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A Path Loss Analysis on LTE Radio in Eastern Market Districts

Conference Paper · September 2018

DOI: 10.1109/IDAP.2018.8620931

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 A Path Loss Analysis on LTE Radio
in Eastern Market Districts
Umut Can Çabuk
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Erzincan University
Erzincan, Turkey
ucabuk@erzincan.edu.tr
Abstract—Radio propagation and path loss attenuation are subject
to many research – even for LTE - throughout decades already.
Nevertheless, smart city and Internet of Things concepts are
emerging recently. Hence, new path loss studies are required to
address new problems that come up with these. This study
introduces eastern market districts, located in the heart of some big
cities, as distinct areas with special needs. So, many widespread
propagation models are analyzed and evaluated considering
environmental properties. Consequently, the COST231 Walfisch-
Ikegami model is found to be the best fit for the defined area type;
hence, the need for the empirical measurements are eliminated.
Finally, simulations and calculations are made using the model, in
order to make inferences about the coverage, the capacity and the
quality of an LTE network to serve smart city services to the area.
Index Terms--– LTE, path loss, radio propagation models.
I. INTRODUCTION
Smart city is a concept that offers better life quality for all
inhabitants of a city by providing new services and easier access
to current services, using the Internet of Things (IoT) and new
wireless/mobile network technologies. In a smart city, trash bins,
street lights, traffic lights, power/water meters, parking lots and
many other elements might be able to collect necessary data
using their digital sensors, and share those with each other, as
well as central control units [1]. In order to build smart cities, IoT
is a key technology, where electronic devices (which might be
embedded in traditional city utilities) are connected to the
Internet (and each other) mostly using WiFi, Bluetooth, ZigBee,
or derivatives [2]. However, when it comes to serve a city that
occupies vast lands and consist of many different neighborhoods,
modern mobile (cellular) networks provide a great infrastructure
for most of the services, if not all [3]. On the other hand, different
parts of the cities might require different strategies, since they
might have different characteristics.
A. Long Term Evolution Radio
Long term evolution (LTE) is one (and the most dominant)
of the technologies those represent fourth generation mobile
networks (4G). The term LTE was originally the radio access
network (RAN) part of the greater system architecture evolution
(SAE). But, it became very popular, so it was later announced as
the commercial name for the system. It is now even used as 4G,
while some sources claim that LTE does not meet the criteria for
4G, but a later version, LTE Advance does so [4]; in our work
both are covered. In LTE, depending on the country and service
provider, different frequency bands are being used [5]. In Europe,
2600 MHz is common.
Gökhan Dalkılıç
Dept. of Computer Engineering
Dokuz Eylul University
Izmir, Turkey
dalkilic@cs.deu.edu.tr
B. Path Loss
During their propagation, electromagnetic signals face
attenuation, which basically means loss of power. This is called
path loss [6]. It occurs due to different reasons, but usually
combined. Free-space loss, refraction, diffraction, reflection, and
absorption are the main types. All, other than the free-space loss
depend on the environment conditions. Whenever a signal
measurement is not possible, nor feasible, mathematical models
can be used to predict the path loss. A good model should take
effects of most (if not all) loss types and be suitable for the
subject environment’s conditions. While many studies were
made for lower frequencies, including the GSM 900 and 1800
MHz bands [7], higher frequencies still need further research.
C. Eastern Market Districts
“Eastern” (also oriental) usually refers to Eastern Europe and
Western Asia, including the Middle East. Some of the big cities
in these territories were located on historic trade routes and
became prosperous in the medieval (middle) ages, since they
have become important nodes on such a trade network. However,
during the age of discovery and the colonialism, these cities
started to lose their importance and decline, due to discovery of
new routes [8]. But anyhow, market (also called bazaar)
neighborhoods, located in the central quarters, stood as
traditional marketplaces of their home cities. There are many
common aspects in these bazaars based on their similar historical
background, though they exist in different countries.
These places are usually located in the geographic center of
the cities and are very crowded during the daytime, however
unlike the modern central business districts, the buildings are
obviously smaller in height and streets are irregular. They are
also different than suburban and rural areas, because the
buildings are adjacent, roads are narrow and day population is
very high. Moreover, there may be many covered streets. These
quarters are different than the old towns of Western cities with
larger buildings and wider streets. A few well-known examples
are; Grand Bazaar area in Istanbul/Turkey, Kemeralti in
Izmir/Turkey, Plaka in Athens/Greece, Bascarsija in
Sarajevo/Bosnia-Herzegovina, Carsija in Skopje/Macedonia,
and Arasta in Nicosia/Cyprus. Similar districts may also exist in
some cities of Northern Africa and Southeastern Asia.
Additionally, slums and favelas in some big cities (e.g. in India)
might have similar conditions. We have chosen Kemeralti as the
case location of this study. Figure 1 presents a satellite image of
the mentioned area.

Figure 1. Yandex Maps view of Kemeralti district in Izmir.
II. RELATED WORKS
Physical attributes and characteristics of radio frequency
(RF) signals are subject to many research and studies for the last
few decades. Nevertheless, extreme boom of mobile telephony,
thanks to the success of smart phones, made it necessary to dig
deeper about different cases regarding service availability,
coverage, and capacity planning. Radio propagation models, as
another open research area, are mathematical formulas to predict
the path loss by taking some parameters of the subject
environment and the communication medium as inputs. We
strongly disagree with the underestimation about the effects of
the area type, mentioned by Abdallah et al., in their valuable
work [9]. These models are produced via empirical
measurements done at particular areas. Hence, each model
represents (and limited by) the characteristics of the original site,
in which the model is produced. Several popular models are
investigated within this study, yet free space models are ignored
[10]. We do not give the exact mathematical representations for
each model, since we investigate their suitability, not accuracy.
More details exist in the references.
A. Egli
Egli model was introduced by John Egli in a published paper
in 1957 [11]. It was created using the data from real experiments
made with UHF and VHF television signals in several cities. The
coverage is UHF and VHF bands, which roughly make 30 MHz
to 3 GHz (3000 MHz). It is best for line-of-sight transmission
since the model does not consider obstruction parameters and
gives the loss as a single quantity.
B. Okumura
Okumura model, which is used widespread (despite being
old) and is a pioneer for many other models, is purely derived
from the empirical studies made in Tokyo, Japan in 1960s [12].
The frequency range is determined as 150 to 1920 MHz (up to 3
GHz with extrapolations), base station BS height is 30 to 1000 m
and the link distance is between 1 and 100 km.
C. Hata
Hata (also known as Okumura-Hata) model is an improved
version of the Okumura model (but with new limitations) [13]. It
has 3 modes being urban, suburban, and open area, while the
original is the first. Suburban and open area predictions are
functions of the urban calculations. It has a smaller frequency
range of 150 to 1500 MHz, BS height is 30 to 200 m, and the link
distance is 1 to 10 km. Though it has tight boundaries, its
accuracy made it popular among researchers/engineers, so that
newer models based on that are still being studied [14].
D. COST231 Hata
COST231 Hata model is a revised and extended version of
the Hata model [15]. Yet, COST 231 was a large-scale, European
Union funded, 10-year project (1986-1996) that aimed to
produce new radio propagation models for wireless and mobile
communications [16]. Here, the carrier frequency range is 1500
to 2000 MHz, although tests made with 2600 MHz were tolerable
[17]. The transmission distance is 1 to 20 km. The BS height is
30 to 200 m, while it must be higher than all rooftops and the
mobile station.
E. COST231 Walfisch-Ikegami
This model is a consistent amalgamation of the two
antecedent models, Walfisch-Bertoni [18] and Ikegami [19]. The
work is done within the COST231 project as its name implies
[16]. It is a statistical model (though being empirical) since it uses
average values for some parameters. Although some studies
claim that the carrier frequency can be between 800 and 2000
MHz, in the original paper, the model is proposed for 300 to 3000
MHz. BS height is 4 to 50 m, and the link distance is 0.02 to 5
km. Thus, it is suitable for micro/pico cells. Other than these,
average values for building height & spacing, street width and
street orientation (angle of the signal path and the street) are used
as parameters. But, the terrain should be flat.
F. Erceg
Erceg model [20] relies on empirical studies made in the US.
The model merely uses 1900 MHz as the carrier frequency.
However, it can be used in different frequencies with basic
extrapolation or correction parameters [21]. BS height is 10 to 80
m, and the link distance is 0.1 to 8 km. It is also suitable for
small/micro cells. There are additional terrain and tree density
parameters, but the model does not have any urban parameters.
Hence it is a good fit for rural areas.
G. Stanford University Interim
Stanford University Interim (SUI), is a follow-up work and
an extension for the Erceg model and developed jointly by IEEE
802.16 group and Stanford University for WiMAX networks
[22-23]. The frequency range is very wide, from 1900 MHz to 11
GHz. BS antenna height is 15 to 40 m, and link distance is 0.1 to
10 km, making it useful for small cells. Like the Erceg model, it
has three modes for terrain and vegetation conditions; but does
not have city parameters.
III. DECIDING THE MODEL
Every propagation model will give satisfactory predictions,
when the environment characteristics (parameters) of the subject
site is similar to the one that is encountered during the production
of the model. If the properties of the site are clearly different, then
the model would not give reliable information regarding the
subject site. By the way, there might not be a fully suitable model
for many kinds of areas, in that case the best match can be chosen
only if there is a certain level of subsumption, and otherwise
empirical measurements should be made. Thus, choosing the
optimal model for the case appears as a solid engineering
problem. While not being in the scope of this work, channel
occupancy and frequency reuse issues emerge as other strongly-
tied problems [24-25].
Chapter 4, Section 4.4.1 in COST231 Final Report [16]. While
only a brief explanation is being provided in this paper, readers
may refer to [16] for more details about the parameters and
limitations. The equations below are reused from [16]:
Overall path loss Lb, for non-line-of-sight (NLOS) case is
given in Eq. 1;

A. Environment Characteristics + + + > 0

Kemeralti quarter of İzmir is a historical bazaar district and a = (1)
+ ≤ 0
good example that resembles all aspects of the oriental bazaar
districts introduced above. To find the best model, it is necessary
to emphasize the main features and statistical properties of the Free space path loss L0 is given in Eq. 2;
area, which will be input parameters for the models.
Local authorities estimate that 150,000 to 750,000 people a ( ) = 32.4 + 20 + 20 ( ) (2)
day visit the district, depending on the day and the season [26].
We can assume high average as 500,000 daily visitors in a
crowded day, which then makes 42,000 visitors per hour. As of Rooftop-to-street diffraction and scatter loss Lrts, and street
2013, in Turkey, where the population is circa 70 million, slightly orientation factor LOri are given in in Eq. 3, 4, 5, and 6;
more than 60 million subscribers, distributed to 3 operators, exist
[27]. So, approximately 12,000 users cumulatively exist in the
∆
area per mobile network operator (MNO) per hour. Kemeralti = −16.9 − 10 log + 10 log + 20 log + (3)
district encircles an area of 270 ha (2.7 km2) [26]. Hence, we
reach nearly 4000 users per km2 per hour per MNO. For capacity −10 + 0.354 0 ≤ ≤ 35
planning, if we assume that 10% of the users are simultaneously
active [28], then 400 active users per km2 per hour per MNO = 2.5 + 0.075( − 35) 35 ≤ ≤ 55 (4)
exist. Additionally, the radio frequency is chosen as 2600 MHz
band since this is the widest and the most common LTE (also 4.0 − 0.114( − 55) 55 ≤ ≤ 90
referred as 4.5G in Turkey) band in use in Turkey; where other
lower bands are occupied by 2G and 3G systems [29]. They are ∆ℎ =ℎ −ℎ (5)
still widespread, and number of active users are presumably very
high.
∆ℎ =ℎ −ℎ (6)
B. Comparison of Models
Choosing the most suitable model for the analyzed area type is Multiple screen diffraction loss, base station height factor,
one of the main problems to be addressed within this work. We and some other coefficients are given in Eq. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11;
have compared boundaries, parameters, and conditions of all 7
propagation models introduced previously. Okumura model,
despite its popularity, does not support micro cells and does not = + + log + log − 9 log (7)
consider district parameters. Another widespread model, the
Hata model, does not support frequencies higher than 1500 MHz, ∆
so is not suitable. Yet, its updated version COST231 Hata model, −18 log 1 + ℎ >ℎ
= (8)
supports frequencies up to 2000 MHz, which is closer, but not 0 ℎ ≤ ℎ
enough, too. Additionally, there is also no support for micro nor
pico cells. Though Maina et al. claimed that this model is
successful at 2600 and 2300 MHz, their test environment 54 ℎ >ℎ
(district) was pure suburban and they only analyzed 2 other = 54 − 0.8
∆
≥ 0.5 ℎ ≤ℎ (9)
models [30]; so, it is not reliable guide for us. Erceg model, a ∆ /
54 − 0.8 < 0.5 ℎ ≤ℎ
newer and comprehensive model, despite having support for .

micro cells, does not have city and district parameters. SUI
model, allows use of micro cells, supports a wide frequency 18 ℎ >ℎ
range, but lacks district parameters as Erceg does. COST231 = ∆ (10)
Walfisch-Ikegami model on the other hand, has some city/district 18 − 15 ℎ ≤ ℎ
specific parameters, while having a good frequency range and
support for micro (even pico) cells. Therefore, it is decided as the
most suitable model for the oriental market districts.
0.7 −1
C. COST231 Walfisch-Ikegami Revisited = −4 + ℎ (11)
This section provides an insight regarding the underlying 1.5 − 1
mathematical formula of the COST-WI model as introduced in
 IV. SIMULATIONS as we consider transmission power for an LTE antenna is around
After deciding that the optimal propagation model is the 40-45 dBm. However, the attenuation at 2600 MHz bands, is
COST231 Walfisch-Ikegami model; we proceeded to the considerably higher than the ones in the lower frequencies. An
simulations to find the path loss values of the district. MATLAB experimental study made at 900 MHz reported signal
simulations are made by defining the model as a mathematical attenuations of 8090 dB for 1 km range [31].
formula and placing the parameters as inputs. Figure 3 illustrates the correlation between the attenuation
and the carrier frequency, while the distance is fixed to 0.5 km
A. Parameters and other parameters are constant. It is clear that the higher the
In order to proceed to the calculation of path loss values with frequency, the higher the path loss. The change is somewhat
Walfisch-Ikegami model, we have determined the required linear in the 500-3500 MHz range. At a distance around 500 m,
parameters as follows. Some average values are rough frequencies above 3 GHz are expected to fail at establishing a
estimations made on the site and are our assumptions. reliable connection under given area conditions.
• Carrier frequency, f = 2600 MHz; a common LTE band
currently in use in Turkey.
• Distance, d = 0.5 km; is the size of a typical micro cell
yet used once as the independent variable.
• Street width, w = 6 m; an average measured on site.
• Building height, b = 12 m; found as 4 m * 3 floors, since
most buildings are 2 or 3 floored.
• Street orientation, φ = 55 degrees; chosen as the worst
average from the model’s mathematical formula.
• Building separation, b = 0.5 m; most buildings in the area
are adjacent, however there are orthogonal streets after
each few buildings.
Figure 3. Effect of the frequency.
• Base station height, hbts = 14 m; found as 12 m + 2 m,
since there is no space to build a conventional cell tower, Figure 4 represents the effect of the height of the receiver
but smaller antennas can be placed on rooftops. antenna, namely the mobile phone. All other parameters are
• Mobile height, hm = 1.5 m; average height of human fixed. From 10 to 1 meter, a difference of 9 meters reduce the
chest, midpoint of hands and ears. loss as much as 15 dB, an important difference if not very big.
• Line of sight (LOS) is not available, means NLOS.
B. Results
Results of the MATLAB simulations are illustrated as plot
graphics below; y-axis is the path loss attenuation in dB in all
graphs, while x-axis changes as it is the independent variable.

Figure 4. Effect of the mobile device height.

Figure 2. Effect of the receiver (mobile) distance.
Figure 2 shows the correlation between the attenuation and
the distance, which unveils the coverage range. Note that the
frequency is 2600 MHz and other parameters are fixed as given
above. For 0.1 km, the loss is 80 dB and for 1 km, it is 100 dB.
Even the latter is enough to provide high quality LTE services,
Figure 5 shows the effect of the street width in the area, where
the BS and the receiver are aligned. For a very narrow street of 2
m width, the loss is 10 dB more than a wider street of 20 m width.
This outcome verifies our claim regarding of the need for special
actions in these historical districts.
Figure 6 uncovers the effect of the BS (transmitter) antenna
on the attenuation. The higher is clearly the better. Assuming
there is no rooftop higher than the BS, a 20-m difference in height
makes 12 dB difference in attenuation.
 Figure 7 shows the impact of the street orientation. Here, the
effect is linear. But, though not negligible, it is considerably
small. Changing the incoming signal’s angle from 55 deg. to 90
deg. increases the attenuation by 4 dB.
Figure 5. Effect of the street width.
Figure 6. Effect of the base station antenna height.
Figure 7. Effect of the street orientation.
Results also imply that the area is not radio wave friendly,
since the irregular building placements weaken the signals.
Consequently, the BS ranges should not be much larger than 0.5
km. Because; at 500 m, the path loss reaches 160 dB, and around
700 m, it even hits 170 dB. So, if the BS output is 46 dBm
(approx. 20 W), the maximum value per to the standards [32],
then the resulting downlink RSSI would be -114 dBm at 500 m
and -124 dBm at 700 m of distance. Both RSSIs are very low;
but, while a low-quality connection may continuously be
provided at 500 m, it wouldn’t even be possible to sustain a
reliable connection at 700 m (depending on the gain features of
the devices/vendors). The effect of the environment is much
more radical on the downlink channel, where the maximum
output power of the UE is limited to 24 dBm (approx. 0.2 W), in
the standards [32]. Here, the resulting RSSIs become -136 dBm
and -146 dBm at 500 m and 700 m, respectively. So, we cannot
speak of a healthy connection, if ever. Some resources already
imply a safely tolerable path loss range near 120 to 130 dB for
the UE side, because of the thermal noise floor [33]. These output
power values can normally be preferred in macro cells of 1 to 5
km of radius, in rural and plain areas. However, in our very
special case, these power values may only provide a smaller
range of 500 m. Yet, in fact, micro/pico cells with radius < 0.3
km would clearly perform better.
V. CONCLUSIONS
In this work, we have presented that big cities may have
exceptional districts those do not comply with the general
characteristics of the city. Namely, historical market districts,
though being located in the core of the city, do have different
properties; hence require special treatment when calculating the
path loss attenuations. Thus, we intend to inform researchers and
engineers, who work to develop and/or serve smart city services,
about an exceptional problem and its solution. We have found
that COST231 Walfish-Ikegami model is the best fit. This model
takes some city or district specific parameters into account, while
calculating the attenuation. For example, street width &
orientation, building height & density are very important, but
ignored in many other models. In our work, we assumed that the
LOS does not exist at all. However, having LOS might be
possible there. Additionally, positive effect of the multiple-input-
multiple-output (MIMO) technology on the receiver side is
ignored. Though we mentioned, we did not intend to solve the
capacity and band allocation problems, as in [24]. Lastly, in these
places, people usually are mobile, which is only studied in a few
recent works [34]. All these should further be researched.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank Agnieszka Szufarska, Radio Research Manager at
Nokia in Wroclaw, Poland; for her valuable support.
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