Political Environment of Delhi bofore 1858 Q.1 Discuss the political Environment of Delhi before 1858, Or Describe the political condition of Delhi prior to 1858 Ans ~ «In 1526, Babur, a established the Mughal Empire. His son Humayun was defeated by the Afghan wartior Sher Shah Suri in the year 1540, and was forced to retreat to Kabul ‘After the death of Sher Shah's death his son Islam Shah Suri and his Hindu general Hemu Vikramaditya had established secular rule in North India from Delhi til 1556. Afier winning Battle of Delhi, Akbar’s forces defeated Hemu inthe Second Batile of Panipat on 6 November 1556. «Akbar the Great, who was the grandson of Babar, tried to arablish a good relationship with the Hindus. Akbar Geclared “Amari” or non-Kiling of animals in the holy days Gffainism. Fe rolled back the izya tax for non-Muslims, The Mughal emperors married local royalty, allied themssltes wie cal maharajas, and attempted to fuse their Turko- Persian culture with ancient Indian styles, creating 2 unique se Persian culture and Indo-Saracenic architecture, Abas see cd & Rajput princess Mariam-uz-Zamani,and they had rae Jahangit, who was part Mughal and part-Rejput 3 son Jrure Mughal emperors Jahangir more oles follows were her's policy. The Maghal dynasty ruled most of the ws ret guibcontinent by 1600. The reign of Shah Jehan Was the golden age of Mughal architecture: He erected several the ots te most famous of which isthe Ta) Mahal ot, Masjid the Red Fort the Jama Masid, and he ‘Lahore Fort. The Maighal perio is considered t0 be “Indies Yet golden ge’, Tewas te second largest empire tohave existed in the adian subcontinent. ¢ «The Mughals period dominant political for consisted of ee een snd tributaries and, later on, therisingPHANG + Delhi Through Ages: From Colonial to Contemporary ‘successor states ~ including the Maratha Empire ~ which, fought an increasingly weak Mughal dynasty + ‘The Mughals had a policy of integration with Indian culture, which is what made them successful where the short-lived Sultanates of Delhi had failed. This period marked vast social change in the subcontinent as the Hindu majority were ruled by the Mughal emperors, most of whom showed religious tolerance, liberally patronising Hindu culture ‘The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expanse during the reign of Aurangzeb. It also started to decline during his reign due to Maratha size of under Shivaji. Historian Six. JIN. Sarkar wrote, “All seemed to have been gained by Aurangzeb now, but in realty all was lost.” The ‘same was echoed by Vincent Smith: “The Deccan proved to be the graveyard not only of Aurangzeb’s body but also of hisempire”. _Aurangaz2b is considered India's most controversial emperor (ruler). He was less tolerant than his predecessors. He re~ introduced the jizya tax and destroyed several historical temples, while at the same time building more Hindu temples than he destroyed, employing significantly more Hindus in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors, and ‘opposing Sunni Muslim bigotry against Hindus and Shia Mustims. However, he is often blamed for the erosion of the tolerant syncretic tradition of his prédecessors, as well as increasing brutality and centralisation, which may have played a large part in the dynasty’s downfall after ‘Aurangzeb, who unlike previous emperors, imposed relatively Jess pluralistic policies on the general population, which may have inflamed the majority Hindu population. + The empire went into decline after the death of Aurangzeb. ‘The Mughals suffered several blows due to invasions from. ‘Marathas and Afghans. During the decline of the Mughal Empire, several smaller states rose to fill the power vacutum and themselves were contributing factors to the decline. In 1737, the Maratha general Bajirao of the Maratha Empire invaded and plundered Delhi. Under the general Amir Khan ‘Umrao Al Udat, the Mughal Emperor sent 8,000 troops to drive away the 5,000 Maratha cavalry soldiers. Baji Rao, however, easily routed the novice Mughal general and the For Golden Success-Read KING PASSPORT rest of ¢ defeat ¢ Mughal Marth Empire + ini anya ind the Pe Puppe + There diy Ware fons India India Company 2. Whs Explainits ep Ans. Co small enterps had been gra trade in the » In the Company ga Pakistan, Bar Britain, The area, incudi willbenoted 1798;and fro the major pe in 1658. In given to the politcal pox revenesys British Pa charter a¢ Chart FoKING + Delhi Before 1857/3 rest of the imperial Mughal army fled. in 1737, in the final defeat of Mughal Empire, the commander-in-chief of the ‘Mughal Army, Nizam-ul-mulk, was routed at Bhopal by the ee essentially brought an end to the Mughal + In 1739, Nader Shah, emperor of Iran defeated the Mughal army atthe Battle of Kamal. Ate this vietory Nader captured fand sacked Delhi, carrying away many treasures, including the Peacock Throne. The Mughal dynasty was reduced f© puppet rulers by 1757. «The remnants of the Mughal dynasty were finally defeated during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also called the 1857 ‘War of Independence, and the remains of the empire were formally taken over by the British While the Government of India Act 1858 let the British Crown assume direct control of India in the form of the new British Raj. Company Ral! East India Company and Raj 1785-1858 ‘0.2. What is Meant by Company Rule? How itcame to an end? Explainits legacy. "Ans. Company Raj-The East India Company evolved from & samall enterprise sun by a group of London merchants, which fo 100) aa con gated a royal chaser conferring the monopoly of English trade in the whole of Asia and the Pacific. In the late eighteenth century the British East, Ingia Company gained control of ach of the trsitory that Net India, ca gladesh, and ofberteritores in Southeast Asi fo" SPSS, aot ea The company catied on an extensive trade throughot 4 vast ereifacluding China The activities of east India company India a ued inten main periods: from 1600101750; (©) eh 17500 1798; and from 1798 to 1858, when, a5 Proxy for Great Britain itbecame the major political power throughout Inia finaly (CS its position. te Te examining these time spans, major conser oe will be given to the establishment of British ‘control, the fate of indigenous i ical powers, and the creation Of newt mir administrative, and revenue systems, sritish Partiement continued to control Comat through charter act — Charter Act granted in 1793, For Gorden Suocess Read KING PASSPORT 41819, 1833 and 1853 successivelyFrom Colonial to Contemporary To. ws commercial rights and trading 4 [KING = Delhi Through Ages whittled, away the Company monopolies Traian Rising Tn 1857 the Indians rose in revolt against Fgh » particularly its insensitivity handed and oppressive Company rule ~ part se pe ards thelr aligns — andl ik Wok Sxcessively prolel nencr UY) 2 ‘Company's army to regain control of its possessions: Following this failure of governance, the British state formally took over the East India Company's rule in India. End of Company rule ‘The Company lost all its administrative powsets following the Government of India Actof 1858, and its Indian possessions and armed forces were taken over by the Crown. ‘Rule of the country shifted from the directors of the Company f fa Secretary of State for India advised by a council, whose members ‘were appointed by the Crown. ‘The Crown also directly appointed the governor-general, oF viceroy, and provincial governors in India. The East India Company itself was formally dissolved by Act of Parliament in 1874, Thus began the British Raj, direct imperial rule of India by the British state Legacy of Company Rule Although the Company's colonial rule was hugely detrimental to the interest of the common people due to.the exploitative nature of governance and tax implementation, there is no denying the fact that it brought forward some interesting positive outcomes as well. ‘One of the most impact was a complete overhaul of the Justice System and establishment of the Supreme Court ‘The introduiction of postal system and telegraphy which the Company arguably established for its own benefit ‘The East Indian Railway Company was awarded the céntracts to construct a 120-mile railway from Howrah- Calcutta to Raniganj in 1849, The transport system in India saw improvements in léaps and bounds with the completion of a 21-mile raibline from Bombay to Thane, the first-leg of the Bombay-Kalyan line, in 1853. : « The Company is popularly associated with unfair exploitation of its colonies and widespread corruption. The humongous amounts of taxes levied on agriculture and For Golden Success-Read KING PASSPORT adve ofth Kin, ule adn adr gat In Th the de inone KING +: Delhi Before 1657/5 usiness led to man-made famines such asthe Great Bengal famine scape: famine of 170 and subsequent fines during he 180 nd 49th centuries, Foetal eulvaion of epivn an uae treatment of indigo farmers lead to much discontent resuling in widespread militant protests, secine postive aspect foci edvlon ee communication advancements were overshadowed largely by the plundering attitude ofthe Company rule stripping its dominions bare for road ‘Mughal Court (MUGHAL DARBAR) and Literary Culture ‘Durbar is & Persian term derived (from P d term derived (from Persian word darbas) meaning the kings’ or rulers noble court ora formal meeting where the Beg iol dearer as a Twas used in India for a ruler’s court ot feudal levy as the latter came to be ruled and later administered by foreigner. ae ‘A durbar (Darbar) may be either a feudal state council for ‘administering the affairs of a princely state, or a purely ceremonial gathering, asin the time ofthe British Empire in India. ‘The most famous Durbars belonged to great Emperors and Kings tn the North, cities like Udaipur, Jaipur, Jodhpus Jaiselmer, wg Agea have palaces, that adorn such magnificent heals: ant Mughal Emperor Akbar had two halls one for his ministers and ihe other for the general public. Usually Durbar halls are lavishly (decorated with the best possible materials available at the ime: Main Elements and Structure of the Mughal ‘Administration 2.3. What were Elements and Structure of the Mughal ‘Administration? ‘Ans-Main Ele ‘Administration: 1. Emperor as thé representative of God: Mughal SP considered themselves a8 the representatives of €o4 9% earth. They considera be the “Shadow of God of “Visible God or *Wagil 0 God’ or “Khatifa of her country.” ‘Abul Fas the wellknown Historian and-scholar of ‘Akbar’ age in his preface tothe Ain-Akbas has sad UN dignity is higher in the eyes of God royalty, and those who are grse, dink from its auspicious fOUaiNs eras Siren Foc RING PASSPORT For Golden Success-Read ments and Structure of the Mughalonal to Contemporary Ton. + eth Through Ages: From Colo 6 / KING # Delhi Throwh Ags oe Me further held, “Royalty isa light emanating from G from the sun.” 2. Centralized pow ration and. the state. the commander-in-chie fall authority ca dapor he Maghatemperc accepted 7 PMA a one f eechion of the state, and duties for themselves—Jahan Bani’ pro! ‘Jahangin (extension of the empire). They attempted to create those conditions which were conducive to economic and cultural progress oftheir subjects, They devoted lt of time tolook after the afairs ofthe state ‘Akbar used to say, “Tyranny is unlawful in everyone, especially ina sovereign whois guardian of the public.” He also observed, “Diving worship in monarchs consists in their justice and good administration, IN the words of Dr. RP. Khosla, “The Mughal monarchy whatever 15 defects-and no despotism can be unalloyed blessing; was on the whole grandly conceived and well executed.” 4. Rule of Aristocracy: Dr. Tara Chand describes thé rule of the Mughal emperors as ‘the rule of aristocracy’. This implies that the robles exercised enormous influence onthe administration of the state 5. Foreign-cum Indian system of administration: Dr. J.N. Sarkar has observed, “The Mughal administration presented a combination oflindian and extra-Indian elements, or more correctly, it was the Perso- “Arabic system in Indian setting.” A compromise was affected with the older native system already in vogue and familiar to the people governed. The Mughals carried out certain modifications in it in the light of foreign experiences. 6. Secular versus theocratic state: The Mughal administration ‘was not entirely based on Islamic tenets. At least important emperors like Akbar did not work under the influence of the “Ulemas'. Even ‘Aurangzeb, though a fanatic Sunni never allowed the Ulemas to dictate him in administrative matters. 7 Council of Ministers: it was not necessary for the Mughal emperor to consult his ministers on all occasions. According to J.N. Sarkar, “The Mughal emperor had no regular Council of Ministers The ‘Wazir’ (Prime Minister) and the Diwan (Finance Minister) were the highest persons below the emperor, but the other officers were in no sense, his colleagues. They were admittedly inferior to him and deserved rather to be called secretaries than ministers. Nearly all their For Golden Success-Read KING PASSPORT eror was the head of The emperor was t He was the law-maker as well as rand the fountain-head of admi dispenser of justice, all honours. He was the source o work was ab) transmitted to control of + Apatt fe other ministe Among 1. Th 2.7 In a7) © aR 5c 64 4 8, ‘The may be} cametol convent! subjects “Darsha, them wi admini through and bet rule the T Tt was Jahan, ‘Auran organ’ the Er Empeay of lof ary nd the ‘ally wine cits snole ithe sethe state. farkar tation bs ththe ceople in the ‘ation yerors ven’ jctate ughal oN. isters. ‘were ere in and their ama. + Deh Boone 305717 awe trenon bye ea outer pander were eh war of doparimonts: api fom the Prime Minterand (ne cso chnger various depart egies rie rit re pel Househoi4 Department under "oan Sa! or High Steward, ee ae b. the Military Pay and Account Tmnperit kah 2a co a bat wa ine erent Cty oasis OS Se carrcrip of Public Moras under he Marine » Se ustice Department under “Qazi Quzat Sei) pepecnt ees eA oe DS Topkhana’ the Diwan there were severs) 1s Department under the er the Chief 4, tneligence and Postal Depasiment under the ‘DaroghatDak Chau’ qo nt steve ofthe amisave TAT the Mughals nay be stated in the words of SR. SMT, hough the Mughals say ein ax congueor an OST) sett came ons hich were exclated 2 them comyte The Emperor's #PPeRee ‘the "Darshan daily, a Fe ay ome PE a ‘Dash thelr petions, st Perna ‘tention to min! themstration, and their Sob tours and pageants adanjrout the Empire, even pat their generally © tn penevolent policy all maiens served toimpatt 0 Y Fgovernmenty consent ‘This character was: ation of Ak ined 4uring sain framework of the 2¢ igh in a considerably attenuated {OFT ped into the shoes of the Mughal ou ‘india Company PI‘pati Through Ages: From Colona to Contemporary T-2 jrugtt Administration: Key Feat qua Highlight the key features of Mughal ‘Adminstration: or 2 / KING: ughal_ Adminstration. sport features of Mui or Desert Ge ntughat Administration: sgubas” were sr There were yed to 20 Describe somneessental feats hn The mughal empire was divided into "Sub t sn and "Grat farther subdivided into "Sarkar'"Pargand’, fe Satias (provinces) dumg Akbar’s reigns, which Iter jncreast ducing the reign of the Auranzeb’s ‘Akbar introduced the Marisa indicates the rank of the’holder. Mans: ‘During Mughal administration there were collection te, Kankut, Rai And Zabti Establishing a firm rule in Indian Sul ‘years, the Mughals built an Empire with not on utalso a fiem administrative setup that provides functioning, From the centralization of power to cre see tions for economic and cultural growth, the Mughals looked at Siministrative matters with great seriousness and precision. deel oytten: The tec, MAneRD abdari was both civil three methods of revenue Jocontinent for ly great political strength forasmooth Central Administration rjojing te absolute power the Emperor ofthe Moshe! CEPT sear dinage a cental adminisaiveauthoriy. A mastet of cr saga vernmental departments wore appointed for the Bey of tansactions involving various affaits rnd the four main officers ‘Mir Bakhshi;Mir Saman; smooth functions restate had four main departments ofthe central government, They were Diwan and Sac «The Diwan (was also known as (He held the primary position a Hae her He looked after zovenue and finance, but Kept a4 : aaetw of all matters of expenditure and related apartments recording all imperial orders and assiBning duties and expense to district faujdars. « Mir Bakshi handled the military pay and a ulated duties. He not only was the Paymaster forall officers < ut also played role in recruitment of soldiers, isting of mansabdars and important officials. For Golden Success-Read KI ING PASSPORT the Wazir or chief minister), mong, all other emportant counts and + Thei with, of th rela) -h ain Ay se) +o t and military.“ provinela Akos the territe nearly 200 administr might ciscumst branchés ving conducive | effectivett cave Detht Bolore 12 + Theimpei nul we ely chan seman. He dea meri ang ee as Se q ofthese talons or nen eosin ane + The dr was the head of wont The Su « head of religious Jone: criibtons, Ha ao looked after education ienperial Sims, Sadr acted as the Chief Qazi befor ‘Shah Jahan Acrangpe dvd hee to fe fort atlotted 19 arate persons for these posts + Occasional « inn wr emiyranie an ote eae is also appointed called the val. He acted 25 the deputy of the sultanate (ni). rrovincial Administration ea Pan tase for te provincial adminiatation bY °° be tron seca ute and exablishing * sina model sete 9 i amendment to suit eal etal aach province had aot of 08881 SPO 5 Branches of state acti fo officials representing 6 cetfecive sade control over provinces, OTe Th a: provincial administrative stroctre wae SBE TS ica of that ofthe central government ; + Sipah Salaror Nazim (the govern?) welt known by the ame Sinan selgie was appoiren czecly bY ERT and was sued officer looking after evil ane aaiministrative responsibility of each Suba- . ee pe payonser neater a having duties of military sMSplishment, salaries of Mansabdars and occasional dBlSS fike news writing fOr provinces. « Inevery Suba (province) was ‘established the Dag Choki that Gaducted the intelligence *A postal service. The Wore Navis and Wagai Nigars Supplied direct reports {0 King wey gawanih Nigars were Monfidential report PFOViCETS «provincial Sade, Qazi tS performed the same dues within, provinces as the “Central administration officials. 2 Teme faujdars (administrate ‘pead of district) and the xotwal secutive and ministerial duties)—— ontemporary To fy eunea 5 Dabs TOUEN AGES rom colonial 10 CO eat Administration i a cre ‘atene vilage revel: the satuaa were cbvidee ST garkars Whig, nea sre further subdivided IMO Parganas aac » Pauldar (chief executive Tread of 0 Sark) Me responsi eee Fru piataining 100 oN ad in his jussdicn the gain he for gated the royal decree a egulations. Hie #lse kept the aed powerful Zann ars uinder check: ‘ pacine fas the niext important a se amalguzar or the Fever collector was the ae offi ore of Parganas iy arnskcrevertie OLS ‘Amin (assessor of venue), Patadar (treasurer), 2anUree mmititary Adm (keeper of and record) ities (clerk®)- + Soi «Village head or the Mugaddam (earpanch) dealt W1 a Fanettons locally. The Patwatt daated him by KIN CS of 7 village reverie records: oa Revenue Administration Ge Tard revenue was he mejor Pour of the income. "et | # Akbarhad net Dasa De a erat system. Under which Tee average produce OL ¢ afferent erops and the averaBe PRC rom the last ten years sie calculated. One-third of the oe rage wos une sfare Of ‘The? The state that was mentioned cash. @ ¢ and reverie wos ed, onsitel SS poth, continuity and Lan st he Darauti (fallow lands for 8 year) paid full prices when under ® cultivation. «After assessing, land revenue 1 and, value was converted @ into cash using price list OF astue-ul-amal, prepared & regional level for various food crops- d ded into numerous segions-dastus, # « The empire was div’ pargana level, that had similar provided the ‘dastur-ul-amal al the style of land revenue payment. «Each cultivator got a title for and holding ot patta ant Bah a pguenetby sta a ane 4 Various other assessment system Wer followed undet x ‘Akbar’s reign fead KING PASSPORT | For Golden Success“ productivity. The governne ! Pehsil level and it explained «rete KING 1 Delhi Before 1887/44 common was cal sharing) subdivi lea batai or ghallabakshi (0P, led into thee penne he ees Bena reaped an aed ae Spence the partis (i) Ket ee nse eing ian ata asiston “s Kankeut—In Kankaat -measuring the land ppacing ancl estima =i by Jb a tO oe ae a i Sete inspection. iSere eS faction of payable amount by ‘Ne Nase keeping in minds hi pst experience 2 gary Administration ‘Soldiers, horsemen, horse soldiers hose sand elephants hes tobe suppliog dirs MPymned by the mansabdazs. TRE NUE chat 8 transabdar was expected t aaa pected to provide was specie his ae rrorvor were indicated by the Tank he bel tee ae ‘of troops undef he Manasbars dak ceervces of 3 oops repaid by the state, AHA (que gentlemen troopers who dow! Tgher pay than ofdinary rvicemen). The chiefs were iso permitted toholda G28 servicernomy while providing depsaton lander their OWT command. -the army had the folowing f¥= ‘units (a) Cavalry having 9 types othorsemen: 0) Bares: soldiers cating horses, arms ATS trom the stare and) serdar’ soldiers who POMEL rae rn honest (a) infantry: Infantry structured in twos Cl Bandukels! (Riflemen) and oy Wghirbaz’ Gwordsmen @) War elephants: The: elephants were ‘used for fighting > well pe for carrying oa (4) Asser: The antllery reached #5 righest proficiency "Akbar’s Hime: @ Novy: The Mughals had a weak naval Base Europea: ¥ © The artillery for the army W#5 paid wism Cojonial to Contemporary T.2 se Fro t nuthber Of cay ey 42,/ KING s DelhiThrough ABs 's The Mughals took along @ grea! he Musi yhich occasionally included the familicg ao i 5 the imperial harem; this made q ‘ lugeish group. followers, whicl the soldiers and 1 army a very burdensome, 5 Mansabdari System ‘The Mughal nobilily, or mansabdars looked after th Te inisteation ofthe state the central authority of which, ooh the Emperor like the power of conferring, increaSig Yecreasing the mansab. Frequent transfers of Ais Were my to maintain insecurities among the Mansabdars- cig) nobility Mansab was the grant anjoy ajegirgiven roevery offical 7 a Jagir was the revenue assignment as.a substitute of 2 “., Maulavi Nisser, a mative of StANPsr 2, Mir Mohamad Alim ceskdent ot Fazimabad a desciple Me great post Miza Mormua! SD a, Shan Mohamad Arn. 2 san WE versed in the Science of the QuIa®. 1h. Shah Kihiax, a native of sgreat distinction. 5, Syed Mit Mohammed Sal syed Alim-ut-Allahy the grandial “Hussain Tabatabel . quo schol for Pesan it Na Tae on an Mada the various endow! say of lente ara anc seigious men Of ex of Ghulam cher of Gh e tany® a. They Were sors made by Mughal | invpored by @ or es The Mada Runde by 6 umber of ‘students ‘There were a at62™ £ Bengal: a Tere there was 2S otiv Conemporay Tg ‘aa jena Dat Tg Ave POMC nd knowl Hern a ber oe of ere sa ncaa te conte OH 9 woh rary Cultures in These were ret 8. Dac the tens or ean eon seemed Hain ls tne onal Dieu how he De of Mohammad and in TO Rady and intellectual transformas, rae ea ang)" neon Senet tithe mperorM shuntlly apprised ofhismey pein College writes in aot shh ner MRA ye Kean 9 roe att etcnacrcrs | race teas 2. Shut Mohammad Hass Arabiclangiagy mente, ke he beets Si nctwmond to tcc cu S/R Neh a ism a oyah sper athe se loon ei yccanetssmnjawnatn tie Narre dante aae himself to Abal Mansoor Khan, whe 2PPo ate earache uml to A) Mere wa TEE edad no prot ‘Rata, where he passed a3 be eae vt ierwesanatveicanbutlvit todos malas Syed Mohamad A ie oountotianoredestion prefab heanige om in Hydra Fie sedans who Wal guineEagshscteane He attached meal» Movagge nthe subject of sienee- 18 adults of both persunsh SE ee a nd practical, especially phYsicd the surest road athe Te re on Tn egal Tete was Tol) whith tebe Bee ee rin wich protandis of Anica ecded BORE Persun were not maintained {de suneiorinel ee co than wi Vanly crvorad 1 the coo: pet EMSA Bets Beta Coat 02 er cerinacecioncrboomg AI Hee ar eee cay ea anxiety watched PEAS Endnot above fours progress ofthe students studying in Institutions supported Fe ee e inthe whole ofRorlhand, wefing PTT SET) a hetwork of mosques which had schools atached to them, During the ye Bride aking provision forthe supply of books to tig desire tolenm Eng selene the gevemment also awarded stipend (Wazifa) i -rumber of aims hem osually capeesone hundred perstudent.On completioy Students and se Re anae eed the turban (dastar) a symbol of graduatioy institution, on thy ios wrapped or put on thehead ofthe successful candidate Madrasa, whe Wo) by the Haflz himself. Besides a big college at Shabjahanpuy and of free schole Pe bulla magnificent madarseh at Pibhitatacost of thie number wit be and a half lakhs of rupees. measures recomt the 17th April, ar ForGol | ee ee For Golden Success-Read KING PASSPORT ©KING + Dethi Before 1857 / 29 Literary Cultures in Delhi in the 19th Century 8. Discuss the literary cultures in Delhi in the 19th Century. or Discuss how the Delhi College became the centre of cultural ee rae ‘Ans-Growing Importance of English in Delhi (Secretary o Robs conegs rn ato tc petaer meal gated fo pronounce jt that the Arabic tongue is not studied so generally, ot co profoundly, 9s it used tobe not many years ago. Our qazées and roolties, like the bewestanaveeses, are no longer in that estimation wich a few years ago, rendered Arabic and Sanscrit erudition £0 Certain @ means of gaining wealth and distinction. A tolerable Sequaintance with the Persian is now found, by intelligent natives, to beat least as sure a path to rank and emolument as the most successful prosecution of those difficult languages, which of late are beginning to be regarded as productive of nothing beyond an empty and tnsubstantial celebrity among, a literary few. Bigoted pundits and frthodox molavies think it no longer heresy to reject as barren and tnprofitable, the antiquated lore oftheir ancestors, and enter their sons tthe English school; norare instances by any means rare of intelligent Adults of both persuasions preferably adopting the new literature, a5 the surest road to those’ moral and scientific acquirement, without which, itis beginning to become daily more manifest,they must remain Bxeluced from every object of honourable ambition which is available tothe superior intelligence of educated Europeans. Hence, the greater purtof the Madrasa students leave college when they have completed cir Persian course; of those who commence the Arabic, the greater part withdraw after they have read a far asthe Kafiaor Shureh Mo}shy eed not above four or five ina hundred apply themselves to the higher branches of oriental learning. During the year under review there can be no doubt that the desire to learn English has become more extensive at Delhi, The total Sumber of admission in that period:has been 116. The number of Fedents and scholars on the stipendiary establishment of the institution, on the 3istDecember last, was 79; of students of the Madrasa, who have been voluntarily transférred to the institution, 97; aid of free scholars, or those who receive no pay. 44; in all 160, This an ber will be considerably augmented by the adoption of the metastases recommended in the concluding paregraphs of your letter of the 17th Apsil and also by the operation of two very useful resolutions ne For Golden Success-Read KING PASSPORTaw Conternporny 2 ‘aivcontinues stipends ola cases? ang equa tat tape rPesbatenct of tigi ee Arable Sd Perla, tn tug thowe of te ro alo fone of which except roe cto ed Grasingle day.” | exclusively by Eure ee itos in 1844) « | 4 operations of the if Ghazeeood “and his duties in all mosque and | Ghuzallee and Firser ae 24 / KING: evenly passe by the fo rurure candidates for the omer reser opis ‘rietatcllege tostedy the appointments cbtained PY Epis teachers and secretaries | as well as the Regulation V, 1831 tention tothe prospect of fame a Cultivation of the English ongues and may {ee growing taste forthe ew literature, that ne) fan English grammar in Persian, sent 10 Me OY Book Society, were bought up here inthe course Coltege of Ghazesood Deon (WH. Sleoman Wr “visited the college, which isin the mausoleu of Dee a fine building, with its usual accompaniment of Perces Ticino tat overs the grave and che marble Tee Ante re ground thar contain are amongat the mast thy ¢58 sured he ro pe and pipes Manomedins in the api Sa ae eye to mroming vit, hat hace shoul abweyebe 8 ibe Os Pe {nation to ae aaa that on Jehanara’s whenever intruction Use Sul on Fever rae ince oem wate fe Sone) 1S oF Fe a iy epang, no aay sould be allowee tie wove ok ae rhea, ae it euld not fail to bein the way ofthe ded when Seimmoml to ‘get up by the trumpet of Israel on the day of She Madrasa of Ghe sarirrecton! ‘Earthly. pride,” sabd they, ‘has violated this rule; and “Ghazi-ud) aa a cata igetsa rales putoverhisgravenn’ | the NAT dynat Sea eejans in tndia sigh for the testoration of the old court of Aur Mae eatin, pot from any particular attachment fo the Ih Bohadus Shab H descendants of Tymour, but with precisely the same feelings that Whigs is desth occu and Tories sigh for the return to power oftheir respective parties in pene England; it would give them all the ofices in a country where office is eden Dent ‘everything. Among them, as among ourselves, every man is disposed, walls af that el) toratehis own abilities highly, and tohave a good dal of concent Bee in his own good luck; and all think, that ifthe field were once opened ‘The cour to them by such a change, they should very soon be able to find good througha lofty positions fr themselves andtheir children ini. Peshaps there ae few either side of | Pos one esin the work, among whom edusation is more genetally | "Ait entrance Set than among Mabomedans in India. He who holds an office |) WWD #5 UE act twenty rupees a month, commonly gives is sons an education | ee and 1X and XI, 1889, pees 8 eee For Golden Success-Read KING PASSPORT Fortama. Da tor i828 iv ht opine mites Th ut They er, ough the me of SevAmbic an Pein languagen whut your ee ea fon though tho of he Grekand latin ttcerasae Sot sptig At Ns seven enol tay he young Malomesen ns Bos Ovso-he wit anc ee PtoandHippocrats, Gelonandaveenne alma sees Aston Bere, Jkenooy, and Heenee Seay sad ee ts advnlage in ni the guages noite ret hae Jnows are those which he most requires through life: He therefore Dis hmv as wel ed ton hehigh oer ghee care ied txclusvely by Europeans, and natacally oheee wires the Sabiohmens oft power woukdopeniferciehee neces thd operations of the human mind enmanre pacts eee and his duties in all relations of life, the works of Imam Mahomed. Ghuzallee and Firseerooddeen Jansee, hardly yield to those of Plato and Aristotle, or to these of any other authors who have ever written con the same subjects in any country. These works, the Aheaololoom, epitomized into theKeemeeai Saadul, and the Akhlaki Naseree, with the didactic poems of Sadee, are the great M Pievian spring’ of moral instruction, from which the Mahomedan delights to ‘drink deep’ from. infancy to old age, and a better spring it would be difficult to find in. the works of by other three men.” Madrasa of Ghazi-uddin Khan (Can Stephen writes in 1876) “Ghazi-uddin Khan, the son of Nizamvul Mulk, the founder of the ‘Nizam dynasty’ of Haidrabad, was one of the leading Amirs of the court of Aurangzeb and of his sén and successor, Shah Alam Bahadur Shah, He built this mausoleum during his life-time, and when. || his death occurred at Ahmedabad in 1170AD) his body was brought fo Delhi and interred here. The tomb was outside the walls of ‘ModemDelhi, but in 1803, when the British Government repaired the ‘walls ofthat city, the mausoleum and madrasah of Ghazi-uddin Khan ‘wereincluded in it. ‘The court of the fomb and its associated college is entered througha lofty and handsome arched gateway in its eastern-wall; on éither side of this gateway there is 2 small door which turns into the ‘main entrance. There are arched rooms in the outer wall ofthe gateway, which are supposed to have been used'as kitchens by the students of thecollege. : For Golden Success-Read KING PASSPORTontemporityT..2 sr Colonial to Contemporary 26 / KING # Dull Tush about 300 feet square; Al sth, Se yf which is a nah Te ‘mosque, on either side of i ae fi round, on its: 9. a a ae ot three arched double-rooms of red sanc they rel eestanding alittle lowerthy 46 was | ae raven dubiroors ending lever ye wt the fit roy and net LE cevajoor eam ea, Sake aaa like those already described. Thy Shan Al tae et oa ery respec similar to that on the north one. Q} good for teint bie sri6o .er of the eastern wall there are tese mason He aioe rooms aiming which the main fate apd ce nthe south of tis pteway the uldings alike hose on 80TH ye han hints quadangle te wreresome very ine omamentltrers Bl paced of the severy few now femain. The Madrasa was closed in 1795 and me want of funds, and, after the rebellion of 1857, the rooms of the Bengal quadrangle have been occupied by the local Police,” eee je rer Ghalib and Dethi College (Halt writes in 1842) Best “In 1842, when Delhi College, was reorganized on new jhe au principles, Mr. Thomason, Secretary of the Government of India wha and p! later became Lieutenant-Govemor of the North-Western Provinces, came | to Delhi to interview the candidates. teacher of Arabichad already 4, been appointed at a'salary of Rs. 100, and Mr Thomason wished tg make parallel appointment for Persian, The names of Ghalib, Moin Khan, and Maulvi Imam Bakhsh had been suggested tohim,andGhalib wasthe first to be called for interview. When he arrived in hig with palanquin. ‘ patre MrThomason wasinformed, and at once sent forhim. ButGhalib “lL {got out of the palanguin and stood there waiting for the Secretary to ce come out and extend him the customary welcome. When some dba considerabletime had passed and Mr. Thomason had found out why i Ghalib did not appear, he came out personally and explained that a au formal welcome was appropriate when he attended the Governor’s 18° durbar, but not in the present case, when he came as a candidate for ® employment. Ghalib replied, ‘I contemplated taking a government appointment in the expectation that this would bring me greater honours than now receive, not a reduction in those already accorded me.‘ The Secretary replied, Tai bound by regulations’.’Then Ihope 8¢ that you will excuse me’, Ghalib said, and came away.saps i Calo Cntr Ad emotion Als KUNA acy . in melancholic or amoryg 20, NG «Dah hon form is used to epet the subtle ene wohettier serious oF trivals are expos soe | isands Ghazal: ‘Desires come by Thou sy prescribed by convention, by The theme ofthis Ghazal iene pred Oy onc or teen apoitoneversbath tna and dine Sieg Repost dest aut ast pnp fe, are woven varius directions in quest of love oth iv : undll of estes, Desired are innumerable wee that his life has been pouring blood through his (or yes Hee sil should ot be lame of his ard, GoxexiladAtam for his sin to desi, the Frat of knowledge, from paradise: The post is also exiled from the stret of the beloved. Thy ost coming rom thesublimet the trivial, says, “Talliess of my beloved 45 an illusion. the tangles of her hai are straightened they: will Prove to be far taller. The poet offers himself to be hited for writing letiers by others to his beloved. He comes out every day with pen behind his ear Thismenns he is very day to expres frustration caused by her disloyalty. The poet was addicted to-wine drinking ina certain pesiod. Afterwards the cup of wine became lke that of Emperor Jams hid. The emperor could see everything that went on in.the world. Likewise, the poet can now see (know) the realities of world through imagination enthused by wine. The poet expected sympathy and ensolation from others but he came to know that they were in worse conditions and needed moze sympathy and consolation. There is no difference betw een the life and desth for real lovers, jue disloyal beloved takes away his ifebuthe lives only by looking at her. The poet asked not to life the curtain over the sacred Kaba, He Prefers fo remain as an agnostic lest he should be disillusioned by the outer show of religion. {Ghalib saticically says that people. who preach religion do not Acthere to itn practice. Drinking wine s prohibited by religion. But ae saw preachers who enjoy it Now Nawabs (Mirza Ghalib writes in 1854) ‘flere in Delhi they have a term ‘a new nawwab, This term can be applied to anyone, Hindu or Muslim, When aman dies-~ a wealthy {an that is and his property comes to his son, bad characters get {batther and begin addressing him as ‘Lord of bounty" and "Your ©xalted lordship’, They tell him, ‘Such and sueh no For Golden Success-Road Ki ING PASSPORT ae ee ee oe wee disappeared a buggy. No the only won ame ened Pee eaters pane a eae te oe ae ‘Thesé mer them wen these griel aaaeons ae gh hig vurder, » from 4. The. cloved vy. will iting th pen, ‘used certain, rams world. | trough: y and ‘worse: lovers. king at ba, He bythe | can salthy rs get Your an is cesperatel ant KING. Dei Before 1857 128 in love with you’ and “such and sucha ord was rate wrested a ums coy iNeccaren yo party fo ths rd, That wha wooly weal You tnd ut th you Did you father ake antigo ‘And Sify Any dat yourhombe efit as st vee “ue was Khatsi Todar Mal He had a hundred thousand rapes ao is rame, and in sx to seven ears he ost i al It ‘Dahir to i ore without a tree. The second vias a Paria SPR Fl lst all he had—some forty to ity thousn Sand a ramed Khan Mihamunad te son ofSadullsh Kb) thd ws to twenty-five thousand ress and used oid eo) sa ae Now he chp-clops aroun downa-hel shoe, TE, 1.22 fened of men becoming new nawwabs but this good woman is ony woman new nawwab ve cme a0 "The rootof the matter theo eres a ray cunning whore, whos ony seen 8° round ss peril, Zain ol Abidin Khan's [An's uncle 8 NSS 2 perelinsaled ins hoase and oes about fleecing the respectoble “slg ves of the honsshold, Is thi seme ORES ‘ho has got or with (Hasan All Beal wife ad rade 2 02% nawwab! of” top got he to spend all he money they hal tnutineers in Dethi Ghallb writes on 17 Mays 4857) a year at midday on Mordey rot Ramzan, 1273 0 pick conesponds to May ith 1857-thegaes and of the Fort whe atieents of Delhi were suddenly saben 1 not an and quake: on that in auspicious day abandfalof ilvstarred soldiers enneerut, freniod with malice adel he So man of from Npmeles and turbulent and with murderous hase forhismasters, thisting for British Blood—. rare were Humble, quite men, who passed thei OYE drawing some modest sum from Britsh bounty and «ois their crust of bread, Foring scattered in different areas of the SY "No, man among thes Heng th arrow from an axe Tn truths such ES ‘are made to people oot oe and by lanes, not grid up thes 1s ‘and go out to battle. reg anen, when they saw that a dam of Geet ‘and straw cannot stem, ihe frst flowing flood, took to theis ont remedy, and every man of i and resigned himself to grief. 1 too am One of wuld have made enquiry, but in the twinkling of an eys id every lane was fall of gallo sn Success-Read KING PASSPORT uuproat, Iwo every street ari For Golder30 ma «bsg Cu ocr 3 i BuiMicecan ml se much nea andfl ef dt WHEN a5 not agra pie, 9) rie blood fen whose tins were ike hero and i Srp ns hes conde interrater grennnsrdotisewe ge wo ajar of hunted pring ime. are the povoyard ofa aed sping ase oe Famine (Ghalib writes In 1960) See vetnvading armies have fallen upon the cy one alter anoty etn once Sbrerve tho int was that f te rebel soldiers which robbed the ity ofits go, et ancaing name. Thesacond was that ofthe British, when life and properyaqg Pan confor ay honour and dveling and those who dwelt in them and heaven gg eon nk that hy dearth and all the visble sigs of existence were stripped from iT Sols, would tt thi was tat of famine, when thousands of people died of hung hme as a pogeat ‘The fourth wos that of cholera in which many whose bellies were fj erved tha at los ther ives The ith wns the fever, which ook general plinderq hacleverexperien sen'sstength and powersofresistnce There werenotmany deat rish ands ant butaman who has had fever feels thtallthe strength hasbeen desing dimimution of ou fem lis And hinading ary hk yet ef cy” ase ly i ) human greatne: ) Last fallen emperors of Delhi D catngelahel Gl 210. Account forthe ast fallen emperors of Delhi as reported and follies of hit bycontemporary writers. syillzeverence th AAns-The allen Emperor—Reyinalé Heber writes in T525:ANingGeeradation is Sahn he appearance ofa man ctacentefourorsseniriinene sateen) 4s however, not much tured of sixty-three but, ‘in this country, thatig USEe" the name | Agtet age Hee saidtobea very good tempered, mild, old ete dd “akbar Shah F moderate talents, but plithed and pleasing mani, Te fan il the Begun sa low-bor, lovbre, and valent woman wie) gang hah is fim completely, lays hold on ll his money, and has often inaialofHiss Ieuence hin o very ne cendus ieee ne hn Beth Goromnent. She hes her elde sen, who's howegarg, Sa mENS | Fespectable man, of more talents than native princes ‘usually 'show, our three sold ypu taeda Se ambition in our hands, an Repo He ondolpety adichimatfvey ease pegs tian Poet. He has taken some pains in the education of his children, and, that in this county is very unusual, even of his daughters: He toa, One wever, though not more than thirty-five, is Prematurely old, arising, ‘a*bany simil, Partly from the early excesses into which the wretched follies of an sonductedrg Easter court usually plunge persons in his Situation and partly from oe A - ‘muslin robe ¢ for an For Gokien Success-Read KING PASSPORT FortKING: ba Dethi Before 18871 94 Eee relent intent mara gy ‘There are, perhaps, few royal families which have displayed, Bi ys stay ocd fener sy us ccna nel urangzeb, and at present, Mr. coh ma a apenas sca eo tty He ae es i he wo aetna cEnpror® Fae a Scene amen sen Ne ‘pbserved that all things considered, few: raptiveand dethroned Ce ery aionaey they OR a ey co na nay hope EAB Y Se nis ter ar rot cement ae ac won aol anc oft stay arena 0 “re mnt enn of Teimone nd distinguished talents of Akbar, throw asort of splendour over the crimes i a anneal hope tn Covers 2a en nnn an tan eh 1 od nhalianagiuble won oe BEN a pe ofthe Gr Maa srevar shah Receives Lord Combermere ena ony wits nto Te ld menarh (AKON SA nen rely degen trois evn ane te axed of ppt presets mora ei Chil Pesce fo ae fe es gold mrs He 0 umcroney oneness an thet oftn a ye Here asst uN At Affected a sleepy, dignified indifference, 2& ‘he scraped the money from our hands, ‘and handed it to his treqsurer. The staff presented likewise a nudzar of two gold mokurs t0 the heir-apparent. ‘ On receiving Lord Combermere’s offering the king placed a turban, similar to his owny Upon ‘his head, and his lordship was « conducted, retiring with his face -edulously turned towards the throne, toan outer apartment, tobé invested with a khillat, or ‘dress of honour. ‘Inabout five minutes she returned to the presence, attired ina spangled muslin robe and tunic; falaamed, and presented another nuzzat. The For Golden Suocess-Readsin Colonial to Contemporary 7, 92 / KING + Delhi Through Ages From C ‘grooms of the adrangle by the‘ at ested el to the "green room W! Fer an apes lf Sa da lS sg UNEP ARIE eee ta cacpernncdocien ai ORES gece Soccer ten ns fhe nh ‘guise, we were marched back again through ienasehee wen Sencar = pl src Se eee: metas ema sha ce ped Sl ee em oe Sin ar gn fen ein Zesident-Ttwasa fine pay-day for the impoverished old Sultan, whos eye bine ee ae a fos Homer teinpuernioe sera iting ey and ae rages ore eere ore pe eoran ae Avi et fp fc wi al te Enyooron iver Coomenie a sey eben pena ns nse eee meth Ghezefferal Douleh, (Champion: ‘ofthe State); Sipeh Salah, (Commander. in-Chie!); Saif al-Moolook, (Sword of the Empire); Khan Jehan, (Lord translated th ition to these titular honours, (atts Was presented with palankeen of sate nt the nowbut, Lerroval kettledrum), which, if mistake not, infers Power of life Ha cient The audience being concluded, we reed aoe practising the chassee en arriere, and ell gave the Creat Mugel a parting salam, novel raid the Lol Purdar. The ceremony, though interesting and pl wasitksome and fotiguing. Butitis hava te ‘Brucige the poor old fallen King this little meed of mockery, orto deny to the descendant of Jamurlane the shadow, whilst we possess the substance, of monarchy in Iidia, Reduced howe ees For Golden Success-Fead KING PASSPORT jas heisin power end importance, Ydouly. Mugal be not preferable to -mote puissant predecessors sho, surroune nly tohaveb Order that the ery palace, that barbarity the imperial Khan. Theun Shak, was de ‘upon, were h around him. ‘on the ill-sta invasion of f Company. It ‘Oudh and t lion’s share Rohileund, Doula, Naw ‘Bahadur ¢ + Leops is Abul Mc Ghazie) ist his peoplet ‘on good ter ministers. To thy ninth year, hhad much should seri the invalus to consum whether tt time. Bahadur Quit the Muzat medieval 1537. He expanded Kingdomspo sour rebels sen wrote tio pec ao eerreeniattenat dma mete ie serge ene Bom aot 2 Party could infer human nate sulle, rpevrated upon the ipo pomsenoe by bi Tot Le vane se rst areata a . rived of his eyes; and the Inst objects Ris sight lone Spon, wese his children and relation sdand starving z : is massacred and starving to death ‘Sea arn him. Thee retributive barbarities were visited by the Rabie a cre mbeuare Sly or the share he had taken in the unprovoked By invasion of Roti und by the combined forces of Oude, Delhi and the,” Seema was bythe uwaranable testable eng tat be nests of rua hag an ei NS ‘ean go te | Gat dav fe toy ine ein of wh province J Fe oo aly ceded wo te Company By Aso! ah Reb of know in 101 Se ne ‘pahadur Shah's Plight ‘Leopold Von Orlich wstesin 1883 The ites in predent king whose title is abul Mozuffer Sarajudy, Mahomed Bahadur Shah Badsha-t \ ‘Gharie) is the mere shadow of @ prince, fand has lost the affection of \ fis people by his dissolute life and Nis, quarrelsome temper—he is not | dig constantly at variance with Ns iam tan) items ih mae other \ ; fe great mp of is oly te King, who Sa cst reej a new marriage, a few months a0, an wing: frgen | ninth year, contract eg] badmuch corresponds Yip Selndia, as heis very anxious that Ne prbey stevie A as physician who, ashi Majesty expres possesses {he invaluable art of exciting an appetiey which may enable a person ‘was still uncertain wventy pounds of provisions a dayt ay Ei Gwalior wil spare this wonderfol ‘man for any = to consume t ‘whether the Raj time. Bahadur Shah of Gujarat (Quib-ud-Din Bahadur Shah bor Bahadur Khan was a sultan of the Muzaffarid dynasty who zene ove the Gujarat Sultanate, alate the ioval Kingdom in India fom 1529 6 "i535 and again frorh 153610 TB37, He ascended to throne after competing with his brothers. He expanded his kingdom and de expeditions to help neighbouring ingdoms. In 1532, Gujarat cart ‘under attack of the Mughal Emperos Hocnayun and fell Bahadur Shah regained the Kingdom in 1536 Dut For Golden Success-Read iG PASSPORT134 J KING + Dati Through Ages From Colonial t Contemporary T.2 he was killed by the Portuguese on board the ship when making , dea with them. Early years ! Bahadur Shahs father was Shams-ud-Din Muzaffar Shak I hy hhad ascended to the throne ofthe Gujarat Sultanate in 1511. Muzafigy_ Shah It nominated Sikandar Shah (Bahadur Shah's eldér brother) the heir apparent tothe throne. Bahadur Khac's relationship with his brother and father became tense as Sikandar Shah began %0 asstime ‘greater administrative contol. Fearing for his life, Bhadur Khan fled Gajacat, frst seeking refuge with Chittor, and then with Ibrahim Lodi He was present at the Bate of Panipat, though he did not take part in fighting. After death of Muzaffar Shah Ilin 1526, Sikandar Shah succeeded, ‘After few weeks in power he was murdered on the instructions of his slave Imad-ul-Mulk Khush Kadam, who seated an infant brother of Sikandar's named Nasir Khan, on the throne with the title of Mahmid, Shah It and governed on his behalf. Thzee other princes were poisoned, The only event of Sikandar's reign was the destruct of an army sent against his brother LatiKhan who was helped by Rana Bhim of Munga (ow Chhota Udaipus). When Bhadur Khan received the news ofthe death of his father, he returned to Gujarat. The nobles deserted Imad~ ulMulk’s cause, and prince Bahadur Khan, was joined by many supporters prominent among whom was Taj Khan, proprietor of Dhandhuka. Bahadur marched at once on Champaner, captured and executed Imad-ul-Mulkand poisoning Nasir Khan ascended the throne “in 1527 with the title of Bahadur Shah UNIT- ur - Disew revolt of 11 What Writ, of 1857. Evo Ans Revolt’ ar the histor The maj Pol} of India expansio territorie