Bull, Inst, fr. études andines 1995, 24 (3): 379-390 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF STABLE ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF PRECIPITATION OVER THE SOUTH AMERICAN CONTINENT Kazimierz Rozanski*, Luis Arogués Aragués* Abstract ‘The International AtomicEnergy Agency (IAEA), incollaboration with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is conducting a world-wide survey of the isotope composition of precipitation. At present, around 60stations are pro formation on the stableisotope composition of precipitation over the South American continent, During the recent years, several national monitoring networkshave been initiated (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Peru). They provide a valuable contribution to the global [AEA/WMO database. The paper is focussed on spatial and temporal variability of the stable isotope composition of precipitation, observed over the South American continent. The relationship between isotopic signature of precipitation and climatically relevant parameters, such as surface air temperature or amount of precipitation is discussed in some detail. Key words: South America, stable isotope, precipitation, VARIABILIDAD ESPACIAL Y TEMPORAL DE LA COMPOSICION DE ISOTOPOS ESTABLES DE LA PRECIPITACION EN EL CONTINENTE SUDAMERICANO, Resumen El Organismo Internacional de Energia At6mica (OIEA), en colaboracién con la Organizacién. Meteorolégica Mundial (OMM), esta Hevando a cabo un estudio a escala global de la composicién isot6pica de la precipitacién a partir de muestras mensuales de lluvia recogidas en estaciones meteorolégicas. En la actualidad alrededor de 60 estaciones proporcionan informaciGn sobre la t6pica de la precipitacisn en el continente sudamericano. Durante los iltimos aftos se han establecido en la regién varias redes de control con cardcter nacional (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Ecuador, Pert). Los datos aportados por estas redes representan una valiosa contribucién a la red mundial del OIEA/OMM. Este trabajo se centra en el estudio de la variabilidad espacial y temporal de lacomposicién de isot6posestables de la precipitacién aescala del continente. Enesteestudiose examina con cierto detalle la relacién aparente entre la composiciGn isot6pica de la precipitacién en la region y algunos pardmetros climsticos tales como la cantidad de precipitaciGn y la temperatura del aire. Palabras claves: América del Sur, isdtopo establ, prcipitacién, VARIABILITE SPATIALE ET TEMPORELLE DE LA COMPOSITION EN ISOTOPES STABLES. DE LA PRECIPITATION SUR LE CONTINENT SUDAMERICAIN Résumé L’Agence Internationale de I'Energie Atomique, en coopération avec I’Organisation Météorologique Mondiale, exploite un réseau mondial destations pour la prise d’échantillons mensuels de précipitation. Actuellement, a peu prés 60 stations fournissent des informations sur la composition * Isotope Hydrology Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.380 K. ROZANSKI, L. ARAGUAS ARAGUAS isotopique de la précipitation sur le continent sudaméricain, Ces demniéres années plusieurs réseaux d’échantillonnage dun caractére national (Argentine, Brésil, Chili, Equateur, Pérou) ont été initiés. Les données apportées par ces réseaux contribuent au réseau mondial de AIEA/OMM. Ces travaux se concentrent sur I’étude de la variabilité spatiale et temporelle de la composition isotopique stable de la précipitation sur le continent. Dans cette étude, est examinée en détail la relation entre la composition isotopique de la précipitation dans la région et quelques paramétres climatiques, tels que la quantité de précipitation et la température de lair. Mots-clés : Amérique du Sud, isotope stable, précipitation. INTRODUCTION The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), in collaboration with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), is conducting a world-wide survey on the isotope composition of monthly precipitation. The programme was launched with the primary objective of providing systematic data on isotope composition of precipitation on a global scale, characterizing their spatial and temporal variability and, consequently, providing basic isotope data for the use of environmental isotopes in hydrological investigations. It soon became apparent that the collected data is very useful also in other water-related fields such as oceanography, hydrometeorology and climatology. The isotope and meteorological data gathered by the network is published regularly by the IAEA in the form of data books (IAEA 1969; 1970; 1971; 1973; 1975; 1979; 1983; 1986; 1990; 1994) and isalsoavailableon floppy disks. Basic statistical treatment of the data accumulated till 1987 is available as a separate volume (IAEA, 1992). ‘At present, around 60 stations are providing information on the stable isotope composition of precipitation over the South American continent (Fig. 1). During the recent years, several national monitoring networks have been initiated (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Peru). They provide a valuable contribution to the global [AEA/WMO database. Already the first review of the [AEA/WMO database revealed that the observed distribution of deuterium and oxygen-18 in global precipitation can be related to a number of environmental parameters characterizing the given sampling site, such as latitude, altitude, distance to the coast, amount of precipitation and surfaceair temperature (Dansgaard, 1964). The reviews which followed (Yurtsever & Gat, 1981; Gonfiantini, 1985; Rozanskietal., 1993) essentially confirmed the early findings of Dansgaard. It was soon realized that the above mentioned empirical relationships (so called “effects”) can in fact be considered as a measure of the average degree of rain-out of moisture from the given air mass, on the way from the source region to the site of precipitation. ‘The paperreviewstheavailabledata on spatial and temporal distribution of deuterium and oxygen-18 content in precipitation over theSouth American continent. This distribution is governed by four major factors: (i) the influence of three major sources of atmospheric ‘moisture (Atlantic and Pacific oceans and the Caribbean Sea), (ii) the mountainous chain of Andes blocking free air flow and leading to enhanced condensation of moisture along the slopes due to orographic uplift of air masses and the associated depletion of rainfall in the heavy isotopes, (ii) the presence of the world largest continental evaporative basin (Amazon Basin), and (iv) the seasonal movement of the Intertropical Covergence Zone (ITCZ) over the central and northern part of the continent. The isotope data available for a number of stations located both in the Andean region and in the lowland are also examined from the point of view of their linkage to the surfaceSTABLE ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF PRECIPITATION 381 Fig. 1- Location of the stations collecting monthly precipitation for isotope analyses on the South ‘American continent and in adjacent regions. The prevailing directions of surface winds and the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) during the austral summer January) and winter (July) are also marked (after Frare et al., 1978; Graedel & Crutzen, 1993). air temperature and/or amount of precipitation. The role of atmospheric circulation in controlling isotopic composition of precipitation in the region is discussed in some detail. 1. SPATIAL VARIABILITY The maps presented in figure 1 show the distribution of stations on the South American continent and adjacent regions, for which isotope and meteorological data are available. The prevailing directions of surface winds and the approximate position of ITCZ. during the austral summer (January) and winter (July) are also marked. The seasonal movement of ITCZ over the central and northern part of the continent controls to a large extent the amount of rainfall in this region and its isotopic composition (see discussion below). Table 1 summarizes the selected isotope and meteorological data for the stations having a continuous record of observations longer than about four years. The stations are grouped into four regions exhibiting specific patterns in the seasonal distribution of the heavy isotope composition of precipitation. A large range of altitudes is being covered: from a few metersabovesea level tomore than3000 meters. Also, the range of mean annual rainfall is quite broad: between 400 and 4 000 mm per annum, The mean annual surface air temperature varies for the stations located in theecuatorian regionand in the tropics between ca. 20 and 27°C. The gradual reduction of the mean annual temperature and the increase of itsseasonal amplitude is observed for the stations located at mid and high southern latitudes.Table I- Summary of isotope and meteorological data for selected stations in the region, with continuous record of observations longer than four years. Saon Tonglitsde —Latiiade Ainge ema reap Cnet Data Datfan ence” Mem samal 25077 to ow fey tem) Cd a thd a Col temp Cd Veracruz, Meco 9619 1920 6 184 m 268 m6 one 234 120 Sn Strader lopnge),E Salva paw Bm N as 1702 467 m 94 22 036 Besbadoa (Seavell Aor), Baad s29W 1306 N 30 mass me $200 son 266 ox Burangull, Colombia mW tat N “ 79 3 as A 73 048 saracay, Venezuela onssW 02s Nan 06 ang a 4st 245 01s Howard AFB, Panama (Canal Zone), USA BeOW 892 N B mms 12 3189s m Ln Bog, Colonbia mW 470 -N 2587 98 4 a9 7 se a 036 Cayens, French Guana, France 2a7W 4g s ans 205 00. 00 @ 235 os So Gabel, Bet eros Wass a 214 466 1002p ky 233 027 edbunba, Boadoe mw 037 Ss a0st os un se 3 9101 ae na 048 Belem, Bei aaw 13s 4 2645 26 020 «3B 9a 260 on Manas, Brat enw 312 s o mu 350° as 16 ss 268 096 eraler Brat 3assW ams 2 1759 a6 eg 7 4 9 264 on Ceara Mii Bait 3520W 580 5 3 na 423 30 Ms 9s 232 on Peto Velo, Brat enw a7 s 10s z295 49 6 as mn ous om 233 1.06 Savage di), Bra 3E2W 1300 s “8 ma an 16 28 us m2 232 on Coiate, Bri 5610W 1360 S65 BB $32 3a so 1017 237 13s Beas (Arp), Beal 473W 885 S061 MB 42 36 a9. m sone 206 as Rio de ano, Bit au7w 290 § 26 1206 400 as Bs 0 ms 069 Le Motos, Argon 6s19W 241 $1300 10a 66 Na 3 “ ms 235 ade Pscus (Pacific 0), Chile w343W 77 S a 1020 a4 172 6 97 26 08 Peto Alege, Baal sLisW 3008 § 1 aos 470 20332. ms som ws oot ta Suet, Arpectina G4ssW 3058 S900 ‘st S457 a 0o mw 4 12 028 tend, geticn osw oat sa 261 Sm 3 sn “32s 16s 026 indud Universita (Buenos Aires), Argentina © 58.28 Wo 3438S 5 mp 307 a. mo aoe m8 oat Badia Bln, Argetin euisw 3847s 5 20 5654s 6 13 130 031 Peto Mort (La Chai), Chi nw 4147 8 Bb 1936 4a 3 7 2 100 on Sunley Falkland lands (Aarti), UK S187 S170 8 3 60s 0 ss 4 6A 37 010 tsi, Aceon sean W 5478s 0 45 oss 103 1430-99 60 002 Agente nan Atari), UK. earW 6525 5 3 39 07% 34 a5 36 kos aa 023 (9. Deuterium excess defined as: d-8'H- 86540 () - Difference between the long-term arithmetic and weighted means of 50 (weighing by the amount of precipitation) ze SYNDVAV SYNOVAV “1 ‘DISNVZOUSTABLE ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF PRECIPITATION 383 Over the major partof the continent, exceptof the Andean region wherealtitudeeffect is dominating, the oxygen-18 isotope composition of precipitation varies within a relatively narrow range: between ca. -2 %o and -7 %o. The long-term means of 5"O and 8H closely follow the Global Meteoric Water Line: 8H = 880 + 10, although locally significant deviations can be observed. For instance, the stations Maracay, Mendoza, Ushuaia and Argentine Island reveal areduced deuterium excess value(d = d?H-8*5"0) whencompared with other stations in the region. The specific feature of spatial distribution of the isotopic composition of precipitation over the South American continent sa small inland gradient of both 5"O and 8°H across the lowlands open to the Atlantic Ocean and the relatively low 80. and d’H values observed along the equatorial Pacific coast. The small isotopic gradient has its origin in intense recycling of moisture over the Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Victoria ef al., 1991) and seasonally varying circulation patterns of the lower atmosphere over the central and northern part of the continent, Relatively depleted isotopic values on the Pacific coast of the Central America result from dominance of westward circulation transporting moisture from the tropical Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea, 2. ALTITUDE EFFECT Spatial distribution of 40 and 6'H in the Andean region is dominated by thealtitude effect. The mountainous chain of Andes stretching from 10°N to 50°S is blocking free air flow and leads to enhanced condensation of moisture along the slopes due to orographic uplift of air masses and the associated depletion of rainfall in the heavy isotopes. The magnitude of this effect is illustrated in figure 2 showing gradual depletion of “O in the Andean 0 = ECUADOR rid of © ECUADOR rire) : A COME Cee 4 tof go ° a) 61 8 Pe 2 © TAA WMO Network 7 o oo fe, = af oa 2 10 " ooo z . eo B12 a ae 6 a “14 “ 1 ° @ 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 Altitude [m] Fig. 2-'The 540 of precipitation, springs and small rivers as a function of the altitude of the sampling site. The samples have been collected along two W-E sections in the Andes: close to the equator and around 33°S, Sources of data: precipitation and springs in Ecuador (F. Villalba, personal communication), precipitation in Chile (Moser et al., 1975), small rivers in Argentina (Vogel et al., 1975) and the IAEA/WMO database (long-term mean 8"*O values for stations Sao Gabriel, Izobamba, La Suela and Mendoza, cf. Table 1).384 K. ROZANSKI, L. ARAGUAS ARAGUAS precipitation, springs and small rivers, with the increasing elevation of the sampling site, collected along two cross-sections: close to the equator and around 33°S, Thereare remarkable differences between these two profiles. In the ecuatorial region, the average decrease of 340 with elevation (up to 3.000 m a.s.l.) amounts to about 0.2 %e/ 100 m. Slightly smaller isotope gradient is observed for springs, in agreement witha general tendency towards a reduced catchment area of springs with increasing elevation. Above approximately 3000 m, 8"O drops more rapidly with elevation (ca. 0.5 %e/100 m). The isotope profile across the Andes at ca, 33°S reveals an opposite trend: up to the elevation of approximately 1 500 m, !O decreases with the average slope of 0.6 %»/100 m, whereas substantially smaller slope(~0.2 %e /100 m)is observed at higher altitudes. Thealltitude effect in the Andean region will be discussed in detail elsewhere. 3. SEASONAL VARIABILITY ‘The seasonal fluctuations of precipitation amount and its isotopic composition over the major part of South and Central America (north of 30°S) are controlled by seasonal displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the associated changes in the circulation patterns and moisture transport across the continent. Figure 1 shows schematically the position of ITCZ during austral winter (July) and summer (January). During its maximum northern extent in July, the ITCZ occupies a narrow band around 8°N, parallel to the equator. During the austral summer, its position over the the continent extends till about30°S, between 50°W and 60°W, whereas over the ocean and coastal regions it moves down only to about 5°S. 3.1. Northern tropics The region north of about 10°N. Three stations (Barbados, Howard and San Salvador) were chosen to illustrate typical patterns of seasonal changes of 5"O of precipitation in this region. These stations receivemoisture from the tropical Atlantic (summer) and theCaribbean Sea (winter). Although beyond the direct reach of ITCZ, they respond to its vicinity by prolonged rainy period (June-November), with precipitation substantially depleted in the heavy isotopes (Fig. 3a). This depletion, slighlty marked over the source region (Barbados) is amplified along the prevailing routes of moisture transport from the Atlantic ocean (Maracay, Barranquilla, Howard, San Salvador). 3. 2, Ecuatorial region This region is represented by three selected stations located in the Amazon Basin (Belem, Manaus, Sao Gabriel) and one station located on the Pacific slope of Andes (La Concordia - 79.25°W, 0.21°S). The region east of Andes is characterized by a relatively high rainfall throughouta year, with a distinct maximum between January and May. The isotopic composition of precipitation reveals several interesting features: (j) a relatively constant isotope shift between Belem and Manaus throughouta year (around 2 %e), vanishing further inland, (ii) distinct minimum of 3"O occuring in Aprilat the coastal regions and in May over the central part of the continent, most probably linked with the northward passage of ITCZ and the associated enhanced convective activity of the air column, and (iii) relatively2 0 2 a 3 a a 2 2 . 9 G10 ke ° 5 ae ao — BELEM <= BansAv0s “4 10" HOWARD ao se MANAUS ea: say saLvanon 2 sho Gaon. “16 -16 “© Laconconnia -18 -18 —— JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND 500 500 7 b. 450] SB Batsnos 450 Corowa 400] wan smvsatvanon 400 eases omanaus mm sao caper, 350: 300 250: 200° PRECIPITATION [mm] PRECIPITATION [mm] 150) 100; 50: JFMAMS JASON JFMAMJJASOND Fig. 3 - Seasonal distribution of rainfall and its isotopic composition for selected stations of the TAEA/WMO global network, representing northern tropics (Fig, 3a - San Salvador 89.12°W, 13.70°N; Barbados 59.29°W, 13.04°N; Howard 79.60°W, 8.92°N) and the ecuatorial region (Fig, 3b - Belem 48.48°W, 1.43°S; Manaus 60.02°W, 3.12°S; Sao Gabriel 67.08°W, 0.13°S; La Concordia 79.25°W, 0.21°S). The long-term mean monthly values of 5"0 and precipitation amount are shown for the selected stations.K. ROZANSKI, L. ARAGUAS ARAGUAS 386 2 2 b. o 0 : B <= staney 7 (+ USHUAIA a4 a 4 “ARGENTINE ISL. < a = = ee 2 gs oo g 9 a & 10 Blof dry oO °° oes 40> BRASILIA, 12 -14 8+ PORTO VELHO 14 16 16 -18 18 TFMAMIJASOND JFMAMJJASOND 500 500- 450: 450: 400 400: 350. 350 3 8 8 8 PRECIPITATION {mm} g 3 PRECIPITATION {mm} 3 g I F JFMAMI JASOND MAMJJASOND Fig. 4 - Seasonal distribution of rainfall and its isotopic composition for selected stations of the JAEA/WMO global network, representing the southern tropics (Fig. 4a - Brasilia 47.93°W, 15.85°S; Cuiaba 56.10°W, 15.60°S; Porto Velho 63.92°W, 8.77°S) and the mid latitude region (Fig. 4b - Stanley 57.87°W, 51.70°S; Ushuaia 68.28°W, 54.78°S; Argentine Island 64.27°W, 65.25°S). The long- term mean monthly values of 50 and precipitation amount are shown for the selected stations.STABLE ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF PRECIPITATION 387 enriched and uniform "0 values across the continent observed from August to October (Fig. 3b). Interestingly, the return of ITCZ to its southernmost position does not lead to another rainfall maximum and negative 5"O values over the basin, although the second maximum is observed for instance in Bogota. This apparent assymetry in the behaviour of the system is probably associated with thermal inertia of the continent. The extensive low pressure system which developes over the continentduring austral summer, results inan unrestricted flow of moisture from the northern tropical Atlantic (¢f. Fig. 1) and abundant rainfall across the basin, north of ITCZ. On the other hand, during the austral winter and spring (August to October) the supply of maritime moistureis substantially reduced and therelatively scarce rainfall during this time of the year is produced mostly from vapour of local origin. Itshould benoted that the isotopic depletion of precipitation associated with the northward passage of ITCZ is observed already at the entrance to the Amazon Basin (Belem) and is propagated further eastward. 3.3. Southern tropics The region extends from about 10°S to about 30°S. The characteristic patterns of the seasonal distribution of rainfall and its isotopiccomposition are illustrated in figure 4a by the data of three stations: Porto Vehlo, Cuiaba and Brasilia. Like in the equatorial region, overhelming presence of ITCZ over the central part of the continent induces a broad maximum of rainfall characterized by depleted isotopic values during the austral summer (November-March). During this time period, the 80 vary over the lowlands east of Andes between -4 %» and -10 %o, whereas in the Altiplano it can reach even -20 %o (Aravena ef al., 1989). The austral winter (June-September) brings only very limited precipitation, characterized by relatively enriched isotopic composition. In the case of Porto Velho, even positive 50 and 8°H values are observed during August and September (¢f. Fig. 4a). Such enrichment points to recycled moisture of local origin as a source for summer rainfall, most probably derived from evapotranspiration and /or evaporation from open water bodies. The summer precipitation depleted in "O and 7H when compared with winter months, observed in the southern central part of the continent, is mainly linked to theamount effect, associated with the presence of ITCZ. Further south, winter rainfall becomes more depleted in “0 and ?H since temperature becomes the main factor controlling the isotopic composition of precipitation. The difference between mean 840 (8H) of summer and winter precipitation reveals an abrupt change around 30°S, For instance, summer precipitation at stations Corrientes (27°S) and Salta (25°S) is depleted in O by ~ 6 %o when compared to winter rainfall, while at the stations located south of 30°S winter precipitation is more depleted (up to 12 %e in Mendoza, located 32°S). This dramatic shift in seasonal distribution of "O and 7H in precipitation provides an independent evidence of the actual extent of the ITCZ over the southern central part of the continent. 3.4, Southern Temperate Zone The seasonal distribution of rainfall changes radically south of about 30°S, towards a distinct rainy period during the austral winter within the latitude band 30°S to 40°S, and a gradual change towards a more uniform distribution further south. Like in the northern.388 K. ROZANSKI, L. ARAGUAS ARAGUAS. Oxygen-18 [%ee] & -I5 -100 5 0 5 10 152 20 2 30 Mean monthly temperature [C] “= HOWARD ~ CUIABA, X= ARGENTINE ISL. “© STANLEY “a” PORTO ALEGRE Oxygen-18 [°/.} a 0 30 100 150 += 200250300350 Monthly precipitation [mm] Fig. 5- The relationship between long-term mean 5"O of monthly precipitation, mean monthly surface air temperature (a) and mean monthly precipitation (b) for selected stations of the region (Howard 79.60°W, 8.92°N; Cuiaba 56.10°W, 15.60°S; Porto Alegre 51.18°W, 30.08°S; Stanley 57.87°W, 51.70°S; Argentine Island 64.27°W, 65.25°S). The lines connect data points representing consecutive months.STABLE ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF PRECIPITATION temperate zone, the isotopic composition of precipitation is controlled mainly by seasonal changes of temperature, with a maximum of 8"O and 8H during the austral summer and a minimum during winter (Fig. 4b). Also the range of absolute values for 5"O and &H issimilar to those observed at comparable latitudes of the northern hemisphere, which is related to the relative position of these regions with respect to major sources of water vapour in the tropics. 4, ISOTOPIC SIGNATURE OF RAINFALL AND CLIMATIC PARAMETERS ‘The apparent relationship between the isotopic composition of precipitation and some climatically relevant parameters, such as surface air temperature or amount of precipitation, provides a basis for numerous studies aimed at extracting palacoclimatic information from records of isotopic composition of ancient precipitation preserved in various environmental archives. Whereas for mid- and high latitudes the link between isotope signature of precipitation and climateisapparent mainly througha strong correlation between the isotopic composition of precipitation and temperature, in tropics the major controlling parameteris usually the amount of precipitation, This doublelinkageisillustrated in figure 5 showing the relationship between the long-term monthly means of 5"O, surface air temperature and precipitation amount for five stations in the region, covering the latitude band from 10°N to 65°S. Whereas for the stations located south of 40°S (Stanley and Argentine Island) the seasonal changes of 6O are strongly linked to variations of surface air temperature, in the transition region to the tropics (Porto Alegre) both temperature and amount of precipitation are important. In the tropics (Howard and Cuiaba), precipitation amount clearly dominates. Worth of noting is an apparent hysteresis of the seasonal isotope signal, especially pronounced in the tropics. References Cited ARAVENA, R., PENA, H., GRILLI, A., SUZUKI, . & MORDECKAI, M., 1989 - Evolucién isotépica de las fluvias y origen de las masas de aire en el Altiplano chileno. in: Technical Document [AEA TECDOC $92: 199-143; Vienna: International Atornie Energy Agency. DANSGAARD, W,, 1964 - Stable isotopes in precipitation. Tellus, 16: 436-468, FRERE, M., RIJKS, .Q. & REA, J,, 1978 - Estudio agroclimatol6gico de la zona Andina, Technical Report ‘No. 506, 253p., Geneva: World Meteorological Organization, GONFIANTINI, R,, 1985 - On the isotopic composition of precipitation in tropical stations. Acta ‘Amazontica, 15: 121-139, GRAEDEL, TE. & CRUTZEN, PJ, 1993 - Atmospheric change: An Earth system perspective, 446p., New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. AEA, 1969,1970,1971,1973, 1975, 1979, 1983,1986, 1990, 194 - World Survey of Isotope Concentrations in Brecipitation. Technical Report Series Nos. 69, 117, 129, 147, 165, 192, 226, 264, 331, 371, Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. IAEA, 1992--Statistical treatment of data on environmental isotopes in precipitation. Technical Series No. 331, 720p,, Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.390 K. ROZANSKI, L. ARAGUAS ARAGUAS. MOSER, H., SILVA, C., STICHLER, W. & STOWHAS, L., 1975 - Variation in the isotopic content of recipitation with altitude in the Andes. Final Report IAEA Research Contract No. 813/RB, Vienna: international Atomic Energy Agency. ROZANSKI, K,, ARAGUAS-ARAGUAS, L., & GONFIANTINI R,, 1993 - Isotopic patterns in modern obal precipitation. in: Climate Chanige in Continental Isotopic Records. Geophysical Monograph 78: 36, Americal Geophysical Union. VICTORIA, RL. MARTINELLI L.A. MORTATTI,J. & RICHEY, J,, 1991 -Mechanism of water recycling in the Amazon Basin: isotopic insights. Ambio, 20; 384-387. VOGEL, J.C., LERMAN, J.C. & MOOK, W.G,, 1975 - Natural isotopes in surface and groundwater from. ‘Argentina. Hydroiogical Sciences Bulletin, 20; 203-221, YURTSEVER, Y. & GAT, [.R,, 1981 - Atmospheric waters. In: Stable Isotope Hydrology: Deuterium and ‘Oxygen-i18 in the Water Cycle. Technical Report Series No. 210: 103-142, Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.