x 21sn28 = ¥ {(0.866) (5224 + 8097) - (5499 - 2626)] = 3 [4500] = b; = 2x 21838 = 2 (5224-7850 + 2626) = LTsin 40 1 L by = 2x Tsing = 3 (0.866) (5224 - 8097 + 5499-2626] = 5 [0] = 0 Thus, T “When 8 = 75°, T= 7850sin 75° + 1500 sin 150° = 8332. 1._The following twelve values of y correspond to equidistant values of the angle x9in (0°, 360°), 0 | 30 60 90 | 120 | 150 | 180 | 210 33) Ly | 105 | 202 | 264 203 | 27_| 215 | 128 | 16 | -192 | -180 | -158| + Determine approximately the Fourier expansion for y in terms of x upto third harmonic. (Nev. 2014) __ Ans. y = 7.99 + (- 0.6285 cos x + 24.07 sin x) + (4.2 cos 2x - 0.4785 sin 7850 sin 6 + 1500 sin 26 tee + 0.85 cos 3x- 113 sin3f 2. The following values of y give the displacement in inches of a certain machine part for the rotation 3 the flywheel. Expand y in terms of a Fourier series: Scanned with CamScannereens (4.85) FOURIER SERIES the first three coefficients in the Fourier cosine series for y, where y is given in the following a - (May 2011, Nov. 2015) 2 3 4 5 1s 7 6 rd 2 3x ‘Ans.y = 7 +457 cos \ ~2.83 cos f* ~ 1.67 cos “G- of values of the crank angle @ degrees. Expand T in a half- o 30 60 90 120 150 oO 5224 | 8097 | 7850 | S499 | 2626 = 4882.6 + 1186.4 cos 0 ~ 35: 74.3 cos 20 +... 90 {+120 | 150 | 180 | 210 | 240 | 270 | 300 8 + fee eso sua Lee} 05-}2.02. |) Ode] 250] Ar find the coefficients of sin 29 in the Fourier series representing the above variation. 330 68 Ans. ~ 0.0731; Note : Using cos 30° = 0.866 = 0.87. Yy = 4.13 + (3.72 cos x + 1.5 sin x) + (0.075 cos 2x - 0,073 sin 2x) values : 210 | 240 | 270 0.88 (May 2006) 30+ 116 sin 4a, values of i and Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScanner