Iso+3408 5 2006

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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 3408-5
First edition
2006-06-15
Ball screws —
Part 5:
Static and dynamic axial load ratings
and operational life
Vis à billes —
Partie 5: Charges axiales statiques et dynamiques de base et durée
de vie
University of Toronto User.
Reference number
ISO 3408-5:2006(E)
© ISO 2006
Copyrighted material licensed to University of Toronto by Clarivate Analytics (US) LLC, subscriptions.techstreet.com, downloaded on 2020-08-25 14:42:29 +0000 by
ISO 3408-5:2006(E)
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ii © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

ISO 3408-5:2006(E)
Contents Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................ iv
1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normative references ........................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions........................................................................................................................... 1
4 Symbols and subscripts ...................................................................................................................... 2
4.1 Symbols ................................................................................................................................................. 2
4.2 Subscripts ............................................................................................................................................. 3
5 Basic axial load ratings ........................................................................................................................ 4
5.1 Basic static axial load rating, C0a ........................................................................................................ 4
5.2 Basic dynamic axial load rating, Ca .................................................................................................... 4
6 Modified axial load ratings................................................................................................................... 5
6.1 Modified static axial load rating, C0am ................................................................................................ 5
6.1.1 General equation................................................................................................................................... 5
6.1.2 Correction for surface hardness, fh0 ................................................................................................... 5
6.1.3 Correction for accuracy, fac ................................................................................................................. 6
6.2 Modified dynamic axial load rating, Cam............................................................................................. 6
6.2.1 General equation................................................................................................................................... 6
6.2.2 Correction for surface hardness, fh .................................................................................................... 6
6.2.3 Correction for accuracy, fac ................................................................................................................. 6
6.2.4 Influence of material melting process, fm ........................................................................................... 6
7 Life.......................................................................................................................................................... 7
7.1 Equivalent rotational speed and equivalent axial load ..................................................................... 7
7.1.1 General................................................................................................................................................... 7

7.1.2 Ball screw with backlash between ball nut and screw shaft............................................................ 7
7.1.3 Ball screw with preloaded ball nuts on screw shaft ....................................................................... 10
7.2 Nominal life, L or Lh ............................................................................................................................ 12
7.2.1 Ball screw with backlash between ball nut and screw shaft.......................................................... 12
7.2.3 Resulting life, Lr .................................................................................................................................. 13
7.2.4 Nominal life, Lar or Lhar, with reliability factor, far (see Table 3) ...................................................... 13
7.3 Modified life, Lm or Lhm ....................................................................................................................... 14
7.3.1 Ball screw with backlash between ball nut and screw shaft.......................................................... 14
7.3.3 Modified resulting life, Lmr ................................................................................................................. 14
7.3.4 Modified life, Lmar or Lhmar, with reliability factor, far (see Table 3)................................................. 14
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved iii

ISO 3408-5:2006(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 3408-5 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 39, Machine tools.
ISO 3408 consists of the following parts, under the general title Ball screws:
⎯ Part 1: Vocabulary and designation
⎯ Part 2: Nominal diameters and nominal leads — Metric series
⎯ Part 3: Acceptance conditions and acceptance tests
⎯ Part 4: Static axial rigidity

⎯ Part 5: Static and dynamic axial load ratings and operational life
iv © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 3408-5:2006(E)
Ball screws —
Part 5:
Static and dynamic axial load ratings and operational life
1 Scope
This part of ISO 3408 specifies the calculation schemes for static and dynamic load ratings, and operational
life, in order to obtain comparable values for the design and use of ball screws.
NOTE The calculations have been based primarily on publications by Prof. G. Lundberg and A. Palmgren
Acta Politechnica, mech. Eng. series Vol. I, No. 3, Stockholm, Sweden. Part 7, 1947.
This part of ISO 3408 is applicable under the following preconditions:
⎯ elastic deformation of ball and balltrack;
⎯ hardness of balltrack basically exceeds a minimum of HRC 58;
⎯ conformity frs and fr n > 0,5;
⎯ the quality of steel of which the ball screw is made is equivalent to that of ball bearing steel or similar steel
alloys;
⎯ optimum lubrification is always provided.

2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments)
ISO 3408-1, Ball screws — Part 1: Vocabulary and designation
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 3408-1 apply.
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 1

ISO 3408-5:2006(E)
4 Symbols and subscripts
4.1 Symbols
Symbol Description Unit

α Contact angle degrees, °
γ Geometry factor —
ϕ Lead angle degrees, °
ρ11, ρ12, ρ21, ρ22 Reciprocal curvature radii mm−1
∆l Axial ball / ball track deflection µm
Ca Basic dynamic axial load rating N
Cam Modified dynamic axial load rating N
Ci Dynamic axial load rating for the ball screw per single loaded turn N
Cn Dynamic axial load rating for the ball nut per single loaded turn N
Cs Dynamic axial load rating for the ball screw shaft per single loaded N
turn
C0a Basic static axial load rating N
C0am Modified static axial load rating N
Dpw Ball pitch circle diameter mm
Dw Ball diameter mm
fac Accuracy factor —
far Reliability factor —

fc Geometry factor —
fh Hardness factor for dynamic axial load rating —
fh0 Hardness factor for static axial load rating —
fm Material processing factor —
fop Operational preload factor —
fr n Conformity factor of ball nut —
frs Conformity factor of ball screw shaft —
f1, f2, f3 Geometry factor —
F Axial load, force N

Fa Actual axial load N
Flim Limit load at which contact between balls and ball tracks will be lost N
by operating load
Fm Equivalent axial load N
Fma Equivalent actual axial load N
2 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

ISO 3408-5:2006(E)
Symbol Description Unit

Fpr Preload N
i Number of loaded turns —
k0 Characteristic of basic static axial load rating —
L Life revolutions
Lar Life with reliability factor revolutions
Lh Life h
Lhar Life with reliability factor h
Lhm Modified life h
Lhmar Modified life with reliability factor h
Lm Modified life revolutions
Lmar Modified life with reliability factor revolutions
Lmr Modified resulting life revolutions
Lr Resulting life revolutions
n Rotational speed min−1
nm Equivalent rotational speed min−1
Ph Lead mm
q Time %
rn Ball track radius of ball nut mm
rs Ball track radius of ball screw shaft mm
zl Number of effectively loaded balls per turn —

zu Number of unloaded balls in the recirculation system where balls are —
recirculated after one turn
4.2 Subscripts
Symbol Description
j Number of loadings
1 Refers to load direction 1
2 Refers to load direction 2
(1) Refers to ball nut 1
(2) Refers to ball nut 2

ISO 3408-5:2006(E)
5 Basic axial load ratings
5.1 Basic static axial load rating, C0a
The basic axial load rating is calculated from the following equations:
2
C 0a = k 0 ⋅ z l ⋅ i ⋅ sin α ⋅ D w ⋅ cos ϕ (1)
⎛ Dpw ⋅ π ⎞
zl = ⎜ − zu ⎟ (2)
⎜ cos ϕ ⋅ D ⎟
⎝ w ⎠ integer
⎛ Ph ⎞
ϕ = arctan ⎜ ⎟ (3)
⎜ π ⋅ Dpw ⎟
⎝ ⎠
27,74
k0 = (4)
Dw ⋅ ( ρ11 + ρ12 ) ⋅ ( ρ 21 + ρ 22 )
2
ρ11 = ρ 21 = (5)
Dw
−1
ρ12 = (6)
f rs ⋅ D w
cos α
ρ 22 = (7)
Dpw Dw
− cos α ⋅
2 2
NOTE The calculation of the basic static axial load rating C0a is based on a maximum deformation of 0,000 1·Dw.
5.2 Basic dynamic axial load rating, Ca

In the case of optimal load distribution (parallel load directions in ball screw shaft and in ball nut), the basic
dynamic axial load rating is derived from the following basic interrelations:
C a = C i ⋅ i 0,86 (8)
where
−0,3
⎡ ⎛ C ⎞10 / 3 ⎤
C i = C s ⋅ ⎢1 + ⎜ s ⎟ ⎥ (9)
⎢ ⎝ Cn ⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
with
C s = f c ⋅ ( cos α ) ⋅ tan α ⋅ ( cos ϕ )

0,86 1,3
⋅ z l2 / 3 ⋅ D w
1,8
(10)
0,41
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
1
f c = 9,32 ⋅ f 1 ⋅ f 2 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ (11)
⎜ 1 ⎟
⎜ 1− 2 ⋅ f ⎟
⎝ rs ⎠

ISO 3408-5:2006(E)
⎛ sin α ⎞
f 1 = 10 ⋅ ⎜ 1 − (12)
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
γ 0,3 ⋅ (1 − γ )
1,39
f2 = (13)
(1 + γ )1/ 3
Dw
γ = ⋅ cos α (14)
Dpw
0,41
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜2− f r n ⎟⎟
Cs
= f3 ⋅ ⎜ (15)
Cn ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎜⎜ 2 − ⎟
⎝ f r s ⎟⎠
rn
frn = (16)
Dw
rs
fr s = (17)
Dw
1,723
⎛ 1− γ ⎞
f3 = ⎜ ⎟ (18)
⎝ 1+ γ ⎠
zl, see Equation (2)
6 Modified axial load ratings

6.1 Modified static axial load rating, C0am
6.1.1 General equation
C 0am = C 0a ⋅ f h0 ⋅ f ac (19)
6.1.2 Correction for surface hardness, fh0
A deviation in hardness has to be corrected by
3
⎛ actual hardness HV10 ⎞
f h0 =⎜ ⎟ u1 (20)
⎝ 654 HV10 ⎠
The hardness factors shall only apply to ball bearing steel or similar steel alloys.

ISO 3408-5:2006(E)
6.1.3 Correction for accuracy, fac
See Table 1.
Table 1 — Accuracy factor, fac

(reference data)
Class 0, 1, 3 and 5 7 10
fac 1 0,9 0,7
6.2 Modified dynamic axial load rating, Cam
6.2.1 General equation
C am = C a ⋅ f h ⋅ f ac ⋅ f m (21)
6.2.2 Correction for surface hardness, fh
2
⎛ actual hardness HV10 ⎞
fh = ⎜ ⎟ u1 See paragraph immediately following Equation (20) (22)
⎝ 654 HV10 ⎠
6.2.3 Correction for accuracy, fac
The correction for accuracy, fac, for dynamic axial load is the same as for static axial load, see Table 1.
6.2.4 Influence of material melting process, fm
See Table 2.
Table 2 — Material factor, fm

(reference data)
Ball bearing steel fm
Air melted 1,0

Vacuum degassed 1,25
Electro slag remelted 1,44
Vacuum remelted 1,71
If other than air melted steel is used, the ball screw supplier shall specify the selected melting process in the
data sheets.

ISO 3408-5:2006(E)
7 Life
7.1 Equivalent rotational speed and equivalent axial load
7.1.1 General
In the case of variable rotational speed and variable axial load, the equivalent values Fm and nm are used for
the life calculation:
⎯ At variable rotational speed the following applies for the equivalent rotational speed nm (see Figure 1):
n qj
nm = ∑ 100 ⋅ n j (23)
j =1
⎯ At variable axial load and variable rotational speed, the following applies for the equivalent axial load Fm
(see Figure 2):
n nj qj
Fm = 3 ∑ F j3 ⋅ nm ⋅ 100 (24)
j =1
⎯ At variable axial load and constant rotational speed, the following applies for the equivalent axial load Fm
(see Figure 2):
n qj
Fm = 3 ∑ F j3 ⋅ 100 (25)
j =1

Figure 1 — Equivalent rotational speed nm Figure 2 — Equivalent axial load Fm
7.1.2 Ball screw with backlash between ball nut and screw shaft
7.1.2.1 Unidirectional external axial load applied
See Figure 3.

ISO 3408-5:2006(E)
Key
1 ball nut
2 screw shaft
a Forward travel.
s Backward travel.
Figure 3 — Ball screw with backlash and unidirectional axial loading
For calculation of equivalent axial load use
⎯ Equation (23) and (24) or variable rotational speed,
⎯ Equation (25) for constant rotational speed.
7.1.2.2 Bidirectional external axial load applied
See Figure 4.
Key
Key
1 ball nut
2 screw shaft
a Forward travel.
s Backward travel.
Figure 4 — Ball screw with backlash and bidirectional axial loading

ISO 3408-5:2006(E)
For calculation of equivalent axial load, use
⎯ Equation (23) for variable rotational speed [see Figure 5 a)]
n nj qj
Fm1,2 = 3 ∑ F1,23 j ⋅ nm ⋅ 100 (26)
j =1
⎯ for constant rotational speed [see Figure 5 b)]
n qj
Fm1,2 = 3 ∑ F1,23 j ⋅ 100 (27)
j =1

a) Variable speed b) Bidirectional axial loading
Figure 5 — Calculation of equivalent axial load

ISO 3408-5:2006(E)
7.1.3 Ball screw with preloaded ball nuts on screw shaft
See Figure 6.
Key
1 ball nut (1)
2 ball nut (2)
3 screw shaft
a Fa(1) j
b Fa(2) j
Figure 6 — Preloaded ball screw
Due to the application of an external axial load to a preloaded ball screw (backlash elimination between nuts
and screw shaft), one ball nut will be additionally loaded and the other relieved (see Figure 7).
Key
1 ball nut (1)
2 ball nut (2)
Figure 7 — Preload diagram

ISO 3408-5:2006(E)
Flim = 2 3 / 2 ⋅ Fpr (28)
The preloaded ball nut (1) or (2) will be additionally loaded by an external axial load [see Figure 8 b)]. The
actual axial load to this ball nut is
⎯ for the external load F1 j or F2 j u Flim , the following equation:
3/2
⎛ F1,2 j ⎞
Fa(1),(2) j = f op ⋅ Fpr ⋅ ⎜ 1 + ⎟ f op = 0,6 (reference data) (29)
⎜ 2 3 / 2 ⋅ f op ⋅ Fpr ⎟
⎝ ⎠
NOTE Due to the fact that the preload decreases over the operational life of ball screws, the average operational
preload is set to 60 % of the original preload.
Fa(2),(1) j = Fa(1),(2) j − F1,2 j (30)
⎯ for the external load F1 j or F2 j > Flim , then:
Fa(1) j = F1 j or Fa(2) j = F2 j (31)
and
Fa(2) j or Fa(1) j = 0 (32)
For the calculation, use:
a) at variable rotational speed [see Figure 8 a)]
⎯ Equation (23) for equivalent rotational speed,
⎯ for the equivalent actual axial load [see Figure 8 c) and d)]

n nj qj
Fma(1),(2) = 3 ∑ Fa(1),(2)
3
j⋅ ⋅
nm 100
(33)
j =1
b) at constant rotational speed
n qj
Fma(1),(2) = 3 ∑ Fa(1),(2)
3
j⋅
100
(34)
j =1

ISO 3408-5:2006(E)

a) Variable rotational speed b) to d) Variable axial loads
Key
1 load direction 1 is loading ball nut (1)
2 load direction 2 is loading ball nut (2)
a Resulting load for ball nut (1), caused by preload.
b Resulting load for ball nut (2), caused by preload.
Figure 8 — Actual and equivalent actual axial loads
7.2 Nominal life, L or Lh
Life in revolutions:
3
⎛C ⎞
L = ⎜ a ⎟ ⋅ 10 6 (35.1)
⎝ Fm ⎠

ISO 3408-5:2006(E)
Life in hours:
L
Lh = (36.1)
60 ⋅ nm
3
⎛ C ⎞ 6
L1,2 =⎜ a ⎟ ⋅ 10 (37.1)
⎜F ⎟
⎝ m1,2 ⎠
3
⎛ Ca ⎞
L1,2 =⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 10 6 (38.1)
⎜ Fma(1),(2) ⎟
⎝ ⎠
7.2.3 Resulting life, Lr
The resulting life of the bidirectionally axial loaded ball screw with backlash or of the preloaded ball screw
shall be calculated in revolutions:
( )
−9 /10
Lr = L1−10 / 9 + L2 −10 / 9 (39.1)
In hours: see Equation (36.1).
7.2.4 Nominal life, Lar or Lhar, with reliability factor, far (see Table 3)

Lar = L ⋅ f ar (40.1)
respectively
Lar = Lr ⋅ f ar (41.1)
Life in hours:
Lhar = Lh ⋅ f ar (42.1)
Table 3 — Reliability factor, far
Reliability far
%
90 1
95 0,62
96 0,53
97 0,44
98 0,33
99 0,21

ISO 3408-5:2006(E)
NOTE There are other factors reducing life, shock loads, vibrations, temperature, lubrication, misalignment etc., the
consideration of which might be required.
7.3 Modified life, Lm or Lhm
3
⎛C ⎞
Lm = ⎜ am ⎟ ⋅ 10 6 (35.2)
⎝ Fm ⎠
Life in hours:
L
Lhm = (36.2)
60 ⋅ nm
3
⎛C ⎞ 6
Lm1,2 = ⎜ am ⎟ ⋅ 10 (37.2)
⎜F ⎟
⎝ m1,2 ⎠
3
⎛ C am ⎞
Lm1,2 =⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 10 6 (38.2)
⎜ Fma(1),(2) ⎟

⎝ ⎠
7.3.3 Modified resulting life, Lmr
The resulting life of the bidirectionally axial loaded ball screw with backlash or of the preloaded ball screw
shall be calculated in revolutions:
( )
−9 /10
Lmr = Lm1−10 / 9 + Lm2 −10 / 9 (39.2)
Life in hours: see Equation (36.2).
7.3.4 Modified life, Lmar or Lhmar, with reliability factor, far (see Table 3)
Lmar = Lm ⋅ f ar (40.2)
respectively
Lmar = Lmr ⋅ f ar (41.2)
Life in hours:
Lhmar = Lhm ⋅ f ar (42.2)

Copyrighted material licensed to University of Toronto by Clarivate Analytics (US) LLC, subscriptions.techstreet.com, downloaded on 2020-08-25 14:42:29 +0000 by University of Toronto User.
Copyrighted material licensed to University of Toronto by Clarivate Analytics (US) LLC, subscriptions.techstreet.com, downloaded on 2020-08-25 14:42:29 +0000 by University of Toronto User.
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

ISO 3408-5:2006(E)
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ii © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

University of Toronto User.

© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved iii

⎯ Part 1: Vocabulary and designation

⎯ Part 2: Nominal diameters and nominal leads — Metric series

⎯ Part 3: Acceptance conditions and acceptance tests

⎯ Part 4: Static axial rigidity

University of Toronto User.

iv © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

This part of ISO 3408 is applicable under the following preconditions:

⎯ elastic deformation of ball and balltrack;

⎯ hardness of balltrack basically exceeds a minimum of HRC 58;

⎯ conformity frs and fr n > 0,5;

⎯ optimum lubrification is always provided.

University of Toronto User.

ISO 3408-1, Ball screws — Part 1: Vocabulary and designation

3 Terms and definitions

© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 1

4 Symbols and subscripts

Symbol Description Unit

University of Toronto User.

F Axial load, force N

2 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

Symbol Description Unit

University of Toronto User.

© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 3

5 Basic axial load ratings

5.1 Basic static axial load rating, C0a

5.2 Basic dynamic axial load rating, Ca

University of Toronto User.

C s = f c ⋅ ( cos α ) ⋅ tan α ⋅ ( cos ϕ )

4 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

zl, see Equation (2)

6 Modified axial load ratings

University of Toronto User.

6.1.1 General equation

6.1.2 Correction for surface hardness, fh0

A deviation in hardness has to be corrected by

© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 5

6.1.3 Correction for accuracy, fac

Table 1 — Accuracy factor, fac

6.2 Modified dynamic axial load rating, Cam

6.2.1 General equation

6.2.2 Correction for surface hardness, fh

6.2.3 Correction for accuracy, fac

6.2.4 Influence of material melting process, fm

Table 2 — Material factor, fm

University of Toronto User.

Ball bearing steel fm

Air melted 1,0

6 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

7.1 Equivalent rotational speed and equivalent axial load

University of Toronto User.

7.1.2.1 Unidirectional external axial load applied

© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 7

Figure 3 — Ball screw with backlash and unidirectional axial loading

For calculation of equivalent axial load use

⎯ Equation (23) and (24) or variable rotational speed,

⎯ Equation (25) for constant rotational speed.