UNIT-IV Partition of India 0.1, “thd ebtdat partition of Blah india way back tn 1949 NSNGIE avveloed f pleeniadus 'eomplex and Target Heat Teiplceriip Ueterasa India and Pakistan that prey 10 Bphin or What lea tothe partition of india? Explain, how itargely hostile rclaionship between indi and Pakistan? ‘Ane-The British Paciament on July 18, 1947 passed the Inde - perition P 0 partith esons ft Independence Act 1947, The Act led to the partition of British India into the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan and discarded the suzerainty of the British over the princely states, The independent federal dominion of Pakistan that included two enclaves, Fast Pakistan (presently Bangladesh) and West Pakistan (modern-day Pakistan), geographically separated by India came into existence on) August 14, 1947 with Muhammad Ali Jinnah as its first Goveron General. India became an independent dominion in the Britisty Commonwealth of Nations on August 15 that year and Jawaharlal Nehru took oath as the Prime Minister while Mountbatten became the nation’s frst Governor General, Gandhi, the Father ofthe Nation, chose to be in Calcutta during partition where he made effort in stopping ‘communal rioting, vowed to spend the Independence Day by keeping, fast and spinning and woiked with the newly migrated refugees, The bounclary demarcation line between India and Pakistan, famous as the Radcliffe Line, nanted after its architect, Sir Cyril Radcliffe, was published on August 17, 1947. Presently the western side of the line depicts the Indo-Pakistani border while its eastern side depicts the border between India and Bangladesh. Pakistan thereafter applied for United Nations (UN) membership which was accepted-on’ September 30 that year by the General Assembly. India, a founding ‘member of the UN since 1945 continued to remain a member of the intergovernmental organization after achieving dominion status. ipeRed Fort arv inian govern jrsruction of Nagar and | wih several < bain, employ: patition of, jus, comp asian that ) TThé announcement of the Radcliffe Line that included partition jf of Bengal and Punjab provinces was followed by a horrific period of intense communal violence’and population transfer that was not foreseert by any of the Indian leaders. As accounted by eyewitnessesKING + Delhi in 1047/99, spe nightmarish and barbaric incidents of jctims including thopping off their limbs and genitalia; evs hutting the heads of babies against brick walls; and exhibiting, heade ancl exhibiting head: pnd dend bodie f The traumatic parton of ra and Pakistan inde hu on exchanges, People In mil Romelnnd and ha to lave bein iterally al ele propels and ings overnight and travel on foot, bullock eats tins and whatever means alae othe new lan at prod then 4 ne He and home. According to sources there were 390 milion people in Inn, 30 rion people in East Pakistan and 30 milion in West Pakistan after parton. Punjab accounted forthe maximum pumber of dlsplaced persons from the wet eu 1:2 lon) While 47 milion Hinds and Sikhs migrated to India frm West Pais, 6 milion Muslims migrated to West Pakistan from India. In the eastem side 0.7 million Muslims Migrated to East Pakistan from India and 26 million Hindus migrated to India from East Pakistan. A study made on data provided by the 1931 and 1951 Census revealed that arcund 2.23 ‘million people went missing during mass transfer along the Punjab border which included 1,26 million missing Muslims who did not reach Pakistan after leaving westem India and likewise 0.64 million missing Hindus/Sikhs. Tt took years for both India and Pakistan to resettle the refugees. In India the refugees were given shelter intially in diferent military sites like the military barracks in Kingsway Camp and historical place like the Red Fort and Purana Qila. In pursuit of re-sltling the refugees, the Indian government ater took up several building projects that led to construction of housing colonies in Delhi like the Punjabi Bagh, Lajpat Nagar and Rajinder Nagar. The Indian government also came up with several schemes across India to provide provision for ‘education, employment and other opportunites for refugees. Thus, the ‘Violent partition of British India way back in 1947 however developed WStrenzous, complex and largely Rostile relationship between India and Pakistan that prevail till today, The Partition of India was one of the most defining event 0.2."The Patton of India was one of hemos defiing events inanchistory of the Indian subcontinent BRaL Ane-rThe Partition of india was one ofthe most defining evens (Pol in ne history: of the Indian subcontinent as explain For Golden Success Read KING PASSPORT°4/ KINGEs ae eT E 8 _ one 49 Bee BRB 2 4 «« Blections tleven provinces re Penfederation as previously det proposed that} were held in all the provinces of British India the ete of which were that the Conese ‘won in seven out of vere the Muslim League won all the sa eveved for Muslims, In 1946, the British Government sent The Cabinet Mission to India to Soci ‘arrangements for a of power The Cabinet Mission proposed @ eaceful transfer sailed in the 1935 Act. It also provinces could group themselves into regions Propel decide how power would ‘be shared amongst them. Three regions were proposed, one comprising ne North ‘West provinces of Punjab, Sindh Baluchistan, Weat Frontier Province, the second comprising Madras, UP, Central Provinces, Bombay, cee the third comprising Assam a4 Bengal. Twas proposed that he provincl Jegislatures would elect Tre mvestoa Corsthuen SED i TSP pnsttution of independent India. "Although the Congress rejected the proposal for an interiny government ters the Constituent Assembly in oer to help frame the ‘Constitution of independent India. Mobaramed Ali Jinnah decared 16 August 11946 as Direct aoc aae pay as a show of force of SUPPOR OE the Muslim ion Oe fora separate nation. Riots spread through the sotew of Calcutta and Bombay resulting ‘the death of Spproximately 5000-10,000 people with “6,000 wounded. On9 December 1946, the Muslim Lease ‘which had eazlier scvepted the proposals of the Cabinet Miss” ow withdrew sercepport on the ground that there was © guarantee for proper safeguards ofthe Fights of the "Muslim minority inthe Assembly. “The demand for a separate nation fof Muslims had been sre by various Muslim leaders in fhe previous decades, vaet famously by Allama Iabal. 2 & ‘Muslim League moference at Allahabad in 1990 whens the articulated the soca of a Muslim nation within India ‘The term “Pak Stan” set ten coined by Chowdlry Ramat Sf the 1930s while ‘On23 March 1940, “Lahore, Jinnah had thout, namingieee e ae to Comternporary Tn. i esolutin, t0 unite the «The proposal of th sue puta separate nation ‘The prope provinces 24 ep A that time an Muli ey he cones NS Sh he Congres and in oro te “ing a he stim League sharing a vement broke down “ingame nse pepo Pain ol nT put fort id been suggested by the i Cabinet Mission. ceee enue SIUM sale ae an ae Sidon of Partition itself, Jawaharlal Nehru was against the forsale parietal ane eI wf Cabinet On June 4 the scheme fo ish Cay Mounteattenand endorsed the All India Radio colonia 96 / KING + Delhi Through Ages FOP ve Muslim Least ces and € ons as had the approval of Partition India was ann in speeches by Nehru and Jinnah on « Therpartion scheme ab announced, was largely line Wiiigy the proposes ofthe Cabinet Mission. The Now es om aeerceing Punjb, Sindh, Baluchistan andl the Noo Pst 22, dane ee was as proposed By the Cabinet Mission. rey «The Eastem region was redrawn without Assam or the North after the East provinces. East Bengal and the adjoining Sylhet district subcontir < would be part of Pakistan, Partition came as a great shock to Hindu-m Mahatma Gandhi but the Congress leadership under . aa Sepa aad Valabhbha! Patel had accepted the Jet onenes he quetion fhe final boundary was Pe iied he oles provinces Pun and Bengal Fee Tina auperioty of Muslims over Non- MRD Serle tes decided, hereore thatthe vo . pve wold be die down te mille ond te lol epster would be aed to apportion some dist to Pakistan and the others to India. a = «The diawing of the boundary proved to be extrem contri ag fens uncertainty and widsptead death toe detocon Cy Rade KGa barrier from Linco Tanteneian esp ere Gf eewing ap he bouncy with the help of local ad 3d Bengal nightmare for + Thenegotiations amongst the leaders prov he thousands of faailies who suddenly found vproted alan they fad abit te cca and order broke down and there was large scal ae i and looting as families left their hc ae. 5 *ir homeland to trud; ss i the new, arbitrarily drawn borde aaa coed ampere tomar abducted, ‘or Golden Success-Read KING PASSPORT 42 vena at ini97 ped mite er ed lang ith cen bth an ies pier ei a a th ete Bloody legacy of Partition of India Q.3. Deseribe the bloody legacy of Partition of India, iAnw-Legacy of Partition of India-On 15th August 1947, het ee area exces ins ote Ene os ate ret was portioned into two independent nation sat ndurmajority India and Muslim-majority Pekista a rnmediately, there began one of the greatest miBh Hehs Ty Teme An lors of Muslims trekked fo Wet At Iraman Msi go ater now known ae Bangladesh) Bast Pavitt plindu and Sikhs headed $8 the CPROH* millions i any hundreds of thousands never made ‘ehenoce the Indian subcontinent, communities had crose for almost a millnsium stacked 605) other ina terrifying outbreak of sectarian ‘violence, with Hindus and temifyin ne side and Muslims on the COE mutual peice as unexpected a8 1 25 -anprecedented: In Pure Be pengal—provinces abUNtng WON ‘borders with West am aot Pakistan rexpectively On was especially ae ih maseates, arse TO conversions, ass ‘abductions, and savage ‘gexual violence: Some seventy five thousand women Were raped, and many of fem ‘were then disfigured oF dismembered: e aioht's ” (Hot yn Mifflin Nisid Hajari, i wpidnight’s Furies (Houghton Mi a a his ast paced Ne TS stay oa ite aftermathy iste, “Gan of ailers set wholeColonial to Contemporary T.2 nen tobe raped. Some British while carrying off young women (Ot 07 the Nazi death ‘Sie ad pumas vo had wimessed the No death amps ane arin bts were WOR Pian women had their breasts cutoff and babies hacked oto their bellies: infants were found literally : By 1948, ag the great migration drew to. Clos, ake than fiteen million people had been uprooted, and betwreer one aad! to milion were dead, The comparison wih tne Cath amps sno fa fetched ata seem Partition central to modem identity in the Indian subcontinent, y qJews branded painfully onto Holocaust sto identity ameng Jews branded painilly nto the regional consciousness by memo unimaginable violence. * The acclaimed Pakistani historian Ayesha Jalal has called Partition “the central historical event in twentieth century South Asta.” She writes, “A defining moment that is neither beginning nor end partition continues to influence how the peoples and states of postcolonial South Asia envisage their Past, present and future” After the Second World Wir, Britain simply no longer had the resources with which to contolits greatest imperial asset, and its exit from India was messy, hasty, and clumsily improvised, From the vantage point of the retreating colonizers, however, it was in one way fairly successful Whereas British rule in India had long been marked by: violent revolts and brutal suppression, the Bris Army was able fo march out of the country with barely a shot fired and only seven casualties Equally unexpected was the ferocity of the ensuing bloodbath + The question of how India’s deeply, intermixed and profoundly syrcretic culture unravelled so quickly has spawned a vast literature. The polatization of Hindus and Muslims occurred during just a couple of decades of the twentieth century, butby the middle ofthe century it wasco complete that many on both sides believed that it was impossible for adherents ofthe two religions tolive lonemor seventy years ofnationalistmythmaking. There has clos oee Pethi Through Ages ro For Golden Success-Réad KING PASSPORT Su partit artiti sworn At homes adminisy Estimate between ; Hin, controlled The bitteerival were pro Pakistan,’ Deadly Ly thecountr were deep But; quickly in Bung raped, chi refugees b passenger: trains!“ seeping fre Even Kumari, w Youbroke: of how mu Many tra PY Archit of the horre ees For. KING +: Delhi in 1947 / 99 survivors recall the horrors of India-Pakistan partition Qt. How the survivors recall the horro partition? Explain with the example of eyewitne of India-Pakistan Ans. The massacres began soon after the British announced partition Neighbor slaughtered neighbors childhood rede became * This year marks the 73rd anniversary of the partition of india, fan event that triggered one of bloodiest upheavals in human history. About 14 million people are thought to have abandoned their homes in the summer and fall of 1947, when colonial British administrators began dismantling the empire in southern Asia. Estimates of the number of people killed in th ose months range ‘between 200,000 and 2 million. Hindus and Sikhs fled Pakistan, a country that would be Muslim controlled. Muslims in modern-day India fled in the opposite direction. ‘The legacy of that violent separation has endured, resulting in a bitter rivalry between India and Pakistan. "When they partitioned, theré were probably no two countries on Earth as alike as India and Pakistan,” said Nisid Hajari, the author of “Midnight's Furies: The Deadly Legacy of India’s Partition.”*Leaders on both sides wanted the countries to be allies, like the U.S. and Canada are. Their economies ‘vere deeply intertwined, their cultures were very similar.” ‘But after partition was announced, the subcontinent descended quickly into riots and bloodshed. Bungalows and mansions were burned and looted, women were cape, cron wer led i Sront oftheir bling, Trans arg mpegees betveen the two new nations arrived ful of corps: Ne jena ers had been Killed by mobs en route. These were ca aoe often hey erred he orden funeral sine Boe Tag rom under thes crsage ors” Her wrote i NS bank \ Even the fruit on the trees tasted of blood, recalls Sudershana } Kumari, who fled from her home town in Pakistan to India. “When Kamar wrench, red would come out” she seid panting sisal rr emach blood had sonked the oll Indiby 7 1s describe madness Many who lived through those times oes inking tots. "Some peeple say they had temporarily gone crazy,” Hajasi said | ‘Archives on both sides have collected video and dischorrons A partition museum wil en is WE = lion Susser Pano MING PASSEON eecontemporary T.:2 400 / KING # bul Thos ea Pakiha ning tems tales ae te outers As NRT y be beens of hve sy a8 Ge tee Wasa British sourees ce as a triumph — that tof ide ne Op could part 9s Elen th Bursting ne achiever Age cayof Amita cont byefgens, Bat outs not wigely broadest the events were depicts nie 200 yen eoonl e an lene emphasize the de aan tian and Pakistanis ve bee ge herons openly and tand why those things happened, a oer eaurvvalintinets were sharp eer taying quiet i sometimes Ie ‘best option. ing place —a700fop given away her hi fn er her mother and dozens ‘where Kumar we atreets below. “We couldn't amage cow your head and you're dead.” rence she witnessed as a child ‘were living in an area that would Families like hers would sail In ‘And partly, he said, it may themselves stil find it difficult & tis still hand to wnderst rary insanity tae of those honestly Why dd that tempor ‘of some THhese are the stor Crying out would have: fiver native town, Sheikhupura ‘of athers lay, watching the camage on th she said, show ou heas Sudershana Kumar on vie Xuan’ family is indy they soon become Maslin dominated Pakistan have to flee So Kumari pangs in her stomach ater theee di he here her dog, Tom barking for her oes in the roof, Kumar'saw her uncle and his family hing killed by men with spears in the street. Her uncle was tak acer who had mace the errr of filing thelr suitcases with cash — seer weight that ad kept his family from running fast enough, Kumari sac “My aunt was wearing white trousers, I remember” 3 Boye sShe was ering, ‘Don’t kill my son, don’t Kill my son’! Then thy took her daughter fom her, They took her, and they pierced the zh her body. She died like that, a1-year-old gir.” cow 78, did not make a’sound: Not when she felt fays without food. Not even when. rom the h spear throug Kumar's family scattered. Her town had been reduced to ash and rubble. For days, she and her mother hid from rioters who were Jooking for Hindus to kill and loot ‘When armed men eventually found them, they Were hiclng in an. attic packed with abut 300 other from the aa. aa For Golden Success-Read KING PASSPORT. 1 previo Corpse body t there's M Trucks politic, indeper another Because On homeles: Yea ‘small boy forher ds Tha those yer Mit Wh Yor Yor Yor Ha fearing: 1) Allahabs Hi yeas tryi Vic Zaidi’s India fo oO ona trai carrying af money, money j‘Your eyes will have to cry “Hashim Zaidi, a Muslim whose family fled India for Pakistan, Be fearing repercussions after an unele killed @ Hind mans “E Hlashim Zaidi and his Tely hado't lft his native Yown of ilahabad in india, the rioters would never have spared et thad killed a Hindu rioter Who KING : Dethin ‘The tovins people were ushered out toa pl a previous day's captives Bia ran, oar He y's captives had been d previous day joused with a and burned alive aes ny aon eis On dbl bry de page aes "Kari said, “There's Khyairan, Minutes before they were tobe killed, 7 led, cease-fire was announced ‘racks roed into the village fom the cits, with Tara Singh, a famous poke and religious leader known fr his cnibtons Fndependenc strap shouing trot tovgh mete Ne another op of ood shoul be spilled he was saying, They Tite, ‘ecause they respected him. haa (On the other side, they would become refugees — penniless, “ homeless strangers in a strange.land. re ‘Years later, Kumari had nothing left from those years besides 8 mall box she stole from her burning tven thinking it could be used for her dolls to sleep in. J “That ancl her memories. She fills notebooks with poem about those years. One of them reads: ‘Mind, don’t dwell on things of the past : What do you get from it? Your eyes will have to cry. Sour eyés wil have to sty awake all might + was trying to enter his hovse, he al ‘His uncle, a Muslim police office 4 become commonplace in 1947. ‘Violent acts of vengeance Bai id's emily was taking no chances, “We had be choice but to leave Zao otf mec Mio by SA MAL res ken Pa sear yor date ue, Zeta ona. Pin The carriages were masked to shey ‘which passengers NEE | ney or other abjects: of value, and which ones weren't re ‘ ‘hands on ee tan hy mune ma ee nn sec have male He Stas tree KING PASSPORT For Golden Success Readsyn Colonial to Contemporary Ts.2 402 / KING Dani Thigh A ee en” he “It was all about the loot and nothing said, ior who helped Must Sarjit Singh Chowdhary, a sikh sold ip im refugees reach safety in Pakistan ded be neon thei. servings partof the British army in rag, Neves tat partion was imuninent a! et ly may be In danger filled him with worry. He applied to be spattat anc! was back on Indian soil by September 1947. "V7 let, me taid. "When I cante back, it wag India was a peaceful country,” he 8a bloodshed.” town, Kahuta Killings had begun in March in his home town, in modemn-dny Pakistan. Later he would discover that hi-mother Na been attacked, “My mother wasa brave woman an-knev how tof a gun, so she wai able to defend herself. She managed to escape and bring my siblings over to india,” he sai. . As a 24-year-old soldier, Chowdhary was Brea to en for the Punjab police and put in charge of law and order amid the unrelenting violence in the region. “l saw the body of a dead man being throvin off train,” he recalled. “Once, on my way from Delhito Jalandhar, we stopped at Doraha Canal and saw that the water had become red with blood.” The news reports from his home town disturbed him deeply. “In 4 village just 12 kilometers from mine called Thoha Khalsa, women drowned themselves to save their honor. When the army found them, their bodies were swollen and had «me up to the surface. That was the state atthe time. Men were shooting their own wives and daughters because they feared what would happen if they were taken away by attackers” he sai. Twice, he accompanied Muslim refugees across the border. “They had gathered in their villages, tied up all their things onto bullock carts, There were around 40 carts,a few hundred people,” he said. “They wanted to get to Pakistan. They must have been sad to leave, but tellme, if your life, your familys lifeis in constant danger, woulda youu'want to get out?” Q.5. How have recent scholars looked at the various aspectsof. partition violence in the memories of affected groups Ans- Redelffe Line—Redelffe drew the ines of partition on the mapwith Red ink akin fo his name, Soon they were to be turned into streamsof blood on ground. In Urdu and Hindi Literature there are e radio. Sarjit Singh Chowdhary her For Golden Success-Read KING PASSPORT slim Manto Manto fo theje at that, Persp At experie, “Aratts the exod Sine of oignanc the train eopleyat Astate of through Security?’ the only. Sransceng Suggestin much Ur. Manto's the Pest Lajwant Raji to her hy Pastition, suspensi A torelatet with the experien, more we the draw Violence, later Lit rehabilit, ‘The socic axis, fresecurity? The destinationproves io be not Amritsar but death, Death is the only security: Is this story symbolic, metaphoric, of realistic? It transcends all categories presenting various shades of experience, suggesting Various ways oftnderstanding it, St’s language is a5 much Urdu as Hindi althoughit is written in the Devnagai script, while Manto’s language is as muchFlindi és Urdu, although it s written in the Persian script Lajwanti Rajinder Sigh Beds story "Gifivanti” the woman Lajoseturns to her husband ag Lajwanti alter having been Jost in the chaos of Ratttion, She suffers a tremendous alicnation from her husband but arp! even think of a separation. This character too is ina stale of suspension. "After what has happened to her dissing Partition, shéis nt able torelate to her husband any more. Again, another identity Tossits fee tok the uprooting and violence suffered by it This is whet fe Miperience of Partition did to so many. Milios ded 2n6 millions Opes were affected by the massive migration and violence Obviously, sao ng of geo-political boundaries and the enaiinB NG vialence rape, and cleath scenes rented 9 muchas tm of lence #2 ‘to be reorganised. The spiit of Tessas ‘The socio-cultural crisis suffered by the people sought Pasa 7 nis fresh balances and new forms of eat expression. 3 aaa ING PASSPORT zimpi ft rote an bore ens puriion Hina en gyri 2 pect istic descriptions of the violence and atroc caer i mritsar Aa GayaHai” (Arrival at Amritsar) captures the'tragedy of he exodus from Lahoreto Amarin 147, Sai, ike Mant, 38 Gne of the first to writeabout the Partition with sensitivity and through which one seekssecurity, is a metaphore. But where is thaty was: edu y 104 / KING : DeihiTlY modernism in the Hindi and 1 spirit sourhoods). The join, hatlas (neigh ae) r inne wereimporant thelndan Se eat tera pase did Not ce for society. The psyche emersiNg (Pg oe a Bat with partition, Ris ripped, the social Kniting undone ‘The a senantion v8 i of shock, of alienation and ‘aftermath of P the creative magi ity, and expe sation and Ripped Mohaalas nation of moh Baier we were analion 9 individualism. jeks rehabilitation, tion with life. In northern, education took over to citudes of the joint tamily had been ripped apart up as an immediate: fifteen years and resurgence, stability, sect India, enterprise,commercialisation °° reconatruct the selfand the society. BAHT sire mohalla collapsed alter the socal And there were no alternatives available Potzad ki Awaaz : mpatza Ki Awaaz! by sty ofthis phase i "Pat a ey of tls Pa ou of alin caves 2 re parton again forms the ons tries 0 asset nie ie Qurstaintiyer The tsa ere amect necolctien fhe soi Pat Fae of yi ic Bs Egle protege akon 6s or gol nce reno Te are on alee prime of her yout sare sheng ts eaves she compromises completely, The enctBy ea Move sheing ts eien oywen ae is Young: The sound of seven in te he woman of es mechanical cheb es the a er Tek Singh. cderaises the concep of tence ae oe gore han jst ied or even motherland he word haga very strong ermtivewance expresses a intense song or at doe dese obslong When geography and human eae antfy and'an emotional relationship builds up at an seer unltvs Raped dalicately. Toba Tek Singh isnot just the name se sees This story demonstrates how the concept of watén is goed by the person who comes fo acquire the name of his land, He ‘becomes the land he comes from. Toba Tek Singh is the experience of omeland incemate, Bishan Singh’s madness Is an expression ofthe revolt of the partitioned psyche, The tone of the story is ironical, and the seader wonders whether this is madness. The irrational actions of the people outside theaylum reflect a greater degree of madness, Toba SE Oe teaa nites men cae called sen yeray of a the mind jnto any se ound us, to terms w a realityau, creative ter Toba Tok Even punetuatiog ‘outside the here fuses | strength to boundaries, Partition at Impact of The dt ‘expression ¢ which too metaphor. I travels fron mentally. H knows he 6.4 Wher independe Ans soon becai in August Hindu and Pakistan a either side F too. The dis undertook was returr House, For Golden Success-Read KING PASSPORT FeHe eof ee KING =D ed sense of the sans Delhi in ll a. Tn Tek sihgh pubes pres vite otha a ‘Toba Tek Singh perceives the chaos with fe mind and articulates this chaos aa il rather than lider it up meus elena dry tector nancies oterms with it, Ordinary speech srman facing it or coming, a speech may not be adequate to rayearaly Whttoal gated naltons {reative tension thatthe sory of Toba Tek Singh isborn. ome Toba Tek Singh punctuation o flee swore send mow sane an sl Sphere Ta ast ane one o independence? . deere cet fat unto denth on 13 january. 1948-FIOW normaly vrs returning, Gandhiji was shot ead on 30 January 1948 in Bicla House For Golden Suocess-Read ou a ree ORTeae He uci Ootareio ad ; yaharlal Nehru, the first Drip), 4106 / KING : DeihiThiouph As After the death of Gandhi, Minister of India, was the main al antares of foreign le, Te ee ear al point for elected MPs, ministers an oe Nona cls sin Se Mn Nabe ey Deh a nan fe fad watched the gow. of New Dolla white contuting fo fhe detne ane saBPeaT Fe come e population of D. 4 tain a end pois cad Syme cicero aes The Shy hs on a dubt on ie wth ery Ble the major living cities of the world. eu pone vr ineliec aa modern buldings, Delhi is» premier educational, intelectual ultural centte of the county. and the centre o Lif aly Sometimes vagcon,poltial world. Allndia looks to Delhi, as ith ‘lester sino oun chores tarat, Connonght lace represents todays India, We can hay a glinpsea! is pororana hrooge noel are on Chandi Choy and Through a journalistic perspective of Manoj Sharma ‘Soomitro Dass epicnovel “The Peacock Throne” presents today Delhi with grainy details. In many ways, this is an astonishing bot 1 calls itself “an epictale of modern India”, but is set in Chand ‘Chowk, a place mat doesn’t automatically conjure up images a ‘modernity place that on the contrary, s rooted in the past. Somed the principal protagonists of this novel are traders — banias foe Marwar— who are known tobe arch conservative. But Sara sa kee observer of his social milieu and isvery discerning when it coms i ‘noting the trapsition rom traditional modes of thinking and feeling others that are new and Westernised ‘The novels divided into five parts, each part corresponding oa year that constitutes a turning point in'India’s history. For insane, the first par is 1964, which isthe year in which Indira Gandhi was assassinated. The next part is 1990, when VP. Singh extracted Mandal Commission from a dusty shelf and turned it into a living political manifesto, And so on and so forth, The book traces, throufh some ofthe key events in recent history, the evolution of politics steel and culture in India One ofits major themesis the disintegration of ‘Congress coalition of upper castes, Dalits and Muslims ana the ei) pipet of Delhi Became the fog ofnety, more populist demagogues nto the politcal arena the saonge For Golden Suocess-Read KING PASSPORT among wh Studie ry of a Ram tovrards Mj IPPis show Politics What between the Asie, prog like Chandng whois an ond is proeled rounding how, in por an aspirant tor street children also of the IP} Didi aprostine and Gauhar } gangster Characters Strat mat ‘conveys the ex nature of sun hangingon tot Gopal Pandey, plot by the wi for Mukesh =, understands t Ramwilas, wh beast Gauhar? {up Babri mas like a clarion ( the novel sho} withearning a atthe hands 0 behind Gopal Pandey himse functions.Pany mils as away from the ea Foraahi | | eof | able ard also thas sents ‘have howk todays | book | hand ages of | some of | as from | sakeen | understan: somes 19 cling to ding to# instance, adhi was racted the a living A 's,thr0B8" | Pandey himself i @ sym KING. : Delhi in 1947/ 107 among, which i the IPP, a polit 8 politcal pasty that, but for it siren othe bens by Hut, coer he beng of a Ram temple in Ayodhya a sacred duty and is generally hostile towards Meal bu ls ovatd progres In ot lobe actively involved in the demolition of Babri Masjid Politics What we getis a view of Street evel polis an cas relations between the Waders and those just ener hene=cleks, chal, drifters, prostitutes, ll the teeming surging vitality ofa great bazant like Chandi Chowk. The novel tls the story of ne Gopal Pandey whois an ordinary chavalla but who, deo fortullous circumstance, ie propelled on to the political stage, almost against his will Sutrovnding him are the members ofthe IP commit fr Chana Chowk, in particular Sohan Lal, the ovine of zeputed sar shop and Srecpiant for efice; Chitra Ghosh, who runs an NGO working Witt a Pe ser Suleman, «ruthless Muslim poliiiany Kartar Singh serene the TDP commie and an MLA ffom Chand Chowk: Git Didk a prostiutefrom CB. Road who transforms herself intoan activist east Sethe Mohamed, a Bangladeshi vagrant who turns Into & gangster Characters araf manageshis characters and his narrative well. le accurately conveys the exuberance ofthe spirit, butalso the despaicthe precarious corre of survival that determind the existence of those who f° ratngon tothe bottom rung ofthe social ladder in Channs hows ‘eet Bandey, a man innocent of pois, oss Wis son, MUS. 4 platy the wily Ramwilas Sharma who sls sp 8 selF-immolation bid Plot yesh as a protest against Mendal fe is cheap ont nobody the pnderbelly of Chandni Chowk, except those, 1 Nvho understand the nature of the |. aamilas, who are not squish | beast Gauhae Mohamed is, ikewise, dravyn into a consPinc OTE up Babi mai by Sleman who hnls hal aetion would be 2 er al for Muslin srl poate them Mat ae sis thatthe ordinary man, who Mal Wen pve Sos smolts Gee Tet | wshearn fn contract ker when he dais OS is weight the Lok Sabha. Infact, Gopal | ited Gopal Pandey's candidacy fo: 6 ee symbol of how the Machiavellian IPP committee Tadecent man, is propped uP PY es, socetd cS is literate but | fanctions Pandey, who i literate PULAGE Ton drain some Yotes ation of fa the ent neste RT Ranwilas as a poor man’s candidate f indi ate Suleman. ‘away from the Muslim c= For Golden ‘Suocess-Read| KING PASSPORTronal to Contemporary 7.2 om Co! 409, KING + Dat Tough aes FO of moder diy ‘This book is true to its subtitle: ne being rent aS under by ti ub adictions, being font a8 vn Modernity is about living with: Sr vhat is oc hat conflicting forces and desires in filssting newThisis a novel Worth EE fan Shara ah lay—Accord CConnought Place Tod: ne Capital. Hay humid Wednesday afternoon. It has just rained in the Capital. Hardly ast to attracts HODPeTS. But Ta righ cramer conditions foreny amit Oe Ee the high-pillared corridors of Connowt ? kate th people, Most shops are witnessing a rus P me : ay sees arepatialerly crowded be ig he restaurants andenteres re patel en Hutor Cafe 100, the waiting pe ‘ For Back? Well, thereby smiles are back on the faces of shopkeepers © Bane tale a tle of Rowy Connaught Pace lst and found fevoig with Delhites as 4 shopping destination. »(Connough Pace) were Just two. -s ago, shopkeepers in CP (Connoug) a jected lot a using went steadily downhill. Mos shops halos a ca oa butatter thé arrival of Metro, things changed dramaticelly and business. had lost most of its customers to malls and local markets in the suburbs. ‘Things were worsened by parking troubles and the chaos created by the past when CP was considered an upperrist marke, noW al eee Cee one te Moar aah San Cit RIE SI For Golden Suocess-Read IKIN J IG PASSPORT Sudhir Gup'a, proprietor of | Bene 1 busine say ree favour majore se in the | Jitendra has drat jumped ; “Sh is quite a shops, ste park?” 5 “Connau, matched hasalsot Besides, ¢ great dea why CP market it will Kill Delhi Tr shopkeer The Connaug worried market The all the sh rents, 10 have bee: out toM oldest ar seem det caring I ate emoti @garmer ee Ecanvetictrion KING + Delhi in 1947/ 109, ‘The biggest beneficiaries are restaurants and dosiess be funipd by 80 lo 150% Ts dated In Buen ony festruants maar, hast do with the fc that Cbs found wy gat with youngsters and Delhi Univers staent—who form a frajor chunk of theirelintele—becaute of the Metrolink "Our sales figures have jumped from Rs 50,000 to lakh perdi sate a fer aa tye Aabok Thakur mags t Cale 100 tena Bhat ashi manager at Pizza Hut equally elated” Business has dramatially improved over the past one year. Our saves have jumped to 15 aks per day” Shopping and eating out in a high street lke Connaught Flace is quite at experience, Which other market boasts of such magnifico) Ships stately corridors, splendid promenades, and a beautiful ert! park?” says, Nidhi, an IT student. Sundra supports Net TA Beonmaught Place has a character, history; a heritage that canna! Pe rated By the show manship of the shops in the git mals What renee boosted business here is that now there is adequate parking rae hoe te fact that the market is open on Sundays has alo helps ai jeal, “Parking troubles was one of the most important reason Siny CP lost business, Now authorities wish t9 convert the whole why Gt into pedestrian zone by banning the entry of HEA ‘which JL Kill business once again,” says Atul Bharent President, New witht Trader's Association (NDTA), the Body ‘that represents Ghopkeepers of Connaught Place ‘There are shopkeepers who fear the Present character of Connaught Place with its retro charm i} not last Jong; they are | ried multinational brand stores ‘eventually take over the entire ‘market. i sentry may notbez0faretehedielinthenes : s. ‘are paying astronomical ane chope il go to munationas They 5° E'S Pe eecee man what a retailer can ial So retailers who more man neratins have ascong PH tro MNCs,” says Mansi “Agarwal of MohanZal Sons, one of the at Mparel shops in Connaught Fe oi to resist the temptation. For Golden ‘Sucoess-Resina to Contemporary T..2 ges: From Co 110 / KING : Delhi Through Ages F to ihe sou Doi iy ale lt a aco coat rte * ee decades: for twy¢ agricultura we tt hs el oe 9 on Cy area. Two, property prices sky rocketed, so it made fnncil see Dethi i fl he seme inchs yal gsi Sharma hs] DS or Fa been living in CP for the past four decades. He moved he He, soon after if 350,004 Mnarifestasgeafpecratitnnencrsoy'Na | wath t00 nice, he smiles wistfully, “I's a place where my home and hear | "Pidly; so rape tse mia aly hse Seite have ben, uta I walks hgh condor foal Uke g complete stranger, Noone recognises me and lrecogaisen0 one. It was not always so” says Sharma, siting inthe bedroom of his second: floor E-Block flat which provides a panoramic view of the entire inner circle, and the walls of which resonate withthe persistent drone of downstairs The Role of Partition in Making Dethi What It Is Today 7, “The breakneck speed at which Dethi is growing was triggered by the arrival of refugees from Punjab, Sindh and the North-West Frontier Province.” Keeping the statement in mind describe the The Role of Partition in Making Delhi What It Is Today? ‘Ang-Delhi is currently divided into nine districts. The smallest district in population terms is central Delhi, with a population of close fo 600,000 (it was more than 580,000 in 201). The second smallest in terms of poplation snorth Delhi, with approxiately 900,000 people (ie was 887,978 in 2011, In 201, the population of the lamest cist of Delhi, the north-west, was 3656.59, sx times the popt lation ofall ‘of Delhi in 1941. Comparing this the population of Delhi at the tine | ~People’oe of the 2011 census, which was 16,787,941, there has been an 18-fold | “Me up inold f increase in less than 80 years. pen fields anc Delhi vasa very diferent city in1947.ThecityofShabjahanabad, | 8 Wall that also known as Dehli or Dili, was enclosed within a high wall. To the | Shanna was ap orth was Civil Lines and the Mall Road, extending to the Kingsway | tethes were hi camp, where the 1911 Darbar was held focommemorate the coronation | {4 bs, proc cof King Geoige V and Queen Mary as Emperor and Empress of india. | °F which me © For Golden Succoss-Road KING PASSPORT errca For Got of a million ey Iai and aloof did not want, the Mesinag ~mostof they fails ote the Misins in joint delegation Gandhi, who st ensue that pee theloca restr ates, In any ca ieeaiier et ofclose toa a directionKING = Delhi in 1947/4144 rpihe south and detached from the city of Shahjahan was new Delhi Te west and ost outside the ety wal city wal as Peep Ore ti Sadar azar and to the ent was the Jamu ear hss We Bee oid cite en of Sahn Te See Fes alae cat a ere tet ee al ec append Git tia oe er slot as chee rena aan (Quila, Bijay Mandal and Siri ___ Delhi had seen riots on an unprecedented sale and according 19 Gyanendra Pandey’s accounts of violence in the city, between 20:25 thousand Muslims were killed, More than 380,000 Muslims had left Delhi for Pakistan and the population of the city had declined by | almost 350,000 by the time the rots ended, The total population of the city would have gone down t 10 about 570,000 before it began to grow rapidly; so rapidly that by 1951, within four years of Farition,thead risen to 1,744,072, alittle more t ‘fa million every year. Meanwhile, {hana million in four years, ora quartet the population of Muslims in the city declined from 33.22% in 1941 to 5.33% in 1951 Initially, the refugees headed for Delhi but there was litle space and a lot of resistance as they | did not want homeless peop! {were outsiders, The Hindu population, Je moving into theic neighbourhood and | the Muslims who hal chosen to say Back were fear of refugees “most of the new arrivals ha id suffered and had lost members of their sre to the Kings in Panjab, many were looking fr revenge 2° rr feStims in the ely who a seen rch ling were 8 Je stagation of senior cizens ofthe iy ant 10 meet NTE 1 Gandhi, who asked Jawaharlal Nehru to 9s tothehome minister and can nat people are not settled inthe ld iy aN consent | Testes Go these rivals began eS sone {tel ene, the okt iy, espe Vin ah |e celier residents could not have pecomnmodatea this massive info \tirection. |S dose to a million and itis then eat ‘Delhi began to grow in every People occupied all available Spe tented accommodations Ta desorted moss |oneupincl for en Jopen fields anc ‘under the abysmal I ona jes Seis and oun Suara Ne al snr was appointed the |etses were hasty Put a2 ae Ser foreehabilitation and alae sministetpdaccommncation, Sar S09 Tena to find missing Peeto Contemporary T..2 ges From Colonia 0 Ci Mave pe acquired and hectic Constricti, bea ly oth on a per ha Bail more permanent a ees pest bagi advontagethose ha had ped aeormmodations came Up al ney fora roof over their heads. Cramped 2 a ee at Na yn up virtually overnil 88 created resent areas thrown ip vat OE riya Nagy Colony. Rajenda Amar Colony, BXK. Dutt Colony, Rajendra BEBE Ramesh Nagar, Tilak Nagar and Hasi Naga zasants and petty traders had jug, Te bulk af hein a Suite walked across from Karachi, Thatta, Tharparkst 5 ‘ led there, Many were later moved into Rajasthan and Gujarat and sett iat ee er info Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, Many, especially the poo hd no papers an ad to fee for themselves for decades, ing outa living in thatched shelters thrown up in inhospitable patches on the ridge near Bhuli Bhatiyari and other such Tocations, Hindus and Sikhs arrived from the NWFP, from Dera Ghazi Khan, Dera Ismail Khan, Peshawar, Kohat, Chinyot and elsewhere. The Peshawar salwar kameez and the uniquely Afghan male headgear with ts golden peak was not an uncommon site in the streets of Delhi All the mid-1960s. They found shelter in far flung areas and bul thatched huts in localities ike Nabi Kareem. They moved into refugee camps at Kingsway, Hudson Line, Outram Lines and Reeds Lines, the last being the site of the Khalsa College in Delhi University today. Some were later shiffed to Hageeqat Nagar. They started building houses onthe lands allotted to refujees and on the anes acquired from Jand sharks. Inthe late 1970s and early 1980s, afew moved to Mukherjee Nagar, while others were allotted houses in Rajinder Nagar and Inderpuri, a settlement that came up on agricultural land acquired from villagers of Dus-Ghara. A large population of Sikhs hari settled in Inderpuri. In 1984, their houses were looted and burnt. Killings lon took place allegedly at the behest of those who lived not too far away Patel Nagar and Rajinder Nagar came up'on land acquired from the villagers of Shadipur, Khampur and the surrounding villages and ‘became home to large populations of Hindus and Sikhs and also of ‘people from the NWEP. Many from the frontier province later established Kohat Enclave and Derawal Nagas, while some chose to live in Jengpura and Bhogal that has had an old association with Muslim Pathans, probably because of its proximi f Proximity to the shrine of Hazrat Nizamuddin, Many settled down inv, it Sy Nat a ajpat Nagar, Am Sad Balt Neen Bee Bhogal Jungpura, Tilak Nagar, Ramesh Nog ali Nagar, Rajourl Garden gradually tuened into the 142./ KING = Dethi Trove For Goken Sioess-Reed KING PASSPORT quintes own bh snacks ¢ on, chan Pradesh Saharsa, The and its ge thenexth of amalga detined Dy For¢alt yee the wn KING. Dethiin1947/ 449 aulntssentia Puyebl laity with thee own subset of dialects, thei dwn blocklovel festivities and shops specalsng in eon spect snacks and Punjabi street food. But these are processes that are going on, changes mpl being overran by the new arrivals rom es Uta Pradesh and Bihay, from Balla, Begusara,Kathar Daebhange, Sahaesa, Muzaffarp, Chhapra, Raneh and Dhaba ‘The story ofthe rise ofthe Punjab ditpora from he mid 19508 ana its gradu eclipse begining with ie daw of Ue 2st entry thenext big story inthe life ofthe perpetual ty, Meanwhile, he process of amalgamaion of cultures, Mest, food muse and aie that has defined Delhi for a thousand years continues unabated. For Golden Success-Heed KING ‘