Process Piping ASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31 AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD He ee(Revision of ASME B31.3-2002) Process Piping ASME CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING, B31 AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD CS Ou al Ce TTY Three Park Avenue * New York, NY 10016Date oF suance: api 28, 2008 Mandatory Date: Qetober 21, 2005 ‘his edition wos ggproved by the American National Stadarcs lastote and designated ASHE 531.3-2004 on jane 24, 2004. The next edition of this Code ic scheduled for publication in 2008. There will he no addenda Issued to ASME B31.2-2004, ASINE Issues vattlen replies to Inquiries concerning Interpretations of technical aspects of the Code, Interpretations are published on the ASME Web site under the Committes Pages at http:// ‘weew.asme-orgfcodes/ as they are issued, Periodically certsin actions of the ASIME B21 Committee will be published as Cases. While these Cases do not constitute formal revisions of the Code, they may be used in specifications, ar otherwise, as representing considered opinions of the Committe. The Cases are not part of the Code and ara. published separately ASHE Is the regltere¢ tacemar of The Ameicen Saclety of mechanical Engineers This code or standard was developed under procedures sccrcited as meeting the crteris for Amarcan Wational, stondords. The Standarts Commitese at approved the code or eandaré was balanced to assure hat inéulduals om ‘competent and concemed interests have Had zn opportunity to participate. The proposed code or standard was made fvalable for public review ond comment, which provides on oppemirity for addtional bile Papi from Industry, acadenia, regulatory agencies, and the publica large ASHE does not “approve, “ate,” or “andorse™ any Rem, construction, prpvfacary davies, or act, ASHE does not tla any position with respect to the validly of any patent sights asserted in connection with any hrems mentioned tn tis document, end does not undertake to Insure anyone ulzing a standard against Maly for Infingement of ny apaticable Laer Paton, nor assume any such Uabilty. Users of code or standard are exressly advised that determination ofthe validity of any sich patent ights, andthe risk oF Infingement oF such rights, 1s tently thelr own responsibly. Pattipatcn by federal agency representatieats) or perscn() affliated with industry is not to be interpreted as over ment or rusry enforsement ofthis cod or stan dar. ASHE acceotsrespensitily for ont those insmpretatons issued in accordance with goveming ASME procedures and polls wich preclude the fssuance of Interpretations by Fisidval veluntwors. No pat of this document may be reproduces any fm, in an sleczoni retinal system or otherwise, vithour the pri writen penmssion ofthe publsher ‘The American Scciety of Mechanical Engineers Three Park Avenue, New Yr, Mr 100165990, copyright © 2008 by THE AMERICA SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS llrightsreserved Printed in USA.CONTENTS Foreword Conumitige Personnel Ineroduction Sumenary of Changes Chapter! Scope and Definit ns 300 General Statements Chapter Design Part 4 Conditions and Criteria 3a Design Conditions 302 Design Criteria Part 2 Pressure Design of Piping Components 308 General 304 Pressure Design of Components Part 3 Fluid Service Requirements for Piping Components 305 Pipe 306 Filtings, Bends, Mitecs, Laps, and Branch Connections 307 Valves and Specialty Components 308 Flanges, Blanks. Flange Facings, and Gaskets 300 Bolting Part 4 Fluid Service Requirements for Piping Joints 310 General au Welded Joints 312 Flanged Joints 313 Bxpanded Joints 34 Theeaded Join's 35 ‘Tubing Joints 316 Caulked Joints a7 Soldered and Brazed Joints 318 Special Joints Part 5 Flexibility and Support aig Piping Flexibility 3a Piping Support Part 6 Systems 30 Specific Piping Systems Chapter IM Materials 3B General Requirements 36 Matesials — Miscellaneous Chapter IV Standands for Piping Components, 326 Dimensions and Ratings of Components, Chapter V_ Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection a0 General 328 Welding 30 Preheating 3a Heat Trea tment 332 Bending and Forming 333 Brazing and Soldering xi sol vill998 Chapter Vi 39 4 342 Ere) aut a5 948 Chapter VI A300 Part 1 ABOL A302 Part 2 Am03 Ags Part 3 ARS A206 AR? A308 AID Part 6 ATO Ag As? ANS Aga AgLS A316 ANB Part 5 ALY ARL Part 6 A322 Part 7 AR3 ARS Part 8 ANG Part 9 ADT ARB AR9 A332 ABBA ARS Part 10 AMO AML AMZ AUB Assembly and Erection Inspection, Exam Inspection Examination Examination Personnel Examination Froceduces Types of Examination Testing Records jon, and Testing Nonmetallic Piping and Piping Lined With Nonmetals General Statements Conditions and Criteria Design Conditions Design Criteria Pressure Design of Piping Components General Pressure Design of Piping Components Fluid Service Requirements for Piping Components Pipe Nonanvale Ringe, Bend, hac Lape, and Branch Cennesions Nonmetallic Valves and Specialty Components Flanges, Blanks, Flange Pacings, and Gaskets Bolting Fluid Service Requirements for Piping Joints General Bonded Joints in Plastics Flanged Joints Expanded Joints Theeaded Joinis Tubing Joints Cautked Joints Special [oines Flexibility and Support Flexibility of Nonmetallic Piping Piping Suppoct ‘Systems Specific Piping Systems Materials Generel Requirements Materials — Miscellaneous ‘Standards for Piping Components Dimensions and Ratings of Components Fabrication, Assembly, and Erect General Bonding of Plastics Fabrication of Piping Lined With Nonmetals Bending and Forming Joining Nonplastic Piping Assemisly and Erection Inspection, Examination, and Testing Inspection Examination Examination Personnel Examination Froceducesagad A345 A346 Chapter Vil 300 Part 1 Maal M02 Part 2 G03 Nod Part 3 M05 306 Nao? nae. 109) Part 4 test) Mall MalZ NGI3 Nad vast nae nei Mag Part nai Naat Part 6 322 Part 7 M303 nas, Part 8 Mas Part 9 327 Mae 1020 nOaL 332 Naas, Part 10 M340 irene vere) Mats nat N45 Mae6 Types of Examination Testing, Records Piping for Category M Fluid Service General Statements Conditions and Criteria Design Conditions Design Critecia Pressure Design of Metallic Piping Components Genesal Pressure Design of Metallic Components Fluid Service Requirements for Metallic Piping Components Pipe Metalic Fittings, Bends, Mitecs, Laps, and Branch Connections Menalic Valves and Specialty Components Planges, Blanks, Flange Pacings, and Gaskets Bolting Fluid Service Requirements for Metalic Piping Joints Metallic Piping, General Welded Joints in Metallic Piping Flanged Joinis in Metallic Piping Expanded Joints in Metallic Piping Theeaded Joints in Metallic Piping Tubing Jaints in Metallic Piping, Caused Joinis Soldered and Brazed Joins Special Joints in Metallic Piping Flexibility and Support of Metallic Piping Plesdbility of Metallis Piping Piping Support ‘Systems Specific Piping Systems Metallic Materials General Requirements Matesials — Miscellaneous ‘Standards for Piping Components Dimensions and Ratings of Components, Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection of Metallic Pi General Welding of Metals Preheating of Metals Hat Treatment of Motels Bending and Forming of Metals Assembly and Freotion of Metallic Piping Inspection, Examination, Testing, and Records of Metallic Piping Inepection Examination Examination Personnel Examination Peocedures ‘Types of Examination Testing Recoscis Parts 14 Through 20, Comesponding to Chapter Vil MA00 Goneral Statements 98 99 9 10 wl 101 iL 11 102 302 102 102 102 102 Ww 103 103 108 108 108 108 108 103 103 304 304 0 ot 0k 304 304 104 104 ot 0k 105 105 105 105 105 105 106 105 105 105 105 106 106 106 106 108 105 106 105Part 11 MA3OL A302 Part 12 MA30 MA304 Part 13 MA3OS MA206 MARE MA308 MA309 Part 14 MABI0 MABIL MABLZ MAI MAST MASI MA3I6 MAI Part 15 MASI MA32L Part 16 MAg02 Part 17 Mag Part 18 MA206 Part 19 Magy MaA3I8 MA309 MA3G2 Mage MARE Part 20 MAgHO MAHI MABM2 MABHE MARI MAQ45 MA346 Chapter IK K300 Part 1 Ka01 £302 Part 2 303 Conditions and Criteria Design Conditions, Design Criteria Pressure Design of Nonmetallic Piping Components General Fresouce Design of Nonmetallic Components Fluid Service Requirements for Nonmetallic Piping Components Pipe Nonmetallic Pitings, Bends, Miters, Laps, and Branch Connections Nonmetailie Yalves and Specialty Componeata Flanges, Blanks, Flange Facings, and Gaskets Bolting Fluid Service Requirements for Nonmetallic Piping Joints General Bonded Joints Flanged Join's Exparcied Joints ‘Threaded Joints Tabing Joints in Nosmevalic Piping Caulked Toinis Special Join's Flexibility and Support of Nonmetallic Piping Piping Flexibility Piping Support Nonmetallic and Nonmetallic Lined Systems Specific Piping Systems Nonmetallic Materials Genoral Requirements Standards for Nonmetallic and Nonmetallic Lined Piping Components Dimensions and Ratings of Components Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection of Nonmetallic and Nonmetallic Lined Piping General Bonding of Plastics Fabrication of Piping Lined With Nonmetals Bending and Forming Joining Nonplastie Piping Assemisly and Erection Inspection, Examination, Testing, and Records of Nonmetallic and Nonmetallic Lined Piping Inspection Examination Examination Personnel Examination Proeeduces ‘Types of Examination Testing Records High Pressure Piping General Statements Conditions and Criteria Design Conditions Design Criteria Pressure Design of Piping Components General 106 106 106 106 106 17 17 1? 107 107 w? 107 107 107 107 wy 17 1? 107 17 107 wy 1? 17 7 107 18 108 103 108 18 103 103 108 108 108 108 18 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 19 109 109 109 10 2 2F304 Part 3 1306 oe 1308 1308 Part 4 R10 YOu ial K31g Kou Rais 1316 By IIs Part § K319 ran Part 6 a7 Part 7 1323 135 Bat 8 3% Part 9 1378 Pressure Design of High Pressure Components Fluid Service Requirements for Piping Components Pipe linge, Sends, and Branch Connestone Valves and Specialty Components Flanges, Blanks, Flange Facings, and Gaskets Bolting, Fluid Service Requirements for Piping Joints Genesal Welded Joints Flanged Join's Expanded Joints Theeaded joints Tubing Joints Caulked Joints Soldered and Brazed Joints Special Joints Flexibility and Support Flexibility Piping Support Systems Specific Piping Systems Materials General Requirements Miscellaneous Materials Standante for Piping Campanente Dimensions and Ratings of Components Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection General Welding Preheating Heat Treatonent Bending and Forming Brazing and Soldering Assembly and Erection Inspection, Examination, and Testing Inspection Examination Examination Personnel Examination Procedures ‘Types of Examination Testing, Records Diagsam IJustaating Application af £91.3 Piping at Bquipment Suess Range Reduction Factor f Nomenclature for Pipe Bends Nomenclature for Miter Bends Branch Connection Nomenclature ‘ Beteuded Outler Header Nomenclatsee Blanks Moments in Bends Moments in Branch Connections : Minimum Temperatures Without Lapact Testing for Carbon Steel Materials ; BL 2 2 a %6 79232.28 9783.2 9084.2 38.4.3 3284.4 8285 DA, 9085.18 8285.00 Reduction in Minimum Design Metal Temperature Without Impact Testing ‘Typical Backing Rings and Consumable Inserts ‘Typical Butt Weld End Preparation Trimming and Permitted Misalignment Preparation for Branch Connections Pillet Weld Size ‘Typical Details far Double Welded Slip-On and Socket Welding Flange ‘Attachment Welds ‘Minimum Welding Dimensions for Socket Welding Components Cther ‘Than Flanges 2285.44, B, C'Typical Welded Branch Connections 9285.40 3285.48 $2858 3353.8 9413.2 M85 £30333 K32843 Ka2854 Tables 3004 2023.80 3023.30, 3023.4 2041.1 3044.1 3082.1 eu2d 923,22 223204, 9233.4 3233.4 a3 9281 330.11 3114 9413.2 3232.2 AMB4IC Am3.43 A261 AMIE 202230 £30512 x23. KI23.35 Acceptable Details for Brana Attachment Welds Acceplable Details for Branch Attachment Suitable for 100% Radiography ‘Typical Fubticated Laps ‘Typital Threaded Joints Using Straight Threads ‘Typical Weld Imperfections ‘Typical Plastic Piping Toints Example of an Accepiable Impact Test Specimen Pipe Bored for Alignment: Trimming and Permitted Misalignment Some Acceptable Welded Branch Connections Suitable for 100% Radiography Status of Appendices in B33 Increased Casting Quality Factors, £, Atceptonce Levels os Cotngs Longitudinal Weld Joint Quality Factos, E; ‘Values of Coefficient ¥ for §< D6 BPY Code References for Closures Peemissible Sizes/ Rating Classes for Slip-Cn Flanges Used as Lapped Flanges Minimum Thickness of Male Threaded Components Reguirements for Low Temperature Toughness Tests for Metals ‘Tabular Values for Minimum Temperatuses Without Impact Tasting for Carbon Stee] Materials Impact Testing Reguisemen's for Metals Charpy Impsct Test Temperature Reduction Minimum Requised Charpy V¢Notch Impact Values Component Standasds Preheat Temperatures Reguirements for Heat Treatment Acceptance Caitesia for Welds and Bxemination Methods for Bvaluating ‘Weld Imperiections Requirements for Low Temperature Toughness Tests for Nonmetals Recommended Temperature Limits for Reinfoseed Tharmasatting Resin Pipe Recommended Tempertute Lint fer Thetmopinstcs Used a8 Linings Component Standards Acceptance Criteria for Bonds Acceptable Severity Levels for Steel Castings Roguised Ultrasonia or Eddy Current Examination of Pipe and Tubing for Longitudinal Defects Impact Testing Requirements Minimum Required Charpy ¥Notch Impact Values ay 58 58 5a 59 0 6 60 a 61 68 95 12 15 6 u ia 5 5 30 22 9 53 3 ot n 89 89 99 21 12 6 w 1319264 ran32 Appendices Appendix A Component Standacds ‘Scceplanee Criteria for Welds Allowable Stresses and Quality Factors for Metallic Piping and Bolling Materials Specification Index for Appendix A Notes for Appencix A Tables Table A Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals Iron Castings Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes Pipes (Stauetural Grade) Plates and Sheets Plates and Sheets (Seructusal) Forgings and Fitings Castings Low and Intermediate Alloy Steel Pipes Plates Bosgings and Biting Castings Stainless Steel Pipes and Tubes Plates and Sheets Porgings and Bittings Eas Castings Copper and Copper Alloy Fipes and Tubes Plates and Sheets Forgings Castings Nickel and Nickel Alloy Pipes and Tubes Plates and Sheets Forgings and Fittings Rod and Bar Castings Titeniurn anc Titanium Alloy Pipes and Tubes Plates and Sheets Fowings Zireosium and Zitsonsarn Alley Pipes and Tubes Plates and Sheets Forgings and Bar Aluminuin Alloy Seamless Pipes anc Tubes ‘Welded Pipes anid Tubes Stectusal Tubes Plates and Sheets Forgings and Fittings Castings Table AA Basic Casting Quality Factors &, wt 129 13 134 a7 1 lal yw 146 1s 18 18 18 150 182 154 155 158 162 164 168 168 wo v0 wm 2 va 1% ve 390 180 182 192 22 192 192 22 re 18 185 185 188 19 190Appendix B ‘Append C ‘Appendix D ‘Appendis ‘Appendix F Appendix & Appendix H ‘Appendix ] ‘Appendis K ‘Appeulia ‘Appendix M ‘Appendix P ‘Appendix Q Appendix $ ‘Appendix V ‘Appendix X Appenclix Z, Index Table A-1B Basic Quality Factors for Longitudinal Weld Joints in Pipes, ‘Tubes, and Fittings &, Carbon Steel Low and Intermediate Alloy Steal Stainless Sizel Copper and Copper Alloy Nickel and Nickel Alloy ‘Titanium and Manium Alloy Zirconium and Zieconiuen Alloy Aluminum Alien Table A-2 Design Stress Values for Bol Carbon Steel Alloy Steel Swainless Steel Copper and Copper Alloy Nickel and Nickel Alloy Aluminum Alloy Stress Tables and Allowable Pressure Tablas for Nommetals Physical Properties of Piping Materials, Plowibility and Stess Intensification Factors Reference Stardarcis Precautionary Considerations Safeguarding Sample Caleulaiions for Branch Reinforcement Nomenclature Allowable Stresses for High Pressuse Piping, ‘Alun Allvy Pips Fleuges Guide to Classifying Fluid Services Allernative Rules for Evaluating Stress Range Quality System Program Piping System Stress Analysis Examples Allowable Variations in Elevated Temperature Service Meiallic Bellows Expansion Joints Preparation of Technical Inguities, Materials im im 1g 192 492 193 3 193 im cers 4 14 194 200 200 202 280 25 288 208 204FOREWORD Responding to evident need and at the cequest af Phe American Society of Meckanieal Bngineers, the American Standards Association initiated Project E31 in Masch 1926, with ASME. as sole administrative sponsor, The breadth of the field involved sequised that membership of the Sec- tional Committee be craw trom some 40 engineering societies, industries, government bureaus, institutes, and trade associations Tnitial publication in 1935 was as the American Tentative Standeed Cade for Pressure Piping. Revisions from 1942 through 1955 were published as American Standard Code for Pressure Fiping, ASA B2L1. It was then decided te publish as separate documents the vatious industry Sections, beginning with ASA 6916-1985, Gas Transmission and Disisbution Piping Systems, ‘The first Petroleum Refinery Piping Code Section was designated ASA B9LZ1959, ASA B313 revisions were published in 1962 and 1966, In 1967-1069, the American Standaecs Association became frst the United States of America Standards Institute, then the American National Standards Institute. The Sectional Commitee became American National Standards Commitles B31 and the Code was renamed the American National Standard Code for Pressure Piping, The next B3L3 cevision was designated ANSI B31.3- 1973, Addenda were published through 1575 A dtaft Code Section for Chemical Plant Piping, prepated by Section Committee B31.6, vas ready for approval in 1974. [¢ was decided, rather than have two closely related Code Sections, to merge the Section Committees and develop a jaint Cade Section, titled Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping. The first edition was published as ANSI B31 3-1976. In this Coda, responsibility for piping design was conceptually integrated with that for the overall processing facility, with safeguarding recognized as an effective safety measure. Three eategosies of Fluid Service were identified, with a separate Chapter for Category M Fluid Secviee. Coverage for nonmetallic piping was intcoduced. New concepis were Detter defined in five Addenda, the last of which added Appendix M, a graphic aid to selection of the proper Fluid Service category ‘The Standards Committee wes reorganized in 1978 es a Committee operating under ASME proceduces vith ANSI accreditation, [tis now the ASME Code forPressurePiping, B31 Commitee Section committee structure remains essentially unchanged, ‘The second edition of Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinecy Fiping was compiled from the 1076 Baition and its five Addenda, with nonmetal eequirements editorially relocated to a separate Chapter. Hs new designation was ANSI/ASME B31 2.1980, Section Committee B91.10 had a draft Code for Cryogenic Piping seady for appsoval in 1981, Again, it was decided to merge the two Section Commitless and develop a more inclusive Code ‘with the came ttla, The work oF consolidation was partially completed in the ANSI/ ASME 831 3- 1084 Bitton. Significant changes were made in Addenda ta the 198d Fdition: integration of eepngenic requires ‘ments was completed; a new stand-alone Chapter on high-pressuce piping was added; and coverage of fabsication, inspection, testing, and allowable stresses vias reorganized. The new Edition was sedesignated as ASMB/ ANSI B21.3-1987 Edition, Addenda (o subsequent Editions, published at three-year intervals, have been primarily to keep te Code up-to-date, New Appendices have been added, however on zegulzements for bellows ecpansion joints, estimating service life, submittal of Inguicies, aluminum Sanges, and quality contol in the 1980, 1993, 1999, and 2002 Eulitions, all designated as ASME B313. Ina progratn to clarify the application ofall Sections of the Code for Pressure Piping, changes are being made in the Introduction and Scope statements of BI1.3, and its title is changed to Process Piping. “Under direction of ASME Codes and Standards management, metcic unils of measurement are being emphasized, With certain exceptions, SI metcic unite weve listed fist in the 1996 Edition and were designated as the standard, Insituctions for conversion are given where metric dataaxe not available, U.S, customary units also are given. Ey ageeement, sither system may be used. In this Edition of the Code, SI metric units are given first, with US, customary units in parentheses. Appendices H and X, the tablas in Appendices A and K, and Tables C-1, C-3, and C6 in Appendix C are exceptions. Values in metric units ase to be segarded as the standard, unless otherwise agteed between the contracting parties. Instructions aze given, in those tables that have not been converted for converting tabular data in US. units to appropriate ST units Interpretations are published on the ASME. Web site, (Go to wwwaaste org, elfek on Codes and Standards, click on Committee Pages, cliok on B31 Cade for Pressure Piping, and then click. on B313 Process Piping Section Committee.) Code Cases are published on the ASME Web site, [Go to wwwwasme.org, click on Codes and Standards, click on Committee Pages, click on B81 Code for Pressure Piping, and then click on REL Process Piping Section Comenittee )ASME CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING, B31 (The Fllowing is the roster ofthe Committ atthe tine of epproval ofthis Code) OFFICERS LE Haydon, Vite chair PD. Stumpf, Sretane COMMITTEE PERSONNEL HLA. Ainsworth, Consultant 1 Aplty, ol Development. et, Fluor Ceriel nc. (CC snares neretse Poets A Roumuin, Consultant 1.5. Chin, 1 Paso Comp DLL caym, Parsons Ea PD. Flenner, Consumers Energy Co, Renner Engineering Services DLW. Fox, Oncor JW Frey, Reliant Rescues, DLR. Frilken, EecntEnginaesng Co PH. Gardner, Consuitert 4. Gren, For Gant, ne RW, Haupt, Pressure iping Engineating Assodates In LE Hayden, Je, Consultant . A Joly, YoztValues/Flowserve 1. M. Kelly, Consultant WJ. Koves, UoP Lic KC ses, Yor Intamational Fi, W.B. McGehee, Consultant LE. Reyer, Wiseough Coneuting, Ine. E. Nichalopoulos, Seneral Engineering and Commerdsl Ca ALD. Nanee, #0 Mance assodates, ne TJ. O'Grady, Veco Alaska nc. RG. Payne, sini Pont LT. Powers, Parsons Energy & Chersicals WV Richards, Consutene EH, Rinaea, Dominion Mirna Power | Rasenfeld, Sefver ss Aesocltes, ne |. Silvia, Process Engineers and Constncters, Ine. 1. Spero, Sper Engineering Series, inc Spohn il, Celemar penn Corp. . Stump, The Amerfcan Socety of technical Engineers L a Wathing, The Ferny Nuclear Power Part R W. sh Pp A RB. West, Site of ova 1831.3 PROCESS PIPING SECTION COMMITTEE W. J. Koves, Cho, UOP LLC G.Beeht Rice Chat, Becht Engineering Co, 1. Arancamondez, Secretary, Me Arerican Sodety of mechanical Engineers BLL Agee, GE Gas Turbines J Brdne, Consultant D.D. Chestian,vicraul Co. of amoics DLL. ayn, Parsons Enetgy & Chernials Group J. DrAvanzo, Dupont Engineering GE Davia, Crane valees DLW. Diehl Cao, inc. DLR. Edwards, Condes Philips J.P. Bllenberger,consultent RW. Engle, The Dow chemical Co. W.H. Estridge, Je, aler Kaemer Ec D. J Febzner, P< asa, Inc D.R. Frlten, Beet Enginesing Co. PH, Gardner, Concutert 1. . Glover, Hallourton Tech Service Co. 1. R Graulich, Ast mes Research Cantor R.A, Grichl, Fluor Daniel, nc B.S. Haris, Consultant RW. Haupt, Pressure Piping Engrg. Associates, Inc. RC Hawthorne, P78? US Bellon RB Hinkey, Consultant R.D. Hookway, Hoskovay Engineering T.W Johnson, ABB Lumnmus Giobal ne DB. Kadakia, 1D illameon, Ine. J.C buf, Black and Veatih Comp. W.W. Mllean, Hews Valves RA. Meload, General fled Gas Turing RJ edie, Sweet 1. Meyer, Widdoush Consulting, Ine T. ab Aller, Eestman Krak Co. waters Laborstony ¥.B. Molina Ml, sir Products end Chemicals, nc. RG. Nichola, Consultant J. Offa, Chevten Texaco .W. Rahoi, CCin 2000 AP Rangus, Bechtel RW, Rapp, Jes Corsutant 6. € Reinhardt, I, Team industries, ne. R.A Siema, Puce Daniel RJ Sila, Process Engineers and Corstuctors, mc, ALR. Sinmons, Pipe Febrcatng and Supply Co. JeL. Smith, jacobs Engineering Group F¥8 Tata, Fi Global QM. Truong, Refinery Technolgy, Inc 6. E.AWoods,Tecinip USA J. Young, Concultant ©. Zu, rion Fitings, Inc. LT. Wier, Hemarary temberB31.3 SUBGROUP ON ACTIVITIES B.C. Bassett, Consultant B.A. MeGrif,'SCO Indust, Lic R.K. Broyles, SR Foxonlks, nc, Pathway Blin ©. oom, Forcast 1G. Bumett, EX Inc. ath, DuPont A Clark, 480, nc. JM. Prawedzik, GF Carson Business Unit R.B. Davis, Ershiss nc. . 0, Ragall, Sout, Inc. 6. Guera |. Ray Mcdermott Engineering K.E,Sell, The Shaw Group 1831.3 INTERNATIONAL REVIEW NETWORK OF EXPERTS D. Stile, Shell Global Solutions Intemational B. F. Zerula, EP Exploration RW Temple, Consultant 831 ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE A.D. Nanee, Chait, 0 ence 85505, Ine RW. Haupt, Brcfctomtembn, Pressure Pang Engineering LE, Haydon, Je Vice Chak, Consultant eso Ie. FD. Stumpf, Secretary, Te American Society oF BR. Hatfmann, Facer Energy Regulatory Commission Medranical Engineers B. . Holbrook, Babcock Power, inc. K. C. Bodenfamer, nterrise Products Co, WB. McGehee, E-ofee trarber, Consultant PD. Flonnar, Fenner Enginazting Services E. Michalopaulas, Scneral Engineesing and Commercial Co. D.M. Fox, ona RB West, State of ows DR ikken, Bec Enginesring Co. B31 FABRICATION AND EXAMINATION COMMITTEE PD, Stumpf, Secretary, The American Sodtty oF | Saas, Corsuttant Mechanical Engineers BR. Silvia, Process Engineering & Constictrs, ne. W.G. Scruggs, DuPant We. Sporto, Spero Erginaaring Senfces, nc. B31 MATERIALS TECHNICAL COMMITTEE 1M. L Mayyar, cho, Beciel Power Corp. CL Henly, Bid anc Veatch 1. Lobo, Secreta, The american Sectety of R.A. Munley, Oynay widstream Services led arial Engingers .W, Rahoi, Ci 2000 5. Marham, City Fublic Services WV. Richards, Consultant 1H, H. Bares, Sabosta Blomberg & Assocates D. Rogell, Solu, inc. J. Cox, consuitsne RA Sehmiat, Tiri-Lacish RP, Doubler, 654 LLC Jeb Srith, Foster west RA. Grichul, Fir Bani, ne RJ. Young, Consultant B31 MECHANICAL DESIGN TECHNICAL ‘COMMITTEE RW Haupt, chat, Proscure Piging Enghertag A650. Inc 6, Mayors, eitgon Corp. S.J Rass, Secratsry, Te American Society of Tq. Metmuley, Ty Engineering, FC Mranical Engineers E. Nichalopoulas, General Engineering and Commercial Co. GLA, Antal, Wiashington Group 1. tinichelta,‘ramatome AP C Becht NM, Becht Enginzering Co. Tf O'Grady I, Vero Alaska, Inc J.P. Breen, ohn J. Niewilen assoc. A.W. Paulin, Pauls Research Group J.P Ellenberger, Consultant R.A Roblote, Robert A Robleto i, Fetaner, BEX alas, Inc AM. J, Rosenfeld, Kiefer fe Assocfates, Ine JA. Graziano, Tennessee Valley Authosity 6, Storck, Berkeley Engineering &: Research Inc 1D. Han, $8, inc EA, Wals, Wats and Assoclates, In B. P-Holbraok, Sebcock Power, ne 6. E. Woods, Technip USA WJ. Koves, UOP LLC E.€ Rodabaugh, Honorary tember, Consultant831 CONFERENCE GROUP TA. Rell, Bonnevile Power Admin 6. Bynog, State of Toca, TDLS Bater Divsfon R.A Coomas, State of Kentuc, Dept. of Housing/Boller Section LH. Haneath, Consultant C.J. Harvey, Alzbama Publ Service Conmfssion D.T. Jagger, Oho Department of Commerce ML. Kolb, Regie du Batiment ku Quebec ACT ban, hector Say Ascoation 2. 6. Marini, New Hampshire Publ Utilities Commission LW dat, taritota Deparment of Labour A.W. Melting, Fre snd aullding vier and Fressure Vessel Diiton . F. Mullaney, Solar and Pressure Vessel Safety Sranch Sher, Seat oF Cennectcit WM. & Sarda, Department cf Labor DLA. Starr, ebrosla Department of Labor D. J. Sturm, lows ities Seard RP Sullivan, The National Boaré of Boller and Pressure Wessel Inspectors |. £ Troppran, Civsion of Labor/ State oF Colorado Boller HL Watters, National Board of Boller and Pressure Vessel Inspectors WA West, Lighthouse Assistance, nc. TLE Wickham, Rhode island Depattrent of Labor B31 NATIONAL INTEREST REVIEW GROUP American Society of Heating, Refigeration and Air Conltfoning Engineers — H.R, omlrm Chemical anuFacurers Assocation — DR Fleken Copper Development Association — A. Cohen buatile ron Pipe Research Asscestion — T. Stroud Eeison Clete Institite — RL. lias International District Heating Association — 6. Von Bergen ‘Manufacturers Standardization Society ofthe Valve and Fittings Industry — fA, Schr Naforal AssocTaton of Fumbing Heating Cooling Contractors — Pf white National ered Pipe Welding Sureau —D. Nlooutard atonal Fire Protection Resocation — 7. C. Lene YYalve Manufacturers Assocston — R.A, HandschurmacherINTRODUCTION ‘The ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping consists of a number of individually published Sections, each an American National Standand, ander the direction of ASME Committee B31, Code far Presente Piping Riles for each Section reflect the kindsof piping installations considered during its development, 23 Follows: E311 Power Piping: piping typically found in electeic power generating stations, in industrial and institutional plants, geothermal heating systems, and central and disteictheating and cooling systems; pat Process Piping ping typically four in petcleum renee, chericel, phar mace, textile, paper, setniconcuctor, and eryogente plants, and related processing plants and terrninalsi B3L4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids: piping ‘rersporting products which are predominately liquid between plants and terminals and withia. terminals, pumping, regulating, and metering stations: B15 Refrigeration Piping: piping for refdigerants and secondary coolant 1318 Gas Teanspociation and Distribution Piping Systems: piping transporting producls which axe predominately gas between soumes and terminals, including compressor, regulating, and metering stations; gas gathering pipelines; B31.9 Building Services Piping: piping typically found in industrial, inatitational, commercial, and public buildings, and in mul-unit residences, which does not nequice the range oF sizes, plssouiss, quad teuipetatutss wureied 1a DSL, B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems: piping transporting aqueous slucties between plants and terminals and vrithin terminals, pumping, and segulating stations This is the B91.9 Process Piping Code Section. Heteafteg in this Introduction and in the text of this Code Section B31.3, where the word Code is used without specific identification, it means this Code Section Ik ie the owner's responsibility to select the Code Section which most nearly applies to 2 proposed piping installation, Factors to be considered by the owner include: limitations of the Code Section; jurisdictional sequisemants; and the applicability of other codes and standards, All applicable requirements of the selected Code Section shall be met, Bor some installations, mose thanone Code Section may apply to different pacts ofthe installation, The owner is also responsible for imposing requirements supplementary to those of the Code if necessary to assure sale piping for the proposed installation, Certain piging within a facility may be subject to olher codes and standacds, including but aot limited ANSI 2723.1 National Fue] Gas Code: piping for fuel gas from the point of delivery to the connection of each fuel utilization device; NEPA Fite Protection Standards: fire protection systems using water, carbon dioxide, halon, foam, dry chemicals, and wet chemicals; NEPA 99 Health Care Facilities: medical and laboratory gas systems; Building and plumbing codes, as applicable, for polable hot and cold water and for sewer and drain aystecns, ‘The Code sets forth engineering requirements deemed necessary for safe design and construc tion of pressure piping, While safely is the basic consideration, this factor alone will not necessacily govern the final specifications for any piping installation, The designer is cautioned that the Code is not a design handbook; it does not do away with the need for the designer or for competont engineering juclgmant ‘To the greatest possible extent Code requirements for design arestated in terms of basic desiga principles and formulas, These are supplemented, as necessary, with specific requirements to assure uniform application of principlesand to guideselectionand application of piping elements,The Code prohibits designs and practices known to be unsafe and contains warnings where caution, but not prohibition, is warsanted. ‘This Code Section includes (a) references to acceptable matesial specifications and component standards, including dimen- sional cequicements and pressure-temperature ratings: () requirements for design of components and assemblies, including piping supports; (o) requirements and data for evaluation and limitation of stresses, reactions, end movernents associated with pressure, temperature changes, and other forces; (a) guidance and limitations on the selection and application of materials, components. and joining methods; (e) requirements for the fabrication, assembly, and erection of piping: and (P. cequivements for examination, inspection, and testing of piping. ASME Committee B31 is organized and operates under procedures of The Amesican Society of Mechanical Engineecs which have been accredited by the American National Standards Inst= tute, Phe Committee is a continuing one, and keeps all Coce Sections current with new develop- ments in materials, construction, and industrial practice, New editions ate published’ at intervals of tive yeas Code users will note that clauses in the Code are not necessarily numbered consecutively. Such discontinuities result from following s common outline, insofar as practical, for all Code Sections, In this way, corresponding material is carcespondingly numbered in most Code Sections, thus facilitating reference by those who have occasion to use more than one Section, It is intended that this Edition of Code Section B31 not be retroactive, Unless agreement is specifically made between contracting pecties to use another issue, o: the regulatory body having jurisdiction imposes the use of another iseu, the latest Bdition issued at least 6 tnonths pricr t0 Use sufgtal evataet dave for Ute ust plse of tivity wvsilug ¢ pli lustallatiat sll be tle governing document for all design, materials, fabrication, erection, examination, anci testing for the piping until the completion of the work and initial operation. Users of this Code ote cotsttoned against making use of Code revisions without assurance that they are acceptable to the properauthoritiesin the jurisdiction where the piping is tobe installed, ‘The BSI Committee has established an orderly procedure to consider requests for interpretation and revision of Code requirements, To receive consideration, such request must be in wciting and must give full particulars in accordance with Appendix 2. The approved reply toan inquiry will be sent directly to the inquirer. In addition, the question and eeply will be published as part of an Interpretation supplement. A Case ip the prescribed form of reply when study indicates fat the Code wording needs clarification, or when the reply modifies existing requirements of the Code or grants permission to use new materials or alternative constcuctions, Proposed Cases are published in Medkinioal Engineering for public eeview. In adalition, the Case will be published as pert of a Case supplement. 4 Case is nocmnally issued fora litited period. IFat the end of that period it has been incorporated in the Code, or if no fusther use of its provisions is anticipated, it will be allowed © expise rtierwise, st will be renewed for a lnutted pertou A request for revision of the Code will be placed on the Committee's agenda Further information or active participation on the part of the proponent rray be requested curing consideration of a Proposed revision Materials ordinarily are listed in the Stress Tables only when sufficient usage in piping within the scope of the Code has been shown, Requests for listing shall include evidence of satisfactory usage and specific data to permit establishment of allowable stresses, maximum and mirignum temperatuce limits, and other restrictions, Additional etitetia can be found in the guidelines for addition of new materials in the ASME Boilec and Pressure Vessel Code, Section I end Section MIL, Division 1, Appendix 8. (To develop usage and gain experience, unlisted matecials may be ‘used én secordance with para, 3231.2) Metric versions of Tables &-1 and A-2 are in the course of preparation, Please refer to the B31.3 Process Piping Web pages at hip://cstools.asme.ong/ csconnect/ CommitieePages cfm,SUMMARY OF CHANGES Changes given below are identified on the pages by a margin note, (04), placed rext to the alfected azea Page Location Change sev, evil Tnteodction Last paragraph revised 1.2 3002 (1) Bist paragraph revised (2) Foomate F added (Q) Definition of braze awelding deleted a Table 2004 (1) Listings for Appendices P and $ added (2 Notes (4) and (5) redesignated as (6) and (4), respectively and new Note (6) added 1 3015.2 Revised 30153 Revised n 90222 Last sentence added 12,18 3023.2(@)(3) Revised 14, 16,17 30235 Revised in its entiraty Pig, 30235 Table 80235 replaced 302.3.6(9) Revised 303 Revised 18 308110) Nomenclature for W added 3041.2(8) Equation (3b) revised 30421 Equation (3) sevised 1 30422 Revised 0423 (1) Fquations (4a), (4b), and (e) revised (2) In subpacageeph (d}, nomenclature for W added 70,77 043.360) Nomenclatire for F revised uM 3043.40) Equation (12) corrected by entata 6 3044100) Nomenclatute for $ revised 16 9045.1(b) Nomenclature for § revised 30453 Nomenclature for W added. 28, 29 306.23 (1) Baisting weet designated as subpacagraph (=) (2) Subparageaph (b) added 084100) Revised 906.4.2(0) RevisedPage 93, 34 8 82 85 @ 90 92 ot 108 10, 111 m2 13 id, 15 13 324 15 120 Location sad Tole 9232.2 Table 3288.1 225 Table 3264 $4200 Table 3413.2 Calterion Value Notes for Table 2413.2 36.31 3541 A3023.4(@) AmA21 4323.4 2(@)(0) Table AB2843 ‘Table 4926.1 AMBE Aa) MASHL1 MA34L2 MAMS K00221() Kq0232 KH235 KM236(9) KM412 xa048 218.21) K208.25(a) Table K326.1 Ka30 Ka4462 K#5.21) Change “Last pasageaph sovised Note (2) corrected by errata to sead 09 Item A6(2) roviced Revised Revised in its entizety Added ‘Under Weld Impesfection, seventh enicy comected by errata to sead slag and Nate ©) Last line deleted Revised Revised Revised Subpasageaphs (b) and (4) sevised Revised Note (1) [formerly Note (2)] corrected by crrata to read A326.4 (2) Bor AWWA C250, asterisk and courespanding Note deleted (2) ASTI 1468 added Revised Added Added Revised in ite entivety Revised Revised in ite entivety Revised, Revised (2) Nomench use selecated by exata from end oF K¥04.1 10h) (2) Bootate (4) revised Revised in its entivety Revised Revised Asterisks and cocresponding Note deleted, K990 through K990.L.1 revised Pirst pamgraph revised Footnate 10 revisedPage 195 164 162 et 174, 175 178, 17 we 139, 181 194 229 230-234 2236 238, 239 7 286 27 258 260, 261 Location Specifeation Index for Appendic A ‘Table AT Table Ac ‘Table Al Table AA Table AL ‘Table Al ‘Table AT Table A-2 Table D300 Appendix B F300 PaDB.A(bY(8) FIBA) Faas Sppondin J Specifieation Index for Appendix K Notes for Appendix K Tables Table KL Change ASTM B 403, 8424 and B45 added For both ASTM A 202 enteivs, Material coneected by errata to sead Cr-Mn-Si (1) For ASTM A 451 Grade CPE20N, Material corrected by errata to read Me ONIEN (2) Tos lest entey, Grade corrected by errata to read 430 Uneler Forgings and Fittings, third Grade entey corrected by errata to read wPandl, ASTM B 403 and B70S added ASTM B 424 added For fourth ASTM B564, UNS Ne, corrected by errata to read NI8@11 ASTM B 364 08825, B 854 NOSE25, and BaIs NORE added ‘Under Stainless Sted, fith through eighth Material entries and third Size Range entry coreected by errata Note (11) cortected by errata te sead T= 1sT (1) Reference standards updated (2) ICBO address deleted Revised NALCE references in text and footnote 1 eoneected by errata to sed MROIPS and ROM? NACE seference in footnote 1 and text corrected by errata to reac RPOI70 Added (1) Nomenelature for fy and P, added (2) Nomenclature for Ry updated (2) Nomenclature for $ revised (4) Nomenclature for Sp, T; and W added Tile of ASTM A 210 sevised Note (21) added, For eight APISL entries, Note (21) references added and stresses for 200°F through 400°F deletedPage 262, 269 89 776 U7, U8 280-284 286, 297 288 299-281 Location Table K-1 ‘Table K-1 Fig, M300 Appendix P Appendix S vane Appendix X ¥3021.2(0) ¥302.1.2(0) 30213(0) Pig X8218 3022.20) Change (2) Fos 9M: A299 and A04, ettese line revised (2) For 9Ni 4 420, Specified Min, Tensile Strength and stress line roviced (2) Linder Stainless Steel Pipes and Tubes, all four stess lines and fist, fifth, and sixth Grades on p. 263 coctected by etrata (1) Under Pipes and Tubes, for last ASTM EB 185, double bar at 7007 Galeted by errata (2) Under Forgings and Mittings, ASTM. B S64 NL0276 added by ecata In Col. 5¢ second box, second temperature corrected by errata to sead 186°C Added Added Added Sevond sentence helaw title deleted Revised Footnote 1 revised Revised Revised Revised NOTE: The interpretations to ASME 8.3 issued beloeen Apa 1, 1001 and Osher, 1003 follow the last pape of this edition as a separate supplement, Interpretations No, 19,ASME B31.3-2004 Chapter | Scope and Definitions 300 GENERAL STATEMENTS (a) _Sdenifiction, This Process Piping Code is a See tion of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Code for Frecoure Piping, ASME B31, an American National Standacd, It is published as a separate docu. ment for convenience of Code usees (B) Responsibiities (2) Ouner. The owner ofa piping installation shall have overall responsibility for compliance with this Code, and for establishing the sequisemenis for design, construction, examination, inspection, and testing stich will govern the entire fluid hanciling: or process installation of which the piping i a part, The owner i also responsible for designating piping in certain fluid services and for determining fa specific Quality System is © be employed. See paras. (A}(4), (46), (e), and Appendic 1 2) Designer. The designer is responsible ro the ‘owner for assurance that the engineering design of pip- ing complies with the cequicements of this Code and with any additional cequirements established by the (3) Mans facturer, Fabricator, ud Erector, The manu facturer, fabricator, and erector of piping are responsible for providing materials, components, and workmanship in compliance with the requirements of this Code and of the engineering design (4) Ouner's inspector. The owner's Inspector (see para, 340) is responsible to the owner for ensuring that the vequirements of this Code for inspection, examine- tion, and testing are met. 1 a Quality System is specified by the owner to be employed, the owner's inspector is teeponsible for verifying that 3s implemented (6) Intent of the Code (t) It is the intent of this Code to set forth engi- neecing requitements deemed necessary for safe design and consituotion of piping installations, (2) This Code isnot intended toapply to the opera- ton, examination, inspection, testing, maintenance, or repaie of piping that has been placed in service, The provisions of this Code may optionally be applied for those purposes, although other considerations may also be nevessary (3) Engineering requirements of this Code, while considered necessary and adequate for safe design, gen- erally employ a simplified approach ty the subject, A Gesigner capable of applying a more rigorous analyois shall have the latitude to do so; however, the approach must be documented in the enginecring design ond its ‘validity accepted by the owner The appfoach ised shall provide details of design, construction, examination, Jnspeotion, and testing for the design conditions of para 201, with calculations consistent with the design eritecia of this Code, (4) Piping elements should, insofar as practicable, conform to the specifications and standanis listed in this Code. Piping elements neither specifically approved nor spesitially prohibited by this Code may be used provided they are qualified for use asset Fort in epplica- bble Chapters of this Code (5) The engineering design shall specify any unusual requirements for a patticular service, Where service requivemenis necessitate measures beyond those reguired by this Code, such measures shall be specified by the engineering design. Whete 60 epecified, the Code sequures that they be acsomplished (6) Compatibility of materials with theservice and hazards feom instability of contained fluids are not swithin the scope of this Code, See pasa, F323 (a) Deternaining Code Raypirements (W) Code requieements for design and construction include fluid service requirements, which affect election and application of materials, components, and joints Fluid service requicements include prohibitions, limiter tions, and conditions, such as temperature limits or a requirement for safeguarding (see para. 300.2 and Appendix G). Code requirements for a piping system are the mast resirictive of those which apply to any of sts elements, ©} For metallie piping not in Category Mor high pressure fluid service, Code requirements are found in ChaptersI through VI (the base Code), and fluid service requirements are found in (a) Cha pter I for materials (B) Chapter TL, Part 3, for components {cb Chapter Il, Pact 4, for joints (3) For nonmetallic piping and piping lined with nonmetals, al vequivemenis ave found in Chapter VI (Pacageaph designations begin with “A.“) (4) For piping ina fluid service designated by the owner as Category M (see pam. 200.2 and Appendix M), all cequirements ase found in Chapter VIL. (Paragraph designations begin with “M.) (8) For piping ina fluid service designated by the owner as Category D (see para, 300.2 and Appenciix M),ASME 8313-2006 piping elements restcicted to Category D Fluid Service in Chapters I through VIL, as well as elements suitable for other fluid services, may be used (6) Metallic piping elements suitable for Normal Fluid Service in Chapters I through VI may also be ‘used under cevere eyelie conditions unless 2 specific requirement for severe cyclic conditions is stated. (©) High Pressure Piping. Chapter IX provides alterna live rules for design and construction of piping desig- nated by the owner as being in High Pressure Fluid Service (2) These cules apply only when specified by the owes and only as a whole, not in past (2) Chaptec IX rules do not prowide for Category M Fluid Secvice, See para, K200.L4. (3) Paragcaph designations begin with "K.” (fi Appendices. Appendices of this Cede contain Code requirements, supplementary guidance, or other information, See pasa. 400.4 fora description of thesta- tus of each Appendix, 300.1 Scope Rules for the Process Fiping Code Section B31 have been developed considering piping typically found in pettoleutn refineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, apes, semiconductos, and cryogenic plants; and related proesssiig pleut and wails 30.1.1 Content and Coverage ia This Code presestbes requirements for materials and components, design, fabs tion, assembly, erection, ‘amination, inspection, and testing of piping (6) ThisCode applies to piping forall fluids, including (2) caw, intermediate, and finished chemicals (2) peteoleum products (3) gas, steam, air, and water () Hluidized solids (5) ceftigerants (6) ceyogenic fluids {c) See#g.300.1.1 fora diagram ilhasteating the appli cation of E313 pipingat equipment. hejoint connecting Piping lo equipment is within the scope of E013 30.1.2 Packaged Equipment Piping: Also included vwithin the scope of this Code is piping which interson- necis pieces or stages within a packaged equipment assembly 300.1.3 Exclusions, This Code excludes the fol- lowing ia piping systems designed for intemal gage pres- sures at of above zero but less then 105 kPa (5 psi, provided the fluid handled is nonflammable, nontoxic, and not damaging to human tissues as defined in 300.2, B51 sefermews here and eleawhere inthis Code areto the ASME BOL Code for Prepare Piping and is vasious Setins, which aro ‘Meneifed inal bitely desorbed in the Ireeodction, su0-300.2 and its design temperature is from ~29°C (-20°R] through 186°C (66°F) (®) power bolles: in acacedance with BPV Code? Seo tion and boiler external piping which is required to conform to B31.1 (c) sulbes, tube headers, crossovers, and manifolds of Sised heaters, which are intemal to the heater enclosure (@) pressure vessels, heat exchangers, pumps, come pteasons, and other fitic handling or processing equip- ment, including internal piping and connections for ‘external piping 300.2 Definitions Some of the terms relating to piping are defined below. For welding, brazing, and soldering terms not shown here, definitions in accordance with AWSStandard A3.0° apply. air-hardened steel: a steel thot hardens during cooling in air fsom a temperature above ils transformation range azsveal ext teaiment: see heat heater are cating: 0 group of culting processes wherein the severing or removing of metals is effected by melting swith the heat of an acc between an electrode and the base metal, (includes carbon-are cutting, metabare cut ting, gas meta-are cutting, gas tungoten-ere cutting, plasinarave culling, and ale carbuarave culling.) See alse aaxygenarc cutting. arc welding (AW): & group of welding processes which produces coalescence of metals by heating them with anate or ates, with or without the application of pressure and with or without the use of filler metal assembly: the joining together of wa of mose piping components by bolting, welding, bonding, sccewing, brazing, soldering, cementing, or use of packing devices as speciied by the engineering design. cutcmnatic webzing: welding with equipment which per- forms the welding operation without adjustenent of the contsals by an operator. The equipment may or may nat perform the leading and unloading of the work. backing filler mesial: see comsuaenble fer. backing rtsgi material in the form of a cing used to aup port molten weld tnetal, Dalaaced piping system: see para, 319:2.2(a), TEP Code eooumcu hao and ologwhuro in thie Coda ay tosho ‘ASME Belor and Presume Yewal Code and i vaiode Socticns © follows Secon f Fowee Bolles Secon fk Morosats, Pat D Sesion ¥ Nondesteacive Beamination Scion VI Poucusy Yous, Diy shee 1 and 2 Section (X Wlaing and Braz Qualiiewiors ACE £0, Sanday Wey Toe Deer ebaing Toss for alluck Sondyg, rang, Suldesnw, Teanal Cou pling and Themnal Spring @)3002 Tubes, tube headers, crossovers and manifolds of fired heaters, internal tothe hester enclosure ASME B31.3-2004 J Power boilers in accordance with SPV Cade Section L LY Baller xara piping which ierecuvedinsonormee.} FAY Packages equipment pining Prosaure vessels, heat ee hana ing or processing ‘equipment, including in {etna} piping and eon nections for external eiping Legend —— Piping within the sxoze of Piping eutside the seepe 18313 GENERAL NOTE: The means by which piping fs attached to equipment fs within the scape of the applicable piping code. Fig. 30.1.1 Diagram Illustrating Ay dase maevial: the material to bebrazed, soldered, welded, or otherwise fused basic alloonable stress: see stress teres Frguerty 1, bake desig stron: see strass terms fraquertly used bonded jot: a permanent joint in nonmetallie piping made by one of the following methods: (G) adfesioe joie: a joint made by applying an adhe sive to the surfaces to be joined and pressing then together (B) bulivend-umamped joints a joint made by butting together thejaining surfaces and wrapping the jointwith plies of reinforcing fabric saturated with resin (G)_ ent fusion joints 2 joint made by heating the sur- faces to be joined and pressing them together to achiewe fusion (@) hot gos welded joints a joint made by simultane ously heating the susfaces to be joined anda fillee mate- rig] with a stream of hot aicorhotinert gas, then pressing the surfaces together and applying the filler materia] to achiave fusion ie) solamt cemented jot: a joint made by using a solvent cement to soften the sucfaces to be joined and pressing them together pplication of B31.3 Piping at Equipment (P) Aectrofusion joints a joint made by heating the sur- faces to bejoined using an electrical resistance wire coil, ‘whieh remains embadided in the joint bende: one who pecforms a manual of semiautomatic bending operation ending operator: one wha opecates machine of automatic bonding equipment. deniting procedure: the detailed methods and practices involved in the production of a bonded joint. bonding procedure specification (BPS):the document which lists the parameters to be used in the constuction of bonded joints in accordance with the requirements of this Code. branch covoction fitting: an integrally reinfored fiting welded 10 a run pipe and connected to a branch pipe by a butrwelding, socket welding, threaded, of flanged joineincludesa branch outlet Fitting conforming t MSS, SE, brazing: @ metal joining process wherein coalescence is produced by use of a nonfercous filler metal having = melting point above 427°C (800°F), but lower than thatASME 8313-2006 ofthe base metals being joined, The filles metal is disteib- uted between the closaly fitted surfaces of the joint by capillary attraction butt joints a joint between two members aligned appeox!- mately in the same plane, Category D: s2e fluit sereice, Category Mz see fluid seroice culled jofutsa joint in which suitable matecial (or mateci- tls) is cither poured or compressed by the usc of foals {neo the annular space between abell (or hub)and spigat (or plain end), thus comprising the jaint seal cherafcal plonts an industrial plant for the manulactuse or processing of chemicals, of of rawr materials or inter- mediaies for such chemicals, 4 chemical plant may include supporting and service favilities, such asstorage, ‘utity, and waste treatment units, cold sprieg: see para, $19.24. cormectics for extoreal piping those integral pacts oF indi- vidual pieces of equipment which are dasigned for atachment of external piping, consume iuserts preplaced filler metal which is com- pletely fused into the root of the jaint and besomes part of the wel -anmaging to heme tienes: for the puepsdea of thie Cod, this phrase daseribes a fluid service in which exposure to the fluid, caused by leakage under expected operating conditions, can harm skin, eyes, of exposed mucous membranes so that irreversible damage may result unless prompt restorative measures are taken, (Restor- ative measures may inchade flushing with water, edmin- istration of antidotes, or medication.) designe reutraune tensperature: see para, 3013.1 design pressure: see paca, 301.2. desig iemeperature: see para, 3013 designer: the person or organization in responsible charge of the engineering design Aisplacenent stress range: see para, 19.2.3, elements: see piping elements engiverring design: the detailed design governing 2 pip- ing system, developed fcom process ard mechasicel requirements, conforming to Code requirements, and incliding all necessary specifications, drawings, and supporting documents equipment conecticn: soe omections for extersal piping ceveeticn the complete installation of a piping system in the locations and on the supports designated by the engineering design including any field assembly, fabei- cation, examination, inspection, and testing of the sys- tem as required by this Code exantination, exarainer: soe patas, 341.1 and 341.2, 300.2 exumination, iypes off see para, 44.14 for the follovring: fe) 100% examination (®) random examination fc) apot examination (@ random spot examination extruded outlet Header: see para, 3049.4, fabrication: the preparation of piping for assembly, including cutting, threading, graoving, forming, bend- ing, and joining of components into subassemblies, Fab- nication ray be performed in the shop or in the Held, Joe of weld: the exposed sucface of a weld on the side from which the welding was done {fil materilsthe material tobe added inmaking metalic ‘or nonmetallic joints {fillet weld: a weld of approximately teiangular eross sex ‘ion joining two surfaces approximately at right angles ioeach other ina lap joint, te joint, or comer joint, (See also size of weld and #ecat of a fillet weld) Jlormatie: for the purposes of this Code, describes « Suid which under ambient or expected operating eordi- sone i a vapor or produoas vapors that can be ignited and continue to buen in alt, The term thas may apply depending on service conditions, to fluids defined for other purposes as flaronable or combustBle, {fluid service: « gevecal (ecm concecning the application ‘ofa piping system, considering the combination of fluid properties, operating conditions, and other factors which establish the basis for design of the piping system, See Appendix M. (a) Calegory D Fluid Sercicesa fluid service in which all the following apply (1) the fluid handled is sonflammable, nontoxic, and aot damaging to human tissues as defined in para, 300.2 (2) the design gage pressure does not exceed 1036 ¥Pa (150 psi) (3) the design temperature is from ~29°C (-20°R) through 186°C (66°F) (B) Category M Fluid Serofee: «fluid service in which the potential for personnel exposure is judged to be significant and in which a single exposure to a ve Stall quaatry of» toe uid, mused by leakage, can produce serious irreversible hasm to petsons on beeath- ing o bodily contact, even when prompt cestorative measures are taken (c) Fiigh Prescwre Fluid Service: a fluid service for which the owner specifies the use of Chapter IX for plping design and constrsction; see also para. K300 (e) Normal Fluid Servite: fluid service pertaining to most piping covered by this Code, ie, not subject to the cules for Category D, Category M, ot High Pressure Fluid Service {ull fillet oes a fillet weld whose size is equal to the ‘thickness of the thinner member joined.3002 {fusion the melting together of filler material and bace material, or of base material only, which cesults in coales- gs veetabare welding (GMAN): an acc-welding proves “which produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an are between a continuous filler metal (consum- able) electrode and the work, Shielding is obtained ‘entisely froman externally supplied gas, orgas mixture Some vaciations of this process are called MIG or COz dlding (nenpeoforsed tara) gus tungeten- are welling (CTAW): an acc-welding proves Swhich produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between 2 single tungsten (nonconsusnable) lectzode and the work. Shielding is obtained from a gas oF gas micure, Poessuse may or may nol be used and filler metal may or may not be used. (This process has sometimes been called TIG welding.) gas welding: a group of welding processes wherein ‘coalescence is produced by heating with a gas flame or flames, with or without the application of prescure, and ‘with oF without the use of filler material groove weld: a weld made in the groove between tivo member to be joined, heat aftcted some: that porvicn of the base material which bras aot been malted, butwhose mechanical propertigs 0: nerastmcnase have beer alered by de blew of wel brazing, soldering, forming, or cutting heal treatments tezms used to descsibe various types and proveases of Reat treatment (comnetimes called postweld heat teatment) are Gafined as follews: (a) anmenling: heating to and holding at a suitable temperature and then cooling ata suitable zate for euch purposes as: reducing hardness, improving machinabil- lty,faditating cold working, producing a desired raero- stauctize, ot sbiaining desized mechanical, paysissl, of other properties (B) rormmlizing: a process in wihich a fercous metal fc heated to a suitable temperature above the tarsfor- mation mange and is sthoequently ooled in sill ait at room tempecatuce (©) preheating: see prohenting (separate tert) @) quenching: rapid cooling of a heated metal (c) _resarmented or repr ied treatment: the apppica- tion of eat to a metal section subsequent to a cutting, forming, ot welding operation, as provided in para, 391 (f) solution heat treatments heating, an alloy to 3 suit able temperature, holding at that temperature long, enough te allow one or more constituents t enter into solid golution, ane then cooling tapidiy enough te held the constituents in solution, (@)_ shess-relief uniform heating ofa struonsee of por tion thecceE to a ctdficient temperatuse to telieve the major postion of the cesidual steesses, followed by uni form cooling slowly enough to minimize development of new residual stresses ASME B31.3-2004 (h) temaperdngs seheating a hardened metal to a leur peratuce below the transformation range to improve toughness (®trausformation range: tempecatuce range inwhich a phase change is initiated and completed (j) tesformation tevmorature:a vemperatuse at which a phase change ocouss High Pressure Fluid Seroice: see suit sercie indication, Unger: in magnetic particle, iguid penetrant or similat examination, @ closed suriace area’ marking or denoting a diceantinaity soquising evalwation, whace Jangest dimersion is at least theee timas the width oF the indication. indication, rounded: in magaelicpasticle, liquid penetrant or similar examination, a closed surface ares macking or denoting a discontinuity reguising evaluation, whose longest dienenston 4 less than three tines the width oF the indication ie process examination: see paca. 2447. inspection, nspeetor: see para. 24 “nit design: he jotre geometry together withthe zequired dimensions of the welded joint. ateds foe the prsepases of this Code, desceibes a material fof component which eenfotms to a specification in Appendix &, Appendix &, or Appendix k ot toa starr and in Table 3261, 4926.1, ot K826.1 ‘crcl weldieg:a welding operation performed and com trolled complevely by hand say a term which indicates that a peoviston is neither seguiced nor prohibited. redhead jot: a joint for the purpose of mechanical strengthor leak eesistance,orboth, in which the mechan- foal etrength is developed by threaded, grcaved, eolled, flased, ce fleaged pipe ends: ot by bols, pins, toggles, or sings; and the leak eesistance is developed by theads and compounds, gaskets, rolled ends, caulking, or machined and mated surfaces, raiters two ce moze straight sections of pipe matched and joined in & plane bisseting the angle of junction 20 as fe produce a change in disoction omrinalsa numerical identification of dimension, capac- ig, rating, or other characteristic used asa designation, not as an exact meastixement NPS: norinal pipe size (Fellowed, when appropriate, by the speafic size designation number without an inch symibo). Norvaal Fluid Seroie: ee flu seroice normalizing: ee heat trate ‘oleh senstice: desceibes a metal subject to veductica in strength in the presence of stress conceatcation, The iegeee of notch sensitivity is usually expcessed as theASME 8313-2006 strength determined in a notched specimen divided by the strength determined in an unnotched specimen, and ean be obtained from elther static or dynamic tests xyge-are cutting (OAC):an oxyger-cutting process that uses an are betiveen the workpiece and a consumable lectiode, through which oxygens divected to the wark- piece, For oxidation-resistant metals, 2 chemical fluc or metal powder is used to facilitate the reaction oxygen cuiting (OC): geoup of thermal cutting processes That severs oF removes tiem by means of tee dremtcel reaction between oxygen and the base metal atelevated temperature The necessary temperature is maintained boy the heat from an atc, an oxyluel gas lame, or other oxygen gouging: thermal gouging that uses an oxygen culling process variation to form a bevel or groove. packaged equipment: an assembly of individual pieces ot stages af equipment, complete with inter-connecting Piping and connections for external piping. The assem bly may be mounted on a skid or olher stsuctuse psior to delivery, petroleum refivery: an industeial plant for processing or handling of petroleum and peoduos derived disectly frompettoleum, Sucha plant may bean individual gaso- line recovery plant a eating plant, 2 gas processing plan (inciuaing lqueraction), of an integrated ferinery having vatious process units and attendant facilities pipera pressure-tight cylinder used to convey a fluld or to transmit a fluid pressure, ordinarily desigoated pipe in applicable material specifications, Materials designated tide or tubing in the specifications are treated as pipe wien intended for pressute service, Types of pipe, according to the method of manufacture, ate defined as follows: (a) electric resistanar-welded pipe: pipe prochuced in individual lengths oc in continuous lengths fcom coiled skelpand subsequently out into individual langths, hav ing a longitudinal but joint wherein coalescence is pro- duced by the heat cbtéined from resistance of the pipe to the flow of electric current in a circuit of which the pipe isa part, and by the application of presstce 1) florace butt wielded pipe. continuous welded: pipe produced in continuous lengths ftom eviled skelp and subsequently cut into individual length, having i lon sgitudinal buttjoint forge welded by the achanical pres- Suse developed in passing the hotformed and edge- heated skelp through a set of round pass welding rolls, (c)_ elecvic fusion welded pive: pipe havinga longitudi- nal butt joint wherein coalescence is produced in the preformed tube by manual or automatic electeic-are ‘welding, The weld may be single (welded from ane sie) of double (welded from inside and outside) and may bbe made with or without the addition of filler metal (i) double submergectarc welded pipe: pipe having a longitudinal but joint produced by at leest tyro passes, 300.2 fone of which is on the inside of the pipe, Coalescence is produced by heating with an electric are or ares between the bare metal electrode or electrodes and the ‘wodk. The welding is shielded by a blanket of granular usible material on the work, Pesssuse is not used and filler metal for the inside and outside welds is obtained ftom the electrode or electrodes, fe) seamless pipe: pipe produced by piercing a billet followed by rolling os drawing, or bath, P_ spiral welded pipe: pipe having a helical seam with either a butt, lap, or lock-seam joint which is welded using either an electrical resistance, electric fusion or double-submerged are welding process pipe-supporting elements: pipe-supporting elements con- Sist of foctures and steuctual attachments as follows (a) fixtures: fares include elements which transfer the load from the pipe or structural attachment to the supposting structure or equipment. They include hang- ing type fixtures, such as hanger vods, spring hangers, sway braces, countecneighte, turrbuctles, sus, chains, guides, and anchors; and bearing type fixtures, such as saddles, bases, rollets, brackets, and sliding supports (b)_ structural attachments: structural attachments include elements which are welded, bolted, or damped to the pipe, such as clips, lugs, sings, clamps, clevises, stcaps, and shicis piping: assemblies of piping components used to convey, distribute, mix, separate, discharge, rreter, control, ot onub fluid flows, Piping also includes pipe-supporting elements, but does:not include support structures, such as building frames; benls, foundations, or any equip~ ment excluded froth this Code (see paca, 300.13) piping components: shechanical elements suitable for join- Sng ot assembly inté pressure tight fluid-containing pip- sng systems, Components include pipe, tubing, fittings, flanges, gaskets, hilting, valves, and devices such a3 expansion joinls, flexible joints, pressure hoses, (2s, stcainers, irrline poctions of instruments, and separa tors, piping elements: any matesial or work requiced to plan and installa piping system, Elements of piping include design specifications, materials, components, supports, fabrleation, examination, inepection, and testing, ipieg installation: designed piping systems to which @ selected Code Bdition and Addenda apply, pipieg eysiene interconnected piping subject to the same set or Gets of design conditions, plasma are cutting (BAC):an arc cutting process that uses a coneteicted are and removes molten metal with a high ‘velocity jet of ionized gas issuing from the constricting orifice postweld heat freciments see heat inestment preheating: the application of heat to the base matesial Immediately before or ducing a forming, welding, or cutting, process, See pac, 3303002 Prooeaure qualification recend (PQR: @ document listing all pertinent data, including the essential variables employed and the test results, used in qualifying the procedure specication, process unt an atea whose houndaries are designated bby the engineering design within which reactions, sepa- rations, and other processes are carried out, Examples of installations which are not classified as process units are loading areas or terminals, bulk plants, compound ing plants, and sank: farms and storage yards ucrch arivealing: see solutions heat treataent under het ¢reatment. ucnchings 928 heat treatment reinforcemenis see paras, 3043 and A243, See also zoekt reinforcer’. root opering: the separation between the members ta be joined, at the root of the joint. safiguarding: provision of protective mezsures of the types outlined in. Appendix G, where deemed necessary, See Appendix G for detailed discussion seal bond: a bond intended primarily 19 provide joint tightness against leakage in noncnetalle piping, seal weld: a weld intended primacily to provide joint lightness against leakage in metallic piping seminuiontntic arc melding: atc welding with equipment ‘which contzols only the filler metal feed, The advance of the welding is stantially controlled severe cyclic comiitions: conditions applying t» specific piping components of joints in which 3 computed in accordance with para, 2194.4 exceeds 088, (a6 defined in para. 02.5), and the equivalent number of cycles (Nin pare, 202.35) exceeds 7000, or other conditions ‘which the designer determines will produce an equiva- lent effect shall: & teem which indicates that a provision is « Code requirement. shielded metalarc welding (SMAW): an ars welding pro- cess which produces evalescence of metals by heating them with anarebetween a covered metal electrode and the work, Shielding is obtained from decomposition of the electrode covering, Pressure ss aot used and flee metal is obtained foom the electrode shoulds a teem which indicates that a provision is tecomn- mended as good practice but is not a Code requirement size of weld: (ag) fillet carla the leg lengths (the leg length for equal- leg weids) of the sides, adjoining the members welded, of the largest tciangle that can be inscribed within the weld cross section, For welds between perpendicular members, the definitions in Fig, $285.24 apply NOTE. When the angie bokwwwe members exconas 105 dag, size 'e of ls significmn than eifcive throat (see abo thas! of @ {ies ed ASME B31.3-2004 (8) groove weld: the joint penetration (depth of bevel phis the r90t penetration when specified), The size of a groove weld and its effective theaat ase the same. slag Yaclusicr: nonenetallie solid material enteapped in ‘weld metal or between weld metal and base metal solderiegsa metal joining process wherein coalescence ts produced by heating to suitable temperatures and by using a nonfercous alloy fusible at temperatures below 427°C (600°F) and having = melting point below that of she base mevais being joined. The filles metal ts aise uted between clacety fitted susfaces of the joint by capil- lary attraction Ia general, solders are lead-tin alloys and may conlain antimony, bismuth, and other elements scluticn hent treaimants see heat treatment stress ratio: see Pig, 373.2.28, siress wig cee hen! fret sivess ferns fouently used (a) baaic allowable stress: this term, symnbol $, repre- sents the stress value for ony material deteemined by the appropriate stress basis in para, 3023.2 (8). ell design sivess: this term repoesen's the design siress used to determine the required cross-sectional arex of bolts in a bolted joint (co). hytrostetic design basis: selected properties ofplas- ticpipine materials tate used in aconeeance with ASTM, D 2897 or D 2991 to determine the HDS [see (d) belove] for the material (a) ngcrostatic design sivess (HDS): the maccinvus corr tinuous sites due to internal pressure to be used in the design of plastie piping, determined from the hydro static design basts by use of ¢ service (design) factor submerged ars welding (SAW): an are welding process which produces coalescence of metals by heating them swith an are of arcs between s bare metal electode of elecliodes and the work, The accis shielded by a blanket of gcanular, fusible matecial on the work, Pressure is not used and filler metal is obtained from the electrode and sometimes from a supplemental source (welding od, flus, or metal granules) feck zoel: a weld made to hold parts of a weldment in proper alignment until the Final welds ave made fenemering: see hent lreahment: therrmcplaetc: plastic which is capable of being repeat- edly softened fy increase of temperature and hardened bby decrease of temperature therracsotting extn: a eesin capable of boing changed into a substantially infusible of insoluble product when cured at zoom temperature, or by application of heat or by chemical meens, throat of fle colds (2). Wrecretcn! threat: the perpendicular distance from the hypotenuse of the Jargest cight triangle that can be inscribed in the weld cross section to the root of thejointASME 8313-2006 300,2-3004 Table 300.4 Status of Appendices in B31.3 ‘Append Tile ‘Stow a ‘Swoss Tables fo tetalle Pping and doting ators eequiremente e Stross Tables and Allowable Proscure Tables For Wormetals ——Regulraments © Fiscal Popaties of Piping Waterals Requirements (0) ° Rexbilty ang Stress Incenifcaton Factors Requirements (0) e Reference Standards Requirements F Frecausonary Considerations Guidance @) 6 Sateguarting Guidance © H Sample Calculations for Branch Reoforcement Guidance i Nomendature Infomation K Dllow able Stee for High Creseure Piping Pequiremente L Aluminum Alloy Pipe Flanges ‘Speciation (@) ™ Guide to Cassiying Fuld Serdces Guidance C3 F Altemative Rules for Evaluating Stress Range Requirements (5) © ually System Progam Guidance 5 Piping System Svase Analyse Examples Guidance y ‘Allon ble Vaatfons In Clevsted Tempercture Service Guidance Gi x Metalic Bellows Expansion joints Requirements z Preparation of echnical Iquitos Requirements NOTES: LM) Contains default requirements, to be used unless move directly applicable dats are available, 1) Contains no requirements but Code user is responsbla for considering applicable items. G) Contains requirements appllesble only wien use of Chapter Ix specified. (4) Contains pressuretom perature ratings, ratertls dimensions, and markings of forged aluminum alloy anges. (3) Contains altemative requirements (6) Contains administrative requirements, (0) actual Host: the shostest distance fom the root ofa Billet weld to Hts fase (6). effetivetocet: the esinissum distance, minus ary reinforcement (convenity), between the weld root and the face of a fillet weld tee of weld: the junction between the face of a wold and the kaze matectal tabs: see pipe hongsten electro a nonfillee-metalelectcode used in ace vielding os cutting, made principally of tungsten, ibdomce. piping cyster: see para, 31.2.20). anderent « groeve melted into the base matesia adjacent to the toe af r0et of a weld and left untilled by weld materia. cofsual exaronation: see paca, 344.2. wéld:a localized coalescence of material whecein coales- cence is praduced either by heating lo suitable tempera tures, vith or without the application of pressure, or by application of pressure alone, and with or without the tase of filles matorl | wold reiafrcement: weld material in excess of the spect- fied welll size zaelder: ona who performs a manual or semi-automatic ‘welding opecation, (This term is sometienee eeroneascly used to denote a welding machine) ‘welding opevatoy:one who operates machine or automatic welding equipment, welding procedure: the detailed methods and practices invalved in the production of a weldment, ‘welding procedure specifieation (WPS): the document ‘which list the parameters to be used in eonstruetion of weldments in accosdance with sequisements of this Code. sweldment: an assembly whose component pasts are joined by welding, 300.3 Nomenclature Dimensional ancl mathematical cymhole nsed in this Code ate listed in Appendix], with definitions and laca- tion references to each. Lowercase and uppercase English letters are listed alphabetically, fellewed by Greek letters, 300.4 Status of Appendices ‘Table 300.4 indicates for each Appendix of this Code whether it contains Code requirements, guidance, or coupplemental information. See the first page of each Appendix for devailsPART 1-30.94 ASME B31.3-2004 Chapter Il Design PART 1 CONDITIONS AND CRITERIA 301 DESIGN CONDITIONS Paragraph 301 states the qualifications of the Designer defines the temperatures, pressures, and forces applicable to the design of piping, and states the consid- eration that shall be given 1 vatious effects and theit consequent loadings. See alse Appendix 5 para, F301, 301.1 Qualifications of the Designer ‘The Designer is the person(s) in charge of the engi- neering design of a piping system and chall be expesi- enced in the use of this Code, The qualifications and experience required of the Designer willdepend on the complexigy and criticality of the system and the nature af the individuals experience ‘The owner's approval is cequited iF the individual does not meet at least one of the following criteria (@) Completion of an engineering degree, cequicing four ot more yeats of full-time study, plus @ minimuen of & yeors experience in the design of related pressure Piping. (6) Professional Bngineecing registration, recognised bey the local jurisdiction, ond experience in the design oF selated pressure piping ic) Completion of an engineering assoelates degtes, requiring 2¢ least? yeass of full-time study, plhis a enini- mum of 10 years experience in the design of related pressure piping (@ Bitten years experience in the design of related ppressuve piping. Bcperience in the design of related pres- suce piping is satistied by piping design experience that Includes design calcolations for pressure, stistamed and occasional loads, and piping Flexbility. 301.2 Design Pressure 301.2.1 General (a) The design pressuce of each component ina piping. system shall be not less than the pressure at the most severe condition of coincident internal or external pres- sureand temperature (mninienum or maximise) expected ducing cezvice, exeopt ac provided in para. 30224. B) The most severe condition is that which results in the greatest sequized component thickness and the highest component rating: (©) When moce than one set of pressuse-temperature conditions const fora piping syste, the conditions gov eening the rating of earmponents conforming to listed standards may differ rors the conditions gaveming the rang of components designed in accordance with para. 304 (d) When a pipe is seporated into individualized pressure-containing charrbers (including jacketed pp- ing, blanks, eta), the pastition wall shall be designed on the basis of the most severe coincident temperatuce (minimum or maximum) and differential pressure between the adjoining chambers expected during ser- ‘Viee, except as provided in pars, 202.24 3012.2 Required Pressure Containment or Reliet (2) Provision shall be madie to safely containos relieve (see pate, 322.63) any pressure 9 which the piping may be subjected. Piping not protected by a pressure relieuing renine, ar that ran he ixnlated Fram a proscire selieving device, shall be designed for atleast the highest pressure that can be developed. (b) Sources of pressure tobe considered include ambi- ent influences, pressute oscillations and surges, improper operation, decomposition of unstable fluids, sialic head, and failuse of control deviess (6) The allowances of para, 302,2.4(F) are perntited, provided that the ather requirements of parz.302 24 a0 also met 301.3 Design Temperature ‘The design temperature of each component ina piping system i the temperature at which, under the coincident pressure, the greatest thickness or highest component rating ib required in accordance with para, 3012, (Co satisfy the requitements of para, 301.2, different carnpo- ens in the same piping system may have aitterent design temperatures) In establishing design temperatures, consider atleast the fluid temperatures, ambient temperatures, solar radiation, heating or cooling medium temperatures, and the applicable provisions of paras, 3013.2, 301.33, and 0134 301.3.1 Design Minimum Temperature. The design minimum tempecatize s the lowest campanent ternper- ature expected ia cerviee, This temperature may estab- lish special design requirements and material qualification zequirements, See also paras, 30144 and $23.22ASME 8313-2006 301,3.2 Uninsulated Components a) For fluid temperatures below 65°C (150°F), the component temperature shall be laken as the fluid tem- perature unless solac radiation o¢ other effects result in a higher temperature (6) For fluid temperatures 65°C (150°) and above, unless a lower average wall temperature is determined boy test os heat transfer calculation, the temperatuee for uninsulated components shall be no lass than the follow= ing valuor (2) valves, pips, lapped ends, welding fitings, and other components having wall thickness comparable to that of the pipe: 95% of the fluid temperature (2) flanges (except lap joint including those on fit= tings and valves; 90% of the fluid temperatute (3) lap joint flanges; 85% of the fluid temperature (2) bolting: 80% of the Quid temperature 01.3.3 Externally Insulated Piping. The component design temperature shall be the fluid temperate unless caleulations, lets, cr service experience based on mea- surements support the use oF another temperature ‘Where piping is heated or cooled by tracing o*jacketing, this ofect shall be considered in establishing component design temperatures 201.2. Intornally Ineulated Piping. Tho compencat design temperature shallbe based on heat transfercaleu- lations or tests, 301.4 Ambient Effects See Appendic , pars, FILA 301.4.1 Cooling: Effects on Pressure. The ccoling of a gas or vapor ina piping system may reduce the pressure sufficiently to create an internal vacuum, In sucha case, the piping shall be capable of withstanding the external pressuze at the lower lemmperalure, or provision shall be made to break the vacuum, 301.4,2 Fluid Expansion Effects. Provision shall be made in the design either to withstand or to elieve incoeased pressure caused by the heating of static fluid ina piping component. See alsa fara, 322 6.3(DK 2) 301.4.3 Atmospheric Icing. Where the design mini- mum temperature of a piping system is below 0°C (2%), the possibility of moisture condensation and buildup of ice shall be considered and provisions made in the design to avoid resultant malfunctions. This applias to ctrfaees of maving parte of chutof valves, eonteal valves, pressuse relief devices including dis. charge piping, and other components, 3014.8 Low Ambient Temperature. Consideration shall be given to low ambient temperatuse conditions for displacement stress analysis. 10 301.32-3017.2 301.5 Dynamic Effects See Appendix B, paca, P2015, 301.5.1 Impact. Impact forces caused by extemal or internal conditions (including changes ia flow rate, hydraulie shock, liquid or solid slugging, Flashing, and geysering) shall be taken into account in the design of piping. 301,5.2 Wind. The effect of wind loading shall be laken inte account in the design of exposed piping, The method of analysis may be as described in ASCE 7, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Struc ses, 301.5.3 Earthquake. Piping shall be designed for easthquake-indueed horizontal forces. The method of analysis may be as described in ASCE 7 301.5.4 Vibration, Piping shall be designed, arranged, and supported so 0s t9 eliminate excessive and harmful effects of vibration which may arise from such sources as impact, pressure pulsation, turbulent Slow vortices, resonance in compressors, and wind, 301.5.5 Discharge Reactions. Piping shall be designed, arranged, and supported 50 as to withstand reaction forces due to letdown or dischasge of fluids, 301.6 Weight Effects ‘The following weight effects, combined with loads and fosees from other causes, shall be taken into account in the devign of piping, 301.6.1 Live Loads. These loads include the weight of the mediumn transported or the medium used for test, Snow and lee loads due to bath envionment] and operating conditions shall be considered. 301.6.2 Dead Loads. These loads consist of the weight of piping components, insulation, and other superim- posed permanent loads supported by the piping. 301.7 Thermal Expansion and Contraction Effects ‘The following thermal effects, combined with loads and forees from otter eatses, shall be taken intoaccount in the design of piping. See also Appendix E paca. FIOL, 301.7.1. Thermal Loads Due to Restraints. These loads consist Of theusis and moments which arise when free thermal expansion and contsaction of the piping are prevented by restraints or anchors, 301.7.2 Loads Due ta Temperature Gradients. These loads arise fram stresses in pipe walls eesulting from lange sapld temperature changes or from unequal tem- petatute distubution as may cesult feom a high heat flux through a compazatively thick pipe or stratified two- phace flow causing bowing of the line. ©) @)@) 301,7.3-302.2.6 301.7.3 Loads Due to Differences in Expansion Chat acteristics. These loads cesull feom differences in ther ‘mal expancion whese materiale with diffesent thermal expansion ceefflelents are combined, as in bimetallic, Lined, jacketed, or metallic-nonmetallic piping, 301.8 Effects of Support, Anchor, and Terminal Movements ‘The effects of movements of piping supports, anchors, and connected equipment shall be taken into account in the design of piping, These movements may cesult feorn the flexibility and/or thermal expansion of equip- ment, supposts, Of anchots; and from settlement, dal movements, or wind sway. 301.9 Reduced Ductility Effects ‘The harmful effects of reduced ductility shall be taken into account in the design of piping, Phe effects may, for example, result from welding, heat treatment, forming, bending, or low operating temperatuces, including the chilling effect of sudden loss of pressuce on highly vola- lie fiids, Low ambient temperatures expected ducing operation shall be considered 301.10 Cydlic Effects Batigne due to pressure eyeing, thereral eyeing, and other eyelic loadings shall be considered in the design of piping. See Appendix B, para, F3OL.10. 301.11 Air Condensation Effects ‘At operating temperatures below —1919C (312°F) in ambientaic, condensation and oxygen enrichment occur. ‘These shall be considered in selecting materials, includ~ ing insulation, and adequate shielding and/or disposal shall be provided. 302 DESIGN CRITERIA 302.1. General Paragraph 902 states pressure-tempera ture ratings, stress criteria, design allowances, and minimum design values together with permissible variations of these fac- tows as applied to the design of piping, 302.2 Pressure-Temperature Design Criteria 302.2.1 Listed Components Having Established Rat: ings. Bxcept as limited elsewhere in the Code, pressuse- temperature salings contained in standards for piping components listed in Table 326.1 are acceptable for Gesign pressures and temperatures in accordance with this Code, The provisions of this Code may be used at the ovner's responsibility to extend the pressure- temperature ratings of a component beyond the ratings of the listed standard. 302.2.2 Listed Components Not Having Specific Rat ings. Some of the standards for components in Table u ASME B31.3-2004 826.1 (2g ASME BL6.9, BLG.L1, and B16.28) state that presoure-temperatuse ratings aze based on straight ‘seamless pipe, Excoptac limited in the standatd oz else- where in this Code, such 2 component, made of mate rial hawing the same allowable stress as the pipe shall be sted using not more then 875% of the nominal thickness of seemless pipe camtesponding to the sched ule, weight, ox pressure clase af the Mlting, less all allow ances applied to the pipe (eg, tluead depth and/or cottosion allowanee), For components with straight or spiral longitudinal welded joints in pressure containing components the pressure rating detecinined above shall bbe further multiplied by W, as defined in para, 02.3.5). 302.2.3 Unlisted Components (a) Components not lsted in Table 226.1, but wiaich conform to a published specification cr stancaed, may bbe used within the following limitations. (1) The designer shall be satisfled that compaction, mechanical propecties, method of manufacture, and quality conttol are comparable to the corresponding Characteristies of listed components. (2) Prossute design shallbe verified in sesordance vwith paza, 304 (2) Other unlisted components shell be qualified for presoure design as xequited by paca, 3047.2 302.2.4 Allowances for Pressure and Temperature Vatiations, Occasional variations of pressuce and/or temperature may occur in a piping system, Such varla- sone shall be considered in selecting design pressire (paca, 301.2) and design temperature (pace. 3013), The most severe coincident pressure and temperature stall determine the design conditions unless all of the follow- ing criteria aze met: a) The piping system shall have no pressure con taining components of cast iron or other nanductile metal (b) Nominal prescuce stresses shall not exosed the yield steength al temperature (see pasa. 3023 of this Code and $, data in BPV Code, Section I, Part D, Table va) (6) Combined longitudinal stresses shall not exceed the lunuts established in para, 302.36. (a) The total nusaber of pressuse-tomperature varla- tone above the design conditions shell not exceed 1000 using the life of the piping system. (2) Inno case shall the increased pressute exneed the tect presouse used under para 245 forthe piping system, (fi Occasional variations above design conditions shall remain within one of the follovwing limits for pres- ‘sure design. (J) Subject to the owner's approval, itis permissible to exceed the pressuse rating or the allowable steess for prassure design at the temperature of the increased condition by not more thanASME 8313-2006 fe) 33% for no more than 10 he at any one time and no more than 100 he/ye or {2} 20% for no more than 60 he at any one Hime and no more than S00 heéye The effects of such variations shall be determined by the designer to be safe over the service life of the piping aystemby methods acceptable to the owner. (See Appen- die ¥) (2) When the vasiation is self-limiting (2g, due to a prescure relieving event], and lasts no more than 50 hat any one time and not more than 500 he/yeas, it is pecmissible to exceed the pressure sating or the allow- able stress for pressure design at the temperatuve of the incceased condition by aot more than 20% i) The combined effects of the sustained and cyetic variations on the serviceability of all components in the system shall have been evaluated. (0) Temperature vaslations below the minimum tem- peratuse showin in Appendix A are not permitted unless the requirements of para. 323.2 2 are met for the lowest temperature during the variation, i) The application of pressures exceeding preseure- temperature ratings of valves may wader certain eondl- tions cause loss of seat tightness or difficulty of opera- lion, The differential pressure on the valve closure element should not exceed the meximum differential [Presciine rating estahliched hy the valve mannfaehirer Such applications ace the cwner's responsibility 302.2.5 Ratings at Junction of Different Services. When two services that operate at different proscure- temperature conditions are connected, the valve segre- gating the bor services shallbe cated for the more severe service condition, If the valve veil operate at a different tempers ture due toils remoteness from s header or piece of equipment, this valve (and any mating flanges) may be selected on the basis of the different temperatuse, peovidied it can withsiand the required pressure tests on each side of the valve, Bor piping on either side of the valve, however, each system shall be designed for the conditions of the service to which it is connected. 302.3 Allowable Stresses and Other Stress Limit 3023.1 General. The allowable stresses defined in paras 309916), (b), and (6) shall be ved in design caleulations unless modified by other provisions oF tis Code (| Tension, Basic allowable stresses $ in tension for metals and design stresses 5 for bolting matesials, listed in Tables A-l and A-2, respectively, are determined in accordance with para, 302.2, Tnequations elsewhere in the Code where the product SE appears, the value $ is multiplied by one of the following quality factors 2 facomponure made ofcsstirgojoinodby lorgiudinabwelde, both a cating and a weld je gaily factor shal be applied. The quivalene qualty ator B 8 product of, Tabla dA, and EyTable AB, 2 302.24-5023.2 (2) casting quality factor B; as defined in paca 1202.3:3 anc tabulated for various material specifications ia Table A-1A, and for vastous lovee of supplementazy examinetion in Table 902.2.0; of (2) longituciinal weld joint factor B, as defined in 202.344 and tabulated for various matesal speciations and classes in Table A-1B, and for vasious spec af ints and supplementary examinations in Table 20234. ‘The stiess values in Tables Al and A-2 are grouped bby materials and product forme, and ace for stated tem- peratures up to the limit peowides in para. 323.2 1/a) ‘Suaight line interpolation between temperatures i pet- missile, The temperature intended is the design tear perature (see para, 301.3). (D) Shear cand Beneing. Allowable stesses in shear shall bbe 0.80 times the basi allowable stess in tension tabur lated in Table A-l or A-2, Allowable steess in beating shall be 1.50 times thet value fe) Compressiog, Allowable stresses in compression shall be no gecater shan the basio allowable etsesoas in tension as tbulated ia Appendice A. Considesation shall be given to structudal stablis. 302.3.2 Bases for Design Stresses? The bases for establishing design stress values for bolting materials and allowable stress values for other metallic materials sn this Code are ap follows. (a) Bolling Materin's. Design stress values at tempera- ture forbolting materials shall not exceed the lowest of the following, (W) eccept as provided in (@) below, the lower of one-fourth of specified minimum tensile strength at room temperature (S) and one-fourthof tensilestrength at temperature (2) eccept as provided in () below, the lower of ‘two-thirds of specified minimum yield strength at com temperature (37) and two-thinds of yield strength at temperature (2) at temperatures below the ereep sange, for bolt: ing materials whose strength has been enhanced by heat treatment or strain hardening, the least oF one-fifth of Se, one-fourth of the tensile strength at temperature, one-fousth of Sy and two-thirds of the yield strength at 2 Thase bases are the same as those for BP Code, Sestien VII, Divsiand given Sedicel, Part D Stes vahuein B22, appar bc Aa am partore belo the cmap range generally athe sane a hoes lated fx Sodion I Pat D, Tales 2 and 2D, ard Stal 2 for doling cormeponding to ose bases They bare Dor adjusted ae racioary to rckde cating pay Gace a Tengu ele fr qa foe Sts ae al temper tgs ita cup range gully anv tha came we thos a Sean I, Pag D, Ta La and iB, comuponding to eae forsecion ‘Vit Divolon L. Stine vahus for tmpetaune atove thosy for ‘whieh vatuse ay ete in he BPY Ca aid fr materia rot 1Btod in dw BPY Code ar based on tugs luted in gpandc A ofthe 196s ition of ABA BOL. Such vie willberetted ten, fell moctarica propa data rebated tperetuce and! oro addtional matogab become avallabe the Commitee, @023.2-302.3.6 temperature (unlecs these values are lower than cocres- ponding values for annealed! material, in which case the annealed values shall be used) (4) tovorthirds of the yield strength at temperature [see para, 3023.25] (5) 100% of the average stress for a cseep sate of 0.01% per 1000 he (6) 67% of the average stress for cupture at the end of 1001000 hie (PL 80% of minimum stress for mypsine at Hhe end of 100000 hie ®) Cast fren, Basic allowable stress values at tempers- ture for cast icon shall not exceed the lower of the fol lowing (2) one-tenth of the specified minimum tensile strength at room temperature (2) one-tenth of the tensile strength at temperature [see paca, 3023.25] (¢} Malicabie Kv. Basicallowelble stress values at tern- perature for malleable ieon shall not exceed the lower of the following: (2) one-filth of the specified minimum tensile strength at room temperatuce (2) one-fifth of the tensile strength at temperature [see paca, 3025.29] (®) Other Moterinls. Basic allowable stress values at temperature for mateeials other than nolting marestais, cast izon, and malleable ison shall not acczed the lowest of the following: (2) the lower of one-third of Sp and one-thisd of tensile strength at temperature (2) except as provided in (9) below, the lover of two-thirds of Syand two-thitds of yield strength at tem- perature (3) for austenitic stainless steels and nickel alloys having similar stress-strain behavior, the lower of two- thinds of Sy and 0% of yield strongth at temperature [see (¢) below] (4) 100% of the average stress for a creep rate of 0.01% per 1000 tr (5) 67% of the average stress for rupture at the end 9 100000 hs (6) 20% of the minicnum steess for rupture at the end of 100000 he. (7) for structural grade materials the basic allow- able stress shall be 052 times the lowest value deter- mined in paras, 3023.2(4)(1) through () (8) In the application of these cciteria, the yield strength at room temperatuce is considered to be SyRy and the tensile strength at room temperature is consid~ ered to be 1187Rp. (e) Appleation Limits. Application of stress values determined in accordance vith para, 902,3.2(4)(2) is nat recommended for flanged joints and other components in which slight deformation can cause leakage or mal- function, [These values are shown in italics oF boldface B ASME B31.3-2004 in Table A-1, 26 explained in Note (8) to Appendix A ‘Tables ] Instead, either 75% of the stress vale in Table A-Los two-thirds of the yleld strength at tempemture listed in the PV Code, Section I, Past D, Table 1 should be used. (P Unlisted Materiats, For a material which conforms to para. 223.12, the toncile (yield) strength at tamper tute shall be deeived by multiplying the average expected tensile (yield) stzength at tempesatuse by the alin of Sp (Sy) diced hy the average aypanterl fansila (yield) strength at room temperatuce 302.3.3 Casting Quality Factor, E, (a) Genel The casting quality factoss, 2, defined herein shall he used for cast components not having pressure-temperature satlngs established by standaeds in Table 226.1. (| Basie Quality Factors. Castings of gray and mallea- ble icon, conforming to listed specifications, ate assigned a basic casting quality factor, B, of 100 (due to their conservative allowable strass basis), For anast other met- als, stati castings which conform te the material specs cation and have been visually examined as cequited by MSS SPS, Quality Slandacd for Steel Castings for Valves, Flanges and Fitings and Other Piping Compo- nents — Viswsl Method, aze assigned 2 basie casting syuality fasion Ee 0.00, Ceuiifugal vtsthige wld atest specification zequirements only for chersical analysis, tensile, hydcostatic, and flattening tests, and visual examination are assigned a basic casting quality factor of 680, Basic casting quality factors ate tabulated for listed specifications in Table AA, (0) hocreasd Quality Factors, Casting. quality factors may be increased when supplemenary examinations ate performed on each casting, Table 302.3 states the increased casting quality factors B, which maybe used for vasious combinations of supplementary exarnina- tion, Téble 3023.50 states the acceptance ceitesia fos the examination methods specified in the Netes to Table 3023.C, Quality factors higher than those shown in Table 302.5.30 da nat result from combining tests (2)(a) and (2(b),or (ta) and (3b). In nocase shall the quality factor exceed 1.10. Seweral of the specifications in Appendic A require machining of all susfaces and/or one or moze of these supplementary examiaations. In such cases, tha apps: priate incressed quality factor is shawn in Table A1A. 302.34 Wold Joint Quality Factor, &, (2) Basic Quality Factors. The weld joint quality factors, B, tabulated in Table A-1B are basic factors for straight or spiral longitudinal welded joints for pressuse-containing: components as shown in Table 3023.4 () increased Quality Factors. Table 30234 also indi- cates higher joint quality factors which may be substi- tuted for those in Table A-18 for certain kinds of weldsoo ASME 8313-2006 Table 302.3.3C Increased Casting Quality Factors, E 302.34-5023.5 Table 302.3.3D Acceptance Levels for Castings Tecptonce Acceptable Zapplonectny Banintion Teaoy Males tained Applicsbla val Dacor in nce ih Wate) = tress, 7 Standnvd—(orClss) ules o cas Sea ASW ESS 1 Types BC he oreney tas T=25mm Gh or orb) tes ain) G) and 3) oO 050 ©) and 6) or HO) oo Ste ssmecs 2 Tyas Bhan ne OM an EEA or OD ton T> 25mm E51 mm CENERAL NOTE: Tes of stndartseeence this Tble's ates @ In) reas talows steel ASTM E16 2 Calapan KB, STINE 114, Prat fer Utasonfe Fue eho Stag. Beem To $1 mm, Testing by te Contact atiod Sitdmm STINE 125, Reference Photographs for agate Pace mdica. RIA sons on Ferme Cacings TASIME¢2 ethos for Contling Cualty of Rasiogaphic ‘Stee astm E260 2 Cages A.B, ¢ Tesing Ts 144 mm, ASTIN 165, Pra fer Lgl Penta Inspection Method 305 mm ASTM E 705, Pate for Wage ace Eman ain) ASHE 4.1, Surface Tenure (Sutfece Roughness, aines an mp ‘Muminum & STW E55 Show in ference 5 S53, Qually Standan for Stee Castings for Vabes, mmagnestin ‘asin flanges and tings and Over FipingComponens~epnetic Pat deeonnaontiod Copper Nc —ASTMED72. «2 Codes A Ba, ners: enone ASTWES10 2 Coe A ant 8 2) Machine al suracasto a nish oF 6.3 am R250 win B per ASHE fBag1, thus noeasing the efectiveress of surface exsmination,| ©) G) Beomine ail surfaces of each casting (msgnetic material only) bythe magnate particle matiod fn accotance wth ASTI 708. Judge acceptability in accordance with NSS SP-53, using reference photos in ASTM € 325. ) Beamine al surfaces oF ech casting bythe qué penetrant method, In accortance with ASTM E 165, ludge acceptably of aus and weld repairs fn accordance wth Table 1 of WSS SP-53, using ASTM £125 as a reference for surface Naw, ) Fully examine each casting ultrescnically accordance wih ASHE 144, accepeing casting oniy Fhe fe ne evience of depth of defects in excess of 5% of wal thidivess. ©) Fully raograph each casting In aceortance wh ASTIN € “142, juige fn accondance withthe stated acceptance levels In Table 302.330 8) if additional examination Is pesfarmed beyond that required by the praduct specification 302.3.5 Limits of Calculated Stresses Due to Sus- tained Loads and Displacement Strains (al iebernal Pressure Stresses, Stresses due to internal ppresstize shall be considered safe when the wall thick- nese of the piping component, including any reinforce ment, meats the requirements of para, 208 (6) External Pressure Siresses. Stresses cue to external ppresstire shall be constdeted safe when the wall thick- nese of the piping component, and its means of stiffer ing, meet the requicements of para. 304 ‘cy Longitudinal Siresses &:. The sum of the Iengitudi- nal sitesses S, in any component in a piping system, due to sustained loads such as preesure and weight, ul [GENERAL MUTE: THES OF ASTM stenaaras rereencea in rms TaDIe are 2 fellows asta E185. Reference Radiographs for Inspedion of Aluminum ané ‘Magnesium Castings Aeferencs Radiographs for Heavy Walled (2 to 4%In. (52 te vim] Steal Casings Reference Radlographs Tor High Strength Copper Base and Nickel Copper Castings foference Radiograghs for Heavy Malad [4% (2 12In. (114 to 305mm) Steel Castings Reference Radiographs for Tn Bronze Castings Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (51 ran) in Teno e186 em, € 280 caw e446 shall not exceed the product ,W/ Sand Ware defined in (@) andi (@) belovs The weld joint strength reduction factos, W may be lan as 1.0 for longitudinal wolds The thickness of pipe used in calculating S shall be the nominal thickness, T, minus mechanical, corrosion, and erssion allowanee, 6 for the location under consider- ation, The loads due to weight should be based on the nominal thickness of all system components unless otherwise justified in 2 mose rigorous analysis. (@ Allowable Displacement Stress Range Sq. The com puted displacement stress range Sz in 2 piping system (see para. $19.44) shall not exceed the allowable dis- placementstress range S, (see paras 319.28and 319 24) caleulated by Bq (12): Py (1.255, + 0255) a)