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Với:
R là Permeate Recovery Rate
Qf: the feed water flow rate
Qp: the product water flow rate
Qc: the concentrate flow rate
Cf: Concentration of the feed water flow
Cp: Concentration of the product water flow
Cc: Concentration of the concentrate flow flow
Ex 1:
Design recovery rate = 0,75, Cf =1000 ppm, Cc=3800 ppm, Cp=200 ppm
Actual recovery rate = ?
Tính toán:
3800−1000
Từ công thức (2): R=
3800−200
≈ 0,78
Ex 2:
Design recovery rate=0,75, Cf =1000 ppm, Cp=200 ppm
Cc = ?
Tính toán:
1000−0,75 ×200
Từ công thức (3): C c = 1−0,75
=34 00
Average feed salinity (AFS); Net driving pressure (NDP)
Pos (bar) = Ra x (T + 273) x ∑ mi (4)
2
AFS = 0,5 x Cf ×
1−R (5) áp dụng khi Recovery thấp
1
ln
AFS = Cf x 1−R (6) áp dụng khi Recovery cao
R
NDP = Pf – Pos – Pp – 0,5Pd (+ Posp) (7) Màng RO không cần cộng Posp;
màng NF thì cộng Posm.
Với:
Pos: osmotic pressure
Ra: 0.082 (L*atm/mol/K), T: Temperature (oC)
Σ(mi): the sum of molar concentration of all constituents in a solution,
1,000ppm concentration of TDS equals about 0.77bar of osmotic pressure.
AFS: Average feed salinity (Cfm: Mean Concentration of the feed water
flow)
Cf: Concentration of the feed water flow
R là Permeate Recovery Rate
NDP: Net driving pressure
Pf: feed pressure,
Pos: average feed osmotic pressure,
Pp: permeate pressure,
Pd: pressure drop across RO elements,
Posp: osmotic pressure of permeate
Ex 3:
Brackish RO system
R=0,85, Cf=2000 ppm, Cp=25 ppm
Feed pressure (Pf)=13 bar, Pressure drop (Pd)=3,0 bar, Permeate pressure
(Pp)=1,0 bar NDP = ?
Tính toán:
Do R cao nên dùng công thức (6) để tính Cfm(AFS):
1 1
ln ln ( )
AFS = Cf x 1−R = 2000 x 0,15
≈ 4464 ppm
R 0,85
Ex 4:
Nanofiltration system
R=0,85, Cf=1000 ppm, Cp=350 ppm Feed pressure (Pf)=7 bar, pressure
drop (Pd)= 3,0 bar, permeate pressure (Pp)= 1,0 bar NDP = ?
Tính toán:
Do R cao nên dùng công thức (6) để tính Cfm(AFS):
1 1
ln ln ( )
AFS = Cf x 1−R = 1000 x 0,15
≈ 2232 ppm
R 0,85
Theo công thức (4) Pos ≈ 1,72 bar và Posp ≈ 0,27 bar
Từ công thức (7), do hệ thống màng NF:
NDP = Pf – Pos – Pp – 0,5Pd + Posp = 7 – 1,72 – 1 – 1,5 + 0,27 = 3,05 bar
Ex 5:
Rp=0.15, Cf=1.500 ppm, Cp=4,5 ppm Salt rejection (SR)=?
Tính toán:
Do R thấp nên dùng công thức (5):
2 1
AFS = 0,5 x Cf ×
1−R = 0,5 x 1500 x (1+ 1−0,15 ) ≈ 1632 ppm
SR = 100% - SP = 99,72 %
T: temperature,
C: constant, characteristic of membrane barrier material.
Ex 6:
RO system operates in temperature range of 15-28 oC The NDP1 required
for the design capacity is 7.5 bar at feed water temperature of 28 oC.
What NDP will be required at 15 oC to maintain the design permeate
capacity? With C=2,700
Tính toán:
1
Ở 28oC: TCF28= e¿ ¿ ¿ =0,914
1
Ở 15oC: TCF15= e¿ ¿ ¿ =1,37
NDP15/NDP28=TCF15/TCF28
NDP15=NDP28x TCF15/TCF28= 7,5x1,37/0,914=11,2 bar
Ex 7:
Qp=400m3/d, 3 pressure vessels, 6 elements per vessel, membrane area
of 37m2 per element APF = ?
Tính toán:
Từ công thức (10):
400
APF = 18× 37
=¿ 0,6 m3/m2.d = 25 Lmh
Ex 8:
Qp=400m3/h, design flux=25 lmh = 0,025 m3/h, membrane area of 37m2 per
element, 7 elements per vessel elements required = ?
Tính toán:
Từ công thức (10):
Qp 400
EN = MA × APF
= 0,025× 37
≈ 434
Ex 9:
Cf=1,500 ppm, Rp=0.15, feed pressure=10.3 bar, pressure drop=0.2 bar,
permeate pressure=0.1 bar, permeate flow=41.6 m3/d, membrane
area=39.5m2 SF = ?
Tính toán:
Do R thấp nên dùng công thức (5):
2 1
AFS = 0,5 x Cf ×
1−R = 0,5 x 1500 x (1+ 1−0,15 ) ≈ 1632 ppm