20. 21. 22. 23. 25. 26. 21. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 35, 36. 37. 38, Understand that the gross load on a crane boom includes hook block, auxiliary jib, weight of rigging etc. as well as the actual weight of the load Have the authority to reject hoisting a load of unknown weight Indicate correctly to the crane operator which hoist (main or auxiliary) he should use On commencement of the lift indicate an initial slow hoist to check the balance of the rigging and load as soon as it is elevated . Have the authority to signal to stop operations in the event a developing defect or hazard Understand the need for loads to be controlled by tag lines to prevent swinging Lead the elevated load through the work area by the safest route Correctly indicate to lower the load and witness off loading onto suitable standings if so required Maintain continual hand signals to the crane operator throughout the entire lifting operation Show that he is aware of the effect of wind on lifting operations ‘Show that he is aware of personnel on ground and other levels ‘Show that he is aware of adjacent crane operation Show that he is aware of the consequences and possible damage caused by shock loading ‘Show that he is aware of the dangers of side pulling a load . Examine the lifting tackle for defects after the job before being stored Store the lifting tackle correctly in the appropriate place Fully understand the need to report all actual and suspected defects immediately Have a full understanding of on site safety rules and regulations Maintain a good standard of housekeeping in the rigging storeEYE BOLTS AND EYE NUTS ‘There are two basic types of eye bolt:- with and without a collar, The collar eyebolt is designed for side loading up to an angle of 45 degrees from the vertical. ‘The eyebolt with no collar is called a dynamo eyebolt, it is only suitable for vertical lifts, no side loading whatsoever. Ifa piece of equipment is installed that needs to be lifted is installed with two dynamo eyebolts a spreader beam should be used to apply a vertical lift to both eyebolts. ‘When fitting a eyebolt to a machine for lifting make sure the threads match and that the thread is of the correct length. Do not foree the eyebolt or eye nut, but make sure the shoulder of the eye bolt or nut is secure against the face of the machine before attempting the lift. For lifting of a vertically mounted electric motor or pump from side mounted eyebolts extreme care must be taken as a right angled load is being applied to the eyebolt. You must ensure that the eyebolts so fitted are the ones designed for that particular purpose, not alternatives. It follows that it is not good working practice to remove an eye bolt or nut from a machine once installed.THE COLLAR EYE BOLT AND NUT SUITABLE FOR SIDE LOADING UP TO 45 DEGREES FROM THE VERTICAL THE DYNAMO EYEBOLT a“ ONLY SUITABLE FOR A VERTICAL LIFTINGTHE SHACKLE ‘There are two basic types of shackle used in lifting: the D shackle and the Bow shackle, Both shackles come with either a serewed pin or through pin with nut and split cotter pin. note: that with the latter type the nut should jam on the inner end of the pin thread and not on the eye of the shackle, thus leaving the pin free to rotate. ‘The nut and pin should be cross drilled to receive a split cotter pin in that position. ‘Shackles should be fitted to the load in a manner that allows the shackle body to take the load in a true line along its centerline. Not in such a way that bending loads are induced, other than those for which the shackle has been designed. cere / \ core Never eptace a shackle pin with abolt ‘The foad will bend the bolt Incorrect eeplecament of shackle pinSate working ocd ‘SWL ane grade mark | No marking on the crovn (shaded area) t Identification marks area for hardness. test {lon reverse side, either leg) Grade merk on either end of pin lal Marking of cee shocks large and sma Sofe working oad SWE ané grade mark i No marking en the crown (shadec area) Ientitication marks ‘Area for hardness. test (on reverse side, either leg) Grade mark on either end of pir {oI Marking of bom shackles arge ang smal) Positions for marking of shackles and area for hardness teWhen using a shackle in conjunction with multi leg slings it should be remembered that as the angle increases between the legs of the sling so does the load in the sling. ‘Consequently the shackle itself is also subject to the same increase in load as that of the sling leg. Avoid locating the pin of a shackle on a line that can run or move as this may unscrew the pin, Incorrect Heck Packing Correct Use of loose pacers on shackle ain Incorrect — Shackle pia esting on running line can work loose, Covreet ~ Shackle pin cannot turn. Use of shackles 10 avoid ain unserewing: example 1TYPES OF LOAD HOOK SPRING CATCH SWIVEL SPRING SAFETY HOOK BALL BEARING SWIVEL ‘OPEN TOP HOOK LIVERPOOL PATT! Gq BALL BEARING SWI SAFETY HOOK *C” OR LIVERPOOL HOOK RAMSHORN HOOK CARGO HOOKfo THE TURNBUCKLE The turnbuckle consists of a barrel with opposite threads at each end, into which may be screwed a number of end fittings, such as:- eyes, hooks and a shackle type of fitting. ‘The opposing (clockwise and anti-clockwise threads) allow rotation of the barrel to tighten or loosen the end fittings and attached slings. This is a very valuable and often under used item of lifting tackle. It is very useful for making adjustments to the rigging on odd shaped loads that require unequal sling lengths for a balanced lift. As with all items of lifting tackle, this should be marked with its Safe Working i Chama) (__} SECURING OF TURNBUCKLE END FITTINGS ca osatscon} (Cm (aD End Fittings must be secured.ut TYPES OF BEAM CLAMPTYPES OF BEAM CLAMP k Ensen sieHTENING 70 Th) =~ Nir Bear ruance13 WIRE ROPE SLINGS Wire rope is manufactured from drawn steel wires with an individual breaking strength in the 160kg to 180kg per square mm range. Itis the strength of these individual wires that determine the breaking strength of the final wire rope. A number of single wires are twisted together to form a strand. There can be any ‘number of single wires in a strand, the small diameter wires make the rope flexible. ‘To make up the rope, the stands themselves are twisted around a core of fibre or steel. The fibre core is impregnated with lubricant. There are very many arrangements of wires and strands for as many different applications. The most common wire rope construction for lifting purposes are: 6x 19 ie. 6 strands of 19 wires and 6 x 37 i.e. 6 strands of 37 wires. ‘The Safe Working Load of a wire rope is determined from its guaranteed breaking load. A sample length of the newly manufactured wire rope is tested to destruction. A Certificate relating to the test should accompany the rope on purchase. The Safe ‘Working Load of the rope is usually one fifth of the breaking load, or the breaking load is five times the Safe Working Load. The ratio of breaking load to Safe Working Load is called the Factor of Safety. To form a sling the wire rope is bent around at the end to form an eye, having formed the eye the free end of the rope is secured back to the main length by either splicing, clamped with a ferrule or much preferably both splice and ferrule. Whether hand spliced or machine ferruled, the newly formed sling must then be tested and permanently marked with its Safe Working Load. To form a multi leg sling, the eyes of the individual legs are joined after passing around a common ring, ‘The Safe Working Load of a multi leg sling will be stamped on the ring. There may bbe two Safe Working Loads for the same sling, ‘One SWL for sling leg angles between O degrees and 90 degrees and another reduced SWL for sling leg angles between 90 degrees and 120 degrees. Always verify the Safe Working Load of a sling before commencing your lifting job.STEEL WIRE ROPE CONSTRUCTION AND MEASUREMENT Core Center wire aire rope The diameter of the rope is measured across the outer edges of the strandsTYPICAL WIRE ROPE SLINGS WITH SWL MARKINGS e ‘Standard Sol Eye's Eben End. <“) Single Ring ane Hook Two LegS i & z rl 2 5 dt AL aA MM [Angle (a)—>[o°- 90°|90°-120°| o°-90°190°-120°] 0°- 90° 90-120" CAPACITIES OF TYPICAL WIRE ROPE SLINGS WITH FIBRE CORE IROPE, lbCHAIN SLINGS MADE FROM STEEL Modem chains are made from steel. A number of grades of chain are manufactured which is dependant on the properties of the steel itself and the heat treatment during manufactures. Each grade of steel has its own strength and shock absorbing properties and it follows that chain slings manufactured from different steels have differing Safe Working Load. All chain slings, such as hooks, rings etc. are assembled with a similar types of steel to that of the chain to which they are attached. Do not therefore interchange chain sling fittings. It is very important to check the Safe Working Load marked on a sling before use as chains of the same diameter do not always have the same Safe Working Load. The following grades of steel are in common use, where it any easily be seen the need to double check the Safe Working Load marked on all items of lifting tackle. The safe working loads listed are all for 12.7mm diameter chain. Grade M or Grade 40 higher tensile steel A medium carbon steel which produces good general purpose chains, hooks and shackles with a Safe Working Load of 2.0tons. Grade S or Grade 60 alloy steel An alloy steel giving lighter and fittings, having high shock absorbing properties and resistance to wear with a Safe Working Load of 3.0 tons. Grade T or Grade 80 alloy steel A high steel, much harder than the lower grades giving a greater resistance to wear at the same time retaining ample shock absorbing properties and allowing a lighter sling with a Safe Working Load of 5.0 tons.TYPICAL CHAIN SLINGS WITH SWL MARKINGS As an alternative to the stamp markings on rings etc. permanent metal tabs can be fitted showing the SWL and identity numberGRADE 80 ALLOY STEEL CHAIN SLING CAPACITIES You will note from the capacity ratings that for both 3 leg and 4 leg the Safe Working Loads are the same. In practice most of the load is taken up on only 3 legs of the sling.ao SYNTHETIC WEBBING AND ROUND SLINGS Webbing slings are woven in flat form from either nylon or polyester fiber. They are usually supplied in single ply or in two ply thicknesses. The Safe Working Load for a two ply sling is twice that of a single ply sling of the same width. Round slings consist of polyester yarn core with a protective covering. Depending on the capacity of the sling many cores are wound together to form an endless sling of round cross section. NYLON - The strongest webbing material and the most popular for heavy duty lifting. Not recommended for use around acids, but resists alkalis exceptionally well. Temperature limit is 200deg. C. Nylon web slings will stretch approximately 10% of their length at rated capability. POLYESTER - Highly resistant to acid conditions, completely rot and waterproof, a very durable material but not as strong as nylon. Temperature limit is 200deg. C. Polyester slings stretch much less than nylon slings, approximately 3% of their length at rated capacity. Both the flat webbing and round slings are ideal for lifting products with machined or polished surfaces, such as gear, compressor or pump interiors, soft metals or fragile loads that must be protected from scratching or the slightest of damage. These type of slings are also very flexible and adapt to the shape of the load being lifted, they do however damage easily and must be protected from sharp edges. The webbing sling is the perfect pipe lifting sling. Sometimes slings are color coded for their Safe Working Load as sewn in capacity data very often becomes illegible after use. Be aware not to confuse Safe Working Load color coding with that of periodic on site certified lifting tackle color coding, which is usually an annual procedure that endures only certified lifting tackle is used.TYPES OF SYNTHETIC WEBBING SLINGS A sling made with a triangular fitting on one end and a slotted triangle choker fitting on the other end. This sling can be used for a vertical lift, basket hitch or choker hitch, A sling made with a triangular fitting on both ends which can be used for a vertical lift or basket hitch only. A sling made with a flat loop eye on each end with the loop eye opening on the same plane as the sling body, this is called the double eye sling. ! A sling made with both loop eyes at right angles to the plane of the sting body, this type of sling is called a twisted eye sling, SaaS) An endless sling which is sometimes called a grommet, A reversed eye sling, formed by using multiple widths of webbing held edge to edge. A wear pad is attached to the sling body.