nary and secondary sources ; kinds of primary sources jal and intemal criticism in usit primar sources 5 _ E “Major components to effective historical thinking INVITATION This chapter discusses the preliminaries in studying the different fe Philippine history. It emphasizes the distinction between the primary and seco Sources, the kinds of primary sources, the external and internal aificismsin using py Sources, and the different repositories of primary sources. CHAPTER LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this Chapter, the students should be able to: * discuss the meaning and relevance of studying history: * differentiate the primary source from the secondary source: * Identify credible and authentic primary sources and evaluate their provenaneet and value the vital role of primary sources in understanding history. CASE INTRODUCTION This chapter presents the importance of using the primary sources in studying) history. If explains the definition of history and its relevance in the contemporary World. Further, it distinguishes the kinds of sources and the repositories of primary sources Using primary sources in studying Philippine tistory allows the students to have @ comprehensive and more in-depth understanding of their roots thereby creating better outlook of the past and promoting a clear record of the past. BODY “History is written by every generation, Every generation writes its own history using the same sources.The interpretations vary according to time.” i it llo, Retrie Taking History: Conversations with Teodoro A. Agoncill Joc ¢com/autnor quo}es/ 843742 Teoder.A Agonello‘the equivalent Latin word store * word scientia is d ihe aeSourS, sail of natural phenomena: and the tothe of phenomena in chronological ord 1 ose Calis ences doa . is defined as “the past of rigneaa Te aan ot Also, ir i eta ino (2010) defines history as the recorded struggle of p Pcp cegsing freeciom and newer and righer realization of the human pets eer nen tes Beri or Chronology of events, nor it is not just the story of . Essentially, history consists of the people's efforts to attain a Better lifes What is Historical Method? exami got SChaK (1968) defined the historical method os the process of eiieay Sfamining and anciyang the records and sinivel of Hes aa i 1e past from the data derive i istori Pe cton fin jerived by that process is called historiography, Also, the historical method is considered as the agreed ground rules for researching) and writing academic research or professional history. In analyzing the records of the past, the historian should observe the following core protocols in handling sources: @,) base their accounts on source material ) locate and organize the relevant sources on which they will bose thelr Teper ¢)) verify sources - fo date them, to determine their place of origin, and toidentiy eis intended functions. storical analysis comprise the selection of subject: the: Further, the methods of hi ‘ation of genuineness; and the extraction from soure=s collection of sources; the examin (Gottschalk, 1969) What are historical sources? fimony conceming the past of depiction of that past (Howell, 2001). Thus: se the past (Brundage, 2001). Historical sures Js such as books, magazines, joumals, they Source refers to an object from the past or testi historians depend to create their defined as the tangible remains of or non-written. Published material c o a transcriptions of speeches; and manuscripts ike any handwritten oF hos not been printed such as archival materials, memoirs, and diaries of While oral history, artifacts, ruins. fossils, artworks, video record ynon-written sources.y ysical obj are created at the time wh biographies, sdu/collections_col ‘present during an experience ‘event.(Retrieved from http://www! rovide first-hand testimony ‘and are created by witnesses or recorders (Retrieved from http://www.yal being documented. primarysources/primarysources.ht regardless of whether they digital format, or in publish collaborative/primarysource: Primary source enables one to und discover what happened during the event. accounts or memoirs, dia llaborative/primarysol or direct evidenc wi ml .Primary sources of are available in origi format. (Retrieved From /primarysources.htm). erstand the liv itcan being s, personal corresp Official records of an institution, court transcriptions, n government documents such as laws, bills, proceedings, a ossils, images, photograp! itcan be unwri Gnd illustrations, maps, ‘and edifices. lithics of Palawan fesearchgate.net ramics in National Museum of the Philippin expedia.com.ph memoirs, and oral histories re 1urces/primarysoure ‘of time period and offer an ir /Princeton.edu/-refdesk/primary2. ce conceming a topic under inv no experienced the events or condil \le.edu/collections_collabora characterized by their conte | format, in. microflm/microfichs http:/Avww.yale.edu/collect ed experiences of others and written form such as eyewitness 3s, autobiographical material er articles from the period ang ards. Likewii nd ornamentals, Burial Jars (Maitum, Saranggani) Personally taken by Annabee Magbanua CIaUr 4Is, Moreover, secondary sources can be a valuable way of discovering sigr es, These secondary sources are assessment of events, peor institution | ' i vents, people or institution in th @sscholarly joumal articles; biographies; magazines; literary citi Sm: play Onalsi, ‘or short story; political commentary examining an election, politician, or event: te paiva x AINE Secondary Sources in Readings in Philippine History ( Fray Luis de Leon Library, University of Negros Occidental Recoletos) What is Historical Criticism? Historians are not allowed to imagine things and to moke their conclusions based on thei imaginations. For a specific purpose, the essential matters on the authenticity andl he credibility OFthe sources being used by the historians must be settled os to its form and contenit Mei Se two types of criticism: the Problem of Authenticity or Extemal Criticism and the Probien! of Credibility or Intemal Criticism. Extemal Criticism is not rare in historicall sources of documents. Infact, nowadays, the problem of authenticity arises in the printed documents Because of the advent of technology and the skilful editors that could perform the task of eckines and Quihenticate the sources. It is designed to spot fabricated, forged, faked documents and to distinguish a hoax or misrepresentation. ents according to Gottschalk (1969) are fabricated for several reasons: Historical docum of the primary sources, a test of authenticity must Be To distinguish a hoax or misrepresentation given utmost value by: * determining the date of the document to see whether they are net anachronistic ( pencis did not exist before the 16th Century): ve * determining the author (e.g., handwtiting, signature, seal); * using anachronistic style (e.g., idiom, orthography, punctuation); using an anachronistic reference to events (e.g., 100 early, too late, too jing provenance Or ‘custody (e.g., determines its genuineness ining semantics {the meaning of a text or word); and hermeneutics (ambiguities). sfof the author (2.9. to determine his refabiity: mental processes, signature, seal); petence of witnesses, deg handwaiting, des); T= Getemination of the approximate date (e. * billy to fell the truth (2.., neamess to the event, the com (0.9. 0 determine if the author consciously or unconseio catiention): fo say the truth vwilingness falsehoods) * corroboration (e. g., historical fac! Of two or more reliable wimnesses) 5 particulars which rest upon the independent tes