Chapter 15 Line Distance (21) Element Testing Line distance (21) protection is primarily used to protect transmission lines or other electrical equipment where the equipment's impedance characteristic can be calculated or modeled with software applications. The protective relay calculates the ratio of measured vollage and current and uses Ohm's Law to continually monitor the measured impedance while energized. The measured impedance is compared to the equipment impedance characteristic created by the relay settings and the relay will ip ifthe measured impedance falls within the setting characteristic. This method to selectively trip when internal of protection creates a Zone of Protection which allows the rel faults occur and ignore external faults. The relay impedance characteristic ean also be applied with cand a time delay to provide backup protection for external equipment. «a larger characterist Understanding impedance protection can be difficult so we will start by reviewing the application, as shown in Figure 1, Imagine that you are trying (o protect the following transmissivn systent using overcurrent protection and a faull occurs on the line between W and X (Line WX), Figure 15-1: Radial Transmission System with Overcurrent ProtectionPrinciples and Practice Either of the simple overcurrent relays (51-1, 51-3) connected to circuit breakers 1 (CBI) and (CB3} could operate. If the 51-1 relay operates first, all of the loads connected to CB2 will be ily and cause complaints and lost revenue. We could mitigate this scenario by adding directional protection 2s shown in the following diagram and described in Chapter 11: Directional Overcurrent (67) Element Testing. With directional overcurrent (62) protection applied, the only relay that will operate is 67-3 which will isolate Line WX and the load connected to CB2 will remain in service. deenergized unnecessa Figure 15-2: Typical Radial Transmission System with Directional Overcurrent Protection Asystem connecied with one source is called a radial feed which is not a common scenario in an electrical grid. Most transmission and distribution systems. s. Let's see what happens when an additional source is conzected to Bus Z in Figure 153. Now we have the same problem with relay 67-8. It operates first, Buses X and Y will be de-cnergized for no ave multipie soure legitimate reasor Figure 15-3: Typical Transmission System with Directional Overcurrent Protection 386Chapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing on for each In order to provide the best protection, we need to create a zone of prot transmission line so that the relays will only operate for faults on their transmission lines, Differential protection as described in previous publications of Chapter 12: Simple Percent Differential (37) sting would be the perfect solution for this application, We ean measure the current entering and leaving cach transmission fine, and the relay will operate if il detects a significant difference. The following figure demonstrates this protection scheme wheew both Ci35 and CB4 wil open when the 87 relay operates with minintal dist uption to the ig electrical system, ilement 1 x y ys @ J Figure 15-4: Typical Transmission System with Line-Differential Protection This Line-Differential scheme works very well with modern technology but there are additional ‘sociated because both sides of the transmission line must communicate the measured ys. This technology was not available in the early 20% century created called Impedance Protection, costs 4 current in real time with no del so ew protection scheme Impedance protection looks at the transmission system in our example snd asks, “What are the known characteristics of a transmission linc?" We know the approximate length of the line the nominal voltage, and the size and material of the current carrying conductor 387Principles and Practice We could measure the actual resistance of the transmission line, but that would require pecialized equipment and manpower, It is more cost effective to measure the impedance of a small length of the conductor material and then multiply that resistance by the length of the Tine, ILis important to remember that we are discussing an AC circuit and a transmission line vill have resistive and reactive component as shown in the following figure. Notice that the actual conductor by itself can be calculated with the formula Zoynsyue ~R, ~ J(X,}- When three conductors are placed i | an additional reactance must be applied which will vary a nductor spacing. The new formula for transmission line impedance is 2, 10 a phase syst ‘ording to the line length and c Ri HX +X) a xa a xa xd NW. Mn ke x xa —L yy —rm_rm_ tT Figure 15-5: Equivalent Transmission Line Impedance The reactance (jj or X component is always significantly larger than the resistance of the transmission line and the fine angle will grow closer to 90” as the nominal voltage increases, For example, a transmission line connected to a 34.5kV system will likely have a fault angle in the neighborhood of 60° lag. A relatively identical fault on a 230k system, however, will have a nearly 90° fault angle due to the higher several multiples greater than the resistive component at the higher voltage stem voltage because the reactance component is Let’s assume that (he transmission fines in our example are rated for 1 Ohm/mile at the nominal vollage. Line WX has a 10 Ohm impedance, Line XY has « 7.5 Ohm impedance, and Line XZ has a5 Ohm impedance, For simplicity's sake, let's generalize and state that the line angle for all lines is 75°, Because we are using impedance relays to protect these lines, we can use ohms on our drawing to better visualize the s} stem, 388Chapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing Se ik =f —~@ i) Figure 15-6: Typical Transmission System with Early Line Distance Protection (Primary Ohms) Most relays measure secondary ohnis so we should redraw the system using secondary ‘ohms, Let's assume that the PT rao is 1200:1 for all PTs and the CT ratio is 2000:5 for all CTs. secondary ohms is derived in the following calculation: The formula for calcula Veo fez Jord [vn = p¥-| an [i Figure 15-7: Primary to Secondary Impedance Calculation The conversion for our example will be 2000 cx. 3 400 ' 2a Stet = 2,8 2 PTaano gett 1200 3 The line calculations will be Ae Linewx ~ 1-10. 3.3330 Zu ~ Zy nbn t080). This is the minimum amount of voltage that must be present to provide a reliable directional reference for the Z1 element, Z1 Delay ~ 0.0005 The time delay between element pickup and operation. Z1 Volt level = 0.000 pu Any blocking condition that will prevent the element from operating. in this case, the 21-element is blocked if a fuse failure is detected Z1 Block SRC1 VT FUSE FAIL OP i latched’; the element will stay ON until a reset condition is Z1 Target = Latched initiated. funlatched’ the element will turn OFF when the pickup conditions are removed. Will the 21 events be recorded in the Relay's Sequence of Z1 Events = Enabled rents = faa Events record? 407Principles and Practice ‘The following diagram the Z1 ch: strate how the Z1 clement settings affect teristic NJ 1 Figure 15-26: MHO Distance Characteristic Sample Shapes 408Chapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing The following figure plots the example characteristic. Apply Settings to MHO x, Figure 15-27:3-Phase Example MHO Distance Characteristic A) Test-Sat Connections Apply phase balanced currents and voltages when testing the 3-phase, 21-element. RELAY TEST SET ‘Magnitude Phase Ancle Frequency RELAY i ature aren a amps Test120% Test He hase Ame { " se Amps 80 1 Qenase amor CO Test Amps Test®+120° Input Element Output Figure 15-28: 409Principles and Practice B) MTA Test Procedure Torque Angle (MTA) test which verifies The first test you can perform is the Maximum, the RCA setting inside the relay. This test is performed by setting a fixed impedance lower than the reach setting and then varying the phase angle, Record the pickup angle on either verage of the two results. The entire procedureis shown side ofthe circleand calculate the: in the following figure. Remember that angles in an impedance diagram are reversed so you must multiply your test result by-1 to get the MTA in impedance terms, “Test #2 2.11 Games 26° . R Vonmse ae Testangle: MTA = | Testanale2 + 2 “112.22 -61.26 2 Mra =|-61.26 + s-1 = 86.74 Figure 15-29: 3-Phase Example MHO Distance MTA Test ‘The MTA test could be performed as part of the Reach Test Procedure described later in the chapter Follow the steps below to perform an MTA test. w accordingly. if required 1. Determine how you will monitor pickup and set the re! (Pickup indication by LED, output contaet, front panel display, ete. See the Relay Test Procedures section starting on page 108 for details.) 2. Calculate the test configuration using one of these test methods: ‘a. If the Z1 Reach setting is greater than 0.65 Ohms, arbitrarily determine the maximum amount of current to be applied (0 the relay. 10.0004 is a good rule of thun.'s for maximum continuous current when testing most relays. Calculate the 3:phase balanced voltage required to apply 90% of the Z1 Reach setting using the don Ohm's Law. following formula bi 410Chapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing VaLaR FaultVolts=0.9 « FaultAmps « ZLReach FaultVolts=0.9 « 9.01.23 Faultvolts=9.96V sibed in t should 1 Reach setting is less than 0.660, use the traditional formula de: tep with a 5.0V voltage setting. If more than 10.0A is required, the t be performed as quickly as possible (o prevent equipment damage. in the previous step because ‘Traditional test techniques reverse the formula Clectromechanical relays required a minimum voltage of approximately 20V to function reliably. Digital relays typically only require 3.0V to properly determine direction when a prefault voltage is applied. The traditional formula can also be used to calculate the test parameters in the first step, but you may need to make culations to keep the test current at reasonable levels. several ca v v 1-¥ a R oe Faultvolts Faultvolts Faultamps Faultamps ~ —Faultvots 5" 9.9 21Reach ‘SUnAMPS ~ O59. ZiReach 20.0v 9.96v Faultamps - 20-0. Faultamps = PS Fg-1.23 PS 931.23 Faultamps - 18.0678 FaultAmps ~ 9.00 4Principles and Practice 412 3. Configure a test with two states (prefault and fault) as shown in the following chart; PREFAULT FAULT Vi = Nominal Volts @ 0 V1 =Faultvolts @ 0° V2= Nominal Volts @-120° V2= FaultVolts @ 120° V3 =Nominal Volts @ 120° V3 = Faultvolts @ 120° = 0.008, 11 = Faultmps @ 19-21 RCA 12 =0.00A 12 = Faultamps @V2°-Z1 RCA 13 = 0.008 13 =FaultAmps @V3°- 21 RCA Figure 15-30: 3-Phase Example MHO Distance MTA Test Configuration ‘The test configuration for the example settings are shown in the following chart: PREFAULT FAULT v1=69.28Va0 vi1=9.96v.0° v2=69.28V@-120° V2=9.96V @-120 V3 =69.28V.@ 120° V3=9.96v @ 120° 15 0.008 11 = 9.000 @-87°(0>-87°) 12=0.00A 12 =9.000A @ 1534-120° - 87°) 13 = 000A 13 = 9.0008 @ 33%120°-87%) 4, Configure your testset to change all three current angles cqually and simultaneously. 5. Apply the prefault condition to the relay and verify the metering is correct, if required, 6. Apply the fault condition and ensure the 21-clement operates, 7. Increase all three phase-current-angles equally until the 21-element drops out. 8. Decrease all three phase-currentangles until the 2L-clement picks up. Record the AQ angle at pickup, (112.22" in our example) 9. Continue decreasing all three phase-currentangles until the 21-element drops out. 10. Increase all thrce phase-currentangles until the 21-clement picks up. Record the AO angle at pickup. 61.26" in our example) 11. Calculate the average of the two angles and add the result to the smaller angle. Record the calculated value on your test sheet. Steps 6-11 are shown in the following figures:Chapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing Step #6 erevlf Bo vor Vi Step #8 Step #9 Step #10 Step #14 Testani lel —Testngle? Ta - [Testangie2 Testang) ; tira.» [61.26 » 12222 -62.26° 186.74 Figure 15-31: 3-Phase MTA Test Procedure on Phasor Diagram 413Principles and Practice Step #6 Step #7 1 Reach = 1.23 Ohms @ 87° A Te { ) Step #8 test #3 7 | 11 ARStia.220 pa rest Step #10 Step #11 Test #2 ee / S . ern « Testangion _ Testhnglet —Testhngle2 \ Th = Testangle2 . Z cgi 28's soe-78 —_ 61.26 i 86.74 Figure 15-32: 3-Phase MTA Test Procedure on Impedance Diagram 12. Compare test results to nianufacturer’s specifications, specification for the MTA test, but we can use the Phase Distance Re: is typically no specifi ‘a (Secondary £0) specifications located in the GE D-60 manual as shown in the following figure which indicates a 5% tolerance. susChapter 15: Line Distance (21) Plement Testing PHASE DISTANCE CChavactests mo imemery polanzed or os quad memory polanzed or non-rec Number ot zones 2 te £00 20 21m steps cf 901 us meluding he eee Sents up to an SIR oF 50, Reach accuracy Figure 15-33: GE D-60 Phase Distance Specification The test results measured an MTA of 87.225" and the expected result was 87°. Using the standard percent error calculation, we can determine the percent error and the test result ult on your test sheet passes, Record the percent errar and pass/fail r ‘Actual Value Expected Valve 199 . percent Error Expected Value 86.74" - 87.00" 499 « Percent Error 87.00 -0.30% Error 13, Repeat the MTA test for all enabled 21-clement zones, 3 PHASE DISTANCE TEST RESULTS (Ohms) Zi Function] Feabied [22 Function] faabiet [23 Function Faabiet Deatied Zipeach | 12x | zaReacn | ras | 23 Ream [su Pzinca [wf zznca [#7 | zanca [x1 J zanca Z1 Deisy | 990 | 2 delay | 0. | 23 Delay | 400 | 24 Dotay Zi Dvecion Zeowecion| + [23 puecion Ze Deecion N. aon TORQUE ANGLE (MTA) TEST RESULTS (Ohms) ZONE 4 TESTS ZONE 2tests | _zoneatests | z0NE 4 TESTS: Ohms [pus | pur [Orme | eui |_pua [-onms | pus | puz_[onms | rua] foinaes [on fans] as [167 Cua] aoe | 279 roa] oe ~T MnP eet mar [Mec] ERR] Mae | MFG | HERR T ware [nore [97.0] 0.30 | wens [07.0] 0.19 [ neyo [oro] 04 | | 1 MTA =(PU2+ ((PUL-PU2)/2))* C1) 415Principles and Practice 416 C) Reach Test Procedure While the MTA test procedure can be considered optional, the reach test procedure is a mandatory test for the 21-element. The relay (ester chooses one or more angles to perform the test (typically starting at the MTA angle) and then performs a standard pickup est Some relay test procedures require multiple points around the MHO circle which can be considered unnecessary in a digital relay for several reasons. ‘* Multiple test points were required for electromechanical relays be« possible that the relay was out of calibration and resistors and magnets could he adjusted to obtain a different result. No such adjustments exist on digital relays, ‘Therefore, a digital relay 21-clement test proves that the relay settings are applied correctly which can be achieved with one pickup test ‘© Many digital relays change the MHO characteristic based on system conditions and the MHO circle may not be the static circle you are expecting. Multi-point on an MHO circle may produce results outside of the expected tolerance for le it was tests asstatic circle but not for a dynamic cis Follow the steps below to perform a reach test 1. Determine how you will monitor pickup and set the relay accordingly. if required (Pickup indication by LED, output contact, front panel display, etc. See the Relay Test Procedures section starting on page 109 for details) 2. Determine the’Test Angle forthe test. (MTA, MTA+n, MTAn, 95° lag, ete.) and caleulate the expected impedance at that angle. The following example will use the MTA angle. ‘The expected result for any MHO circle with a 0.000 offset can be calculated using the formula: ‘TestOhms - ZiReach « Cos(MTAY - Test”) Example calculations are shown below: TestOhms = Z1Reach» Cos(MTA’ - Test’) TestOhms = ZiReach x Cos(MTA® ~ Test’) TestOhms = 1.23 «Cos(87" -57°) TestOhims = 1.23 «Cos(87" ~ 117°) TestOhms ~ 1.230.866 TestOhms = 1.23% 0.866 Testohms = 1.0659 Testohms = 1.06503. Caleulate the test configuration using one of these tes Chapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing (methods: nine the If the Z1 Reach seiting is greater than 0.66 Ohms, arbitrarily de maximum amount of current to be applied to the relay. A good rule of thumb for maximum continuous current for most relays is 100A. Calculate the 3-phase balanced voltage required to apply 95% of the Z1 Reach setting using the following formula based on Ohm's Taw. V=ER FaultVolts=0.95 « FaultAmps « ZiReach FaultVolts=0.95 «9.01.23 Faultvolts=10.5165V Ifthe Z1 Reach setting is less than 0.660, use the traditional formula described in this step with a 5.0V voltage setting. If more than 10.04 is required, the test should be performed as quickly as possible to prevent equipment damage. step because tional test techniques reverse the formula in the previous electromectanical relays required a minimum voltage of approximately 20V to function reliably. Digital relays typically only require 3.0V to properly determine direction when a prefault voltage is applied. The traditional formula can also be used 0 calculate the test parameters in the first step, but you may need to make several calculations to keep the test current at reasonable levels, v v eR ae FaultAmps - —FaultVolts Foultamps -FaultVolts 0.95 «Z1Reach 0.95. ZiReach 20.0V 10.5195 Faultmps ~ —20:0V_ Faultamps - we PS 996.123 P5 9.95 1.23 Faultamps ~ 17.118, Faultamps = 9.04 4u7Principles and Practice 418 swith two states (prefault and fault) as shown in the following chart 4. Configure at PREFAULT FAULT V1 = Nominal Volts @ 0° Faultvolts @ 0° V2= Nominal Vots @-120° V2=FaultVolts @ -120° V3 = Nominal Volts @ 120° V3 =FaultVolts @ 120° 11 =0008 1 =FaultAmps @ Vie-Test® 12=0008 12-=FaultAmps @ V2>-Test® 13=000A 13 =FauAmps @ V3°-Test® Figure 15-34: 3-Phase Example MHO Distance MTA Test Configuration ‘The test configuration for the example settings is shown in the following chart: PREFAULT FAULT 1os2ve0 10s2ve@-120° 9.28 @ 120° V3=1052V@ 120° 11 =9.08.@-87°(0>-879) 12-908 @ 1535-120°-87°) (0A @ 334(120°-879) set to change all three fault current magnitudes and/or voltage 5. Configure your te magnitudes simultaneously, Apply the prefault condition to the relay and verify the metering is correct, if required. Apply the fault condition and ensure the 21-element operates. 8. Increase all three voltage magnitudes OR decrease all three current magnitudes until the 21-clement drops out 9, Reverse the current or voltage changes until the 2L-clement picks up. Record the impedance at pickup, (1.220 in our example) R = “., Record the results on your test sheetChapter 15: Line Distance (21) are shown in the following figure: Steps 7 Figure 15-35: 3-Phase Example MHO Distance Reach Test Procedure 10. Compare test results to manufacturer's specifications. The “Phase Distance” “Reach (secondary 9)” specifications located in the GE D-60 manual indicates a 5% tolerance. PHASE DISTANCE Characteristic ino imemery polanzee or ofset er ‘quac memory, polanzed or non-aree: tHona eeeetanie mdwcvaly per zone Number of zones | Directional forsard reverse. ot non-directiona per Reach secondary ss} 0020 $00.00 in steps of 01 Reach accuracy =Stvincluding the eet of CVT tran Sens upto an SIR of 30 Figure 15-36: GE D-60 Phase Distance Specification 419Principles and Practice ‘The test results measured a 9. and the expected result was 1.239. Using the standard percent error calculation, we can determine the percent error and the test result passes. Record the percent error or pass/fail result on your test sheet Actual Value - Expacted Valve. 99 _ percent Ervor Expected Value 1.220-1.230 1.230 100 = Percent Error -0.81% Error 11, Repeat Steps 2-10 fo; all desired test points. 12. Repeat Steps 2-11 for all enabled zon 3 PHASE DISTANCE TEST RESULTS (Ohms) Zi Function] fnabled [22 Function] Enabled [23 Function] enables [74 Function] Duabled zireach | 123 | Z2Reacn | ins | z3reacn | 31 | 24 Reach, zinca [7 | zenca | a7 | zanca [wr [ Zanca Zi dew | a0 | z2dey | os | 23 dey | 100 | 24 dele Ziowecton| Ff — |z20uecion! FL zs direction! — [zs diection REACH TEST RESULTS (Ohms) ZONE 1 TESTS ZONE 2 TESTS ZONE 3 TESTS ZONE 4 TESTS Terace| mie [wre] wenn] vor [rc] were | mae [mrc| were | nap [mec | enn = nao [ im [327 | soe Pim | 2.86 [2mm [om | 3.55 87 122 Pi} -or | ase [oe | ose | a [aw | 065 7} vos [i Pas fase Die | 076 | 267 [2s | 055 ZONE 1 TESTS MFG «Z1Reach*COS(RADIA! ANGLE)) Zone 2 TESTS MEG =22Reach*COS(RADIANS(72RCA-TESTANGLE)) ZONE 3 TESTS MFG -23Reach*COS (RADIAN: NOTE: An MTA test can be incorporated into the reach test by performing two reach tests with the same angular difference from the MTA as shown in the test sheet above. If both is correct test results have the same result, the M 420Chapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing D) Timing Test Procedure ‘The Timing testis relatively simple compared to the MTA and reach tests. Apply a prefault, then immediately transition to a fault at least 90% inside the circle, and record the time and the relay operation. between fault Follow the steps below to perform a timing test, fault state is energized, and stop when Configure the testset timer to start when the the trip contact operates. 2. Determine the'Test Angle forthe test. (MTA, MTA+n, MTA:n, 95° lag, ete.) and calculate the expected impedance at that angle. The following example will use the MTA angle. ‘The expected result for any MHO circle with a 0.000 offset can be calculated using the following formula: TestOhms ~ ZiReach x Cos(MTAY - Test“) ing one of these test methods: 3. Calculate the test configuration If the Z1 Reach setting is greater than 0,66 Ohms, arbitrarily determine the maximum amount of current to be applied ty the relay. A good rule of thumb for maximum continuous cur late the 3phase balanced voltage required to apply 70% of the Z1 Reach setting using the following formula based on Ohm's Law. rent for most relays is 10.0A. Cal Vad FaultVolts=0.70 » FaultAmps » Z1Reach FaultVolts=0.70 «9.01.23 Faultvolts=7.749V b. Ifthe Z1 Reach setting is less than 0,660, use the traditional formula des this step with a 5.0V voltage setting, If more than 10.0A is required, the tests be performed as quickly as possible to prevent equipment damage, aiPrinciples and Practice Traditional test techniques reverse the formula in the previous step because electrom ‘al relays required a minimum voltage of approximately 20V to function reliably. Digital relays typically only require 3.0V to properly determine direction when a prefault voltage is applied. The traditional formula cen also be used Iculate the test parameters, but you may need to make several calculations io keep the test current at reasonable levels as shown in the following examples: toc v v TR ® Faultvotts Faultvots Faultamps ~ —Faultvotts_ peel PS = 0.70% ZiReach 0.70«ZiReach 20.0 7.749 Faultamps ~ 20.0 Fauttamps = <7-749V_ ‘aultamps 0.90 1.23 le 0.70«1.23 FaultAmps =23.23A Faultamps = 9.0 4. Configure a test with two states (pretault and fault) as shown in the following chart: PREFAULT FAULT Vi =Nominal Volts @ 0° V1 =FaultVolts @ > V2 =Nominal Volts @-120° V2= FaultVolts @ -120° V3 = Nominal Volts @ 120° V3=FaultVolts @ 120° 11 =000A, 1 = Faultamps @V12 Teste 12=0.000 12=FaultAmps @V2>-Test® 13=000A 13 =FaultAmps @ V3?-Test® Figure 15-37: 3-Phase Example MHO Distance MTA Test Configuration ‘The test configuration for the example settings are shown in the following chart PREFAULT FauLT Vi =6928Ve0° Vi=7749V 20° V2= 69.28V @-120° V2=7,749V @-120° V3=69.28V@ 120" V3=7,749V @ 120° 11 =0.00A 11 =9.08 @-87° (02-879) 12= 000A 12= 9.08 @ 1535-120. 879) 13=000A B= 9.0 @ 332(120°-87>)Chapter 15: Line Distance (21) El vent Testing, 5. Apply the prefault condition to the relay and verily the metering is correct, if required. Apply the fault condition and ensure the 21-element operates within the specified time. This step can be more las we have the normal tolerance with a “Timing accuracy 7. Compare test results to manufacturer's specificatio complicated than norma +/-3% or 4 ms, whichever is greater” and the Phase istance Operating Time Curves. PHASE DISTANCE Time delay: 0,000 to 65,535 s in steps of 0.001 Timing accuracy +£3% or 4 ms, whichever is greater Figure 15-38: GE D-60 Phase Distance Timing Specification hase Element (217) Figure 15-39: GE 0-60 Phase Element (21P) Timing Specification 423Principles and Practice Usin the worst case scenario of 27.5 ms (SIR = 0.1 at 70% fault location) +/-3% can determine that the maximum expected time is: 27.Sms «396 ~ 27.5ms «0.03 ~ 0.825ms 0.825ms « 4ms ExpectedTime = 27.5ms + 4ms ExpectedTime = 31.5ms ‘The measured time for our example was 31.0ms. The time is less than our expected time and is acceptable for service, ‘Actual Value - Expected Value Expected Value 100 = Percent Error 31.0ms -32.5S , 199 — percent Error “31 Sms -1.59% Error 8. Repeat Steps 2-7 forall enabled zones. 3 PHASE DISTANCE TEST RESULTS (Ohms) Za Funcion] enabted [22 Fonction] taatted [23 Function] gnabied [24 Function Diabet Zipeach | 121 | 22Reach | uns | 23Reach [34 _[ 24 Reacn, zinca [xr | zowca | [ z3nca [#7 | 24nca Zi delay | aon | 22 dey | vw | 23 0etay | 100 | 24 delay Zidwecion! F172 deca] [23 diecion| ¥ [24 oiection "TIMING TESTS (in Seconds) Ter Tore Lee arr [ero] scene | ae [ore] wena | mart [ure wear O70 [00st Joos] iso | 030 Toso [1a [sors [so Taso Ss Resuts ACCEPTABLE jo see notesChapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing 5. Phase-to-Phase Line Distance Protection Testing Phase-torphase testing in the past was a simple procedure where a single-phase voltage and single-phase current was applied to the phases under test with the same test procedure as the 3phase test. Modern relays are designed to prevent mis-operations caused by incorrect metering, such as. fuse-faiture, and the test techniques of the past will not work without setting. changes, if they will work ats vs become more sophisticated. Modern test-ets allow you to simulate a more realistic fault so that you can test the phase-to- phase 21-element without changing settings. The first step in creating an acceptable fault for a relay is understanding what happens in a phase-to-phase fault, The following figure depicts a prefault and fault condition with a A-B fault. The following information describes the conditions. required to create a realistic fault for modern relays in the absence of a system fault study, Fault Voltages ‘* The Cphase voltage does not change because the load impedance to ground has not changed. (In a veal fault, C-phase will change slightly compared to the A:phase and B-phase voltages, but the changes cannot be determined without a system model.) * The AL Phase voltage collapses because the fault resistance is significantly less than the load resistance. T-e collapsed voltage turns the equilateral triangle (all sides and angles are equal) in the prefault condition into an isosceles triangle (two angles and les are equal) during the fault. + The AN vollage magnitude is equal to the B-N voltage magnitude because the line lance to the fault should be nearly identical imped © The AN and BN magnitudes should be calculated to create maximum negative sequence vollage to provide a strong reference for the directional control inside the relay. * The AN and BAN magnitudes should be calculated to ercate minimum zero sequence voltage to prevent miscalculation inside the relay. © The AN and BN angles should be equal if the N-C (C-N reversed) voltage is used as a reference to maintain the isusceles triaagle, * The faulted voltage angle should not change between prefault and fault to maintain a lent reference, © AB fault voltage @ 3 © BC fault vollage @ 9 CA fault voltage @ 150° 425Principles and Practice Fault Currents © The Cphase current does not change because the load impedance to ground has not changed. (In a real fault, C-phase will change slightly compared to the A-phase and Bophase voltages but the changes cannot be determined without a system model) * The fault current (FAULT AMPS) is the current flowing through the fault and is the vector sum of APH AMPS and B PH AMPS, Notice that the A-phase and B-phase amps measured at the source terminals are 180" from each other. Therefore, the A-phase ard B-phase currents are the same and equal to one-half of the fault current. ‘© The fault current angle is referenced to the fault voltage and not the origin. We always kcep the APB fault angle at 30° and the A-phase current will lag 30° by the fault angle, ‘The B-phase current will be 180” from the Aphase current, sourct a a URE aos ae a Figure 15-40: Phase-to-Phase Fault Characteristic 426Chapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing A) Phase-to-Phase Test Calculations Some digital relays have additional complexity such as negative-sequence-impedance directional elements and source impedance measuring to prevent mis-operations. These additional elements to distaace protection can make the phase-to-phase calculation quite involved, but the following procedure applied to a spreadsheet program should make the process relatively painless. We will use the same settings from the S-phase test example described previously * | Zi Direction = F ‘+ Z1 Shape ~ Mho © Zi Reach = 1.23 © ZIRCA-87 deg Apply a balanced 3-phase nominal voltage within the prefault state. Ensure all currents are 0.004 in prefar'tt PREFAULT FAULT CHANNEL mac ANGLE mac ANGLE Vphase-to-phase 120v Haut Phase 0.0008 uw 69.28V 0.00" v2 69.28V -120.00° v3 e9.28v 120.00 69.28V 120.00° ©0008 100° 8.0008, 2 (0.0008 120.008 8.0008 3 0.0008, 120.00° 0.0008 120.00° 2. Determine the maximum amount of current vou wish to apply for the test. We'll use 8.0A for our example. 3. Calculate the fault voltage using the current from Step 2, v, = 2 Inu TestOhms Vphase-to-phaseFauit) = fault voltage 2x BAx1.230 where IPhase = Applied currentin each phase TestOhms = Desired test impedance v, \, = 19.68 427Principles and Practice 4. Ensure that the fault voltage from Step 3 is greater than 5.0V and less than 90% of the prefault, If not, adjust the current accordingly or determine the test current with a preset voltage using the following formula: Troue "2s Testohms 1, - 29.68 26123 Toyase = 8.0 PREFAULT FAULT CHANNEL mac ANGLE mac ANGLE Vohaseto-phase ——120¥ 1968 faut 160A an Phase 0.000 808 wi 69.28 cow v2 69.26 120° v3 6926 120.00 69.26 12000 n 0.000 0.00 8000 2 0.000 120.008 80008 8 0.000 12000" 0.000 12000" 5. Apply AN and BAN fault current magnitudes using I... calculated in the previous stops. The Apphase angle equals the phase-to-phase Voltage angle (30°) minus the Test Angle. The B-phase angle equals the Acphase angle plus/minus 180" TIARgIE = Vig ousieau/Angle ~ TestAngle I2Angle = [1Angle + 180" H-R-hy, Angle = 30° -87 Tangle ~ -57" + 180 11-12 =8.08 Angle = -57: Tangle = 123 428,4 Chapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing 4 PREFAULT FAULT CHANNEL, Mac ANGLE MAG ANGLE Vphase-to-phase 1R0v 1968 Haute 1608, 87 IPhase 0.0008, 808 vi 69.28v 100 v2 69.28v “120.008 v3 69.28v 12000° 69.28V 120.00" 4 0.0008 0.00" 8.0008, 57.00" 2 ‘0.000A 120,008 8.0008, 123.00" B ‘2.0008, 120.00 0.0008 120.00 6. Calculate the A-N and B-N voltage magnitudes using the following fori..ula: Waris’ * Non onatr Vig = V2paye = eee enero) ran = Vr I [azar 15 Ga Visa = Vag = 9-28 15.68 Visas = Vrs = 36.01 PREFAULT FAULT CHANNEL, MAG ANGLE mac. ANGLE Vphase-to-phase v0v 19.68 Haute 160A 87 Phase 0.0008 808 vl 69.28v 100" 3001v v2 69.26V 120.00" 3601V v3 69.28V 120.00° 69.28v 120.00 n (0.0008 0.00" 8.0004 $7.00 2 0.0008 “120.00 8.0008, 123,00 3 0.0008 120.00° 0.0008 120.00 429Principles and Practice 7. Calculate the AN and BAN voltage angles using the following formulas: a “3 180 - tarv'{ Yeemsneavans) yo 7 180 — tarro{ Yasement eatage = V3rasate tan) gett V2 ane = VOrange +180 ton = 19.68 (19.68) Vigenage = 120+ 180 + tan 23:88 range = 120+ 180-tan'| 22:68 . 0 Bs V2paaanoe = 120180 tan 12:68 View mage = 120 + 180 15.86 V2panange ~120+ 180 15.86 Vinsasnge = 315.866 oF -€4.14 V2raunnge = 284.14" oF -75.86° PREFAULT Fault CHANNEL, mac ANGLE Mac ANGLE \Vphase-to-phase v0v 1968 fault 16.08 ar IPhase 0.0008 80 vl 69.28 0 3601 aaa v2 69.28V 120.00 3601v 75.86" v3 69.28V 120.00 ea28y 120.00° n 0.0008 oor 8.0008 57.00 eB 0.0008 120.00" 8.0008 123.00 2.0008 120.00" 0.0008 120007 You can use the following template to create a automatically: AB CHANNEL, \phase-to-phase(Vpp) saute Ft) [Phase (P) vi v2 v3 4 2 2 430 ppreadsheet to perform these calculations PREFAULT (PRE) FAULT (FLT) MAG ANGLE (ANG) MAG ——_ANGLE(ANG) ov 1968 16.0008, a7 0.0008 =IFitMag/2 Formula! 0.00" Formula2 —Formula3 Formulat =V1PreAng+240 —Formula2 ‘Formula Formulat =V1PreAng+120=V3PreMag —_=V3PreAng =iPPreMag =VIPreAngIPPreAng — =IPFItMag Formula S =lpPreMag —=I1PreAng+240 = IPFltMag_ Formula =lpPreMag —=I1PreAng+120.—=I3PreMag_——=13PreAngChapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing Formula 1 =VppPreMag/sqrt(3) Formula 2 =SORT(VIPreMag2+VppFitMag2)/? Formula 3 =MOD(V3FItAng +180+DEGREES(ATAN(VppFitMag/V1P2NMag), 360) Formula 4 =MOD(V3FItAng+ 180-DEGREES(ATAN(VppFitMag/v 1PreMag)) 360) Formula $ =MOD((30:IFivAng), 360) Formula 6 =MODi(I1FAng+180),360) Figure 15-41: A-B Fault Test-Set Configuration 8 Repeat Steps 57 for a B-C fault using the following template: Bc PREFAULT (PRE) FAULT (FLT) CHANNEL MAG ANGLE (ANG) MAG —_ANGLE(ANG) Vphase-to-phase(Vpp) 120 1968 Hoult (Ft) 16.000 87 {Phase (IP) 0.0008 =iFtiMag/2 vl Formula? 0.008 ViPreMag —=V1PreAng v2 Formula? =viPreAng+240 Formula? Formula v3 Formulat =ViPreAng+120 Formula? Formula 0 =IPPreMag _=VIPreAng-IPPreAng =I1PreMag_—_=I1PreAng 2 =IPPreMag =I1PreAng+240 —=IPFltMag Formula B =IFPreMag eAng+120 =IPFltMag Formula 10 Formula 1 =VppPreMag/sqrt(3) Formula 2 =SRTIVIPreMagA2+ VppFltMag2)/2 Formula 7 =MOD{V FltAng + 180+DEGREESIATAN(VppFitMag/V 1PreMag)), 360) (OD(VIFltAng + 180-DEGREES(ATAN(VppFtMag/V1PreMag,360) Formula 9 =MOD((-904FItAng).360) Formula 10 =MOD(I2FitAng+ 180,360) Figure 15-42: B-C Fault Test-Set Configuration 431Principles and Practice 9. Repeat Steps 57 for a C-A fault using the following template: cA PREFAULT (PRE) FAULT (FLT) CHANNEL mac ANGLE (ANG) MAG ——_ANGLE(ANG) Vphase-to-phase(Vpp) 120 19.68 soul (Ft) 16.0008 a IPhase (IP) 0.0008, =IFieMag/2 vu Formula? 0.00 Formula2 Formula 12 v2 Formulal —=VIPreAng+240——=V2PreMag 2PreAng v3 Formulal =VIPreAng+120—Formula2_—_Formula 17 n IPPreMag =VIPreAng-IPPreAng —=IPFItMag_—-Formula 14 2 =IPPreMag ——=I1PreAng+240——=12PreMag ——=12PreAng 8 =IPPreMag ——=I1PreAngs120 = IPFItMag_——-Fotmula 13 Formula 1 =VppPreMag/sqrt(3) SORTIV I PreMag2+VppFitMag’2V/2 Formula 11 =MOD(V2FltAng+180+DEGREES(ATAN(VppFitMag/V 1PreMag)) 360) Formula 12 =MOD\V2FltAng+180-DEGREES(ATAN(VppFitMag/V 1PreMag), 360) MODI(150-IFItANg),360) Formula 14 =MOD((I3FitAng+ 180),360) Formula 2 Formula 1 Figure 15-43: C-A Fault Test-Set ConfigurationChapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing B) Test-Set Connections + connections apply for each phase-to-phase fault ‘The following tests RELAY “. illo RELAY TEST SET Tagnude Phase Anaie Frequency | arate ne Oprmese ots Formula? formulas Test Hz amas vate O) O sree os Formula 2 Formuind Test Hz «mae vate ©) Oconuevots VarreNog —VaPreang Test He reson Qmsse mor iMag FormuaS Test He soe noe Game tnrs tag Formule Teste cre ane Gem nnn etan _rmeang rete | iereais Timer Connection | sore Q) timer f = | Outeet {| —— Shins Figure 15-44: A-8 Phase-to-Phase Test-Set Connections 433Principles and Practice ae | nee { Magnitude Phase Angle frequency ae eo rman G —— roe ane oe reMep —nPretng Test He thas, “8 tFitog Formula Test te oe 3 a seg _— coms %g Figure 15-45: B-C Phase-to-Phase Test-Set Connections RELAY RELAY TEST SET _ ee ee son ges | ce eae 434 Figure 15-46: C-A Phase-to-Phase Test-Set ConnectionsChapter 15: Line Distance (21) iment Testing C) MTA Test Procedure ‘The firsttest you can perform is the Maximum Torque Angle (MTA) ti RCA setting inside the GE relay. This test is nearly identical to the “MTA T description in the “Phase Line Distance Protection Testing” section earlier in this document which you can review for more details, We are going to change the phase angle references from 0180" to 0-360" to make the est which verifies the st Procedure” to understand, culations Follow the steps below to perform a phase-to-phase MTA test 1. Determine how you will monitor pickup and set the relay accordingly, if required. (Pickup indication by LED, output contact, front panel display, etc. See the Relay Test Procedures section starting on page 109 for details. 2. Calculate the test configuration using the “Phaseto-Phase Test Calculations” description described eavlier in this section. The test impedance should be 90% of the Z1 Reach Setting. ZTest = 0.9 «21 Reach=0.9 «1.23 = 1.107 2xk x Testohms = 2x8A«1.1070 ase snserss) = 17.7120 AB PREFAULT (PRE) FAULT (FLT) CHANNEL, mag ANGLE (ANG) MAG ANGLE(ANG) Vphase-to-phase(Vop) 120 v7 Haute ait 16.0008 an {Phase (IP) 0.0008, ~iFltMag/2 u Formulat 0.00" Formula2 Formula3 vw Formula -=ViPreAng+240 Formula? Formula v3 Formulat NPreang+120=V3PreMag —-V3PreAng n =IPPreMag PreAng1PPreang =IPFItMag Formula S 2 PreMag ——=I1PreAng+240 —=IPFItMag_—— Formulas B IPPreMag —=I1PreAng#120 —=13PreMag ——=I3Preang Formula 1 =VppPreMag/sqrt(3) Formula 2=SQRTIVIPreMag’2+VppFltaagh2)/2 Formula 3 =MOD(V3FitAng+180+DEGREES(ATAN(VppFitMag/V1PreMaq)), 360) Formula 4 =MOD(VsFltAng+180-DEGREES(ATAN(VppFltMag/V1PreMag)).360) Formula 5 =MOD((304IANg) 360) Formula 6 =MOD\(I1FltAng+180)360)rinciples and Practice Be PREFAULT (PRE) FAULT (FLT) CHANNEL, MAG ANGLE (ANG) MAG ANGLE(ANG) Vphase-to-phase(Vpp) 120V aw a) 16.5008 an IPhase (iP) 0.0008 Mag/2 vw ormuiat 0.00 =ViPreMag —=V1PreAng v2 Formula! -=V1PreAng+240 —Formula2—-Formula7 v3 Formulat —=VIPreAng+120. Formula? Formula n =IPPreMag —=VIPreAngPPreAng —=IIPreMag —_=I1PreAng 2 sIPPreMag =! PreAng+240 Formula 9 3 =IPPreMag ——_=I1PreAng+120 Formula 10 Formula 1 =VppPreMag/sqrt(3) Formula 2 =SQRT(V1PreMag*2+VppFitMag*2)/2 Formula 7 =MOD(VIFItAng +180+DEGREES(ATAN(VppFltMag/V 1PreMag)),360) Formula 8 =MOD(V1FItAng+ 180-DEGREES(ATAN(VppFitMag/V1PreMag))360) Formula 9 =MOD(-90+FitAng) 360) Formula 10 =MOU((2FItAng+180)360) cA PREFAULT (PRE) FAULT (FLT) CHANNEL, MAG ANGLE (ANG) MAG ——ANGLE(ANG) Vphase-to-phase(Vpp) 120 vw Hoult (Ie) 16.0008 Br IPhase (P) 0.0008, =IFkMag/2 vu Formulat 100° Formula2 Formula 12 v2 Formulat =VIPreAng+240—=V2PreMag_—_-=V2Preang v3 Formulat —=VIPreAng+120—Formula2._—_Formula 11 n =IPPreMag=VIPreAngPPreAng —=IPFitMag Formula 14 2 =iPPreMag ——-=I1PreAng+240—=12PreMag_—=12Preang 3 =lPPreMag —=I1PreAng+120.—=IPFItMag Formula 13, Formula 1 =VppPreMag/sqrt(3) Formula 2 =SQRT(VIPreMag'2+VppFitMag*2)/2 1OD(V2FltAng+ 180+ DEGREES(ATAN(VepFltMag/V 1PreMag)),360) JOD(V2FltAng+180-DEGREES(ATAN(VppFitMag/\ 1PreMag),360), Formula 13 =MOD((150-IFitAng),360) (0D(13FtAng+180),360) Formula 11 Formula 1 436Prefault A-B Fault | i Chapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing 3. Configure a test with two states (prefault and fault) as shown in the following chart and figure: AB PREFAULT (PRE) FAULT (FLT) ‘CHANNEL MAG ANGLE(ANG) = MAG_-—ANGLE(ANG) vl o928v 0.002 35.75V 31434 ve e926v 240.00° 35.75V 285.66" 3 69.28 120.00 6928v 12000 n 0.0008 0.00" 8.0008 303.00° R 0.0008 240.008 8.0008 123.00 B 0.0008 12000 0.0008 12000° 90° 180° 180° 0° 4. Configure your testset to change all the faulted (U1 and 12 for an AB fault) current angles equally and simultancously. 5. Apply the prefault condition to the relay and verify the metering is correct, if required. 6. Apply the fault condition and ensure the 21-element operates. 7. Increase the faulted current phase angles equally until the 21-element drops out. 8. Decrease the faulted current phase angles until the 2Lelement picks up. Record the first faulted current phase angle (11 for an A-B fault) at pickup (277.58" in our example) 9. Continue decreasing the faulted current phase angles until the 2Lelement drops out, up. Record the in our example). gles until the 21-clement picl 65 10. Increase the faulted current phas first faulted current phase angle (II for an A-B fault) at pickup (32 437Principles and Practice 11, Calculate the average of the two angles and add the result to the smaller angle and the phase-to-phase reference (Remember that the A.B voltage is the reference for this test which is found at 30"). Multiply the result times-I to convert the angle reference from a phasor reference to an impedance reference, Record the calculated value on your test sheet TestAnglel + TestAngle2 Ma = + 2 _vottageReference” - 360°} x-1 ta - (27758 328-65 _39-_ 360°]. -1 - 86.885 12. Compare test results to manufacturer's specifications. ‘There is typically no direct specification for the MTA test, but we can use the Phase Distance Reach (secondary ) specifications located in the GE D-60 manual as shown in the following figure which indicates a 5% tolerance, PHASE DISTANCE ‘Sharacterc mio {memory polarized or ofset) ued memory polazed of neo tional) seleciabie mwa per zone Nunberofzones 5 Directonaty fomard, reverse, or nonaectonal pet 002 to 300.0011 m steps of Reach (secondary Regen sceunae 5% nclucing me Seris upte an SIR of Figure 15-47: GE D-60 Phase Distance Specification The test results measured an MTA of 86.885" and the expected result was 87°. Using the standard percent error calculation, we can determine the percent error and the test result passes. Record the percent error and pass/fail result on your test sheet, Actual Value - Expected Value pe ~100 Percent Error Expected Value 86.885°-87.0 87.00" 00" ..100 = Percent Error -0.13% Error 438Chapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing ind the 13. Repeat Steps 3-12 for a BC fault. 12 and I3 are the faulted current phase angles 12 phase angle is the recorded angle. The B-C voltage reference is 270. ec PREFAULT (PRE) FAULT (FLT) ‘CHANNEL MAG = ANGLE(ANG) = MAG ANGLE(ANG) vi 69.28v 00" 69.28V 0.00" v2 69.28v 240.00 35.75V 194.34 v3 69.28V 120.00" 35.75V 165.66" n ©.000a 0.00" (.000A, 100" R 0.0008 240.00" 8.0008 183.00" B 0.0008, 12000° 80008 | 30" tangle? VottageReference’| et vol = 86.84° 14, Repeat Steps 3-42 for a C-A fault. 13 and I are the faulted current phase angles and the 13 phase angle is the recorded angle. The C-A voltage reference is 150’. cA PREFAULT (PRE) FAULT (FLT) CHANNEL, MAG —ANGLE(ANG) = MAG ANGLE(ANG) ui 69.28v 0.00 35.75v 45.66° v2 69.28V 240.007 69.28V 240,00 v3 69.28v 120.00 35.75V 74349 n ‘.000A, oo 8.000, 243.00 2 2.0008, 240.00 0.000a 240.00" B (0.0008 120.00" 0A 63.00° TestAnglel « TestAngle?2 _Vtagepeterence’)x-1 MTA ( 2 ) _ (37.15 + 89.01 MTA 150°) «-1 = 86.92° 439Principles and Practice 15. Repeat the MTA test for all enabled 21-element zones. PHASE-PHASE DISTANCE TEST RESULTS (Ohms) pa Tnabled [22 Funcion] Enabled [23 Function] Enabled [24 Function] Dia Zirescn [12a | Z2Reacn | tas | z3Reacn | 31 [ za Reacn VW" zieca | 97 | zaeca | a7 4p zarca [#7 | zanca ze Zi delay | ooo | 220eiay | aw | 29 0eay [1.00 | 24 delay 7 Zidvecton| F Lz? Ouecion| & [72 0iecton| [74 Ovecsen 7 MAXIMUM TORQUE ANGLE (MTA) TEST RESULTS (Ohms) ZONE 1 TESTS ZONE 2 TESTS, ZONE 3 TESTS, ZONE 4 TESTS Gams [Fuse] Puzo Ohms [ruIe] Puz | Ohms [pure] pu2 | ons [Pure] rum AB eU() [tit [rss] snes [1.67 [orca] sonsr | 2.79 [orsi] s2n67 B-cPUC) | 1.11 fists} 20x00 | 1.67 [s7sa] 20n7e | 2.79 [sr sol 20807 caPuC) | 311 [sas] wor | .67[ra{ ex [2.79 [ore | sane wip [mec] sere] vor pmrc | were | map| nrc] see ABMIA()| wow [87-0] -0.13 | 693 | 57.0] -0.09 | wor [67.0] -0.10 e-cMTA(®)| goes [67.0] -0.18 | ous | 67.0] -0.18 | s407 | 87.0] -0.10 CAMTA(@)] su92 187.0] -0.09 | anor [87.0] -0.08 | x93 | 87.0] 008 ABZONF 11 SPSPUL's ZONELT IS MIP MOD (((ZONEITE 1129/2)30)* (1) 360) BC ZONE 1 TESTS Mab =MOD((((ZONENTESPSPUT’s ZONEITE SPU2)/2)2 *(1),360) CAZONE TESTS M3 MOD ((((ZONEYTESTSPUL"+ ZONETTESTSPUZ9/2)-150)* C1) 360) D) Reach Test Procedure The reach test is similar to the 3-phase reach test with the phase-to-phase calculations described in the MTA test procedure. The relay tester chooses one or more angles to perform the test (typically starting at the MTA angle) and then performs « standard pickup test. Follow the steps below to perform a reach test 1. Determine how you will monitor pickup and set the relay accordingly, if required. (Pickup indication by LED, output contact, front panel display, ete. See the Relay Test Procedures section starting on page 109 for details.) 2. Determine the ‘Test Angles for the test (MTA, MTA+n, MTA.n, 95” lag, ete.) The following example will use the MTA angle plus 30°. The expected result for any MHO. circle with a 0,000 offset ean be calculated using the formula: ‘TestOhms ~ ZiReach « Cos(MTA*- Test*) 440Chapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing Example calculations are shown below: TestOhms = Z1Reach Cos(MTA* - Test*) Testohms = 1.23 « Cos{87>— 117%) TestOhms - 1.230.866 Testohms - 1.0650 3. Calculate the test configuration using the “Phase-to-Phase TestCalculations” description described earlier in this section. The test impedance should be 95% of the TestOhms culation for the test angle. ZTest = 0.95 » Testohms:.0.95 x 1.065 = 1.0120 y, % Igue * TestOhms, Neon tte pase raerut) “ 16-192V ae PREFAULT (PRE) FAULT (FLT) CHANNEL, mac ANGLE (ANG) MAG ——_ANGLE(ANG) Vphase-to-phase(Vpp) 120. we.192V Haute (Fe) 16.0008 ue IPhase (P) 0.0008 =IFLMag/2 vw Formulat 0.00 Formula2 Formula v2 Formulat 1PreAng+240 —Formula2.—Formula 4 v3 Formulal —-=ViPreAng+120—-=V3PreMag —=V3PreAng n PreNag =VIPreAng-PPreAng =iPFItMag Formula S 2 =IPPreMag PreAng+240 =IPFItMag_ Formula 6 3 PreMag Preang+120 PreMag PreAng Formula 1 =VppPreMag/sqrtt3) Formula 2 =SQRT(V1PreMag2+VppFltMagh2)/2 Formula 3 =MOD{V3FitAng + 180:-DEGREES(ATAN(VppFltMag/V1PreMag)),360) Formula 4 =MOD(V3FItAng + 180-DEGREES(ATAN|VppFitMag/V1PreMag))360) Formula 5 =MOD((30-FitAng), 360) Formula 6 =MOD{(I1FltAng +180) 360) 441Principles and Practice BC PREFAULT (PRE) FAULT (FLT) CHANNEL, MAG [ANGLE (ANG) MAG ANGLE(ANG) Vphase-to-phase(vpp) 120 16.192 Hoult (Ft) 16.0008 ue Phase (IP) 0.0008 =IFItMag/2 vl Formulat oon =V1Pretiag PreAng ve Formula) -=VIPreAngi240——Formula2_—_‘Formula7 v3 Formulat —-=VIPreAng+120—Formula2_—_‘Formula 8 n =IPPreMag_=V1PreAng-PPreAng —=I1PreMag Preang 2 =IPPreMag =I1PreAng+240—=IPFItMag_——Formula 9 B =iPPreMag -=I1PreAng+120—=IPFKMag_——- Formula 10, Formula 1 =VppPreMag/sart(3) Formula 2 =SQRTIV 1PreMag2+VppFitMag’2)/2 Formula 7 =MOD(VIFItAng+180-+DEGREES(ATAN(VppFitMag/V7PreMag)),360), Formula 8 =MOD(V1FtAng+ 180-DEGREES(ATAN(VppFitMag/V1PreMag).360) Formula 9 =MOD(-90-FltAng) 360) Formula 10 =MOD((2FitAng+180),360) cA PREFAULT (PRE) FAULT (FLT) CHANNEL, MAG ANGLE (ANG) MAG ANGLE(ANG) phase-to-phase(Vpp) 120 16.192 Hoult (Ft) 16.0008 1 [Phase (iP) 0.0008 =IFItMag/2 vi Formulat 0.00" Formula? Formula 12 ve Formula! =ViPreAng+240 —=V2PreMag —=V2PreAng va Formula} NPreAng+120 Formula? — Formula 11 n =IPPreMag =VIPreAngdPPreAng —=IPFItMag_——-Formula 14 R =IpPreMag —=I1PreAng#240—=12PreMag Preang B =IPPreMag —=I1PreAng#120—=IPFitMag Formula 13, Formula 1 =VppPreMag/sqrt(3) Formula 2 =SQRT(V1PreMagA2+VppFitMag2)/2 Formula 11 =MOD(V2FltAng + 180+DEGREES(ATAN(VppFitMag/V 1PreMag}),360), Formula 12 =MOD(V2FltAng+180-DEGREES(ATAN(VppFltMag/V1PreMag)],360) Formula 13 =MOD{(1504FItAng), 360) Formula 14 =MOD((I3FItAng+180),360) 42Chapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing 4, Configure a test with two states (prefault and fault) as shown in the following chart: AB PREFAULT (PRE) FAULT (FLT) CHANNEL, MAG —ANGLE(ANG) = MAG ANGLELANG) vi 69.28V 0.0” 3557V 313.15" v2 69.28V 240.00 3557 29685" 3 69.260 12000 69.28V 12000° 4" 0.0008 0 80008, 273.00" 2 (0.0008 240.00" 8,000, 93.002 3 0.0008 120.008 0.000, 120.00° 5. Configure your testset to change the faulted (11 and 12 for an AB fault) curr magnitudes equaliy and simultaneous 6. Apply the prefault condition to the relay and verify the metering is correct, if required, Apply the fault condition and ensure the 21-element operates, 8. Decrease both faulted current magnitudes simultaneously until the 21-clement drops out, (You “annot change the voltage magnitudes for this test unless your testset also te angle changes instantaneously as well.) calculates the appropr ly s up. Record the impedance 16.192 192 __ 1.9610. Record care7 a 9. Reverse the current changes until the 21-element pi at pickup. (1.0619 in our example) R ask on your test sheet. : results 10. Compare test results to manufacturer's specifications. The Phase Distance Reach. (secondary Q) specifications are located in the GE D-60 manual in the following figure which indicates a 5% tolerance. PHASE DISTANCE Characters tonal selectable na Numberofzones Diectonaty forsord reverse oF non-ectonal per Reach (secondary #1 0.02 to 500.008 steps of B01 Reach accuracy 5% incluting te fet of CVT tan. ‘ents up to SIR of 30 Figure 15-48: GE D-60 Phase Distance Specification 443Principles and Practice ‘The test results measured 1.0610 with an expected result of 1.0650. Using the standard percent error calculation, we can determine the percent error and the test result passes, Record the percent error and pass/fail result on your test sheet. Actual Value - Espected Value Expected Value «100 - Percent Error 0658 1.0819 1.0652 509 - percent Error 7.0650 -0.38% Error 11. Repeat Steps 2-10 for B-C Phase Bc PREFAULT (PRE) FAULT (FLT) CHANNEL MAG —ANGLE(ANG) = MAG_~=——ANGLE(ANG) vw 69.28v 0.00" 69.28v 100" v2 69.28V 240,00 3557 193.15° 3 69.28V 120.00" 3557 166.85" n 0.0008 00: 0.0008, 0.0 2 0.0008 240.002 8.0008 153.00° 8 0.000 120.00 8.0008 333.00" 12. Repeat Steps 2-10 for C-A Phase. cA PREFAULT (PRE) FAULT (FLT) CHANNEL MAG —ANGLE(ANG) = MAG_~——ANGLE(ANG) vw 69.28v 0.00" 3557 46.85° v2 69.28v 240,008 69.28V 240,00° v3 69.28V 120.00 3557 ras 0 0.0008 0.00" 18,0008 213.00° R 2.0008, 240.00" (0.0008 240,00 B 0.0008 12000° 8.000A 3.00 M4Chapter 15; Line Distance (21) Element Testing 13. Repeat Steps 2-12 for all enabled zones. PHASE-PHASE DISTANCE TEST RESULTS (Ohms) [ar neser [ia] 22 Reoen [ras 23 con st | zanenen || ica Zac [a | 23nca [09 | zanca Hosa [ape | zoey | ae | 2 peg [10] Zeon | | i secwsal —® [zz peesioal —F [73 pvaston| — #1 Duectos REACH TEST RESULTS (Ohms) TORE TESTS [zone vests | — zone 3 1657S | zone a Tens Testancie| wip [rc] were | moe [mec] weRR| mae | wrc| were | mar [rc] senr a soe [ior 000-19 Piso] -076 | 207 | 20 | -055 ero Pas} ooer | tae ie [054 [ae fa [037 tae Dar 0s use Dive 238 | eae Does [07 &) NOTE: An MTA test can be incorporated into the reach test by performing two reach tests with the same angular difference from the MTA as shown in the test sheet above. If both test results have the same result, the MTA is correct. Timing Test Procedure ‘The ‘Timing testis relatively simple compared to the MTA and reach tests above. Apply’ a jon to a fault atleast 90% of the reach and record the time between fault prefault then trans and the relay operation. Follow the steps below to perform a timing test ot timer to start when the faull state is energized and stop when the 1. Configure the tes trip contact operates. 2. Determine the 1 MTA+n, MTAn, 95° lag, ete.) The following example will use the MTA angle minus 30°. The expected result for any MHO circle with a 0,000 offset can be calculated using the formula: ngles for the test. (M1 TestOhms = Z1Reach » Cos(MTA* - Test*) :xample calculations are shown below: TestOhms = Z1Reach « Cos(MTA° - Test") ‘Testohms = 1.23 « Cos(87!~ 57>) Testohms = 1.230.866 TestOhms = 1.0650 445Principles and Practice ng one of these test methods: culate the test configuration us If the Z1 Reach setting is greater than 0,66 Ohms, arbitrarily determine the maximum amount of current to be applied to the relay. A good rule of thumb for maximum continuous current for most relays is 10.0A. Calculate the 3-phase balanced voltage required to apply 70% of the Zi Reach setting using the following formula based on Ohm's Law. ZTest - 0.70 « Testhms=0,70 «1.065 - 0.74550 v, = 2x Iya *TestOhms \, 268A 0.74550. 11.928 b. Ifthe Z1 Reach setting is less than 0.660, use the traditional formula described in this step with a 5.0V voltage setting, If more than 10.0A is required, the test should be performed as quickly as possible to prevent equipment damage. Traditional test techniques reverse the formula in the previous step because electromechanical relays required a minimum voltage of approximately 20V to function reliably. Digital relays typically only require 3.0V to properly determine direction when a prefault voltage is applied. The traditional formula can also be used but you may need to make several calculations to shown in the following examples: to calculate the test parameters kcep the test current at reasonable levels as 1-¥ = t oe 0.70 « Z1Reach PS = 0.70xZ1Reach ut i Fautampe = HSB reed 0.70% 1,065 _ PS 0.701.065 Fautapatit - 26.038 Fauve - 16.0008 46Chapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing ae PREFAULT (PRE) FAULT (FLT) CHANNEL, MaG ANGLE (ANG) MAG ANGLE(ANG) Vphase-to-phase(Vpp] 120 now Haute (Fe) 16.0008 sr IPhase 0P) (0.0008 =IFitMag/2 Formula? 300° Formula? Formula 3 Formulat —=V1PreAng+240 «Formula Foimulad 3 Formulat =V1PreAng+120-—=V3PreMag —-=V3PreAng h =ViPreAng-IPPreAng =IPFitMag Formulas. 2 =11Preang+240 IPFitMag Formula 6 B =IPPreMag Preang+120=13PreMag —=13PreAng Formula 7 =VppPreMag/sqrt(3) Formula 2 =SQRT(VIPrelag"24VppFitMag2)/2 Formula 3 =MODIV3FitAng-+180+DEGREES(ATAN(VppFltMag/V1PreNag),360) Formula 4 =MODIV3FitAng+ 180-DEGREES(ATAN(VppFtMag/V 1PreMag) 360) Formula 5 =MOD((30-FtAng) 360! Formula 6=MOD(I1FitAng+180), 360} BC PREFAULT (PRE) FAULT (FLT) CHANNEL MAG ANGLE (ANG) MAG ANGLE(ANG) \Vphase-to-phaselVpp) 120 1193v Haute (te) 16.0008 57° 'Phase (IP) 0.0008 =iFUMag/2 vi Formulat 00 =ViPreMag —_=V1PreAng v2 Formula =VIPreAng+240— Formula? Formula v3 Formulal —=VIPreAng+120—Formula2.——Formula 4 =IPPreMag=V!9reAng-!PPreAng —=I1PreMag_—_=I1PreAng 2 IPPreNag —«==I1PreAng+240 —=IPFIMag ‘Formula 2 PPreMag —-—«-=I1PreAng+120 —=IPFItMag_—Formula 10, Formula 1 =VppPreMag/sqrt(3) Formule 2 =SQRT(VIPreMag*2+VppFitMag2)/2 Formula 7 =MODIV1 FtAng+180: DEGREES(ATAN(VppFitMag/V1PreMag)),360) Formula 8 =MOD(V FItAng+180-DEGREES(ATAN(VppFltMag/V1PreNtag).360) Formula 9 =WOD((-90-IFitAng), 360) Formula 10 =MOD((I2FitAng+180),360), a7Principles and Practice cA PREFAULT (PRE) FAULT (FLT) CHANNEL MAG ANGLE (ANG) MAG ——_ANGLE(ANG) Vphase-to-phaselvpp) 120 n93v Haul (Ft) 16.0008 570 IPhase (IP) 0.0008 =IFItMag/2 ul Formulat 0.00" Formula2 Formula i2 v2 Formulat =VIPreAng+240 —=V2PreMag 2PreAng v3 Formula! 1Preang+120 Formula? Formula 11 0 =ViPreAngPPreAng — =IPFItMag Formula 14 2 =lPreAng+240 PreMag PreAng B Preang+120 —=IPFitMag Formula 13, Formula 1 =VppPreMag/sqrt(3) Formula 2 =SORTIVIPreMag2+VppFitMag/2/2 Formula 11 =MOD(V2FltAng+180+DEGREES(ATAN(VppFitMag/V 1PreMag)),360) Formula 12 =MOD{V2FltAng+180-DEGREES(ATAN(VppFitMag/VPreMag)),360) Formula 13 =MOD((150:IFivAng),360) Formula 14 =MOD((I3FItAng+ 180) 360) 4. Configure a test with two states (prefault and fault) as shown in the following chart: AB PREFAULT (PRE) FAULT (FLT) CHANNEL, MAG ANGLE(ANG) = MAG ANGLE(ANG) ui 69.28V 0.00 35.15V 309.77° v2 69.28v 240.00" 35.15v 29023" v3 69.28v 120.00" 69.28V 120.00° n 0.0008 0.00 8.000 333.00 2 0.0008 240.00" 8.0008, 15300° B 2.0008, 120.00 (0.0008 12000" 5. Apply the prefault condition to the relay and verify the metering is correct, if required 6. Apply the fault condition and ensure the 21-clement operates within the specified time. Compare test results to manufacturer's specifications. ‘This step can be more ted than normal as we have the normal tolerance with a “Timing accuracy: compl 4/-3% or 4 ms, whichever is greater” and the Phase Distance Operat: »g Time Curves. 448Chapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing PHASE DISTANCE Time delay 0.000 to 65.535 s in steps of 0.001 Timing accuracy £34 oF 4 ms, whichever is greater Figure 15-49: GE D-60 Phase Distance Timing Specification PHASE DISTANCE OPERATING TIME CURVES The operating mes ace response tmes ofa mtoprocessr pt ofthe rely Sa ap cenacts specications for estmation the ta ‘espance te fra parca spesion. The operating times are average tes incuing varables suchas faut ncepion angie pe la votage source magnet Vis ane CVT) | Phase Element (21P) | Figure 15-50: GE D-60 Phase Element (21P) Timing Specification Using the worst case scenario of 27.5 ms (SI can determine that the maximum expected time 0.1 at 70% fault location) +/-3% or 4 ms, we 27.5ms » 3% = 27.5ms «0.03 - 0.825ms 0.825ms < ams ExpectedTime = 27.5ms + 4ms ExpectedTime = 31.5ms 449Principles and Practice s. The time is k mple was 31.0n ‘The measured time for our e and is acceptable for service. ‘Actual Value - Expected Value +100 = Percent Error Expected Value 30.Sms ~31.5M5 , 199 - percent Error aLSms -3.17% Error j. Repeat Steps 2-7 for B-C Phase. than our expected time BC PREFAULT (PRE) FAULT (FLT) CHANNEL, MAG ANGLE(ANG) «= MAG_~—_ANGLE(ANG) ul 69.28v 0.00" 69.28V 0.00 v2 69.28V 240.00 3515V 189.77° v3 69.28V 120.00° 35.15V 170.23° 4 0.0008, o.oo" 0.0008 0.00 b 0.0008 240.00" 8.0008, 213.00° B 0.0008 120.00° '8,000A 33.00° 9. Repeat Steps 2-10 for C-A Phase, cA PREFAULT (PRE) FAULT (FLT) CHANNEL, MAG ANGLE(ANG) == MAG_=—ANGLE(ANG) ul 69.28V 00" 35.15 50.23" vz 69.28V 240,00° 69.28V 240.00° va 69.28v 120.00° 35.15v 69.77 n (0.0008 0 8.0008 273.00 2 0.0008, 240,00 6.0008 240.00 B 0.0008 120.00° 8.0008 93.008 450Chapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing 10. Repeat Steps 2-9 for all enabled zones, PHASE-PHASE DISTANCE TEST RESULTS Zi Function] enabicd [22 Function | enabled [23 Function] Haabiea [24 Fonction] Dis Zireach [123 | zzreach | iss | ZaReach | a1 | 24 Reach zinca | x7 | z2eca | 97 | z3nca | x7 | zarca Hl z: delay | oon | 22 dev | 030 | z30eay | 1.00 | 22 delay aa Zidwecion| —& —]77 decree] —& Iza Drecionl —F — 124 Drection “TIMING TESTS (in 5) ACT ES SS a8 0% 003 Tous] 161 | 0304 foso | + 4.03 Ts.00 | 3.00 t eco] 003 Tos | 16a {0303 [osol 100 [1.028 [root 280 ca 0.7 003 [oor] 66 | 0.305 [o 30] 167 | 1.022 [root 22 [CONDENTS RESULTS ACCEPTABLE: Les 1 no SEE NOTES 6. Phase-to-Ground Line Distance Protection Testing ise-o-ground protection is often the easiest protective element to understand and test, This Zephase and phase-tophase Ph isnot the case when performing phase-to-ground impedance tes faults involve transmission line or cable impedance with a fault impedance. The transmission line or cable can easily be modeled and a century of faults allows us 10 reasonably predict fault impedance characteristics. Phase-o-ground faults also include the ground impedance as the return path which must be added to our calculations. We like to pretend that all prefault conditions have 3-phase balanced conditions when writing textbooks, but the real world will never be balanced and there will ah electrical system. These two factors combine during phase-to-ground faults and can cause the measured impedance to be significantly different from the faull impedance. The difference s the K-actor, K-zero-factor, or 's be some existing ero-sequence: components in an between phase and neutral faults is commonly referred to a 20 zoro-sequence factor and defined by the formula 23, pura Figure 15-51: Phase-to-Ground Fault CharacteristicPrinciples and Practice A) Phase-to-Ground Test Calculations Most modern relays use the same pickup settings for phase and ground faults which knowing that the ground fault has additional impedances to doesn't appear to make sen account for. Ground distance protection often includes sured impedance to determine the actua 0/Z1 Ang” settings to compensate for the ground return and source impedance as shown in the following information copied from the phase test procedure, to the meas “ZO/Z1 Mas RELAY SETTINGS. Z1 Ditection =F Z1 Shape = Mho Z1 Reach = 1.23 ZIRCA=87 deg 20/21 Mag = 3930 20/21 Ang =-5° MEASURED IMPEDANCE 9.96@0" doe ilo So00e-87" 2m = 1.110@8/° correction factor which is applied EUR relays use the fault impedance. GI ACNTEST SETTINGS V1 =9.96v @ 000° V2 = 69.28V @-120° V3=6928@ 120° 11 = 9.0008 @-87.008 12= 0.0008 @-120° 13 =0.000A.@ 120° IMPEDANCE AFTER COMPENSATION (4) 2yy 7 i [;@07ei Mage 20721 Ana) 7) E = } 9.96veo |sc00a@-87") 3.93065: * 3 ZC, 2, -_Mmn@s7 2:9408-6.7>) (i 22408 1.110087 Zy = Ete foossne-67) _111o@87 19700330 (satie im = (ESRB OCT 2.32% 2Cq, = 0.5630 @ 90.31"Chapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing In the example above, an AWN fault has a measured impedance of 1.110@87° which would be a good starting point for a reach test. However, the relay would convert that 1.110 to 0.5630@90,31". The converted number is significantly lower than the expected value, and the reach test results will be nowhere close to the expected results, if you do not apply K-factor. The following spreadsheet formulas will allow you to automatically apply the K-factor to your results. lagnitude =Ohms/(SQRT((((Z0Z1Mag*COS(RADIANS(Z0Z1Ang)))-1)/3)+1)*2+((Z0Z1Mag* ‘SIN(RADIANS (Z0Z1Ang))) /3)*2)) ZAN Compensated M ZAN Compensated Angle /0Z1Ang)))/3)/((((Z0Z1Mag ~Angle DEGREES (TANH (((Z0ZIMag*SIN (RADIAN *COS(RADIANS(ZOZIA"2)))-1)/3)+1))) Where: Ohms = Test Ohms Angle = Test Angle ‘The following figure displays the difference betweeu the Measured Impedance a Compensated Impedance. 453Principles and Practice Different manufactures Iculate the ground correction factor in different ways. The following settings would apply to an SEL relay with identical line protection from the previous example, RELAY SETTINGS A-NTEST SETTINGS ZIANG = 87.00 V1 = 18067v @ 0.00" v2=6928Ve-120° (0.0008 @ -120° 13=0.0008 @ 120° MEASURED IMPEDANCE IMPEDANCE AFTER COMPENSATION vt v1) PaO (a) 8 ROM ZKOA) n= 529600 10 30006-87 (o22ven, 2a =1ia 2, ~ 9:00040-87) (0978-675) 2 ein@er [r05780-67) 1.110@87 19700330 (auto ' Zlww = F979 |O187? 3-32) Cy, = 0.5630 @90.31 The compensation formula can be difficult to apply because it is a complex equation, but the following spreadsheet formula can help automate the Iculation, Make sure you are applying the correct KOM (1) and KOA(1) settings that are appropriate for the zone under test. ZAN Compensated Magnitude -Ohims/SQRT ((1+(KOM1*COS (RADIANS (K0A1)))) 42+ (KOMI 4SIN (RADIANS (k 0A1)))"2)Chapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing ZAN Compensated Angle (TAN ((KOM1*SIN (RADIANS (KOA1)))/ (1+(KOM1*COS(KADI ANS(KOAI)))))) Where: Ohms = Test Ohms Angle = 1 Test Angle B) Phase-to-Ground SEL Relay Settings We will use an SEL311C for the examples in this section. The following settings are the key settings for testing the 1 Engineering Zone 2 21-element protection with any Schweit Laboratories relay from the 3x or greater series, ZIANG= 78.60 22MG=1.85 50L1 50621 = 050 kom =0.978 koA =-6,70 226D=18cycles Z20=0.00 Thisis the maximum torque angle ofthe distance protection.All tests should start atthis angle. This is the phase-to-ground minimum pickup setting, Ths will not be the actual pickup setting because the KOM end KOA factors are applied to this setting in conjunction with Z1ANG determine the true phase-to-ground minimum pickup. This is the minimum amount of phase current that must flow to enable the {ground 21-element. This element can cause problems with very large impedance settings (>80) and prevent the element from operating ifthe fault current falls below this setting This s the minimum ari:ount of residual or unbalanced current that must flow to tenable the ground 21-element. This element can cause problems with very large Impedance settings (289) and prevent the element from operating if the fault current falls below this setting This is the magnitude used in the zero compensation factors that must be applied during every phase-to-ground impedance test. Unfortunately, we could not find the correction factor formula in more recent publications. The following formula can be found in the Testing section of an SEL-321 Instruction Manual. ZW KO)= Zo) =Z2MG-(1+ KOMEROA) ‘This isthe angle used in the zero compensation factors that must be calculated during every phase-to-ground impedance test. This isthe phase-to-ground time delay applied to Zone 2 ground protection, Most zone timers have the same setting for phase-to-phase, 3-phase, and phase to-ground faults, This setting applies to all Zone 2 faults to simplify the relay settings.Principles and Practice C) MTATest Procedure ‘The first test you can perform is the Maximum Torque Angle (MTA) test which verifies the Z1ANG setting. This test is nearly identical to the “MTA Test Procedure” des in the “Phase Line Distance Protection Testing” section earlier in this document which you can review for more details. We are going to change the phase angle references from (180° to 0-360" to make the calculations easier to understand. You should notice that SEL relays use a common setting (Z1ANG) for all impedance clements so it could be argued that only one test (P, P-R or P-G) is required to verify the MTA. Don'tbe fooled by the “Z1" in the front of te setting, Z1 stands for positive sequence impedance and not Zone 1 Follow the steps below to perform a phase-to-ground MTA test. 1. Determine how you will monitor pickup and set the relay accordingly. if required. (Pickup indication by LED, output contact, front panel display, etc. Sec the Relay Test Procedures section starting on page 109 for details.) 2. Calculate the measured impedance using the calculation described below. This calculation is the opposite of the calculations described earlier because, in this case, we are converting the relay-calculated impedance into a measuredimpedance. The previous equations converted a measuredimpedance into the relay-calculated impedance. ome - _2Measured_ (@-KOMZkOA) 1.852@78.6° - 2Measures (1-0.978@-6.7°) 2Measured ~1.850@ 78.6" «(1 +0.978@-6.7') ZMeasured - 1.852@78.6°x1,97500-3.31 ZMeasured = (1.850 » 1.9759) @(78.6" + -3.31°) ZMeasured = 3.6530@75.29 ‘The Excel™ formula for this calculation is: ZAN Compensated Magnitude -Ohims*SQRT((1+ (KOM 1*COS (RADIANS (K0A1)))) 92+ (KOM 1 *SIN (RADIANS 0Aat)))*2) 456Chapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing ZAN Compensated Angle Angle+ (DEGREES(TANH ((KOMI*SIN(RADIANS(KOA1)) /(1+(KOMI*COS(RADI ANS(KOAD)))))) 3. Caleulate the test impedance using the calculation described below. The test impedance should not exceed 90% of the measured impedance. ZTest = ZMeasured» 90% ZTest - 3.6532@75.29° 30% ZTest = 3.2880@75.29° ‘The Excel™ formula for this calculation is: ZAN Compensated Magnitude =0.9* (Ohms"SQRT (+ (kOM1*COS (RADIANS (K0A1)))) 92+ (KOM *SIN (RADIANS( kOAI)))"2)) ZAN Compensated Angle ~Angle+ (DEGREES (TANH (KOM l*SIN (RADIANS (KOA1)))/(+(KOM1*COS(RADI ANS(KOAI))))))) 4, Calculate the test configuration using one of these test methods: a. If the ZI Reach setting is greater than 0.66 Ohms, arbitrarily determine the ‘maximum amount of current to be applied to the relay. A good rule of thumb for maximum continuous current for most relays is 10.0, Calculate the P-N voltage required to apply the test impedance using the following formula based on Ohm's Law. VER FaultVolts=FaultAmps « ZTest FaultVolts=9.0A « 3.2880 FauttVolts=29.59V bb, Ifthe Z1 Reach setting is less than 0.650, use the traditional formula described in this step with a 5.0V voltage setting. If more than 10.0A is required, the test should be performed as quickly as possible to prevent equipment damage. 457Principles and Practice ‘Traditional test techniques reverse the formula in the previous (ep because clectromechanical relays required @ minimum voltage of approximately 20V to function reliably. Digital relays typically only require 3.0V to properly determine direction when a prefault voitage is applied. ‘The traditional formula can also be uscd to calculate the test parameters but you may need to make several calculatio to keep the test current at reasonable levels. 1 R FaultVolts aultamps Faultamps ~ FaultVolts, aces ps Zest 20.0V tamps - 29:59V Faultamps = 2004 Faultamps - $5 FaultAmps = 6.0834 5. Configure a test with two states (prefault PREFAULT V1 = Nominal Volts @ 0° V2= Nominal Volts @-120° V3 = Nominal Volts @ +120" 11 =000A 11 =FaultAmps @VIe ZTestAngle 12= 0.008 12=0.008 13=0008, 13 =000A Figure 15-52: Phase-to-Neutral Example MHO Distance MTA Test Configuration ‘The test configuration for the example settings are shown in the following: chart: PREFAULT FAULT 69.28V.a0" vi=2959Ve@ v2 = 6928V@-120° v2=6928V@-120° V3=69,28V.@ 120° V3=69.28V@ 120° 0.008 11 = 9.0008 @ 284.719 (360°-75.29°) 00 12= 0.008, un 13=0.00A 6. Configure your testset to change the faulted current angle. 458 FaultAmps ~ 9.0008, nd fault) as shown in the following chart: FAULT V1 =Faultvolts @ 0° V2 = Nominal Volts @-120° V3 = Nominal Volts @ +120"Chapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing 7. Apply the prefault condition to the relay and verify the metering is correct, if required. 8. Apply the fault condition and ensure the 21-element operat 9, Increase the laulted phase angles equally until the 21-¢lement drops oat 10. Decrease all three phase angles until the 2L-element picks up. Record the augle at pickup. (259.50? in ene example} 11. Continue decreasing all three phase angles until the 21-element drops out. 12. Increase all three phase angles until the 2/-element picks up. Record the faulted angle at pickup, (811.62 in our example) 13. Calculate the average of the two angles and add the result to the smaller angle. Record the calculated value on your test sheet ara _ [TestAnglet + Testangie2 + ~VoltageReference® - 360°) -1 ( 259.5" + 311.62: ota = (222-55 0° ~360°)s-1 MTA «= (285.56° - 360°)»-1 = 74.44" 14, Compare test results to manufacturer's specifications. There is tynically no direct specification for the MTA test but we can use the *Mho...Ground Distance Element specifications located in the SEL-311C manual as shown in the following figure which dicates a 5% tolerance. MHO AND QUADRILATERAL GROUND DISTANCE ELEMENT. Accuracy: 25% of Setting at line angle 30 = SIR = 60 +£5% of Setting at line angle SIR <30 Figure 15-53: Sci-311C Ground Distance Specification The test results measured an MTA of 74.44” and the expected result was 75.29". Using the standard percent error calculation, we can determine the percent error and the test result es. Record the percent error and pass/fail result on your test sheet as 459Principles and Practice Actual Value - Expected Value Expected Value 100 = Percent Error 74.442 -75.29° ot TASA-75:22" «100 - Percent € -13% Error 15. Repeat Steps 2-11 for a BN fault PREFAULT Nominal Volts @ 0° Nominal Volts @-120° fominal Volts @-+120° 000A 13=0.00A, MTA 2 MTA. MTA = (285.025° 16. Repeat Steps 2-11 for a CN fault. PREFAULT V1 = Nominal Volts @ 0° V2 = Nominal Volts @ -120° V3 = Nominal Volts @ +1200 11 =0.008 12= 0.008 vata _ { Testanglet + TestAngle2 FAULT VI = Nominal Volts @ 0° V2= FaultVolts @ 120° "VB =Nominal Volts @ +120° 11 =0.008, 12 = FaultAmps @ V2" - ZTestAngle 13 = 00a VoltageReference® - 360°} -1 190.89°013917" _1397_360°]o-4 360°} -1» 74.975" FAULT \V1= Nominal Volts @ 0° \V2= Nominal Volts @ -120° V3 = FaultVolts @ +120° 110008, 12=0.008 13 = FaultAmps @ V3°- ZTestAngle ~ VoltageReference: jet 70.85" + 18.99 ) 20") MTA = (-75,08°)«-1 = 74.975" 460)Chapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing 17. Repeat the MTA test for all enabled 21-clement zones. PHASE-NEUTRAL DISTANCE TEST RESULTS (Ohms) zime [12a [_zwG [tas | 23ma a Zians | 7a6 zico | oa | 2260 | two | 2360 | wo.00 _komz [osm | kom | ogre woul | 6.70 KOA 6.0 Ziiecton 22 puectenl r_—|73dvecion| MAXIMUM TORQUE ANGLE (MTA) TEST RESULTS (Ohnis) ZONE 1 TESTS, ZONE 2 TESTS. ZONE 3 TESTS ZONE 4 TESTS Sims [eure] uss | onms [ruse] pure | onms [puie] pure | onms [pure] pum AN PUT 2.39 [ror] soar | 3.28 [asosol sine | 5.51 [2snval soe Bn Pu) | 2.19 [ro20[ ass | 3.28 [ross 07 | 5.51 worl 13029 cn PU) | 7.19 |rw2s] 4s | 3.28 [rss| sso [5.51 | 07] 1599 Zc [MFG] MeERR] 226 [MPG] wERR | 23GD | MFG) WERK ANMTAC)[ rs.25 [753] -0.05 [ 744s [753] 113 | 758 [75.3] 0.15 Bn Mra (Mf rs05 | 75.3] -0.31 | ra9n [75.3] -0.42 | a500 | 75.3] 0.39 con wra Of rs14 [75.3] -0.20 | 7504 [75.3] 0.28 | 7517 [75.3] 0.16 Dd) AN ZONE 1 TESES Z1G -MOD ((((ZONEITESTSPUPZONEITESTSPU2%/2)-0)* (1),360) Pur" DNEITE BN ZONI e1TE S726 MOD (((ZONEITE SISPH29 /2)=120)*(1),360) CN ZONE 1 TESTS ZG =MOD (((ZONEITESTSPUL"s 2 ON EITESTSPU2)/2)-120)° (1). Reach Test Procedure The reach test is similar to the phase reach test with the phase-to-ncutral calculations described in the MTA test procedure of this ‘more angles to perform the test (typically starting at the MTA angle) and then performs a standard pickup test ection. The relay tester chooses one or Follow the stps below to perform a reach test 1, Determine how you will monitor pickup and set the relay accordingly, if required (Pickup indication by LED, output contact, front panel display, etc. See the Relay Test Procedures starting on page 109 for details.) ion 2. Determine the Test Angles for the test. (MTA, MTA+n, MTAn, 95° lag, ete) The following example will use the MTA angle plus/minus 30", The expected result for any MHO circle with 0.000 offset can be calculated using the formula: TestOhms - Z1Reach « Cos(MTA* - Test*) 461Principles and Practice Example calculations are shown below: ZReach - 22MG (1 + KOMZKOA) ZReach » 1.850978.6".. (13 0.978@-6.7°) 2Reach = 1.859@78.6°«1.9759@-3.31° ZReach - (1.8502*1.9752}@ 78.6" + -3.31°) 2Reach ~ 3,6530@75.29° Testohms = ZReach Cos(MTA° Test) __TestOhms ~ Z1Reach» Cos{MTA° -Test*) TestOhms = 3.653» Cos(75.29"- 105.29") _TestOhms = 3.653 x Cos(75.29° - 45.29%) TestOhms - 3.653. 0.866 Testuhms = 3.653 0.866 TestOhms ~ 3.1640. @105.29° TestOhms = 3.164@ 45,29" ipedance at 95% of the arting with a reach test at the MTA angle, Calculate the tes TestOhms calculation for the test angle. ZTest = 0.95 « TestOhms=0.95 « 3.6530 - 3.479@75.29° ZAN Compensated Magnitude =0.95* ((Ohms*SQRT((1+(KOM 1*COS (RADIANS (KOA1)))) °2+(KOML*SIN (RADIA NS(KOA1)))*2)) *COS(RADIANS ZangleK-TESTANGLE))) ZAN Compensated Angle (ZangleK) ~Angle+ (DEGREES (TANH ((KOM*SIN (RADIANS (KOA1))) /(1+(KOM1*COS(RADI ANS(KOAD))))) Calculate the test configuration using one of these test methods: a. If the Z1 Reach setting is greater than 0.66 Ohms, arbitrarily determine the maximum amount of current to be applied to the relay. A good rule of thumb for maximum continuous current for mivst relays is 1.04. Calculate the 3-phase balanced voltage required to apply 90% of the Z1 Reach setting using the following formula based on Ohm's Law. 462Chapter 15: Line Distance (21) Element Testing VaIKR FaultVolts=FaultAmps « ZTest Fauttvott 0A«3.470 Faultvolts=31.23V b. Ifthe Z1 Reach setting is less than 0,660, use the traditional formula deseribed in this step with a 5.0V voltage setting. If more than 10 0A is required, the test should be performed as quickly as possible to prevent equipment damage. ‘Traditional test techniques reverse the formula in the previous step because electromechanical relays required a minimum voltage of approximately 20V to function reliably. Digital relays typically only require 3.0V to properly determine direction when a prefault voltage is applied. The traditional formula can to calculate the test parameters, but you may need to make several calculations to keep the test current at reasonable levels as shown in the following examples: beused v 1 R ® Faultvolts Faultvolts FaultAmps - Favltvolts, Faultamps ts, cies pe ZTest FaultAmps - 20-0 FaultAmps - 31:23 a 3.470 FaultAmps - 5.7644 FaultAmps = 9.0008, n the following chart: 5. Configure a test with two states (prefault and fault) as shown PREFAULT FauLT V1-=Nominal Volts @ 0° V2= Nominal Volts @-120° V3 = Nominal Volts @-+120° V3 = Nominal Volts @-+120° fn =000A I1=FaultAmps @ Vie-ZTestAngle !008 12= 000A 13 = 0.008 13=0.000 auitVolts @ 0° lorninal Volts @-120° Figure 15-54: Phase-+~-Neutral Example MHO Distance MTA Test Configuration 463