Level/Type of Engineering Studies In general, the following major studies are undertaken for evaluation of a mining project: + Preliminary Economic Assessment (PEA) / Scoping Study + Pre-feasibility Study + Feasibility Study There are also some other different terminologies generally following in different countries such as: + Order of magnitude study or Conceptual study + Detailed feasibility study or Definitive feasibility studyEngineering Studies sho fiw = Meera Nour Barres ror Orzwieg CTSRESTYPE OF MINERAL DEPOSITS Six types of mineral deposits are recognized as follows: Massive-A deposit of considerable lateral and vertical extent in which mineralization is relatively, uniformly distributed e.g. dome salt. Bedded or Tabular- A mineral deposit that parallels the stratification, most offen in sedimentary rock, usually laterally extensive, and of limited thickness @.g. coal. narrow, often dipping steeply, and Narrow vein- Azone or belt of mineralization typically tong, Id & metallic minerals. m neighboring rock: €.9. gol usually lying within boundaries: separating it fro Wide vein- As defined under narrow vein except that the vein thickness is greater than 3m. ‘or an enrichment inc, lead, iron ores. ind may be of: considerable a! Lenticular or Pocket- An isolated ore body, ‘of limited vertical and horizontal extension ina massive, bedded or vein deposit, ¢.9- zit placer-A surface or near surface deposit, usual” tabular a aviant containing mineral, particles, €.9- gold, platinum. eaMINING METHODS Basically, mining methods can be grouped into two broad categories, i.e.Surface min Underground Mining method.Qpenpit mining = Surface mine —is a mine in which the ore lies near the surface and can be extracted by removing the covering layers of rack and soil. Mechanical extraction methods are responsible for more than 90% of the surface mine! production, ‘Two of these methods-open pit and open cast mining-rank as the most important surface methods. Open-pit mines are used when deposits of commercially useful minerals or rock are found near the ‘surface; that is, where the overburden (surface material, covering the valuable deposit) is excavated to expose the ore material. Where minerats occur deep below the surface—where the overburden is thick or the mineral occurs as veins in hard rock— underground mining methads are used to extract the valued material. Open-pit mines are typically enlarged unti the mineral reserve is exhausted. Generally open pit mining can be defined as the process of mining any near surface deposit by meang of a surface pit excavated using one or more horizontal benches.Opencast mining ‘Surface mining in which overburden is removed in vertical strips and the mining progress along the strike or dip of the depositis known as opencast or strip mining, Strip means a layer. So removal of coal or overburden in layers is termed as strip mining. The suitability of this method comes fram the nature of the deposits that are often shallow depth with long strike length. It enables large scale mining low unit cost, high praductivity where coal or overburden casting is done using dragline or bucket wheel excavators (BWE). As the excavation progress along the dip or strike, due to shallow depth of occurrence the coal seam is completely extracted in one go and simultaneously rectaimed or backfilled with overburden from subsequently layers. + Often removal of soil and overburden is accomplished using a combination of casting machines to maximize the width of the mining area. Conventional excavation and haulage techniques (truck and shovels, scrapers, or dozers) are also used by themselves or in conjunction with one or more casting machines. —Surface mining ‘Open PAMiaing Overview Openpit mining This method employs a conventional mining cycle of operations to extract mineral. Rack breakage is normally accomplished by drilling and blasting, followed by the material handling operations of loading and haulage. Open pit mines are often used in mining metallic or nonmetallic deposits. Similar to openpit mining, the same cycle of operations are followed. Opencast mines other bedded deposits.“Jeencn Heit Ny WINDROW ———>. aMUsing Bucket Wheel Excavator ' (BWE)