INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KHARAGPUR Date: ‘Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 100 No. of Students: 50 Spring (End) Semester 2009-2010 Department: Geology & Geophysies Subject No: GG40004 AlApGe, 4/ExGe, 1/M.Se. (Geology) Subject: Sequence Stratigraphy Instructions: ‘This question paper consists of eleven (11) questions spread over four (04) pages. ‘The credits are shown at the right hand margin, 1. Why and when should we do quantitative seismic interpretation? ‘Three very important questions to be raised before a new area is explored for potential hydrocarbon prospects are: {a) Does AVO analysis work in this area? {b) Do we really need AVO in this case? Do we expect a detectable AVO anomaly, given the known rock physics proporties? (©) Do we observe any AVO anomalies in the real seismic data that can be related to hydrocarbons? ~ How do you react to these AVO implications in respect of a virgin petroleun concession block and a Green Field? Ifwe find that AVO analysis works and will be needed in order to detect hydrocarbons in the area of investigation, a new, important question arises: (@) When should we do AVO analysis? During seismic exploration, should it be done before, at the same time as, or after the conventional seismic interpretation and prospect evaluation? —- What do you recommend and why? M 2 Using Logarithmic approximation of Connolly’s Elastic Impedance attributes bring out the relationship between the linearised Zoeppritz approximations with some rock physical parameters. Name some important reservoir architecture parameters in this context. 6 OR Explain the Biot-Gassmann schemes of estimating rock physical parameters in the non- porous, porous and poroelastic media, State the necessary conditions for the validity of Gassmann equation. © 3. With the help of schematic diagrams illustrate the principles of these borehole geophysical tools: (a) Density-Logging, (b) Porosity Logging, (c) Sonic Logging, (4) SP Logging, and (e) Focused-Current Logging. How will the resolution of layer parameters are enhanced by using Vertical Seismic Profiling. Give a typical VSP processing flow chart culminating into the cortidor stack @) Page 1 of4“The petroleum system concept is important for taking advantage of similarities in HC plays in different geographical locations, A petroleum system can be defined as all those geologic elemems and processes that are essential for HC trapping and an HC accumulation exists How do you respond to these statements. In the process of your enunciation elucidate the various elements of a HC play in a hierarchically organized manner. Also illustrate the main source rock types and their origin, ® 4, The following seismic reflection data was collected over a hydrocarbon reservoir. A schematic, iagram of the subsurface geology is given below. Shot point (x=0 m) Geophones hn MUDSTONE 3000 kg/m? GAS RESERVOIR : p=3000 kg/m? SHALE 3000 kgim? The zero-offset trace is shown below, which contains the direct wave and the reflections from the (op and bottom of the reservoir. The data table gives the arrival times for the reflection from the top of the reservoir. 0.0 004 008 O12 0.16 9.20 time (s) Offset (m) ‘Arrival time (5) 0 0119658 40 0.120873 80 0.124486 120 0.130184 160 0.137816 Page 2 of 4Jn your anelyses, assume that: ‘the upper and lower boundaries of the reservoir are horizontal, the seismic source has an initial amplitude of +1, the geometrical spreading, attenuation and scattering can be neglected, the reservoir is made up of sandstone matrix (2500 m/s) and gas pore fluid (300 m/s). 8) What is the velocity of the mudstone layer abave the ges reservoir? b) How deep will we have to drill to get to the top of the gas reservoir? ©) What is the seismic velocity of the reservoir? 4d) What is the porosity of the reservoir’? ) What is the thickness of the reservoir? f) What does the seismic data indicate about the properties of the shate layer below the gas reservoir? Explain, ay 5. “Seismic sequence analysis has the potential of indicating both the local and the regional iectonic behavior” - Justify this statement with suitable examples. Your illustration is expected to throw light on the close relationship amongst the tectonic setup, sediment transportation and deposition, sca level rise and fall with respect to the depositional surface, palco-environment and the Strandline movement. How is Seismic Facies mapped? Give an illustration. : ® 6. “One of the more important interpretative aids that are available to seismic stratigiraphers is the ability to produce seismic models” — In agreement with this statement build a case for utilizing the concept and algorithms of seismic modeling both forward - 1D, 2D & 3D and inverse approaches for strengthening high resolution seismic stratigraphic interpretations directly or in-hybridization with well seismic and other logging cross plots. In the course of your discussion highlight the probable pitfalls associated with this kind of correlation processes. Give comparative analysis between the seismic parameters and the equivalent geological insights, Iustrate the fundamental principles of 4D Seismic Technology and its utility in reservoir production monitoring. ® 7. What is a““Thin bed”? “Widess Diagram helps in resolving thin beds through amplitude and time thickness cross plotting”- There are various calibration charts available to this effect. Give schematic illustrations of (a) effect of bed thickness on reflection wave shape; (b) Typical detection and resolution of bed thickness from Zero phase seismic data. Define the principal features of a calibration chart thet is generally used for both linear and quasi-linear relationship between the peak-to-trough amplitude curve and actual bed thickness in contrast with the tuning thickness. 8) 8. “Reservoir modeling gives possibility to compare the well data and the expected seismic response. Changing the reservoir model results ina suite of ouput, whereby the sensitivity 10 certain reservoir is highlighted.” ~Draving possible relationship between the linearised Zoeppritz approximations with some rock physical parameters establish the validity of this statement. Page 3 of 4Estimate Vp and Vs velocities in km/s that are needed for an clastic inversion. Use Castagna’s formulation and consider the constants as, a0, b= 0.804, c= 0.836 for Sand, and a0, 6=0.770, c=0.867 for Shale. How is the reservoir and trap parameters quantified? Enumerate the “Quantitative assessmient” of a probable Hydrocarbon prospect. How is the volume of recoverable hydrocarbon assessed? ‘How is the Fluid Factor derived from AVO analysis? Based on the AVO attributes classify a seismic reservoir. (0) 9. “Four major groups of systematic reflections are distinguished on seismic sections” - What are those, illustrate with appropriate examples & neat sketches. Discuss in brief the interrelationship between the system tracts and depositional geometries. Stretching it further how could you explain Hydrocarbon habitat especially the depositional settings that favor source rock development. “Seismic data are scanned for DHIs, which stands for Direct Hydrocarbon Indicators "= Give a comprehensive description of all the probable DHIIs that a migrated seismic section could provide under various structural/stratigraphic settings of a potential hydrocarbon reservoir. Enumerate the pitfalls associated with these Direct Hydrocarbon Indicators. (445+5=14) 10. Write explanatory notes on @x3=9) a) Lithostratigraphy and Allostratigraphy b) Eustatic versus tectonic controls on sedimentation ©) Marine sequence stratigraphy 11. a) With the help of @ neat diagram show a generalized dip-oriented cross-section through a divergent continental margin, illustrating the overall subsidence patterns and stratigraphic architecture, Show the time lines 2-6 b) What are sequence stratigraphic surfaces? © OR i) With the help ofa neat diagram show the patterns of sedimentation across a foreland basin. © Discuss the sedimentary facies package developed on delta front and prodelta system. Discuss the method of facies analysis within such a system? 6 - End... Page 4 of 4