G. Lombardi* The Ground Deformation Notes in the Calculation of Arched Dams by the Arch-Cantilever Method I. Introduction The necessity to account for the deformation of the foundation rock in the calculation of arch Gams is already out of discussion for some time. However, the normally employed methods in the caleulation of arch dams by the atch-cantilever method by several cantilevers and numerous arches fate not satisfactory. Indeed it is generally ab- mitted that every element, arch or cantilever, is founded on the foundation rock independently of the clements of the other crossing system. One accounts, in a later step of calculation, for the influence upon the arches of the ground displace- ments caused by the load coming from the canti- levers and, reciptocally, for the influence ‘upon the cantilevers, of the ground displacements due to the abutment reactions of the arches. It is lear that to be exact such procedure requires sometimes a greater number of successive tlera- ‘tions. In fact, as the arches are hyper-static structures, a displacement of the foundation modi- fics the forces acting on the ground. It is, more over, the whole repartition of the extemal radial pressure between the arches and the cantilevers which finds itself affected by these successive foundation movements, The proposition, therefore, is to expose in the following a calculation method for which this iteration would not be necessary any more, ic., 8 direct procedure of calculation, To do so, it is necessary to admit that the comportment of the dam is that of a thin dam, as T have defined it in my work “Les barrages en Youle mince.” The differential equations of the shells can, therefore, be applied In the following. reference will be made to this work conecrning the symbols and defiitions. Nevertheless a list of the symbols used is given at the end of the present paper. I, Principle of the Calculation To reach the proposed purpose, it is necas- sary to know a priori the displacements of the foundation of each element (arch, resp. ca lever) and which are caused by the perpendicular *Dr. Ing, Consulting Engineer, Switzeand, 14 element (cantilever, resp, atch) founded at the: same point. In other words, one must, for calcu- lating an arch, know the abutment reactions of the cantilever on the foundation at the same point. This is not possible unless a ditect relation between the abutment reaction of the arch and the reactions of the cantilever on the foundation: at the same point can be established, and vice versa, It is clear that, in order to obtain exact results, the mentioned relation between the reactions of the one and those of the other element will have to correspond to the ratio one will find for the actual state of strain and stress of the dam. Let Fig. 1 Element of the, mean surface of the dam us admit for the purpose of simplicity, that the surface of the foundation is perpendicular to the mean surface of the arch dam. Thus the only Variable subsisting in this calculation is the angle ¥ a6 defined in Figure I, the angle included be- tween the foundation line’ of the developed mean. surface and the vertical direction, ‘As we have, by hypottiesis, considered the dam to be analysed as behaving’ according to the Gifferential equations of a shell, we shall be able to define, on the mean surface,’ the principal trac- ‘ings for all the plate and membrane forces acting jn the dam (see “Les barrages en yodte mince”), Now it is known that, if the dam is perfectly clamped in the foundation ground, it is as if the foundation rock is undeformable, the principal direction of the moments and those of the shear- ing. forces of the shell are perpendicular to the foundation line. In the case which concerns us though, the dam is not perfectly clamped in the foundation, as this is why one wishes to account for the ground de- formations. One may. on the other hand, with sufficient precision, admit even in this case, that INDIAN JOURNAL OF POWER & RIVER VALLEY DEVELOPMENT‘the lines of principal forces temain perpendicular 4o the foundation line. By referring for instance to the method of Vogt, one may see that these lines ‘of principal forces are not perpendicular to. the foundation line but to @ fine in which the dam is supposed to be perfectly clamped in, admitted by this author at a certain depth under the found- ‘tion surface. Now, if the change of the dam's thickness along the foundation line is not too abrupt, one may see that this supposed fixed line is practically parallel to the foundation line, which justifies our hypothesis, On the other hand, if one should want to ac- ‘count for the slight divergence these two lines may present. there would not be on principle any difficulty to complete the formulas which we shall give lafer on By considering the principal directions of the membrane forces, i.e., those telative to the normal force of the arch and to the tangential forces, one finds oneself before @ certain difficulty. It is, Known that the direction of the thrust of the arches is horizontal only at the central zone of the dam and inclined towards the abutments. Now it does not seem possible to indicate, for the instant, the inclination which these lines of principal forces will have to the horizontal live in the point of their impact on the foundation. Furthermore, as is known, the arch-cantilever method, even with its complement relative to the twisting action, does not always consider the tangential shear forces in ‘the mean shell surface. In this case one must ad- mit that the principal direction of the membrane forces are horizontal on the whole mean surface of the dam and specially on the foundation line. On the other hand, when we account for the tangen- tial shear forces, we shall admit a certain inclina- tion of these principal direction basing ourselves ‘upon preceding experiences of calculation, ‘There is, in this procedure, a certain apptoximation which will, (by the way) be so much exacter the better the actual Hines of principal forces will cor- respond to the a priori chosen angle. IIL. Relations between the Moments Tet us consider an element of the mean sur- face of an arch dam next to the foundation, oe wy Fig.8Eaubriam of the mares HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES SPECIAL NUMBER On the upper edge of this clement the forces ‘coming from the cantilever are acting, ic, the bending moment m, and the twisting moment 1x, On the vertical face the moments of the arch are acting. and more precisely m, and my. We admit that the twisting moments m,, and my are equal. Let us admit to know the bending moment of the arch, ie. m, and let us seek the bending moment m, of the cantilever and the twisting moment my, which must coexist with the ending moment m, in order to have the direction ‘of principal moments normal at the foundation Aine. ‘On principle the bending moment m, the bending moment m, and the twisting moment mm, respectively m,, act on the foundation, Now, if one considers the circle of Mohr corresponding ‘to these forces, fig. Man's rele fr moments ‘one immediately sees that m, must be null. It is ‘the same for the twisting moments my and mM as we find ourselves in the direction of the prin- cipal. moments. "Now it is easy, considering the equilibrium of these forces, to establish the following relations: () m, = m,sin'y +m,c0s'y +2m,,siny cosy On the other hand, Q). m, = m,cos'y +m,sin'y ‘= 2mg,005y.sity = 0 as well as G) m,, = —m,siny cosy +m,cosy siny “+mhysinhy— m,,c0s'y = 0 —=m,siny cosy'+ m,Siny COsy “+ By (Sin®9 ~ cOs'y) = 0 ‘The equation (2) becomes immediately @) m +miery —Imatgy = 0 and the relation (3) is transformed into: (sin'y ~c08%) 6) =m, +m, +, — siny - cosy ‘The following equations are immediately drawn from these relations: Ltt © mm =m, .— m,igy and tgp +cotgy () m= —m,te'y+2m,i8y | =m,te'y ‘Thus one obtains the relations which permit to determine all the plate moments at the foundation 15point as functions of the bending moment of the arch only. It is clear that one cbtaing also imme- diately by symmetry the following relations which give the values of these forces in function of the bending moment of the cantilever: @) m, = m,cotg'y (9) m,, = m.cofgy If one defines by M, the real bending moment of the considered arch and by b, its width in the vertical direction one finds that the bending moment acting on the foundation is m, M. m= ———— costy b.cos'y Respectively, if calculating with” the cantilever fone will find the following relation (10) m, m, M, a) m=— sinty b,.siny Let us note that, proceeding as we have done, the foundation is loaded only by a bending moment ‘m, and that one has no need to know the deforma- tion of the foundation surface under the effect of ‘twisting moments m, like this is necessary by the ‘Trial Load method, Indeed, this method considers, in a first step, the deflection of cach element independently of the others and does seek only in a later step to make the two displacements agree. IV. Relations between the Shearing Forces Let us again consider an clement of the mean surface of the dam as shown in fig. 4, and on which are acting the shear force q, of the vertical clement, those q, of the horizontal one, and finally the shear: ing force q existing on the foundation, fig. tga of se fe ‘As the direction of principal shear force is per- pendicular at the foundation surface, it is clear that ‘the shear force in a section perpendicular to the foundation is null. So we have: (2) q= qusiny +q,.cosy as well a8 (13) _qy-+90° = q,cosy — q,siny = 0 ‘One immediately draws the following relations: (14) ge = Gy.tgy and, respectively (13) _ gy = gzcotey considering the forces acting on the foundation and defining again by Qa the shear force of the arch, respectively by Qe those of the cantilever, we have Qo 1 w a6) a= cosy 16 ‘and respectively qe = Qe () q=——=—-— siny be siny which are the forces one must admit acting on the foundation when one knows the shearing forces of the one of the other of the two perpendicular ele- iments founded on the considered point. V. Relations between the Membran Forces To establish the relation between the membran forces with the hypothesis we have made, we must consider the thrust n, of the arch, the tangential forces, My and myx, and the normal vertical force n,, Let us again consider a triangular element of the mean surface as represented in fig. 5. Fig. Eatin of semtcan fore When calculating the displacement of the arch abutment, we neglect the normal force n. of the cantilever. (Indeed, on one side the proper weight ff the dam acts upon independent blocks and does not influence the comportment of the dam as a shell, ‘on the other side the vertical force n, has practically no influence upon the displacement of the arch foundation, which happens in a horizontal plane.) To find a relation between the membran forces, we must suppose to know the direction of the prin- cipal forces. We admit that it forms the angle « with the horizontal This angle is not excessive and one can admit it to be in the order of a= ped One sees on the other hand, that in the circle of Moke one may neglect n, (Which is the membran force acting perpendicular to the principal tracing). One can then write 1g 6 Motes erie and princi! drcine of enon free (18) My = nga Considering the fig. 5, one can then calculate the forces acting on the foundation by: (19) n= n,.cos'y +n,sin*y-+2ne,.cosy siny INDIAN JOURNAL OF POWDR & RIVER VALLEY DEVELOPMENT20) t= n,cosy sing —n,siny cosy “Bry (sinty —c08'y) which, with n,=0 and ty =n,(g4 becomes Qi =n, {cos'y+Zcosp sing tga} and (2) tony feosy .siny + (snty ~ cosy) Ag op In considering the real thickness of the arch taken into account, one obtains: ‘Na (23) n= —— {cost +2cosy .siny .tgo} ba and (24) {o0sy .siny + (sin*y — cos'y) .tg 0} For the cantilever calculation one could proceed in the same way, but it is clear that it would not ‘have sense to make n,, depend of m.. In any case the displacement in the vertical direction does not center into consideration for the instant, ‘VI. Summing up the Forces Summing up what have exposed before, we im- mediately find that, if the forces: ‘Ma, Qa and Na, ‘act in the arch, one must have, ‘the following forces: Ma ba.cosy Qa baccosy —.(costy + 2c0sy siny Ag «) ba Na « — {cosy siny + (sin'yy - co8y) tga} on the foundation, 25) m t ba, in order to have the direction of the principal moments and shearing forces perpendicular to the foundation line and the membran force principal line inclined by « on the horizontal. Even so, if in the vertical cantilever the forces Me and Qo exist, one must have on the foundation the following forces: (26) m= d, b,siny For completeness let us moreover indicate that, it in the cantilever a vertical stress Ne acts, ono ‘would have on the foundation the following forces: N a=— en sinty N — siny cosy b, ‘which, however, in the present calculation does not interest us. HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES SPECIAL SUMBER VII. Deformation of the Ground In this way are generally acting the following forces upon any clement of the foundation m, q 2, t We seck the resulting displacements caused by ‘these forces. To this effect we use the co-eficients normally employed by the Trial Load method and which have been published by the Bureau of Reclamation of the United States, Let us provisionally define by E the modulus of elasticity of the foundation ground, Fig. 7 indicates the forces acting upon the foundation in the dam mean surface. At fig. 8 we find the displacoments in the same plaue, of which displacement the two compovents s aud u are tangential, respectively normal at the foundation line, \ wa on fig 7 Feeas on foundation ‘The components 6y and sh ate measured in the direction of the two elements, arch avd cantilever. ‘One immediately finds: Fg. Displacements of the foundation kon ket and s as well as: 8) u=— E 09) Ba, = Eusiny—Es.cosy pansiny — kty-t.cosy Ba, = Eucosy +Essiny p.n.cosy + K>y.t.siny We notice that the co-efficient k*y can be calculated according to the Trial Load method. with the reciproqus ratio of the sides of the loaded foundation surface which is admitted to be rec- ‘angular, shaped. ‘Thereby is obtained : a (30) key =~ > Equally, if we now consider the perpendicular plone at the foundation sueface-and at the mean surface of the dam, we can compute the deforma- tions of rotation (Gee fig. 9) which we represent by veetors in the mean sutfact, according to fg, 10. a ky. > aeon surface of pe “ey A amoomrabrrrag Sectien| AeA 4 48 Perpencevian wuetion ot the meen curacy Yes wah * i Ve i : Mf ea Fig.t0Rolahens of the foundation Employing again the co-efficients of the Trial Load, one immediately finds : kam — ke’.g H GD @ + > Ea Ba kyq | Ky’sm 5. = E Ea where we have the retation g around the foundation ine and the radial displacement 8, perpendicular to the mean surface of the dam. It is now easy to decompose these deformations in the directions of each of the two elements, arch and cantilever, and one soon finds: kam —ka’.g (32) Eg, = (+) sity ea i Ee. ).00sy Kam ka’.g ea ky’ ky a4 a ken Est, = ky q¢——— a At Section VI we have found the relations ‘between the reactions of the arch abutment and ‘the forces which must act on the foundation so that the lines of principal forces correspond to the theory of the shells. We have found as well in Section VIL the deformations of the foundation surface consecutive to the forces acting on it. Now it is a question of combining the formulas to find immediately the displacements of the arch founda- tion in function only of the forces existing in the arch. In this way, starting from the telation (25) 18 Element of the mean srace INDIAN and introducing it into the relations (29) respec tively (2), we find the following equations; ku Mako” Qa W (33) By — be GH) Bsr, — cosy, a.c0sty.by (85) Bd, =Kp. [cos'y +2 cosy siny tau] Na cosy. ——+k y*. [cosy.siny . Na + (aty— coy tu sing, = { (kpcosty +k yin) cosy 12 kp.costy + ky* Ginty Na — cost} sinytga P| — which give, respectively, the rotation, the radial isplecement and the tangential one of the arch abutment point on the ground. IX. Deformation of the cantilever foundation. ‘In proceeding exactly as for the arch, one finds, starting from the relations (26) and (27), respec: tively (29) and (32), the following formulas for the cantilever: 3) Ex, ka” a Ne 8) B5, = kpsinty.— kyon. We furthermore note that the value “a” is, according to the Trial Load, the thickness of the a The ratio — dam at the considered poiat is that of & Fgtt Element of the mean surface Note: Concerning the ratio to admit for tho sides of the foundation rectangle, it is necessary to consider that ‘certain forces, ike 1, q and m, act on the whole rectang’e in the same’ divcotion and thei, on the contra tangential force t acts on he vighl side of the valley in Aiveetion opposed to tat on tbe left, It ie thenefore necessary to admit another ratio for this force, JOURNAL OF POWER & RIVER VALLEY DEVELOPMENT‘the sides of the rectangle which approximates best the developed foundation surface. The thicknesses by and b, of the two elements come out again at the fig. 11. X. Conclusions ‘One has seen in what precedes that the dis- placement of the foundation of any statical cle- ‘ment, arch or cantilever, can be expfessed in func- tion only of the forces acting in that element, One therefore immediately conceives the possibility of a direct calculation of the dam by the arch-cantilever- method without iteration operations, respectively without the necessity to introduce supplementary unknowns at the foundation points of the arches and cantilevers, not even to make the foundation of the ‘two crossing elements coincide in the same point. List of Notations y=angle of the foundation line vertical a= angle of the principal direction of ‘membran internal forces in an arch abutment point to horizontal E = modulus of elasticity in tension and compression of rock k= displacement coefficient of rock foundation a,b = sides of the equivalent rectangle to the developed foundation surface mgm, = bending moments in the shell per ‘unit length of sections mg. Myx = twisting moments in the shell pet ‘my tp 1, Udit length of sections ‘M,.M, = bending moments in the arch, resp. in the cantilever width of the arch resp. cantilever shearing forces in the shell per ‘unit Jength of sections 4,0, = shearing forces in the arch tesp. in the cantilever normal forces per unit length of sections in the shell tangential shearing forces per unit longth of sections in the shell N,N, = normal forces in the arch resp. the cantilever 8,45, 8,@ = components of the deflection of & point of the abutment rock baby sd DP mn, 0, Tags Br Reprinted from INDIAN JOURNAL OF POWER & RIVER VALLEY DEVELOPMENT, 6/2, Madan Street, Culcwtia-13. 9