se Fon Aucly conduct sus fem peration doau, of aesishvila at Sow tem ww mon— Aenean est demperalines, Acsiotivity Tee rs metal cinataais a gh power of HED EAG lat: a. Aheww feat “tpn fgee ' TS Atloys hase hi Phe Jas itv urcak. endper alice. wademe (fog +) while vescsbeinly ly i t, ‘witha 5, telat > Vise.up alfaige ta mn _blandard * vesutous Comstamtan “andl macngpcin gar used for ma 't taudash Arsishank cocds Shas o lus i) it) hang wale of sess wg aay eae emperal ice [ifcuia + fed tls ales feric cow trows moufur efe- of mam again Us Oty amos} nde prbdent of Liptit a tions s OF Aenrperalire , puntie cavih Ohmic Comdueto ns § [o> She con duifivce wobec obey Ohm's Law > Vr raph ou Sitar T > o gn ae com 3 At abl com OTT Nis condtdbee ome lal has Mes doaall cussed all dive shite an stl | fund clactaotyfe che uns 4 Avsidual Ati uSOy Solulten with Aide Coppet ela apees ane tthe de sgeuint of Hesicertly — chanie ceuduiles - ‘ fine -fort oN on a eadid tons a nes ei vile” deemases As shown:lom= ohmic Comductous he wo oss, whack de met obey Okun Aow anc called wen -chmic] tondutons: The resistence] of Suck conducts is no} constant thremata given va > The V-E gaonh ds rit toned “t L > VAT subatonship ole. eu Ake fugu eg Poe tha Same Vo bcotle hal of Vv > vr sel nfuinheip umes naw ples i) Fea somall cursond, a omefallic corre utors obeys Otun'staw aud ds YT ee wa sfancg tet Aone + fete et oie OAL patte jams cmedsales, oak Ata aud ifs veeifance Abrstases: &e comqurlo Arcormacs mon — ohmic at ‘ Curccenle as shown — (ps) hap is mo —Bimear La feaward and Acuerse das (1) Hu alalion be fee pedtemfial Acffrcne and urssent is mo} Unique- fn Mx case 0 Semiconducloe Gia As (alain Avsemide) V-Z gicaph exbabity mon-Aineas fthoviowr ct thine ts mote Shin one velu of V -ps fa fame Bal ee ftom Hu grape, (iz, a terfain votlage , Cursent dercases ax vella decsraser Hence Ue ffertace Ack famu is mntgabineUnivesscl of laidew, attuned? Chat Subs Ag udd A Ss AP ead ef lobout 4.2K aud df seLewes secpercond bey, Wo i gz 1b | 0-08 ! aa ok qe ¢ TK) the demperatane atwhidy & Substane undugers + dranstion prow nnral Cridicter ti Boprrcendudd ch & 2eromoagurtec at talld trdbaticn ors taifizal Lemperatare (Te): Kesistors 1N SERIES Anp PARALLEL i) don seetces a Yi v . => Vdivides, TE remain Comsdant Lt DD Ve Yr Ves [R= IR + 1Rat!Rs R= Ri tRetR, Jj Tequivaleut versio °. beg cc, CS R re connected AvUeeS Reem & fund “ii - det a pesrdand 44 W) 4m acallel ‘t\ Ry > | axe, Re oh Lda a Vv oy FB idividess Veowntant ? L£=1) +1. +1; Mev ev th R 1 Re Rs Led bed RoR) Ra Ra Jt! equivalent resistors of Acsisfance Rane Comeded pv paral Rp = ~ dia pacallel denuertiow, equivalent Auc-janue & émaller- CELL ‘ Av clecbxie a Rou of Ansa that mnoiuatouin Uortinusus oh “ee alae. dt Guscrls of too lected au ele cha oly fe - $3 ELEC(RoMotivE force eee LEME + tht workdonw if the all} Zu movin ositive ee inopea ff he boll cixeut # [led Bitonctee ome Ceo) : the cell f Ab may be AULA defined as Le eee li ousiel in king deat ethie chace buee ound tua complite Cot OFA + Rms of a etree UL Ae rn i Ad ffersuu ole val te cteukial pase ods coe Ha ope ee + Emp ie worked one Charge £2 We T BI unmat is velt (V) df is barge Moun Gas tt is ndent A rn =a R) An the eect. Slanternak Resistance dn a uxeusk, Cussont fue tem peste Hamad oe terminal of But enscde Lar olla eof WE eel, tome [flow famu fewer Oe Aight pelentiale So bite Ate oly te ns eae Acsishaha fo low of- eucnent Sade dia ull. he ses fame offescd by thr eleebroby le efacull sts teow vay! Atay Avan faom ib As &= VV —O/€- 2 calted te Cominal polit = 7TR+7% When gele A ffen - Af frrence (vy) ge T(R+%) Ww=V ds tba peletit eefporng Heaee cornea din the eect fretuseen tuyotaminall © T= _€ 2 __G of the ull an a clesed ciscu R+H @ e Af us always less than fe =¢g_y! unt of She cell Aah ayes, VEESE dh can Ae enpatised as [Vee -Exf © Vs €-Dn on terminal pel = emf — Reration BETWEEN potastial deep aces [wrepmac ResuTaAnce(s) Aateenal vesistane Ene (¢)and Teeminac| =e Poremtiat DIFFERENCEY) °* [emerald pd = emf ~ lost val Aye from Lan Q) nA a= Eo0 = Ev = eh fs tT 4 vile way ce A =[EoV JR Vv Cell . & ‘(£-!) Rte Cowsidet & G RL ) cell ofemp é aud dermal] Shas ood fesiakome % counceted fan srfenal pasistarne R| Node When ell is aw a4 shown det Fit ie current | flows “4 (3) > vee Aha eincuil + New emf 1 ides to ely E= work dent Ay hic | ef Ihe ell U equal to ils cell La cantar a somal Boneh 8 Ni ano current iy charge along d bute dawn fren Hae open cunt ce T=0 eteckit a : ote agacist R+ eA ral el tes A7B SOM, ast I Ao where Wyong Buera cell We wR grape ef R aud eR graph is (ve 4lepe as shewn- a staaight Anna ff point A,I=0, Vy 3e x A pean B, Vs0,. = Tx E oA R= ED ty m KComernation OFC ss OMB IN ATION ELLS Ji) V ve _R graph / [) Cees Iw Cseries Smiaclosed citcuit, [~~~ Tha mur qadute VeIR=[€ \R+_£ | benunal of outta f Ra “Ty | avant ted be ie me Ri} deseinal ef other aud 20 AR ancceases, Valso cnucass o, the all ax dad to be bran Ro, V0 conuetted in sonies When Rew , Vee eS Se When Rao Vee Bye 8 gt x 1 Mae CWO cits Casves ue tmf Eis Luce wsbat Is = BIz Henee Vand T gt 4 sleaight hence We an |e Crnsiden ture ull, of aenfs €; aud € aud internal Aerie Ay and a, Couneited ta Raia. bet I he Tha cussant Flowing thaaeae ha calls | SY, Vy 4% be the audLrvmpancing Mk eqn welke Inc = “Eeg ae Keg = Ata 2) Celle im parallel ¢ WARNE Fatiné, FRRECT OF =< iy here Ah ls cha oa vet) aeiyte or | prtnkalenugy. Us Was Ali 0 a Us fissl Peat g — 4 4nt 0 Dy Soatiol Peat AiD 4 negeteae, ibe ote Lal Bre LAK B Wit. of Lu. valde “4 “4d? in KE is chan. =UsqVe Itv = VItrs Yhe auount ef Anes desi atid as deat adit iw fine £ H=evIt =a*pt A b Aworden Fo law, heot easel ie a Austen as ducilty proprtienal & ZT => deel cportional ts R, > daed pee oxbtaeal fe Aiwa fx ohidh euscont 4lews Exectric Power (P) a ino ny | Thee SO hp) | =T4b6W | recen ENERGY | soi he, Fetal woth dow Ley the fo wre of £1 An pitasellinr “ai hae ewount tha unauk fox |@given tome 44 called eledue & A i =We PE=Vit | = 27 RE > ST amb is foule (7) Pi geule = (Loatt x L £econd a} Commercial Unit o A kudh is the clecbed cue cei fun appleaadd of Tdvood AiR ne Peas [kWh = 3: exo T] MeINATION OF PoweR Facey Ff cs tha wake ot Fowek Consumed D i wheel work's dew by Ua) 7 By A SERIES cone i Briaken of anf ik er APPLIANCES Au electric Cussent Hough} P, 5 ‘ Aural 4 talld elu tad 2 3 power - , | A fase A go Pew -ElH ey RS ty bt Ra VER PRM | Gansiden g kenies combine > STuvitwwatt(up | ation of thre Bulbs > twatt = ule: powers | i Pa and Ps whichy en 1 seed rane Aeon cease fee working ev tu ame —s twatt = [vettxlampee Vip V. As Hoe Sul Bee ee ala pimghie | kalewalt ea pa bab BL) ede gaat pee Bo thes ne guivalin “ na 107d $ [MWe ; W Ae. aliiRe Ry t Ra +R | ah = v2 +e 4! 1) Rey ae 4 - POPP Pr) ren cy) () = 3 P ri ttt din fae Bk Be > When N bulbs of same! Poa tbs sack af power 5 ounected in parallel pt ‘noe sowied pe il Aw ACK Hts fepe = £ > As We Aeststame of > Tarcmains came: arehisl power shale a _ Ree Lhe Auth onituomum , iF wd! gow ) ie maoumun bécghtness of he si ‘ tn ef w penser Ws au se eet enue aim Acsisbemer Lewwnd aud at sill qlew wet 5 rotten with fed tl | al ae Wham the title enceds | tpi seas the a hoe Ure calety Lona, dua Sale| Lpasen “aie PP ef dew wattage will bel Ree A eee ai Fewer Conisumeo By KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS A PARALLEL Comin a Tio. dn 1942, % oF Arrcianices Gjerman plhysicst Kinehhoff | ji cabwded Arnot! taw Lo complicated cigunile wo hark Pp a us fe determine h An any pat of such a ciacuab | Cf) 2 Lau on, fumelion ——* Ate aes Comstdt nn allel comb inalieo hen ee iit “Pt ef. pecu cixunt, He al Th te: Ps Phand Py ehh dame “ oong jeencton fren mann Sfaston ti fe | eee cS " woalcuig The sae = ce Ve epfectiia ee Rul is poe + Ry Ro Nag!a > Gt ee decked Awards tka |S : his ix Token as | (clockwise oe anh b > rien Bodaant whack us 2s hn clsaelgem “a a > When we move “ ee PON Ame posta bo megan of aull, take Linf or pa thieul as sacle. T, 2, 41, a ne mania P —r- Biwonds 2s duction, —> pd = te > his roows from we galaat O and T+ pe Reautic a Hed junnitien ¢ i ee steve kanal of “mn Wind T Saw, ate nke pd es tinf as ty | ahK— “2 iS | —> pd=-é i 7B Ho Jf uae meve in Hike linac ty of cansent da Lesamch, Ij+i.1 2; —Zy-I,=" bole Ik as post tae DytB +4, =Ty+Ts ait} Arvomning custent = Oulgoin JRete ty, cw mp ~Hhis Law is also cated | dba of Bier Fea cbhe fh's Current aw Apion, Za leeiiel Rage (key) wcftec > Shs es Based om consesvalte af change ual ul — iRa—e Aeund > his tawis erlse oop rule on amverh sud ow 1eK binding Ba its?ep Anke. . Wacued a oi ci ancwotk ,Whe ATSTONE Beioae! Desinaltea of balanued > Fret en Coudilicn ded sy a ee Barkst, peat sc, chase aa F Wheattltne in (P43 3 ein nae ment Bf four restau - We can detcumine Unknewn Actifanus eh Aha Delp cf thee kuseou Acsihances quickly aud auurately > dn eq PQ, Rands ate the four Aesicbances € A galvonomelir taconnatad Femider vep ABDA fcteacen Baud D. Arwe Coutts P4R ase eatted Addvo agms, AC is galled bottery arur TP + ge —~TRr=0 —O) where Gps galvanomelr Atsistimer , 4 uw eussent | Hhscugh the Ug alvanemeten - BD as galuancmeten arm fowriclir ep BEDB, AD is taled shandasd Game CD is talked unkwewn asm which Contains Ae dinkuew Avsutiua S Li-tg) Q —(1, +Lq)S—ToGte0 (a) 8 4) du thi Balanced conden, | Tq=0- (pd bw Bt Dis zed. The aboue aqvatiod > uy be is said fy Del po, balaned Sark we Tp = I.R —@) fleus theo Lv omorulie T4 = BS —1H) tu this cask , ouaoml iv Ahows zur di oo andl deflection - Shis 4 todd Balarud coudibing % the Lolanced eoudldbron of ade ae fear bohuals fev Sensittoily of « Whedtotn© She bridge ts mest whee alll thr foun Aes Fame mre Ha 28, onder. *h i Nokes 44 iva wll metho i ‘ ee t “e Twnpontant applicatons asc, wedi thes coe 5 momteler 6 hemes, 5 Mees Bidar, “Carcy. fest “de ftechen this te dle bacdtge and Pact o fice Bort Bb anced tondilzon © the Resisfann af vellmetes . “ge * and ammcter deuet | oheatstene Becdge $f Affed te mrcasusements Paud @ ase setidawce é ute AT and BE Meter Brae ‘haa pe Rk ‘ Senaplad panckial et qs of Wheatdlme facel ok = Rar = 4 @ Abed (5 measure eaten sun s Rar (toe -4) Atgintonee (sia Red) 2 Abso called Atide wise Lecidge | x Roe oe acados ay © dmalong wax madeot Comstantan oA Mauganin, battery, key o vesidance — ubeaky caw shal 5 Sevag eh kurwn Accurtanice ino fae : by | P= = SK wise (5), galvancmu ten, d Sf Ste jockey (5) hue Tia kK of un © Working Paricccple Kuewn sesithore wise) ~ raked on the poiuish a Foinl te be noted Wheatstere bacdge - bd toa Aerlge ix Arleiad BeSf Atrottere sesicfame x uceunated in pasallel wk 6, the peste oF balance pomt thiseases ke Shift away from f o dutke chauging thi pestons af galvatonuten and Bakery doesnt affect the Balaning pect of mele bridge Fo TEN TIOME TER: dea device usec an unknown em ohemtial Atuusratel Ht deus ned Aicvesn oni curtemt feom Hua weak aud measures the potest Ai ffereace 44 ack as Qn ideal vo Hel with dnfoule Arsifance Feinuple adhe a comsdant cursent flows trough a wie ef Untfoam ress — aeetroral ater, te poled anep anoss aug lengik wre 4 sacl pe poution . Oe Ac ffrence i -b that dung ° By Ofun's aw, Va IR=T oh where (C= TS, acoustantt n © Yhurefore Vorl whic is La inecple ee Ney Ma > rucasunel— | Fedewkal gsadcewb we peluhal Anep per unk length of the poteuctio muck ex wine 6 Karis as petewteal gha dieat ae 2V. Kar 6 Sr uk a Vim o Palewtial daep V v4 engi JL graphy Vv ES 4 fuvdang dw Alo pe from 4 5 can fend i ic Lent fs beans eB al pot ZA Prric ations a Comparison oF AMPA OF Tle eae * Apparat . Polertermetes iki, olay le battery, Dawiel ctl, Laclanche cell, foo wag Keys Aesictame bor, fa gel vouremit ert qocbeg: Fig shows Ue cecurt ag me for to an Lc. auf @ of tuoBatt cles stamb Oe Pee es The poschice terminal pelewcona es ual feb e, of Heel of emf € where ot two, tterual Acrirkance 9 Te mead i connected a e, - ma f cells which anc eaeaioper ’ “ihe pont’ -lertmnale Ie meme of testiomal Huse alls asc L commode pnd Aaud vcqakiun. Le ten Gy and art founecked esis Irnee ox d aucse the minal Ba fr Arsiskannce Bor we vk Conneete HRB, @ galvanomet ex G, Cel Hetough a Key Ky coustant aud acockey r AEE al, Close Hea key le, two way | Miles “ay A ioted | hour sesistenn aowent exes Oe re flew of current through aud Vidya leug moled- thew Ha week hoor HR te golvamomet em She wll, 6 Hirde 4y ne - fatlu @ okdy one kis polenta) gradient - "6 New inlze dace R ae Avox au ( B alawcing Lids’ is ted: uy pa Veg tell New € aS2h 149 = dceuscased soy Acduic Ro Tp the current meth the Pe bh ci a sheostat - —— Ned [Eo R rOheaemf of driving wll oN Srowld be thus inbernal Acsis bance ¢ ee delemmaed - ensifrvity ofa Polenbonaelen 2 he smallest pt Hat can Bw auumately amature dL Bye polcutionmeben it kuown A sensiliveness of Awe poletiometer « > heer ws sensite a (i) abs capable of aneqeusin vu Toul potential d as ue | Ni) Aheuss Sega fecanh cham ‘ ictal Me | a pet ch fee pe ovtasuace - Wham Hh of polenteo - Ah ne abed 5 radient Aewcases Fa Aciwvrcases Pe Ail of potentcornubin IA AMS eS _ . Ely etl an be 2 ies mung of AH ull to hes TL UAE Abas Vans ou k toumnot Be on Lhe potewtia potisctconretes u awl deflection olanie bbeased P meter” © UM Anse off , A; t We Boca a jl, Syoig Pag ede pork (4 * hein a. ad