(Eduwaves360) Rel Fun 12th (2019C) E

JEE (MAIN+ADVANCED)
RELATION & FUNCTION

CONTENT
S.No Pages
1. Theory 01 – 17
2. Exercise-1 (Special DPP) 18 – 29
3. Exercise-2 29 – 32
4. Exercise-3 (Section-A) 33 – 36
[Previous years JEE-Main problems]
5. Exercise-3 (Section-B) 36 – 38
[Previous years JEE-Advanced problems]
6. Exercise-4 (Section-A) 38 – 40
[Previous years CBSE problems]
7. Exercise-4 (Section-B) 40 – 41
[Potential Problems for Board Preparations]
8. Exercise-5 (Rank Booster) 41 – 42
9. Answer Key 43 – 47
RELATION & FUNCTION
RELATION & FUNCTION
1. ORDERED PAIRS :
An ordered pair consists of two elements written in a given fixed order. It should not be confused with a
set containing two elements.
Example :- Position of a point in a two dimensional plane is represented by an ordered pair (x, y).
1.1 Equality of ordered pairs :

Two ordered pairs (a1, b1) & (a2, b2) are said to be equal if a1 = a2 & b1 = b2
Eg. Find the values of a and b if (3a – 2, b + 3) = (2a – 1, 3)
3a – 2 = 2a – 1, b + 3 = 3  a = 1, b = 0
1.2 Cartesian Product of two sets :

Let A and B be any two non empty sets. The set of all ordered pairs (a, b) such that a A and b  B is
called as cartesian product of sets A and B and is denoted byA × B.
A = {1, 2, 3}; B = {p, q, r}
A × B = {(a, b) | a  A and b  B}
= {(1, p), (1, q), (1, r), (2, p), (2, q), (2, r), (3, p), (3, q), (3, r)}
Note : If n(A) = p, n(B) = q then n (A × B) = pq.
2. RELATION:
Every non-zero subset of A × B defines a relation from set A to set B.
Ex. : A = {1, 2, 3} n(A) = 3

B = {5, 6} n(B) = 2
A × B = [(1, 5) (1, 6) (2, 5) (2, 6) (3, 5) (3, 6)]
n (A × B) = 6
R1 = {(1, 5), (2, 5)}
R2 = {(2, 5), (2, 6)}
R3 = {(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 6)}
Are all examples of relation fromA B
2.1 Total number of Relations from A to B

Let number of relations from Ato B be x.
Let Acontain 'm' elements and B contain 'n' element's.
Number of element's in A × B = m× n
Number of non void subsets = mnC1 + mnC2 + ........ + mnCmn = 2mn – 1
Note : If R1 : A  B such that a R1 b  a + b = 10 means R1 relates those element a  A to

b  B such that sum a & b is 10.
Similarly if R2 :A B
a
Such that aR2b  = 2 means R2 relates those elements a  A to b  B such that ratio of
b
a to b is 2.
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RELATION & FUNCTION
2.2 Domain and Range of Relation:

If R be a relation from a set Ato set B. Then set of all first components or coordinates of ordered pairs
is called the domain of R, while the set of all second components or coordinates of the ordered pairs is
called as range of relation.
Let R : A  B (R is a relation defined from set A to set B) then
Domain : Set of all the first entries in R
{a | (a, b)  R}
Domain Range
Range : Set of all the second entries in R
{b | (a, b)  R} 3 2
E.g. A = {1, 3, 5, 7}; B = {2, 4, 6, 8}
5 4
Relation is aRb  a > b; a  A, b  B
R = {(3, 2), (5, 2), (5, 4), (7, 2), (7, 4), (7, 6) } 7 7
Domain = {3, 5, 7}
Range = {2, 4, 6}
2.3 Inverse of a Relation: Domain

R
Range
A a+2b=10 B
If R is a relation defined from A  B then R–1 is a relation 2 4
defined from B  A as 4 3
R–1 = {(b, a) | (a, b)  R} 6 2
8 1
i.e. domain is converted in to range elements and range is
10
converted into domain elements.
i.e. Domain of R = Range of R–1
Range of R = Domain of R–1
R–1
Domain Range
Ex. : If A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}. A B
B = {1, 2, 3, 4}. 1 2
2 4
& R : A  B such that a R b  a + 2b = 10, a  A, b  B
3 6
then R = {(2, 4) (4, 3) (6, 2), (8, 1)}
4 8
& R–1 = {(4, 2) (3, 4) (2, 6) (1, 8)}. 10
2.4 Types of Relation :
(i) Identity Relation :
Arelation defined on a setAis said to be an Identity relation if every element ofAis related to itself and
only to itself.
Eg.1 A relation defined on the set of natural number's as
with rule aRb  a = b is an identity relation
R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), .........}
Eg: 2 The relation IA = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} is an identity relation on set A = {1, 2, 3} but
{(1, 1), (2, 2), (1, 3)} are not identity relation.
Types of Relations
Reflexive Symmetric Transitive
RELATION & FUNCTION
(ii) Reflexive :
A relation defined on a set A is said to be reflexive if every element of A is related to itself but not
necessarily to itself.
i.e. aRb  a R b i.e. if a, b  R
Eg: Let A= {1, 2, 3} be a set then R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3), (2, 1)} is a reflexive relation on A.
R1 = {(1, 1), (3, 3), (2, 1), (6, 2)} is not a reflexive relation on A, because 2 Abut (6, 2)  R.
Note :
Every identity relation is a reflexive relation but every reflexive relation need not be an identity.
Eg : 2 A relation defined on set of natural numbers
aRb  a divides b (a, b)  N
R would always contain (a, a)  a  N because every natural number divides itself and hence it is a
reflexive relation. But it is not an identity relation since elements like (2, 4), (3, 6) …… also appear in R.
(iii) Symmetric Relation :

A relation defined on a set is said to be symmetric
if a R b  bRa i.e. If (a, b)  R then (b, a) must be necessarily there in the same relation.
Eg:
(i) a R b  a is parallel to b
It is a symmetric relation because if a is parallel to b then the line b is parallel to a.
(ii) L1 R L2  L1 is perpendicular to L2 is a symmetric relation.
(iii) a R b  a is brother of b is not a symmetric relation because if a is brother of b then b
is not necessarily brother of a, b can be sister also of a  (b, a)  R
(iv) a R b  a is a cousin of b. This is a symmetric relation.
(iv) Transitive relation :

A relation on set A is said to be transitive if a R b and b R c implies a R c.
(a, b)  R & (b, c)  R  (a, c)  R
On the set of natural numbers
Eg. : 1 a R b  (a – b) is even integer is transitive because if (a, b), (b, c)  R
a – b = 2m b – c = 2m a – c = 2(m + n)  (a, c)  R
Eg. : 2 On the set of natural numbers, the relation R defined by x R y  x < y is transitive because for
any
x , y, z  N if (x, y), (y, z)  N then x < y, y < z  x < z  (x, z)  R
(v) Equivalence Relation :

If a relation is Reflexive, Symmetric and Transitive then it is said to be an equivalence relation.
Eg. : (i) A relation defined on A : x R y  x = y where
A = {1, 2, 3}  R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} then
(a) Reflexive {(1, 1) (2, 2), (3, 3)}
(b) Symmetric
(c) Transitive  R is equivalence
(ii) A relation defined on a set of | | lines in a plane such that L1 R L2  L1 | | L2 is an
equivalence relation
(iii) Relation defined on the set of integer I
Prove that xRy  (x – y) is an equivalence relation.
RELATION & FUNCTION
FUNCTION
3. INTRODUCTION :
A function is like a machine which gives unique output for each input that is fed into it. But everymachine
is designed for certain defined inputs for eg. a juicer is designed for fruits & not for wood. Similarly
functions are defined for certain inputs which are called as its "domain" and corresponding outputs are
called "Range".
3.1 General Definition :

Definition-1 :
Let A and B be two sets and there exists a rule or manner or correspondence ‘ f ’which associates each
element ofA, a unique element in B. Then f is called a function or mapping fromAto B. It is denoted by
the symbol
f
f : A  B or A  B
which reads ‘ f ’is a function from A to B’ or ‘f maps A to B,
If an element a Ais associated with an element b  B then b is called ‘the f image of a’or ‘image of
a under f ’or ‘the value of the function 'f ' at a’. Also 'a' is called the pre-image of b or argument of b
under the function f. We write it as
b = f (a) or f : a  b or f : (a, b)
f f f f
A B A B A B A B
a p a p a p a p
b q b q b q b q
c r c r c r c r
d s d s d s d s
Function Not a function Function t
Not a function
As a particular type of relation, we can define a function as follows :
Definition-2 :
Arelation R from a set A to a set B is called a function if
(i) each element ofAis associated with some element of B.
(ii) each element ofAhas unique image in B.
Thus a function ‘ f ’from a set Ato a set B is a subset of A× B in which each 'a' belonging toA appears
in one and only one ordered pair belonging to 'f '.
Note : (1) Every function is a relation but every relation is not necessarily a function.
(2) A function is also called a mapping.
3.2 Domain, Co-domain & Range of A Function :

Let f : A  B, then the set Ais known as the domain of f & the set B is known as codomain of f.
The set of all 'f ' images of elements ofA is known as the range of f . Thus :
Domain of f = {a  a  A, (a, f(a))  f}
Range of f = {f(a)  a  A, f(a)  B, (a, f (a) )  f}
RELATION & FUNCTION
(1) It should be noted that range is a subset of codomain .

(2) If only the rule of function is given then the domain of the function is the set of those real numbers, where
function is defined.
(3) For a continuous function, the interval from minimum to maximum value of a function gives the range.
(4) Let f and g be function with domain D1 and D2 then the functions
f + g, f – g, fg, f g are defined as
(f + g)(x) = f (x) + g (x); Domain D1  D2
(f – g)(x) = f (x) – g (x); Domain D1  D2
(f g)(x) = f (x) · g (x); Domain D1  D2
f  f (x )
  (x) = ; Domain = {x  D1  D2 | g (x)  0}
g g( x )
3.3 Graphical Representation of a function :

The equation y = f(x) represents a function if a straight line drawn parallel to y-axis in its domain cuts the
graph of y = f(x) at only one point.
Rule for finding Domain :
(i) Expression under even root (i.e. square root, fourth root etc.)  0.
(ii) Denominator  0
(iii) If domain of y = f(x) & y = g(x) are D1 & D2 respectively then the domain of f(x) ± g(x) or f(x) · g(x) is
D1  D2
f (x )
(iv) Domain of is D1  D2 – {g(x) = 0}.
g( x )
3.4 IMPORTANT TYPES OF FUNCTIONS:

(i) Polynomial Function:
If a function f is defined by f (x) = a0 xn + a1 xn1 + a2 xn2 + ... + an1 x + an where n is a non negative
integer and a0, a1, a2, ..., an are real numbers and a0  0, then f is called a polynomial function of degree
n.Apolynomial function is always continuous.
NOTE: (a) A polynomial of degree one with no constant term is called an odd linear function
i.e. f(x) = ax , a  0
(b) There are two polynomial functions , satisfying the relation ;
f(x).f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x) . They are :
(i) f(x) = xn + 1 & (ii) f(x) = 1  xn , where n is a positive integer.
(c) A polynomial of odd degree has its range (– , ) but a polynomial of degree even has a range
which is always subset of R.
(ii) Algebraic Function:

A function f is called an algebraic function if it can be constructed using algebraic operations such as
addition, substraction, multiplication, division and taking roots, started with polynomials.
x 4  16x 2
e.g. f (x) = x 1 ;
2 g (x) = + (x – 2) × 3 x  1
x x
Note that all polynomial are algebraic but the converse is not true. Functions which are not algebraic are
known as transcedental function.
RELATION & FUNCTION
(iii) Fractional Rational Function:

g(x)
A rational function is a function of the form. y = f (x) = , where g (x) & h (x) are polynomials &
h(x)
h(x)  0. The domain of f (x) is set of real x such that h (x)  0.
2x 4  x 2  1
e.g. f (x) = ; D = {x | x  ± 2}
x2  4
(iv) Exponential Function:

A function f(x) = ax = ex ln a (a > 0 , a  1, x  R) is called an 0<a<1 a>1
exponential function. f (x) = ax is called an exponential function
because the variable x is the exponent. It should not be confused y=a
x
with power function. g (x) = x2 in which variable x is the base.
Note : For f (x) = ex domain is R and range is R+.
(v) Logarithmic function:

y = logax, x > 0, a > 0, a  1
a>1
y = loga x
Domain : R  or (0, )
1
Range : R or (, )
0<a<1
(vi) Absolute Value Function:
A function y = f (x) = x is called the absolute value function or Modulus function. It is defined as:
 x if x  0
y = x 
 x if x  0
For f (x) = | x |, domain is R and range is R+  {0}.
1 |x|
For f (x) = or 2 , domain is R – {0} and range is R+.
|x| x
Note : | x|  x,  x  R
(vii) Signum Function:
A function y= f (x) = Sgn (x) is defined as follows :

 1 for x  0 1 1
 0 for x  0  , x0
y = f (x) =  = x
  1 for x  0 
0, x0
Note that Sgn(Sgn x) = Sgn x;
Domain is R and range is {–1, 0, 1}.
RELATION & FUNCTION
(viii) Greatest Integer Or Step Up Function :
The function y = f (x) = [x] is called the greatest integer function where [x] denotes the greatest integer
less than or equal to x . Note that for :
1  x < 0 ; [x] =  1 0x< 1 ; [x] = 0
1x< 2 ; [x] = 1 2x < 3 ; [x] = 2 and so on.
For f (x) = [x], domain is R and range is I.
Properties of greatest integer function :
(a) [x]  x < [x] + 1 and

x  1 < [x]  x , 0  x  [x] < 1
(b) [x + m] = [x] + m if m is an integer.
(c) [x] + [y]  [x + y]  [x] + [y] + 1
(d) [x] + [ x] = 0 if x is an integer

=  1 otherwise.
(ix) Fractional Part Function :
It is defined as :
g (x) = {x} = x  [x].
e.g. the fractional part of the number 2.1 is
2.1 2 = 0.1 and the fractional part of  3.7 is 0.3. The period
of this function is 1 and graph of this function is as shown. y graph of y={x}
For f (x) = {x}, domain is R and range is [0, 1)
1
1
For f (x) = , domain is R – I, range is (1, )
{x} x
–1 O 1 2 3
Note : {x + n} = {x}
(a) Identity function :
The function f : A  A defined by f(x) = x  x  A is called the y=x

identity of A and is denoted by IA.
(b) Constant function :

y
Afunction f : A B is said to be a constant function if every element
of A has the same f image in B. Thus f : A  B ; f(x) = c ,  x  A , (0, c)
c  B is a constant function. y=c
x
e.g. f (x) = [{x}]; g(x) = sin2x + cos2x; h (x) = sgn(x2 – 3x + 4) etc.
RELATION & FUNCTION
Domain and Range of important trigonometric functions :
Function (f) Domain (Df) Range (Rf)

sin R [–1, 1]
cos R [–1, 1]
cosec R – n (–, –1]  [1, )

sec R – (2n + 1) (–, –1]  (1, )
2

tan R – (2n + 1) R
2
cot R – n R
RANGE :
Range of y = f(x) is the collection of all outputs f(x) corresponding to each real number of the domain.
To find the range of function

(i) First of all find the domain of y = f(x).
(ii) If domain is a set having only finite number of points, then range is the set of corresponding f(x) values.
(iii) If domain of y = f(x) is R or R– {Some finite points}, then express x in terms of y. From this find y for
x to be defined or real or form an equation in terms of x & apply the condition for real roots.
Note : For a continuous function interval from least to greatest value gives its range.
4. EQUAL OR IDENTICAL FUNCTIONS :
Two functions f & g are said to be equal if

(i) The domain of f = the domain of g. i.e. Df = Dg
(ii) The range of f = the range of g and i.e. Rf = Rg
(iii) f(x) = g(x) , for every x belonging to their common domain.
1 x
e.g. f (x) =& g(x) = 2 are identical functions.
x x
NOTE : Functions are also equal if their graphs are same
5. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS :
5.1 One-One Functions (Injective Mapping) :
Afunction f :A B is said to be a oneone function or injective mapping if different elements of Ahave
different f images in B. Thus for x1, x2 A & f(x1), f(x2)B,
f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2 or x1  x2  f(x1)  f(x2).
Examples: f : R  R, f (x) = x3 + 1 ; f (x) = e – x ; f (x) = ln x are all one-one functions.
RELATION & FUNCTION
Remember that a linear function is always one-one.

Diagramatically an injective mapping can be shown as
OR
one-one function one-one function

NOTE:
(i) A continuous function which is always increasing or decreasing in whole domain, then f(x) is oneone.
(ii) A function is one to one if and only if a horizontal line intersects its graph at most once.
5.2 Many-One Functions (Not Injective) :

Afunction f : A B is said to be a many one function if two or more elements ofAhave the same
f image in B. Thus f : A  B is many one if for;
x1, x2  A , f(x1) = f(x2) but x1  x2.
Examples : R  R f (x) = [ x ] ; f (x) = | x | ; f (x) = ax2 + bx + c ; f (x) = sin x are all examples of many
one function.
Diagramatically a many one mapping can be shown as
OR
many-one function many-one function
NOTE:
(i) Any continuous function which has atleast one local maximum or local minimum, is manyone. In other
words, if aline parallel to xaxis cuts the graph ofthe function at atleast at two points, then fis manyone.
(ii) If a function is oneone, it cannot be manyone and vice versa. if f : A  B
Number of One One mappings + Number of Many One mappings = Total number of mappings from
AB
RELATION & FUNCTION
5.3 Onto Functions (Surjective Mapping) :

If the function f : A B is such that each element in B (codomain) is the f image of atleast one element
in A, then we say that f is a function of A 'onto' B. Thus f : A  B is surjective iff  b  B,  some
a  A such that f (a) = b.
f : R  R f (x) = 2x +1; f : R  R+ f (x) = ex; f : R+  R f (x) = ln x are examples of onto functions.
Diagramatically surjective mapping can be shown as
OR
Note that:
(a) if range = codomain, then f (x) is onto.
(b) Any polynomial of degree odd defined on R is onto.
(c) if co-domain of f is not given then it is taken to be R.
5.4 Into Functions :

If f : A  B is such that there exists atleast one element in codomain which is not the image of any
element in domain, then f(x) is into.
e.g. f : R  R f (x) = [x], | x |, sgn x, f (x) = ax2 + bx + c are all examples of into functions.
Diagramatically into function can be shown as
OR
Note :
If a function is onto, it cannot be into and vice versa . (b) A polynomial of degree even defined from
R  R will always be into
Thus a function can be one of these four types :
(a) oneone onto (injective & surjective) (I  S)
(b) oneone into (injective but not surjective) (I  S )
(c) manyone onto (surjective but not injective) (S  I )
(d) manyone into (neither surjective nor injective) ( I  S )
Note :
If f is both injective & surjective, then it is called a Bijective mapping. The bijective functions are also
named as invertible, non singular or biuniform functions.
RELATION & FUNCTION
Some important points to remember :

If x, y are independent variables, then :
(i) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = k ln x or f(x) = 0.
(ii) f(xy) = f(x) · f(y)  f(x) = xn , n  R
(iii) f(x + y) = f(x) · f(y)  f(x) = akx.
(iv) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = kx, where k is a constant.
6. FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS :
7. COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS :
Let f : A  B & g : B  C be two functions. Then the function gof : A  C defined by
(gof) (x) = g (f(x))  x A
is called the composite of the two functions f & g. Diagramatically
x f (x)

    g (f(x)).
Thus the image of every x Aunder the function gof is h
the gimage of the fimage of x.
Note that gof is defined only if  x  A, f(x) is an A B C
element of the domain of g so that we can take its f g
gimage. Hence for the product gof of two functions f x f(x) h(x)
& g, the range of f must be a subset of the domain of g.
Note that gof in general is not equal to fog. g{f (x)} = h(x)
7.1 Properties of Composite Functions :

(i) The composite of functions is not commutative i.e. gof  fog .
(ii) The composite of functions is associative i.e. if f, g, h are three functions such that
fo (goh) & (fog) oh are defined, then fo (goh) = (fog) oh.
Associativety: f : (N)  I0 f(x) = 2x
1
g : I0  Q g(x) =
x
1
h : Q  R h(x) = ex
(hog)of = ho(gof) = e2x
(iii) The composite of two bijections is a bijection i.e. if f and g are two bijections such that gof is defined,
then gof is also a bijection.
RELATION & FUNCTION
8.1 Homogeneous Functions :
A function is said to be homogeneous with respect to any set of variables when each of its terms is of
the same degree with respect to those variables.
For example 5x2 + 3y2 – xy is homogeneous in x & y.
x  y cos x
f (x, y) = is not a homogeneous function and
y sin x  x
x y y x
f (x, y) = ln  ln ; x 2  y 2 + x ;
y x x y
y
x + y cos are homogeneous functions of degree one.
x
8.2 Bounded Functions :
Afunction is said to be bounded if f(x)  M , where M is a finite quantity.

e.g. f (x) = sin x is bounded in [–1, 1]
8.3 Implicit & Explicit Functions :

A function defined byan equation not solved for the dependent variable is called an IMPLICIT FUNCTION.
For eg. the equation x3 + y3 = 1 defines y as an implicit function. If y has been expressed in terms of
x alone then it is called an EXPLICIT FUNCTION . For ex : y = x3 + 6x2 – 12x + 7 defines y as on explicit
function of x.
8.4 Odd & Even Functions :

Suppose a function f is definedonthesymmetricinterval (–a,a)then
(1) If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’then f is said to be an even function.
e.g. f (x) = cos x ; g (x) = x² + 3.
(2) If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’then f is said to be an odd function.
e.g. f (x) = sin x; g (x) = x3 + x.
2
y=x y = x3 y=x
y = cos x
O O O O
Odd functions (Symmetric about origin) Even functions (Symmetric about y-axis)
NOTE :
(a) f (x)  f (x) = 0 => f (x) is even & f (x) + f (x) = 0 => f (x) is odd .
(b) A function may neither be odd nor even .
(c) Inverse of an even function is not defined and an even function can not be strictly monotonic
(d) Every even function is symmetric about the yaxis & everyodd function is symmetric about the origin.
RELATION & FUNCTION
(e) Every function defined on symmetric interval (– a, a) can be expressed as the sum of an even & an odd
function.
f ( x )  f (  x ) f ( x)  f (  x ) 2x  2x 2 x  2 x
e.g. f (x)   2x = +
2 2 2 2
EVEN ODD EVEN ODD
(f) The only function which is defined on the entire number line & is even and odd at the same time is f(x) =0.
Any non zero constant is even.
(g) If f and g both are even or both are odd then the function f.g will be even but if any one of them is odd
then f.g will be odd .
f (x) g (x) f (x) + g (x) f (x) - g (x) f (x).g (x) f(x) / g(x) (gof )(x) (f o g) (x)
odd odd odd odd even even odd odd
even even even even even even even even
odd even neither odd nor even neither odd nor even odd odd even even
even odd neither odd nor even neither odd nor even odd odd even even
9. INVERSE OF A FUNCTION :
Let f : A  B be a oneone & onto function, then their exists a unique function
g : B  A such that f(x) = y  g(y) = x,  x  A & y  B. Then g is said to be inverse of f.
Thus g = f1 : B  A = {(f(x), x)  (x, f(x))  f}.
Consider a one-one onto function with domain A = {a, b, c} & range B = {1, 2, 3}
f f –1
A B B A
a 1 1 a
b 2 2 b
c 3 3 c
Domain of f = {a, b, c} = Range of f–1

Range of f = {1, 2, 3} = Domain of f–1
Note : (a) Only one-one onto functions (i.e., Bijections) are invertible.
(b) To find the inverse
Step-1: write y = f (x)
Step-2: solve this equation for x in terms of y (if possible)
Step-3: To express f –1 as a function of x, interchange x and y.
RELATION & FUNCTION
9.1 Properties of Inverse of a Function :
(i) The inverse of Bijection is unique.

(ii) The inverse of Bijection is also bijection.
(iii) If f : A  B is Bijection & g : B  Ais inverse of f, then
fog = IB & gof = IA
(iv) If f : A  B and g : B  C are two bijections, then gof : A  C is a bijection and
(gof)–1 = f–1og–1
(v) fog  gof but if fog = gof then either f–1 = g or g–1 = f also
(fog) (x) = (gof) (x) = x
(vi) The graphs of f & g are the mirror images of each other in the line y = x.As shown in the figure given
below a point (x , y ) corresponding to y = x2(x>0) changes to (y, x) corresponding to y   x , the
changed form of x = y .
10. PERIODIC FUNCTIONS:

A function f(x) is called periodic if there exists a positive number T(T > 0) called the period of the
function such that f(x +T) = f(x) , for all values of x within the domain of x.
e.g. The function sin x & cos x both are periodic over 2 & tan x is periodic over .
Graphically :
If the graph repeats at fixed interval then function is said ,1
to be periodic and its period is the width of that interval. 2
For example graph of sin x repeats itself at an interval
of 2 0  2
f (x) = sin x
10.1 Properties of periodic function :
(a) f (T) = f (0) = f (T) , where ‘T’ is the period.
(b) Inverse of a periodic function does not exist.
(c) Every constant function is always periodic, with no fundamental period .
(d) If f (x) has a period T & g (x) also has a period T then it does not mean that f (x) + g (x)
must have a period T. e.g. f (x) =| sin x | + | cos x |; sin4x + cos4x
1
(e) If f(x) has a period p, then and f (x) also has a period p.
f (x )
RELATION & FUNCTION
(f) If f (x) and g (x) are periodic then f (x) + g (x) need not be periodic.
e.g. f (x) = cos x and g (x) = { x }
(g) if f(x) has a period T then f(ax + b) has a period T/a (a > 0).
(h) if period of f(x) is T1 and g(x) is T2 then period of f ± g , f · g, f/g is T = L.C.M. (T1, T2) provided
there does not exist any positive real less than T after which value repeats.
 a c  L.C.M (a , c)
Note : (1) L.C.M.  ,  = H.C.F (b, d ) .
b d
(2) L.C.M. of rational with irrational is not possible.
11. SOME GRAPHICAL TRANSFORMATIONS :

Y
y = f (x)
Consider the graph y = f(x) shown alongside. X

O
Y
y –  = f(x – )
(i) Graph of y –  = f (x – ) is drawn by shifting the
origin to (, ) & then translating the graph of
y = f(x) w.r.t. new axes (,)
X
O
Y
y = – f(x)
(ii) The graph of y = – f(x) is the mirror image of X

O
f(x) in X-axis.
y = |f (x)|
(iii) y = |f (x)| is mirror image of negative portion of

y = f(x) in X-axis. X
O
RELATION & FUNCTION
y = f (| x |)
(iv) y = f (| x |) is drawn by taking the mirror image of
positive x-axis graph in y-axis.
X
O
(v) The graph of |y| = f(x) is drawn by deleting |y| = f(x)

those portions of the graph y = f(x) which lie
below the X-axis and then taking the mirror O X
image of the remaining portion in the X-axis, as
shown alongside.
Y
x = f (y)
y=x
y = f (x)
(vi) x = f(y) is drawn by taking mirror image of

X
y = f(x) in the line y = x. O
y = f(–x)
(vii) y = f(–x) is drawn by taking the mirror image

of y = f(x) in Y-axis. X
O
RELATION & FUNCTION
Definition :
A binary composition (or operation) in a set S is a mapping from S × S to S.
The word binary is used since for two elements of a set S there exists a unique element in S, i.e. (a, b) is
mapped on some element of S.
Examples :
(1) Ordinary addition of numbers, i.e. +, is a binary operation in any set of numbers.
Addition is a binary operation in the set of natural numbers since the sum of any two natural numbers is
also a natural number. Similar is the case for integers, rationals, reals and complex numbers.
(2) Ordinary multiplication, i.e. ×, is a binary operation in the set N, Z, Q, R and C.
(3) Ordinary subtraction of numbers, i.e. –, is a binary operation in Z, Q and R. But it is not binary in N,
since 5 – 6  N.
(4) Division of numbers, i.e. ÷, is a binary operation in Q0 (non-zero rationals), R0 (non-zero reals) and
C0 (non zero complex numbers). But it is not binary in N and Z.
Laws of Binary Operation :

Let * be a binary operation defined in S, then
(i) * is said to be commutative if  a, b,  S,
(ii) * is said to be associative if  a, b, c  S,
a * (b * c) = (a * b) * c
Example :
(1) (a) Ordinary addition and multiplication of numbers over the set of real numbers are commutative and
associative but subtraction is neither commutative nor associative.
(b) Ordinary multiplication of numbers is distributive w.r. to addition of numbers.
(c) Additive identity is 0 (zero) and multiplicative identityis 1 (one).

1
(d) Additive inverse of a is –a and multiplicative inverse of a is .
a
(2) Division of numbers is neither commutative nor associative.
RELATION & FUNCTION
EXERCISE-1 (SPECIAL DPP)
SPECIAL DPP-1
Q.1 Let R be the set of real numbers. Consider the following subsets of R × R.
S = { (x, y) : y = x + 1 and 0 < x < 2}, T = { (x, y) : x – y is an integer}.
Which one of the following is true?
(A) Neither S nor T is an equivalence relation on R.
(B) Both S and T are equivalence relations on R.
(C) S is an equivalence relation on R but T is not.
(D) T is an equivalence relation on R but S is not.
Q.2 Let a relation R on the set N of natural numbers be defined as (x, y)  x2 – 4xy + 3y2 = 0
 x, y  N, then the relation R is
(A) reflexive (B) symmetric (C) transitive (D) an equivalence relation
Q.3 Let R = {(3, 3), (5, 5), (9, 9), (12, 12), (5, 12), (3, 9), (3, 12), (3, 5)} be a relation on the set
A = {3, 5, 9, 12}. Then R is
(A) reflexive, transitive but not symmetric (B) reflexive , symmetric but not transitive
(C) symmetric, transitive but not reflexive (D) an equivalence relation
1
Q.4 Let R be the relation on the set R of all real numbers defined by a R b if |a – b|  . Then R is
2
(A) reflexive and symmetric but not transitive (B) symmetric and transitive but not reflexive
(C) transitive but neither reflexive nor symmetric (D) reflexive, symmetric and transitive
Q.5 Let f (x) = – x100. If f (x) is divided by x2 + x then the remaineder is R(x) then the value of R(20), is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 10 (D) 20
 2f ( x ) 
Q.6 If x = log 4   then the value of f (2018) + f (– 2017) is equal to
 1  f (x) 
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4
Q.7 If f(x) is a polynomial function degree 5 with leading coefficient 1 such that f(1) = 8, f(2) = 27,

f(3) = 64, f(4) = 125, f(5) = 216, then the value of f (6)  21  14 is 
(A) 8 (B) 6 (C) 5 (D) 3
Q.8 If a polynomial function 'f ' satisfies the relation
 
 
 2 2   f (x) 
log 2 f ( x )  = log 2  2    .....  · log3 1  and f (10) = 1001,
 3 9   1
 f  
  x
then the value of f (20) is
(A) 2002 (B) 7999 (C) 8001 (D) 16001
RELATION & FUNCTION
Q.9 If f(x) is a polynomial of degree 4 with leading coefficient unity satisfying f(1) = 1, f(2) = 2, f(3) = 3, then
 f (2)  f (6) 
 f (0)  f (4)  is equal to
 
[Note : [y] denotes greatest integer function less than or equal to y.]
(A) 15 (B) 16 (C) 17 (D) 18
Q.10 Let f be a polynomial function which satisfies the relation

 x  x 1 1 x3
f(x) + f  2  + f   = f (x) · f    3  6 + 2  x  R – {0}, f (1)  1 and f (2) = 9.
y  y y y y
100
The value of  f (r) equals
r 1
(A) 5050 (B) (5050)2 (C) 100 + (5050)2 (D) 100 + (5050)3
Q.11 Let P(x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, where a, b, c, d  R.

Suppose P(0) = 6, P(1) = 7, P(2) = 8 and P(3) = 9, then find the value of P(4).
SPECIAL DPP-2
 10 x  4 
Q.1 Let f ( x )  log 2    1 . Then sum of all integers in domain of f(x) is
 4  x2 
(A) – 15 (B) – 16 (C) – 17 (D) – 18
sin x
Q.2 The domain of the function, f (x) = is
( x  2) (8  x )
(A) [0, ]  [2, 8) (B) (2, ]  [2, 8)
(C) (2, 8) (D) (0, 8)
Q.3 If domain of y = f(x) is [–3, 2], then domain of f  [ x ]  is equal to

[Note: [k] denotes greatest integer function less than or equal to k.]
(A) [–3, 2] (B) [–2, 3) (C) [–3, 3] (D) [–2, 3]
Q.4 If f (x) = Min. {x + 6, |x + e + 1|, e–x}, then maximum value of f (x) is

e5 7e
(A) (B) 2e (C) e (D)
2 2
The complete set of values of k for which the equation x  6 x  sgn 1 | sin x |  8 = k2 has
2
Q.5
exactly 4 distinct solutions is
[Note: sgn (k) denotes signum function of k.]
(A) (– 4, 4) (B) (0, 16) (C) (0, 4) (D) (– 4, 0)  (0, 4)
RELATION & FUNCTION
Q.6  
If f(x) = min.  2 x  4 , x 2  4 , then maximum value of f (x) is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4
Q.7 If [x]2 – 5[x] + 6 = 0, where [k] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to k,
then total set of values of 'x' is
(A) x  [3, 4) (B) x  [2, 3] (C) x  {2, 3} (D) x  [2, 4)
Q.8 Number of integral values of x in the domain of function f (x) = ln ln | x |  7 | x |  | x |2 10

is equal to
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 7
Q.9 If minimum and maximum values of f(x) = 2|x – 1| + |x + 3| – 3|x – 4| are m and M respectively then
(m + M) equals
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Q.10  
If the domain of g(x) is [3, 4], then the domain of g log 2 ( x 2  3x  2) is
3 
(A) [–4, –1]  [2, 7] (B) [–3, 2] (C) [–6, –5]  [2, 3] (D)  , 5
2 
Q.11    
Consider, f(x) = x  [log2 (2  x )] + x  [log 2 ( 2  x 2 )] + ...... + x  [log 2 ( 2  x10 )]
Identify the correct statement(s)
(A) [f(e)] = 7.
(B) f() = 20 – 60.
(C) the number of solutions of the equation f(x) = x is 9.
(D) the number of solutions of the equation f(x) = x is 10.
[Note : {y} and [y] denotes the fractional part function and greatest integer function respectively.]
SPECIAL DPP-3
8
Q.1 The range of the function y = is
9  x2
8   8 8 
(A) (– , ) – {± 3} (B)  ,   (C)  0,  (D) (– , 0)  ,  
9   9 9 
2
e x ln x 5( x  2 ) ( x 2  7 x  10)
Q.2 The range of the function f(x) = is
2 x 2  11x  12
3  3 
(A) ( , ) (B) [0 , ) (C)  ,   (D)  , 4 
2  2 
RELATION & FUNCTION
Q.3 The domain and range of the function f(x) = cosec–1 log 3 4 sec x 2 are respectively
1 2 sec x
    
(A) R ;   ,  (B) R+ ;  0, 
 2 2  2
          
(C)  2n  ,2n    {2n};  0,  (D)  2n  ,2n    {2n};   ,   {0}
 2 2  2  2 2  2 2
Q.4 The range of the function f ( x )  log

2 7
(4 x  2 x  1) is equal to
cos ec
3
(A) (– , 1] (B) [– 1, ) (C) (– , – 1] (D) [1, )
x ( x 2  1)
Q.5 Number of integers in the range of the function f (x) = is equal to
x4  x2 1
(A)1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
2 x 2  10 x ,    x  5
 2
Q.6 Let f(x) =  x  5, 5  x  3
 x  1,
2
3 x  

Number of negative integers in the range of the function f(x) is
(A) 6 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 3
ex 1
Q.7 For the function f (x) = , if n(d) denotes the number of integers which are not in its domain and
ex 1
n(r) denotes the number of integers which are not in its range, then n(d) + n(r) is equal to
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) Infinite
1 4 3
Q.8 If the fractional part of and x2 for some x  ( 2 , 3 ) are equal then the value of x  is
x x
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 5
x2  x  c 5 3
Q.9 If the range of function f (x) = 2 , x  R is  ,  then c is equal to
x  2x  c 6 2
(A) –4 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
4l 2  2l 2
Q.10 If x = and y = where 'l' is a parameter and range of f(x, y) = x2 – xy + y2 is [a, b] then
1 l2 1 l2
(a + b) is equal to
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 12
Q.11 Find the number of integer in the range of the function,

x
f (x) = sin
2
+ 16  x 2 + x + log2 x ( x  2)  .
RELATION & FUNCTION
SPECIAL DPP-4
Q.1 Which of the following statements are incorrect?

I If f (x) and g (x) are one to one then f (x) + g(x) is also one to one.
II If f (x) and g (x) are one-one then f (x) · g(x) is also one-one.
III If f (x) is odd then it is necessarily one to one.
(A) I and II only (B) II and III only (C) III and I only (D) I, II and III
Q.2 Let f : [0, 2]  [2, 5] be defined as f(x) = 3x2 – 6x + 5, then f(x) is

(A) injective but not surjective (B) surjective but not injective
(C) injective as well as surjective (D) neither injective nor surjective
Q.3 If the functions f (x) and g(x) are defined on R  R such that
 x  3, x  rational x  5 , x  irrational
f (x) =  4 x , x  irrational and g(x) = 
   x , x  rational
then (f – g) (x) is
(A) one - one and onto (B) neither one-one nor onto
(C) one-one but not onto (D) onto but not one-one
Q.4 Let f : R  [1, ) be defined as f (x) = log10  3x 2  4 x  k  1  10  . If f (x) is surjective, then

 
1 1 1
(A) k = (B) k < (C) k > (D) k = 1
3 3 3
Q.5 Which one of the following function is surjective but not injective?
(A) f : R  R, f (x) = x3 + x + 1 (B) f : [0, )  (0, 1]; f(x) = e–| x |.
(C) f : R  R, f (x) = x3 + 2x2 – x + 1 (D) f : R  R+ , f (x) = 1 x 2
Q.6 Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4}. If f : A  B is an one-one function and

f (x)  x for all x A, then the number of such possible functions, is
(A) 6 (B) 9 (C) 24 (D) 44
Q.7 Let p, q, r  R such that 3q > p2. Then the function g : R  R given by g(x) = x3 + px2 + qx + r, is
(A) one-one and onto (B) onto but not one-one
(C) one-one but not onto (D) neither one-one nor onto
Q.8 Consider the function f (x) = x  1  x  , then which of the following is/are CORRECT?

(A) Range of f (x) is  1, 2 . 
(B) f is many one.
(C) f is either even or odd.

(D) Range of f (x) is identical to range of g (x) = 2 cos x   .
 4
RELATION & FUNCTION
x  p 2 , for x  2
Q.9 Let a function f defined from R  R as f (x) = 
px  5, for x  2
If the function is surjective, then find the sum of all possible integral values of p in [– 100, 100].
 2x  1 
Q.10 Let f be a function satisfying the functional equation f(x) + 2f   = 3x, x  2,
 x2 
f (3)
then find the value of .
f (7 )
SPECIAL DPP-5
x|x| if x  1

Q.1 Let F (x) =  [1  x ]  [1  x ] if  1  x  1
  x | x | if x 1
where [x] denotes the greatest integer function then F(x) is
(A) even (B) odd
(C) neither odd nor even (D) even as well as odd
1
 1 7
Q.2 If g(x) =  4 cos 4 x  2 cos 2 x  cos 4 x  x 7  , then the value of gg(100)  is equal to
 2 
(A) – 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 100
Q.3 If f(x) is defined on (0, 1), then the domain of definition of f(ex) + f (ln | x | ) is
(A) (– e, – 1) (B) (– e, – 1)  (1, e)
(C) (– , – 1)  (1, ) (D) ( – e, e)
2  x , x  0
Q.4 Let f (x) = 4  x , x  0 .

If f f ( x )  = k has atleast one solution, then smallest value of k is
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 6
Q.5 If f  g( x )  = g  f ( x )  = x for all real numbers x, and f(2) = 5 and f(5) = 3, then the value of
g(3) + g  f (2)  is
(A) 7 (B) 5 (C) 3 (D) 2
Q.6 Let f : A B and g : B  C be two functions and gof : A C is defined. Then which of the following
statement(s) is true?
(A) If gof is onto then f must be onto.
(B) If f is into and g is onto then gof must be onto function.
(C) If gof is one-one then g is not necessarily one-one.
(D) If f is injective and g is surjective then gof must be bijective mapping.
RELATION & FUNCTION
x 2  4, if | x |  3
Q.7 Let f(x) = 
5 sgn | x  3 |, if | x |  3

and g(x) = 2 tan–1 (ex) – for all x  R, then which of the following is(are) correct?
2
[Note: sgn(k) denotes the signum function of k.]
(A) fog(x) is an even function. (B) gof (x) is an even function.
(C) gog (x) is an odd function . (D) fof (x) is an odd function.
Q.8 Let f(x) = ln x and g(x) = x2 – 1

Column-Icontains composite functions and column-IIcontains their domain. Match the entries of column-
I with their corresponding answer is column-II.
Column-I Column-II
(A) fog (P) (1, )
(B) gof (Q) (–, )
(C) fof (R) (–, –1)  (1, )
(D) gog (S) (0, )
 1 
Q.9 Let f(x) =   where [y] and {y} denote greatest integer and fractional part functions respectively
 cos{x} 
and g(x) = 2x2 – 3x(k + 1) + k(3k + 1). If gf ( x )  < 0  x  R then find the number of integral values
of k.
 1 x   1
Q.10 If h(x) = Ax5 + B sin x + C ln   + 7, where A, B, C are non-zero real constants and h   = 6,
 1 x   2 
 sgn(e  x ) 
then find the vale of h  .

 2 
SPECIAL DPP-6
4 4x
Let f : R     R    be a function defined as f(x) =
4
Q.1 . The inverse of f is the map
 3  3 3x  4
4  4
g : R–  R–   is given by
3  3 
3y 4y 4y 3y
(A) g(y) = (B) g(y) = (C) g(y) = (D) g(y) =
3  4y 4  3y 3  4y 4  3y
Q.2 The function f (x) is defined by f (x) = cos4x + K cos22x + sin4x, where K is a constant. If the function
f (x) is a constant function, the value of k is
(A) – 1 (B) – 1/2 (C) 0 (D) 1/2 (E) 1
RELATION & FUNCTION
9
Q.3 If f (x) = 3  1 then the value of 'a' which satisfies f–1(2a – 4) = 1 , is
log 2 (3  2x ) 2
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
x
Q.4 Let f : [0, a]  S be a function defined by f(x) = 3 cos . If the largest value of a for which f(x) has an
2
–1
inverse function f (x) is k, then the value of k is
1 3
(A) (B) 1 (C) (D) 2
2 2
Q.5 Let f : (–, 2]  [6, ) be defined as f (x) = 4x2 – 16x + 22 and g(x) is a function such that graphs
of f(x) and g(x) are mirror image of each other with respect to line x – y = 0, then g(10) is equal to
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
3 7
Q.6 Let f (x) =  x  and g(x) be the inverse function of f (x) then the value of (f–1 og–1)(17) is
2 4
equal to
3  61 3  61
(A) (B) 242 (C) 17 (D)
2 2
Q.7 Let f be a function defined as
 1 
f :  0, e 2    ,   , f (x) = (ln x)2 + 3 ln x + 2 then f –1 (x) equals
3
  4 
  3  4x  1    3  4x  1 
(A) log 
 (B) log 

 2   2 
3 4 x 1 3 4 x 1
(C) e 2 (D) e 2
Q.8 Let g : R  R defined by g(x) = {ex}, where {x} denotes fractional part function.
Statement-1 : g(x) is periodic function.
Statement-2 : {x} is periodic function.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true
Q.9 Let f : I  I, defined as f (x) = 2 sin (2x) – 10 tan (5x) + 7 cos (4x) + 3, then which of the
following statement(s) is/are TRUE?
(A) f (x) is periodic function. (B) f (x) is an even function.
(C) f (x) is an odd function and its inverse exists. (D) f f f ( x )  = f f ( x )  for all x  I.
[Note : I denote the set of all integers.]
Q.10 If f : [2, )  [8, ) is a surjective function defined by f (x) = x2 – (p – 2)x + 3p – 2, p  R
n
then sum of values of p is m + n , where m, n  N. Find the value of .
m
RELATION & FUNCTION
SPECIAL DPP-7
Q.1 The graph of the function y = g (x) is shown.

1
The number of solutions of the equation g ( x )  1  , is
2
(A) 4
(B) 5
(C) 6
(D) 8
Q.2 Which of the following equations have the same graphs?

( x 2  4)
I. y = x – 2 II. y  III. (x + 2)y = x2 – 4
( x  2)
(A) I and II only. (B) I and III only.
(C) II and III only. (D)All the equations have different graphs.
Q.3 Which one of the following best represent the graph of function f (x) = e{| x |}.
[Note: { } denotes the fractional part of .]
y
y
y=e y=e
y=1
(A) y =1 (B)
x
x –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3
–2 –1 O 1 2 3
y y
y=e
(C) –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 x (D)
O O x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
1–e
Q.4 If f(x) = 2x – 1 then number of solution(s) of the equation f ( x ) = f (| x |  1) is(are)

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 8
Q.5 If f(x) = | x + 2 | + | 2x – p | + | x – 2 | attains its minimum value in the interval (–1, 1) then sum of all
possible integral value of p is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 4
Paragraph for question nos. 6 & 7

Let f (x) = x2 – 2x – 1  x  R. Let f : (– , a]  [b, ), where 'a' is the largest real number for which
f (x) is bijective.
Q.6 The value of (a + b) is equal to
(A) – 2 (B) – 1 (C) 0 (D) 1
Q.7 Let f : R  R, then range of values of k for which equation f (| x |) = k has 4 distinct real roots is
(A) (– 2, – 1) (B) (– 2, 0) (C) ( – 1, 0) (D) (0, 1)
RELATION & FUNCTION
Q.8 Let 'f' be a function defined in [–2, 3] given as
 3( x  1)1 / 3 ,  2  x  0

  ( x  1)2 , 0  x 1
f(x) =  2
 2( x  1) , 1 x  2
 x  4 x  3, 2  x  3
2
List-I List-II
(P) The number of integers in the range of f(x) is (1) 2
(Q) The number of integral values of x which are in the (2) 4
domain of f(1 – | x |), is
(R) The number of integers in the range of | f(–| x |)|, is (3) 6
(S) The number of integral values of k for which the equation (4) 7
f(| x |) = k has exactly four distinct solutions is
Code :
(A) P-3, Q-3, R-2, S-1 (B) P-4, Q-4, R-2, S-1
(C) P-3, Q-4, R-2, S-1 (D) P-3, Q-4, R-2, S-2
Q.9 The graph of the function y = f (x) is as follows.
Match the function mentioned in Column-I with the respective graph given in Column-II.
Column-I Column-II
y
1
–2 –1 1 2 x
(A) y = | f (x) | (P) O
–1
y
1
(B) y=f(|x|) (Q) –2 –1 O 1 2

x
–1
y
1
(C) y = f (– | x | ) (R) –2 –1 O 1 2
x
–1
y
1 1
(D) y = ( | f (x) | – f (x) ) (S) x

2 –2 –1 O 1 2
–1
RELATION & FUNCTION
SPECIAL DPP-8
p  2 2
Q.1 If the equation (p2 – 4)(p2 – 9)x3 +  x + (p – 4)(p2 – 5p + 6)x + {2p – 1} = 0 is satisfied by
 2 
all values of x in (0, 3] then sum of all possible integral values of 'p' is
(A) 0 (B) 5 (C) 9 (D) 10
[Note : {y} and [y] denote fractional part function and greatest integer function of y respectively.]
Q.2 The sum of all different values of  for which the equation 4[x]2 =  + 12 has a solution in [1, ) , is
[Note : [k] denotes greatest integer less than or equal to k.]
(A) 8 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 6
Paragraph for question nos. 3 & 4

  6 x 2  13   3x , 0  x  1
Let f be an even function satisfying f(x – 2) = f  x   2   x R and f(x)= 

 x  2 
 4  x , 1  x  4

[Note : [y] denotes greatest integer function of y.]
Q.3 The area bounded by the graph of f(x) and the x-axis from x = –1 to x = 9 is
31 15
(A) (B) 15 (C) 12 (D)
2 2
Q.4 The value of f(–89) –f(–67) + f(46) is equal to
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 7
Q.5 Consider, f(x) = (x2 – 1)1/3 for x < 0,

g(x) = –(x3 + 1)1/2 for x > –1
Identify which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct.
(A) The range of f f ( x )  is (–1, 0). (B) The domain of gg( x )  is (–1, 0).
(C) f –1og–1(x) = x  x  (– , 0). (D) g–1of–1(x) = x  x  (–1, ).
Q.6 The maximum value of the function defined by f (x) = min (ex , 2 + e2 – x, 8) is  then integral value
x x  [ ]
of x satisfying the inequality 2 < 0, is
x  [ ]x  12
[Note: [k] denotes greatest integer function less than or equal to k.]
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 6
Q.7 Let f be a constant function with domain R and g be a certain function with domain R.
f
Two ordered pairs in f are (4, a2 – 5) and (2, 4a – 9) for some real number a. Also domain of is
g
R – {7}. Then
1
(A) a = 2 (B)  f (10) 100 = 1 (C) (100)g(7) = 1 (D)  f ( x ) dx = 1
0
RELATION & FUNCTION
Q.8 If graph of a function f (x) which is defined in [–1, 4] is shown in the adjacent figure then identify the
correct statement(s).
f (x)
(A ) domain of f | x | 1 is [–5, 5] 2
(B) range of f | x | 1 is [0, 2] 1

–1 O x
(C) range of f  | x | is [–1, 0] 0 1 2 4
–1
(D) domain of f | x | is [–3, 3]
x
Q.9 Find the sum of all the solutions of the equation cot = log2 { x } in x (0, 100).
2
[Note: {k} denotes the fractional part function of k.]
 
Q.10 Let f(x) = sin x – cos2x. If f(x) = a has atleast one solution in 0, , then find the number of
 2 
integral values of a.
EXERCISE-2
Q.1 Find the domains of definitions of the following functions.

(Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest integers and fractional part functions respectively.)
(i) f (x) = cos2x  16  x 2
(ii) f (x) = log7 log5 log3 log2 (2x3 + 5x2  14x)
(iii) f (x) = ln  x 2  5x  24  x  2 
 
 2 log10 x  1 
(iv) f (x) = log100 x  
 x 
(v) f (x) = ( x 2  3x  10) . ln 2 ( x  3)
1 1 1
(vi) f (x) = + log1 – {x}(x2 – 3x + 10) + +
[x] 2| x| sec(sin x)
Q.2 Read the symbols [ ] and { } as greatest integer function less than or equal to x and fractional part function..
(i) Find the number of real values of x, satisfying the equation (x – 2)[x] = {x} – 1.
(ii) Find the number of solutions of the equation, x2  3x + [x] = 0 in the interval [0, 3].
(iii) If [x]2 + 3[x] – 10  0, then find the range of x.
(iv) If y = 
sgn x 2  2(k  1) x  4  is defined for all x  R then find number of integral
values of k. [Note: sgn (k) denotes signum function of k.]
RELATION & FUNCTION
Q.3 Identify the pair(s) of functions which are identical?

(where [x] denotes greatest integer and {x} denotes fractional part function)
(i) f (x) = sgn (x2 – 3x + 4) and g (x) = e[{x}]
1  cos 2 x
(ii) f (x) = and g (x) = tan x
1  cos 2 x
(iii) f (x) = ln(1 + x) + ln(1 – x) and g (x) = ln(1 – x2)
cos x 1 sin x
(iv) f (x) = and g (x) =
1  sin x cos x
Q.4 Classify the following functions as injective, surjective, both or none.

x 2  4x  30
(a) f : R  R, be a function defined by f(x) = .
x 2  8x  18
(b) f : R  R, be a function defined by f(x) = x3  6 x2 + 11x  6
(c) f : R  R, be a function defined by f(x) = (x2 + x + 5) (x2 + x  3)
x
(d) f : R  {x  R : – 1 < x < 1}, be a function defined by f(x) =
1 | x |
(e) f : [– 1, 3]  [ – 37, 27], be a function defined by f(x) = 2x – 6x2 – 18x + 17.
3
Q.5
(1  x  x 2 )(1  x 4 )
(i) If the function f : R+  A defined by f (x) = is surjective then find A.
x3
(ii) If f (x) = x2 – (a + 2)x + 4 is not injective in x  [–1, 1] then find complete set of values of 'a'.
Q.6 Solve the following problems from (a) to (e) on functional equation.
(a) The function f (x) defined on the real numbers has the property that f  f ( x )· 1  f ( x )  = – f (x) for all
x in the domain of f. If the number 3 is in the domain and range of f, compute the value of f (3).
(b) Suppose f is a real function satisfying f (x + f (x)) = 4 f (x) and f (1) = 4. Find the value of f (21).
(c) Let 'f ' be a function defined from R+  R+ . If [ f (xy)]2 = x  f ( y) 2 for all positive numbers x and y and
f (2) = 6, find the value of f (50).
(d) Let f (x) be a function with two properties

(i) for any two real number x and y, f (x + y) = x + f (y) and
(ii) f (0) = 2.
Find the value of f (100).
(e) Let f be a function such that f (3) = 1 and f (3x) = x + f (3x – 3) for all x. Then find the value of f (300).
(f) Let f (x) = ax + bx + 5, where a, b are the roots of the equation x2 – 3x + 4 = 0.

If 4f (5) + f (7) – 10 = k f(6), then find the value of k.
x3 1
(g) Find the domain of function, satisfying f (x) + f (x–1) = .
x
RELATION & FUNCTION
Q.7 Suppose f (x) = sin x and g (x) = 1 – x . Then find the domain and range of the following functions.
(a) fog (b) gof (c) fof (d) gog
    5
Q.8 If f(x) = sin²x +sin²  x    cos x cos x   and g    1 , then find (gof)(x).
 3  3 4
1 x 
Q.9 A function f : R  R is such that f   = x for all x  – 1. Prove the following.
1 x 
(a) f  f ( x )  = x (b) f 1 x  = – f (x), x  0 (c) f (– x – 2) = – f (x) – 2.
Q.10 Let f (x) = x135 + x125 – x115 + x5 + 1. If f (x) is divided by x3 – x then the remainder is some function
of x say g (x). Find the value of g (10).
Q.11 If f (x) = 1 + x  2 , 0  x  4
g (x) = 2  x ,  1  x  3
Then find fog (x) & gof (x) . Draw rough sketch of the graphs of fog (x) & gof (x) .
Q.12 Find whether the following functions are even or odd or none
x (a x  1)
(a) f(x) = log x  1  x 2  (b) f(x) = (c) f(x) = sin x + cos x
  a x 1
1  2 
2
x
(d) f(x) = x sin2 x  x3 (e) f(x)= sin x  cos x (f) f(x) =

2x
x x
(g) f(x)= x
 1 (h) f(x) = [(x+1)²]1/3 + [(x 1)²]1/3
e 1 2
Q.13(i) Write explicitly, functions of ydefined bythe following equations and also find the domains of definition
of the given implicit functions :
(a) 10x + 10y = 10 (b) x + y= 2y
(ii) The function f(x) is defined on the interval [0,1]. Find the domain of definition of the functions.
(a) f (sin x) (b) f (2x+3)
(iii) Given that y= f (x) is a function whose domain is [4, 7] and range is [–1, 9]. Find the range and domain of
1
(a) g (x) = f (x) (b) h (x) = f (x – 7)
3
Q.14 f (x) and g (x) are linear function such that for all x, f  g ( x )  and g  f ( x )  are Identity functions.
If f (0) = 4 and g (5) = 17, compute f (136).
Q.15
(i) Let P(x) = x6 + ax5 + bx4 + cx3 + dx2 + ex + f be a polynomial such that P(1) = 1 ; P(2) = 2 ; P(3) = 3;
P(4) = 4; P(5) = 5 and P(6) = 6 then find the value of P(7).
(ii) Let f (x) be a monic polynomial function of degree 6 such that f (1) = f (–1) = 5, f (2) = f (–2) = 8,
f (3) = f (–3) = 13, then find the value of f   2  f  3  .
RELATION & FUNCTION
Q.16 Let a and b be real numbers and let f (x) = a sin x + b 3

x + 4,  x  R. If f log10 (log 3 10)  = 5 then
find the value of f log10 (log10 3)  .
Q.17 Compute the inverse of the functions:

x
10 x  10  x
(a) f (x) = ln  x  x 2  1 (b) f (x) = 2 x  1 (c) y=
10 x  10  x
Q.18
 2x  3 
(i) Let f be a real valued invertible function such that f   = 5x – 2, x  2. Find f –1(13).
 x  2 
x 3  e2x  1  e4  7 
(ii) Let g : R  R be defined as g(x) = . If gf ( x )  = x while f   = , then find the

2  2 
number of solution(s) of the equation | x  2 |  3 –  = 0.
x , 2  x  1
x 2  2x , 1  x  0
Q.19(a) Let f(x) =  2
2 x  x , 0  x 1
2  x , 1 x  2
Find the number of integers in the range of f(x).
x 2  2,    x  0
x, 0x2
(b) Let g (x) =  2 .
( x  2) , 2  x  4
x  4, 4x
If the equation g (x) = k has four real and distinct roots, then find the sum of all possible integral values
of k.
 x ; x0
(c) If f(x) = | x  2 |; x  0 , then find the number of solutions of the equation f f ( x )  = 1.

cx 3
Q.20(a) If the function f defined as f (x) = , x satisfies f f ( x )  = x , then find the absolute value
2x  3 2
of sum of all possible values of c.
(b) Set A consists of six distinct elements and set B consists of 3 distinct elements. If the number of
N
surjective functions that can be defined from A  B is N, find the value of   .
 60 
RELATION & FUNCTION
EXERCISE-3
SECTION-A
(JEE-MAIN Previous Year's Questions)
RELATION
Q.1 Let R = {(1, 3), (4, 2), (2, 4), (2, 3), (3, 1)} be a releation on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4}. The relation R is
(1) transitive (2) not symmetric (3) reflexive (4) a function [AIEEE 2004]
Q.2 Let R = {(3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12), (6, 12), (3, 9), (3, 12), (3, 6)}, be relation on the set
A = {3, 6, 9, 12} . The relation is [AIEEE 2005]
(1) reflexive and transitive only (2) reflexive only
(3) an equilvalence relation (4) reflexive and symmetric only
Q.3 Let W denote the words in the English dictionary. Define the relation R by : R = {(x, y)  W × W | the
words x and y have at least one letter in common}. Then R is [AIEEE 2006]
(1) reflexive, symmetric and not transitive (2) reflexive, symmetric and transitive
(3) reflexive, not symmetric and transitive (4) not reflexive, symmetric and transitive
Q.4 Let R be the real line. Consider the following subsets of the plane R × R :
S = {(x, y): y = x + 1 and 0 < x < 2}
T = {(x, y) : x – y is an integer}.
Which one of the following is true? [AIEEE 2008]
(1) Both S and T are equivalence relations on R
(2) S is an equivalence relation on R but T is not
(3) T is an equivalence relation on R but S is not
(4) Neither S nor T is an equivalence relation on R
Q.5 If A, B and C are three sets such that A  B = A  C and A  B = A  C, then [AIEEE 2009]
(1) A = B (2) A = C (3) B = C (4) A B = 
Q.6 Consider the following relations

R = {(x, y) | x, y are real numbers and x = wy for some rational number w} ;
  m p  
S =   ,  m, n, p and q are integers such that n, q  0 and qm = pn  . Then
  n q  
(1) R is an equivalence relation but S is not an equivalence relation [AIEEE 2010]
(2) Neither R nor S is an equivalence relation
(3) S is an equivalence relation but Ris not an equivalence relation
(4) R and S both are equivalence relations
Q.7 Let R be the set of real numbers. [AIEEE 2011]

Statement-1 : A = {(x, y)  R × R : y – x is an integer} is an equivalence relation on R.
Statement-2 : B = {(x, y)  R × R : x = y for some rational number } is an equivalence relation
on R.
(1) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2 is the correct explanation of Statement-1.
(2) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2 is not the correct explanation of Statement-1
(3) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(4) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
RELATION & FUNCTION
Q.8 If X = {4n – 3n – 1 : n  N}} and Y = {9(n – 1) : n  N}, where N is the set of natural numbers, then
X  Y is equal to [JEE Main 2014]
(1) Y (2) N (3) Y – X (4) X
Q.9 Let Aand B be two sets containing four and two elements respectively. Then the number of subsets of
the set A × B, each having at least three elements is [JEE Main 2015]
(1) 275 (2) 510 (3) 219 (4) 256
FUNCTION
Q.1 The period of sin2 is [AIEEE 2002]

(1) 2 (2)  (3) 2 (4)
2
Q.2 The period of the function f(x) = sin4x + cos4x is [AIEEE 2002]

(1)  (2) (3) 2 (4) none of these
2
 5x  x 2 
Q.3 The domain of definition of the function f(x) = log10   is
 [AIEEE 2002]
 4 
(1) [1, 4] (2) [1, 0] (3) [0, 5] (4) [5, 0]
Q.4 The function f(x) = log (x + x 2  1 ), is [AIEEE 2003]

(1) neither an even nor an odd function (2) an even function
(3) an odd function (4) a periodic function
3
Q.5 Domain of definition of the function f(x) = + log10 (x3 – x), is [AIEEE 2003]
4  x2
(1) (– 1, 0)  (1, 2)  (2, ) (2) (1, 2)
(3) ( – 1, 0) (1, 2) (4) (1, 2)  (2, )
n
Q.6 If f : R  R satisfies f(x+ y) = f(x) + f(y), for all x, y  R and f(1) = 7, then  f ( r ) is
r 1
7 n (n  1) 7n 7( n  1)
(1) (2) (3) (4) 7n (n+1) [AIEEE 2003]
2 2 2
Q.7 A function f from the set of natural numbers to integers defined by
 n 1
 2 , when n is odd
f(n) =  n is [AIEEE 2003]
 , when n is even
 2
(1) neither one-one nor onto (2) one-one but not onto
(3) onto but not one-one (4) one-one and onto both
RELATION & FUNCTION
Q.8 The range of the function f(x) = 7– xPx–3 is [AIEEE 2004]

(1) {1, 2, 3} (2) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (3) {1, 2,3,4} (4) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Q.9 If f : R  S, defined byf(x) = sin x – 3 cos x + 1, is onto, then the interval of S is [AIEEE 2004]
(1) [0, 3] (2) [–1, 1] (3) [0, 1] (4) [–1, 3]
Q.10 The graph of the function y = f(x) is symmetrical about the line x = 2, then [AIEEE 2004]
(1) f(x+ 2) = f(x – 2) (2) f(2 + x) = f(2 – x) (3) f(x) = f(–x) (4) f(x) = – f(–x)
sin 1 ( x  3)
Q.11 The domain of the function f(x) = is [AIEEE 2004]
9  x2
(1) [2,3] (2) [2,3) (3) [1,2] (4) [1, 2)
2x
Q.12 Let f : (–1, 1)  B, be a function defined by f(x) = tan–1 , then f is both one-one and onto when
1 x2
B is the interval - [AIEEE 2005]
         
(1)  0,  (2) 0,  (3)  , (4)   , 
 2  2  2 2   2 2
Q.13 A real valued function f(x) satisfies the functional equation f(x – y) = f(x) f(y) – f (a – x) f(a + y)
where a is a given constant and f(0) = 1, then f(2a – x) is equal to - [AIEEE 2005]
(1) –f(x) (2) f(x) (3) f(a) + f(a – x) (4) f(–x)
     2 x  
Q.14 The largest interval lying in  2 , 2  for which the function f ( x )  4 x  cos 1  1  log (cos x )
 2  
is defined, is [AIEEE 2007]
        
(1) [0, ] (2)  2 , 2  (3)  4 , 2  (4) 0, 2 
 
Q.15 Let f : N  Y be a function defined as f(x) = 4x + 3 where Y = {y  N : y = 4x + 3 for some x  N}.

Then, the inverse of f (x), is [AIEEE 2008]
y3 y3 y 3 3y  4
(1) g(y) = 4 + (2) g(y) = (3) g(y) = (4) g(y) =
4 4 4 3
Q.16 For real x, let f(x) = x3 + 5x + 1, then [AIEEE 2009]

(1) f is one – one but not onto R (2) f is onto R but not one – one
(3) f is one – one and onto R (4) f is neither one – one nor onto R
Q.17 Let f(x) = (x + 1)2 –1, x  –1 [AIEEE 2009]

–1
Statement – 1 : The set {x : f(x) = f (x)} = {0, –1}.
Statement – 2 : f is a bijection.
(1) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is true; Statement -2 is a correct explanation for Statement -1
(2) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is true; Statement -2 is not a correct explanation for Statement -1
(3) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is false.
(4) Statement -1 is false, Statement -2 is true.
RELATION & FUNCTION
Q.18 If a  R and the equation – 3(x – [x])2 + 2 (x – [x]) + a2 = 0

(where [x] denotes the greatest integer  x) has no integral solution, then all possible values of a lie in the
interval
(1) (– , – 2)  (2, ) (2) (– 1, 0)  (0, 1)
(3) (1, 2) (4) (– 2, – 1) [JEE Main 2014]
1
Q.19 If f(x) + 2 f   = 3x, x  0, and S = {x  R : f(x) = f(– x)}; then S [JEE Main 2016]
x
(1) contains more than two elements. (2) is an empty set.
(3) contains exactly one element. (4) contains exactly two elements.
 1 1  x
Q.20 The function f : R   ,  defined as f(x) = , is [JEE Main 2017]
 2 2 1 x2
(1) invertible (2) injective but not surjective
(3) surjective but not injective (4) neither injective nor surjective
Q.21 Let a, b, c  R. If f(x) = ax2 + bx + c is such that a + b + c = 3 and [JEE Main 2017]
10
f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) + xy,  x, y  R, then  f (n ) is equal to
n 1
(1) 330 (2) 165 (3) 190 (4) 255
SECTION-B
(JEE-ADVANCE Previous Year's Questions)
 1 , x  0

Q.1 Let g (x) = 1 + x  [ x ] & f (x) =  0 , x  0 . Then for all x , f (g (x)) is equal to
1 , x0

[JEE 2001 (Screening), 1]
(A) x (B) 1 (C) f (x) (D) g (x)
[Note : [ . ] is Greatest Integer Function]
1
Q.2 If f : [1 , )  [2 , ) is given by , f (x) = x + , then f 1 (x) equals :
x
x  x2  4 x x  x2  4
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1  x2  4
2 1  x2 2
log2 (x  3)
Q.3 The domain of definition of f (x) = is : [ JEE 2001 (Screening), 1]
x 2  3x  2
(A) R \ { 1,  2} (B) ( 2, )
(C) R \ { 1,  2,  3} (D) ( 3, ) \ { 1,  2}
RELATION & FUNCTION
Q.4 Let E = {1, 2, 3, 4 } & F = {1, 2}. Then the number of onto functions from E to F is
(A) 14 (B) 16 (C) 12 (D) 8
x
Q.5 Let f (x) = x  1 , x  1 . Then for what value of  is f (f (x)) = x ? [JEE 2001 (Screening), 1]
(A) 2 (B)  2 (C) 1 (D)  1.
Q.6 Suppose f(x) = (x + 1)2 for x  –1. If g(x) is the function whose graph is the reflection of the graph of
f (x) with respect to the line y = x, then g(x) equals [JEE 2002 (Screening), 3 ]
1
(A) – x – 1, x  0 (B) , x  –1 (C) x  1 , x  –1 (D) x – 1, x  0
(x  1) 2
Q.7 Let function f : R R be defined by f (x) = 2x + sinx for x  R. Then f is

[JEE 2002 (Screening), 3 ]
(A) one to one and onto (B) one to one but NOT onto
(C) onto but NOT one to one (D) neither one to one nor onto
x2  x  2
Q.8 Range of the function f (x) = is [JEE 2003 (Scr),3]
x2  x 1
 7  7
(A) [1, 2] (B) [1,  ) (C) 2 ,  (D) 1, 
 3  3
x
Q.9 Let f (x) = defined from (0, )  [ 0, ) then by f (x) is [JEE 2003 (Scr),3]
1 x
(A) one- one but not onto (B) one- one and onto
(C) Many one but not onto (D) Many one and onto
Q.10 Let f (x) = sin x + cos x, g (x) = x2 – 1. Thus g ( f (x) ) is invertible for x [JEE 2004 (Screening)]
          
(A)  , 0 (B)  ,  (C)  ,  (D) 0, 
 2   2   4 4  2
Q.11 If the functions f (x) and g (x) are defined on R  R such that [JEE 2005 (Scr.)]
0, x  rational 0, x  irrational
 
f (x) =  , g (x) = 
 x, x  irrational  x, x  rational
then (f – g)(x) is
(A) one-one and onto (B) neither one-one nor onto
(C) one-one but not onto (D) onto but not one-one
RELATION & FUNCTION
Q.12 Let f (x) = x2 and g(x) = sin x for all x  R. Then the set of all x satisfying
(f o g o g o f ) (x) = (g o g o f) (x), where (f o g) (x) = f (g(x)), is [JEE 2011, 3]
(A)  n , n  {0, 1, 2, .......} (B)  n , n  {1, 2, .......}

(C) + 2n, n  {.... – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, .....} (D) 2n, n  {......., – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, .......}
2
Q.13 The function f : [0, 3]  [1, 29], defined by f(x) = 2x 3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1, is
(A) one-one and onto. (B) onto but not one-one.
(C) one-one but not onto. (D) neither one-one nor onto. [JEE 2012, 3]
2    
Q.14 Let f : (–1, 1)  R be such that f (cos 4) = 2 for    0,    ,  .
2  sec   4 4 2
1
Then the value(s) of f   is(are) [JEE 2012, 4]
3
3 3 2 2
(A) 1  (B) 1  (C) 1  (D) 1 
2 2 3 3
 
Q.15 Let f :  ,   R be given by f(x) =  log (sec x  tan x )  3 . [JEE-Adv. 2014, 3]
 2 2
Then
(A) f(x) is an odd function (B) f(x) is a one-one function
(C) f(x) is an onto function (D) f(x) is an even function
EXERCISE-4
SECTION-A
(CBSE Previous Year's Questions)
Q.1 Show that the relation R defined by R = {(a, b) : a – b is divisible by 3; a, b  Z} is an equivalence
relation. [CBSE 2008]
Q.2 Let  be a binary operation defined by a  b = 3a + 4b – 2. Find 4  5. [CBSE 2008]
3x  2
Q.3 If f(x) is an invertible function, find the inverse of f(x) = . [CBSE (AI) 2008]
5
Q.4 Let T be the set of all triangle in a plane with R as relation in T given by R = {(T1, T2) : T1  T2) }. Show
that R is an equivalence relation. [CBSE (AI) 2008]
n 1
 2 , if n is odd
Q.5 Let f : N  N be defined by f(n) =  n for all n  N. Find whether the function f is
 , if n is even
2
bijective. [CBSE (AI) 2009]
Q.6 Show that the relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} given by R = {(a, b) : | a – b| is even}, is an
equivalence relation. Show that all the elements of {1, 3, 5} are related to each other and all the elements
of {2, 4} are related to each other. But no element of {1, 3, 5} is related to any element of {2, 4}.
[CBSE (Delhi) 2009]
RELATION & FUNCTION
Q.7 Let f : N  R be a function defined as f(x) = 4x2 + 12x + 15. Show that f : N  Range (f) is invertible.
Find the inverse of f. [CBSE 2010]
Q.8 If f : R  R is given by f(x) = (3 – x3)1/3, determine f(f(x)). [CBSE (AI) 2010]
| x 1 |
Q.9 What is the range of the function f(x) = ? [CBSE (Delhi) 2010]
( x  1)
Q.10 Consider f : R+  [– 5, ) given by f(x) = 9x2 + 6x – 5. Show that f is invertible and
 y  6 1
f–1 (y) =  3
.
 [CBSE (F) 2010]
 
Q.11 Show that the relation R on the set A = {x  Z : 0  x  12}, given by

R = {(a, b) : | a – b | is a multiple of 4 } is an equivalence relation. [CBSE (AI) 2010]
Q.12 Consider the infimum binary operation  on the set S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} defined by a  b = minimum of
a and b. Write the composition table of the operation . [CBSE 2011]
Q.13 State the reason for the relation R in the set {1, 2, 3} given by R = {(1, 2), (2, 1)} not to be transitive.
[CBSE (Delhi) 2011]
Q.14 Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7} and let f = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)} be a function from A to B. State
whether f is one-one or not. [CBSE (AI) 2011]
Q.15 Let f : R  R be defined as f(x) = 10x + 7. Find the function g : R  R such that gof = fog = IR.
[CBSE (AI) 2011]
Q.16 Consider f : R+  [4, ] given by f(x) = x2 + 4. Show that f is invertible with the inverse (f–1) of f given
by f–1 (y) = y  4 , when R+ is the set of all non-negative real numbers. [CBSE (F) 2011]
Q.17 The binary operation  : R × R  R is defined as a  b = 2a + b. Find (2  3)  4. [CBSE 2012]

Q.18 Consider the binary operations  : R × R  R and o : R × R  R defined as a  b = | a – b | and
a o b = a for all a, b  R. Show that '' is commutative but not associative, 'o' is associative but not
commutative. [CBSE 2012]
x  1, if x is odd
Q.19 Show that f : N  N, given by f(x) = x  1, if x is even is both one-one and onto. [CBSE 2012]

x
Q.20 If the function f : R  R be given by f(x) = x2 + 2 and g : R  R be given by g(x)  , x  1, find
x 1
fog and gof and hence find fog (2) and gof (–3) [CBSE 2014]
Q.21 Determine whether the relation R defined on the set R of all real numbers as R = {(a, b) : a, b  R and
a – b + 3  S, where S is the set of all irrational numbers}, is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
[CBSE 2015]
Q.22 Let A = R × R and * be the binary operation on A defined by (a, b) * (c, d) = (a + c, b + d). Prove that
* is commutative and associative. Find the identity element for * onA.Also write the inverse element of
the element (3, –5) inA. [CBSE 2015]
RELATION & FUNCTION
Q.23 Let A = R × R and * be a binary operation on A defined by

(a, b) * (c, d) = (a + c, b + d)
Show that * is commutative and associative. Find the identity element for * on A.Also find the inverse
of every element (a, b) A. [CBSE 2016]
 4 4 4x  3
Q.24 Consider f : R –    R –   given by f (x) = . Show that f is bijective. Find the inverse
 3 3 3x  4
of f and hence find f– 1(0) and x such that f–1(x) = 2. [CBSE 2017]
Q.25 Let A = Q × Q and let  be a binary operation on A defined by (a, b)  (c, d) = (ac, b + ad) for
(a, b), (c, d) A. Determine,whether  is commutative and associative. Then, with respect to  on A
(i) Find the identityelement inA. (ii) Find the invertible elements of A.
[CBSE 2017]
Q.26 Let A = {x  Z: 0 < x < 12}. Show that

R = {(a, b) : a, b  A, |a – b| is divisible by 4} is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements
related to 1. Also write the equivalence class [2]. [CBSE 2018]
x
Q.27 Show that the function f : R  R defined by f(x) = 2 ,  x  R is neither one-one nor onto. Also
x 1
if g : R  R is defined as g(x) = 2x – 1, find fog (x). [CBSE 2018]
SECTION-B
(Potential Problems Based on CBSE)
Q.1 Check whether the relation R in R defined by

R = {(a, b) : a  b3} is reflexive, symmetric or transitive.
x
Q.2 Show that f : [– 1, 1]  R, given by f(x) = is one-one. Find the inverse of the function
x2
f : [– 1, 1]  Range f.
x 1
Q.3 Let A = R – {2} and B = R – {1}, if f : A  B is a mapping defined by f(x) = , show that f is
x2
bijective.
Q.4 Let A = {– 1, 0, 1, 2}, B = {– 4, – 2, 0, 2} and f , g : A  B be functions defined by f(x) = x2 – x,
1
x A and g(x) = 2 x  – 1, x  A. Are f and g equal : Justify your answer..
2
Q.5 Check whether the binary operation * defined on R by a * b = ab + 1 is
(i) Commutative (ii) Associative.
Q.6 Is * defined on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} by a * b = LCM of a and b, a binary operation ? Justify your
answer.
Q.7 Consider the binary operation * on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} defined by a * b = H.C.F. of a and b. Write the
operation table of the operation *. Is * commutative ? Justify.
Also, compute
(i) (2 * 3) * 5 (ii) (2 * 3) * (4 * 5)
RELATION & FUNCTION
Q.8 Let f : R  R be the signum function, defined as

1 x  0

f (x) = 0 x  0
 1 x  0
and g : R  R be the greatest integer function given by g(x) = [x], where [x] is the greatest integer less
than or equal to x. Does fog and gof coincide in [0, 1] ?
Q.9 Let A = W × W and * be the binary operation on A defined by (a, b) * (c, d) = (a + c, b + d). Show that
* is commutative and associative . Find the identity element for * onA, if any.
ab
Q.10 Is the binary operation defined on set N, given by a * b = for all a, b  N, commutative ? Is the
2
above binary operation associative?
Q.11 Let Z be the set of all integers and R be relation on Z defined as
R = {(a, b) : a, b  Z and (a – b) is divisible by 5}. Prove that R is an equivalence relation.
Q.12 Show that the relation R on the set Z of integers given by R = {(a, b) : 3 divides a – b}, is an equivalence
relation.
Q.13 On R – {– 1}, a binary operation * is defined by a * b = a + b + ab. Prove that * is commutative and
associative. Find the identity element for * on R – {– 1}.
Q.14 Prove that the function f : N  N, defined by f(x) = x2 + x + 1 is one-one but not onto.
Q.15 Let * be a binary operation on z defined by a * b = a + b – 4 for all a, b  z.

(i) Show that '*' is both commutative and associative.
(ii) Find the identity and the invertible elements in z.
EXERCISE-5 (Rank Booster)
Q.1 Find the domain & range of the following functions.

2x
(i) y = log 5  2 (sin x  cos x)  3 (ii) y =
1 x2
(iii) f(x) =
x 2  3x  2
x2  x  6
x x 4 3
(iv) f (x) = 1 | x | (v) y = 2  x  1  x (vi) f (x) =
x 5
Q.2 (a) Let f be a one-one function with domain {x, y, z} and range {1,2,3}. It is given that exactly one of the
following statements is true and the remaining two are false.
f(x) = 1 ; f(y)  1 ; f(z)  2. Find the function f (x).
(b) Let f: R R be defined as
2kx  3, x0
f(x) =  2
 x  kx  3, x0
If f(x) is injective then find the smallest integral value of k.
 1    1  x 
Q.3 In a function 2 f(x) + xf    2f  2 sin    x     = 4 cos2 + x cos
 x    4  2 x
Prove that (i) f(2) + f(1/2) = 1 and (ii) f(2) + f(1) = 0
RELATION & FUNCTION
Q.4 If a, b are positive real numbers such that a – b = 2, then find the smallest value of the constant L for
which x 2  ax  x 2  bx < L for all x > 0.
Q.5 Let f (x) = ax 2  bx . Find the set of real values of 'a' for which there is at least one positive real value
of 'b' for which the domain of f and the range of f are the same set.
Q.6 If p and q are zeroes of the polynomial f (x) = x2 – 3px + p2 – q, p, q  R – {0} and minimum value
m
of f f f ( x )  is m then find the value of   .
5
Q.7 Let f(x) = x2+ ax + b cos x, a being an integer and b is a real number. Find the number of ordered pairs
(a, b) for which the equations f(x) = 0 and f f ( x )  = 0 have the same (non-empty) set of real roots.
1,  2  x  1

Q.8 Consider f be a real-valued function defined on interval [–2, 2] as f ( x )  x  2,  1  x  1
4  x , 1  x  2
(a) Find the range of f(x).
1
(b) Find the number of solutions of the equation f ( x )  .
2
[Note : {x} denotes fractional part of x.]
2
4 x  
Q.9 Let f : [1, )  [a, ) defined by f(x) = 2 2 x and g :  ,   [c, d] defined by
2 
cos x  3
g(x) = are two invertible functions.
cos x  2
(a) Find the value of a.
(b) Find the range of the function h(x) = 4ax2 + 2cx + d.
(c) Find f–1(x).
Q.10 Column I contains functions and column II contains their properties. One or more entries of Column-II
can be matches with one entry of column-I.
Column-I Column-II
2 2
(A) f (x) = sin 2x – 2 cos x (P) Many one but not even function
(B) f (x) = log 0.5 sec(sin 2 x ) (Q) Both many one and even function
1 x2 
(C) f (x) = sgn  
 cos 2 x 2  5x  6
2 +
 (R) Periodic but not odd function
 1 x 
where sgn x and [x] denote signum function of x (S) Range contains atleast one integer
and largest integer less than or equal to x. but not more than three integers.
cos x  x2  x 
(D) f (x) = | cos x |  cos  (T) Bounded function
 x 1 
 
RELATION & FUNCTION
EXERCISE-1
SPECIAL DPP-1
Q.1 D Q.2 A Q.3 A Q.4 A Q.5 D
Q.6 B Q.7 A Q.8 C Q.9 C Q.10 C
Q.11 34
SPECIAL DPP-2
Q.1 C Q.2 B Q.3 B Q.4 C Q.5 D
Q.6 A Q.7 D Q.8 C Q.9 A Q.10 C
Q.11 AC
SPECIAL DPP-3
Q.1 D Q.2 A Q.3 C Q.4 B Q.5 A
Q.6 B Q.7 C Q.8 D Q.9 C Q.10 C
Q.11 1
SPECIAL DPP-4
Q.1 D Q.2 B Q.3 B Q.4 A Q.5 C
Q.6 B Q.7 A Q.8 AB Q.9 5047 Q.10 0011
SPECIAL DPP-5
Q.1 A Q.2 D Q.3 A Q.4 C Q.5 A
Q.6 C Q.7 ABC Q.8 (A) R; (B) S; (C) P; (D) Q Q.9 1
Q.10 8
SPECIAL DPP-6
Q.1 B Q.2 B Q.3 B Q.4 D Q.5 A
Q.6 C Q.7 D Q.8 D Q.9 ABD Q.10 2
SPECIAL DPP-7
Q.1 D Q.2 D Q.3 B Q.4 B Q.5 A
Q.6 B Q.7 A Q.8 C Q.9 (A) S; (B) R; (C) P; (D) Q
SPECIAL DPP-8
Q.1 B Q.2 D Q.3 B Q.4 A
Q.5 ABCD Q.6 ACD Q.7 ABC Q.8 ABC
Q.9 2525 Q.10 0003
RELATION & FUNCTION
EXERCISE-2
 5  3      3 5    1
Q.1 (i)  ,   ,    ,  ; (ii)   4 ,   (2, )(iii) (–  , – 3]
 4 4   4 4  4 4  2
 1   1 1 
(iv)  0,  ,  ; (v) { 4 }  [ 5, ) ; (vi) (0 , 1/4)  (3/4 , 1)  {x : x  N, x  2}
 100   100 10 
(vi) (–2, –1)  (–1, 0)  (1, 2)
Q.2 (i) infinite; (ii) 2; (iii) x  (– , – 4)  [2, ); (iv) 5
Q.3 (i), (iii) are identical ;
Q.4 (a) neither surjective nor injective ; (b) surjective but not injective ; (c) neither injective nor surjective
(d) injective and surjective ; (e) injective and surjective
Q.5 (i) [6, ) ; (ii) (– 4, 0)

Q.6 (a) – 3/4; (b) 64; (c) 30, (d) 102; (e) 5050; (f) 3; (g) {– 1, 1}
Q.7 (a) domain is x  0 ; range [–1, 1]; (b) domain 2k  x  2k + ; range [0, 1]
(c) Domain x  R; range [– sin 1, sin 1]; (d) domain is 0  x  1; range is [0, 1]
Q.8 1 Q.10 21
x 1 , 0  x  1
 (1  x) , 1  x  0 3 x , 1  x  2
Q.11 fog (x) = ; gof (x) = ;
x1 , 0x2 x 1 , 2  x  3
5x , 3  x  4
x , 1  x  0
x , 0x1
fof (x) = 4  x , 3  x  4 ; gog (x) = x , 0x2
4x , 2 x 3
Q.12 (a) odd, (b) even, (c) neither odd nor even, (d) odd, (e) neither odd nor even, (f) even,
(g) even, (h) even
Q.13 (i) (a) y = log (10  10x) ,   < x < 1

(b) y = x/3 when   < x < 0 & y = x when 0  x < + 
(ii) (a) 2K  x  2K +  where () K I (b) [3/2 , 1]
(iii) (a) Range : [– 1/3, 3], Domain = [4, 7] ; (b) Range [–1, 9] and domain [11, 14]
RELATION & FUNCTION
Q.14 12 Q.15 (i) 727; (ii) 1 Q.16 3
x x log2 x 1 1 x
Q.17 (a) e  e ; (b) ; (c) log
2 log2 x  1 2 1 x
Q.18 (i) 3 ; (ii) 4
Q.19 (a) 4; (b) 1; (c) 5
Q.20 (a) 3 ; (b) 9
EXERCISE-3
SECTION-A
RELATION
Q.1 2 Q.2 1 Q.3 1 Q.4 3 Q.5 3
Q.6 3 Q.7 3 Q.8 1 Q.9 3
FUNCTION
Q.1 2 Q.2 2 Q.3 1 Q.4 3 Q.5 1
Q.6 1 Q.7 4 Q.8 1 Q.9 4 Q.10 2
Q.11 2 Q.12 4 Q.13 1 Q.14 4 Q.15 3
Q.16 3 Q.17 3 Q.18 2 Q.19 4 Q.20 3
Q.21 1
SECTION-B
Q.1 B Q.2 A Q.3 D Q.4 A Q.5 D

Q.6 D Q.7 A Q.8 D Q.9 A Q.10 C
Q.11 A Q.12 A Q.13 B Q.14 Marks to all Q.15 ABC
EXERCISE-4
SECTION-A
5x  2
Q.2 30 Q.3 Q.5 f(x) is not bijective
3
3 x  6
Q.7 f –1(x) = Q.8 x Q.9 {– 1, 1}
2
RELATION & FUNCTION
 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 2 2 2
Q.12 Q.13 R is not transitive as Q.14 f is one-one
3 1 2 3 3 3
4 1 2 3 4 4
5 1 2 3 4 5
x7
Q.15 Q.17 18 Q.20 fog(2) = 6; gof (–3) = 11/10
10
Q.21 R is reflexive but not symmetric & not transitive
Q.22 Identity element is (0, 0); Inverse element of (3, –5) is (–3, 5)
Q.23 Identity element is (0, 0), Inverse of every element (a, b) is (– a, – b)]
3  4 x –1 3 11
Q.24 f –1(x) = , f (0) = , x=
3x  4 4 10
1 b
Q25. * is not commutative, * is associative, Identify element = (1, 0), Invertible element =  ,  a0
a a 
2x  1
Q.27 f(g(x)) = 2
4x  4x  2
SECTION-B
Q.1 R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric nor transitive.
Q.5 (i) * is commutative on R ; (ii) * is not associative on R
Q.7 * is commutative; (i) 1, (ii) 1 Q.8 fog and gof do not coincide in [0, 1]
Q.9 (0, 0) is the identity element inA Q.10 ' * ' is not associative
Q.13 0 Q.15 (ii) 4, 8 – a
RELATION & FUNCTION
EXERCISE-5
Q.1 (i) D : x R R : [0 , 2] (ii) D = R ; range [ –1 , 1 ]

(iii) D : {xx R ; x  3 ; x  2} R : {f(x)f(x)R , f(x)  1/5 ; f(x)  1}
(iv) D : R ; R : (–1, 1) (v) D : 1  x  2 R :  3, 6 

 1   1 1
(vi) D : [– 4, ) – {5}; R :  0,    , 
 6   6 3
Q.2 (a) f (x) = {(x, 2)(y, 1)(z, 3)} ; (b) 1 Q.4 1
Q.5 a  {0, – 4} Q.6 7
Q.7 4 Q.8 (a) [1, 3]; (b) 3
1  1  4  16  8 log 2 x
Q.9 (a) ; (b)  ,   ; (c)
4 4  4
Q.10 (A) Q, R, S, T ; (B) Q, S, T; (C) Q, S, T ; (D) P, S, T
in Last Nineteen Years
*CJAEMAT01*
CJAEMAT01

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JEE (MAIN+ADVANCED)

RELATION & FUNCTION

2. Exercise-1 (Special DPP) 18 – 29

8. Exercise-5 (Rank Booster) 41 – 42

RELATION & FUNCTION

1.1 Equality of ordered pairs :

1.2 Cartesian Product of two sets :

Ex. : A = {1, 2, 3} n(A) = 3

2.1 Total number of Relations from A to B

Note : If R1 : A  B such that a R1 b  a + b = 10 means R1 relates those element a  A to

2.2 Domain and Range of Relation:

2.3 Inverse of a Relation: Domain

2.4 Types of Relation :

(i) Identity Relation :

Reflexive Symmetric Transitive

(iii) Symmetric Relation :

(iv) Transitive relation :

(v) Equivalence Relation :

3.1 General Definition :

3.2 Domain, Co-domain & Range of A Function :

(1) It should be noted that range is a subset of codomain .

3.3 Graphical Representation of a function :

3.4 IMPORTANT TYPES OF FUNCTIONS:

(ii) Algebraic Function:

(iii) Fractional Rational Function:

(iv) Exponential Function:

with power function. g (x) = x2 in which variable x is the base.

Note : For f (x) = ex domain is R and range is R+.

(v) Logarithmic function:

(vi) Absolute Value Function:

(vii) Signum Function:

A function y= f (x) = Sgn (x) is defined as follows :

(viii) Greatest Integer Or Step Up Function :

Properties of greatest integer function :

(a) [x]  x < [x] + 1 and

(b) [x + m] = [x] + m if m is an integer.

(c) [x] + [y]  [x + y]  [x] + [y] + 1

(d) [x] + [ x] = 0 if x is an integer

(ix) Fractional Part Function :

(a) Identity function :

The function f : A  A defined by f(x) = x  x  A is called the y=x

(b) Constant function :

e.g. f (x) = [{x}]; g(x) = sin2x + cos2x; h (x) = sgn(x2 – 3x + 4) etc.

Domain and Range of important trigonometric functions :

Function (f) Domain (Df) Range (Rf)

To find the range of function

4. EQUAL OR IDENTICAL FUNCTIONS :

Two functions f & g are said to be equal if

5.1 One-One Functions (Injective Mapping) :

Examples: f : R  R, f (x) = x3 + 1 ; f (x) = e – x ; f (x) = ln x are all one-one functions.

Remember that a linear function is always one-one.

one-one function one-one function

5.2 Many-One Functions (Not Injective) :

Diagramatically a many one mapping can be shown as

many-one function many-one function

5.3 Onto Functions (Surjective Mapping) :

Diagramatically surjective mapping can be shown as

5.4 Into Functions :

(a) oneone onto (injective & surjective) (I  S)

(b) oneone into (injective but not surjective) (I  S )

(c) manyone onto (surjective but not injective) (S  I )

(d) manyone into (neither surjective nor injective) ( I  S )

Some important points to remember :