PRACTICE 5: READING SUMMARY COMPLETION

I. Techniques to do summary reading

For summary reading completion, you must fill in the gaps/blanks with key vocabulary words in a short
summary of the reading passage.  Keep in mind:
- The summary may be of the whole passage or just part of the passage.
-There are two versions:
+ one where a list of word choices are given (with always more choices than there are answers)
+ and one where you must find the correct words in the reading passage itself.
Here’s how to approach the task:
1. Make sure you understand the instructions and the example if given.
2. Read through the summary quickly for a general understanding.
3. Read it again carefully looking at the words before and after each gap. Think about the general
meaning of the word and the kind of word that would go in the gap (i.e. part of speech – noun, adjective,
verb, adverb). If you have a list of words to choose from – even better – narrow your choices down.

For example:  Complete the summary below. Use ONE word from the passage.
Some plastics behave in a similar way to (1) ________ in that they melt under heat and can be moulded into
new forms.  Bakelite was unique because it was the first material to be both entirely (2) _________ in origin,
and thermosetting. There were several reasons for the research into plastics in the nineteenth century,
among them the great advances that had been made in the field of (3) _______ and the search for
alternatives to natural resources like ivory.
Notice that for (1) a noun would fit because it is comparing plastic to something else.  For (2) an adjective
would fit best because it’s describing why Bakelite is unique – therefore it’s a quality/characteristic. In (3)
you have the words “field of” preceding the blank, which would fit a noun – particularly an area of study or
research.

4. If you don’t have a list of words to choose from or have to choose between 2 or 3 possible answers from
a list, then look at the key words in the sentence (you would have underlined these as a general strategy)
and then SCAN for those target words or similar expressions to those target words (key words in the
summary sentences may not be the exact words in the reading passage). This is where vocabulary is
important and in being able to identify synonyms. Read carefully and you’ll find your answer there.

Other tips:
-Since the ideas from the passage are rewritten into a summary, the answers usually come in passage
order.
-Finding the part of the passage that contains the idea and then working out what the missing words are
also  makes it easier to find other information.
-Pay attention to the grammar of the sentence and make sure it is correct when your answer is added.
-There may be two gaps in a sentence and this may be worth one or two marks. The word “both” in the
sentence or summary signals that two answers may be required.
There may be more words than you need to use so you need to find the part of the reading that refers to
the summary and make sure that you work out which word will fit.
You also need to think about the grammar as the word you put in the reading gap fill must fit grammatically
as well.
 
Reading Gap Fill Practice
Ex 1:
Air Rage
The first recorded case of an airline passenger turning seriously violent during a flight, a
phenomenon now widely known as “air rage”, happened in 1947 on a flight from Havana to Miami. A drunk
man assaulted another passenger and bit a flight attendant. However, the man escaped punishment
because it was not then clear under whose legal control a crime committed on plane was, the country where
the plane was registered or the country where the crime was committed. In 1963, at the Tokyo convention, it
was decided that the laws of the country where the plane is registered take precedence. 
The frequency of air rage has expanded out of proportion to the growth of air travel. Until recently
few statistic were gathered about air rage, but those that have been indicate that passengers are
increasingly likely to cause trouble or engage in violent acts. For example, in 1998 there were 266 air rage
incidents out of approximately four million passengers, a 400% increase from 1995. In the same period
American Airlines showed a 200% rise. Air travel is predicted to rise by 5% internationally by 2010 leading
to increased airport congestion. This, coupled with the flying public’s increased aggression, means that air
rage may become a major issue in coming years. 

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Aside from discomfort and disruption, air rage poses some very real dangers to flying. The most extreme of
these is when out of control passengers enter the cockpit. This has actually happened on a number of
occasions, the worst of which have resulted in the death and injury of pilots or the intruder taking control of
the plane, almost resulting in crashes. In addition, berserk passengers sometimes attempt to open the
emergency doors while in flight, putting the whole aircraft in danger. These are extreme examples and
cases of air rage more commonly result in physical assaults on fellow passengers and crew such as
throwing objects, punching, stabbing or scalding with hot coffee. 
Look at the words in the table and decide which word will fit in the reading gap fill summary.
predicted rose incident passenger found assault
established occurring hoped increased injury passengers
Summary
The first time that an (1) ................................. of air rage was recorded was in the 1940’s, but the
passenger was never actually charged for an offence because there were no clear rules in place to specify
where to prosecute. It was later (2) ................................. that it would be the country where the plane is
registered. Air rage has (3) ................................................ significantly since this time, growing by a
staggering 400% from 1995 to 1998. Air rage is (4) ............... to be a major problem in the future as air
travel increases, as do levels of aggression. Angry (5) ........................................... can put everyone in
danger including the pilots, the crew and the other passengers, with some form of
(6)............................................. being the most common consequence.

Ex 2: Adapting to Road Conditions

The spread of adaptive cruise control may bring an unexpected bonus
Sitting in stationary traffic is, at best, a Zen experience. Drivers mired in a jam learn to cede control
to the powers that be, becoming at one with the universe as they breathe in the mind-numbing fumes all
around. At worst, it is an ongoing battle for sanity. But now, according to several groups of researchers in
America and Germany, there is something that drivers can do to take back control over the roads. Get
adaptive cruise control. And, of course, use it.
Adaptive cruise control (ACC), as its name suggests, is a modified version of traditional cruise control. It
employs radar to monitor the road ahead of a vehicle, automatically adjusting that vehicle's speed to
maintain a safe distance from the one in front. This is safer than manual driving because it reduces the
system's reaction time from nearly a second (human) to practically instantaneous (machine), thus helping to
forestall shunts. But ACC may have a useful side-effect, arising from the fact that another effect of slow
human reaction times is to produce traffic jams on apparently open roads.
Such jams start when a car slows suddenly to allow, for example, another vehicle to enter the traffic
stream. Slow reaction times mean that instead of responding smoothly, the drivers behind such a vehicle
often end up slamming on the brakes. That slamming propagates backwards, and before long the traffic is
at a standstill. So it makes sense that ACC would reduce not only collisions, but also congestion. What is
unexpected is how few vehicles need to have it operating for all to benefit. As Craig Davis of the University
of Michigan reports in Physical Review E, only 20% of cars need to employ ACC in order to prevent
completely those jams that are caused by a slow lead car on a high-speed, single-lane road. According to
Dr. Davis's computer model, even a rate of use of ACC as low as 13% can improve the flow of traffic
significantly.
ACC is not a panacea. Dr. Davis got less promising results for more complex road conditions,
particularly those near junctions. And a similar model built by Boris Kemer, a researcher for Daimler
Chrysler, in Stuttgart, Germany, indicates that in certain bottleneck conditions, ACC may even cause extra
congestion. These disappointing results can, however, be ameliorated by shortening the “headway” in ACC-
equipped vehicles, according to Martin Treiber of the Dresden University of Technology, also in Germany.
Headway is the gap, measured in seconds, that a driver puts between himself and the car ahead.
Since ACC reacts more quickly than a human, people who have it fitted can afford to allow less headway.
In his simulation, Dr. Davis instructed both his ACC-equipped and his manually driven cars to leave about
1.1 seconds of headway (equivalent to 28 metres at about 100 km an hour). Dr. Kemer allowed for as much
as 1.8 seconds, the distance at which drivers in Germany are taught to follow. But Dr. Treiber says 0.9
seconds is safe and realistic. Using this headway in their simulations, he and his colleague Dirk Helbing saw
big improvements in traffic flow even in the most dire road conditions. The question remains, of course, of
whether real drivers will trust the technology sufficiently to allow it to follow the car in front so closely.
ACC has been an option in a number of luxury vehicles for several years. Now it is becoming
available in mid-range cars. But its presence on the roads is still limited, and many people who have it do
not use it. If drivers could be convinced to fit ACC and use it, it would not only improve their own driving
experience, but also that of their fellow motorists.
Questions 1-9

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Complete the following summary of the reading passage. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS
from the passage for each answer
Stationary traffic can drive people mad. However, according to American and German researchers, adaptive
cruise control (ACC) can help drivers (1) .......................................... ACC adapts a car’s
(2)......................................... to keep a safe distance from the one ahead by using
(3) ...............................................to monitor the road ahead. ACC is safer than manual driving because it
significantly reduces (4) ............................................. and collisions and congestion in addition. According to
Dr. Davis’ computer model, if (5)................................ of cars use ACC, (6) ........................................can be
improved significantly. However, ACC should not be seen as (7)................................................ . In
(8)........................................ conditions, it may even cause extra jams, according to a computer model. But
this situation can be improved by reducing (9).......................................... in ACC-equipped vehicles.

EX 3: Read the passage carefully and do the task that follows

BIOGAS: A SOLUTION TO MANY PROBLEMS
In almost all developing countries, the lack of adequate supplies of cheap, convenient and reliable fuel
is a major problem. Rural communities depend largely on kerosene, wood and dung for their cooking and
lighting needs. But kerosene is now priced out of reach of many people and wood, except in heavily
forested areas, is in short supply. The search for firewood occupies a large part of the working day and has
resulted in widespread deforestation.

Dung is in constant supply wherever there are farm animals and, when dried, it is con venient to store
and use. But burning dung destroys its value as fertilizer, thus depriving the soil of a much needed source
of humus and nitrogen.
Rural areas of developing countries are also plagued by a lack of a adequate sanitation. Improper
waste disposal spreads disease, contaminates water sources and provides breeding grounds for disease-
carrying insects.

The problem of improving environmental hygiene, conserving resources and finding alternative sources of
fuel may be unrelated. Their solutions, however, are not, as many countries tries experimenting with biogas
technology are discovering. Biogas, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide, is produced by the
fermentation of organic matter. The process of anaerobic fermentation is a natural one, occurring whenever
living matter decomposes. By containing the matter - and the process - in a digester or biogas plant, the
combustible gas can be trapped and used as fuel for household lighting and cooking. The digested slurry
can be used on the land as a soil conditioner and fertilizer.

Biogas plants have attracted much interest in recent years and they are in used in several Asian
countries: 36,000 are reported in rural areas of India, 27,000 in than 80,000 in China. In most countries, the
value of the gas has been the prime factor leading to their adoption: 70 per cent of India's plants, for
instance, were built during the energy and fertilizer crisis of 1975-76 - although their use in that country
dates back to 1951. Similarly in Thailand and Korea, biogas is being investigated as an alternative to costly
charcoal and to save compost materials from being burned.

In Japan and China, reducing pollution from animal wastes has been an important factor. Privies, hen
houses and pigpens are built in proximity to the fermentation chamber in China. Examinations of the
digested slurry have shown that the total number of parasite eggs was reduced by 93.6 per cent,
hookworms by 99 per cent and no schistosome flukes were found

The greatest benefits from biogas systems, however, are probably to be derived from the manurial
value of the slurry, although it is not widely used outside of India and China. Vegetable farmers near
Calcutta found that the digested slurry produced bigger and better tasting peas than did other fertilizers and
the weight of root vegetables increased by nearly 300 percent
 Complete the following summary of the above reading passage. Choose NO MORE THAN
THREE WORDS from the passage
The production of biogas by 1……………………………………………..of animal and vegetable wastes is a
technology that has been largely developed and used in the 2……………………………………….countries.
Only very recently have scientists in the industrialized nations begun to show an interest - presumably
because of the “energy 3-……………………………………….
Family-sized biogas 4……………………………first came into widespread use in India in the 1950s in
an effort to make a cleaner and efficient use of cattle 5………………………………………………. The
programme really expanded in the 1970s, and today there are as many as 100,000 plants throughout the
world. Most are in domestic use to provide fuel for _6 ……………………………., but some larger units are

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operated in order to recycle wastes, supply fertilizer, control pollution and improve
_7_.......................................................... One Chinese study has shown that digestion of animal _8
_........................................................ in the air-tight digesters greatly reduces health hazards from parasitic
diseases. One Indian study has estimated that the value of the _9 ………………………obtained is in itself
greater than the cost of producing the _1_0 _............................................. Thus, the system is economically
sound, in addition to other benefits such as a cleaner, healthier environment.

EX 4: A 19th Century Killer Disease: Tuberculosis

In 1882, Robert Koch, a German country doctor, succeeded in isolating the bacillus of tuberculosis.
This discovery came at a time when this disease was the greatest single killer of the human race.
All during the 19th century, it had spread remorselessly with the growth of cities, until it had reached
epidemic proportions throughout the industrialized world.
Its record in the United States was one of frightful devastation. Immigrants from Europe, many of them
debilitated from famines at home, flooded into the poorest and dirtiest sections of cities, there to die of the
disease by the thousand. Working children were infected in staggering numbers. Hundreds of thousands of
children worked twelve hours a day, six days a week. Chronically exhausted and undernourished, they
made particularly susceptible victims. Since tuberculosis was not considered contagious, its victims spread
the disease amongst those about them as they coughed, spat and drank from communal cups.
It is now known that tuberculosis is chiefly spread by droplet infection. It can also occur as a result of
drinking unpasteurized milk from tubercular cows, where the pathogen penetrates the body through the
alimentary canal. However, entry of the bacillus into the body is not necessarily followed by a clinical
illness, the development of which depends on several other factors. Many people, for instance, seem to
have a high natural resistance and although the acquired immunity is not fully understood, it has been
proved that if a person contracts and recovers from a primary tuberculosis infection, he is less likely to
develop active tuberculosis on subsequent exposure to the tubercle bacillus than a patient who has not
previously been infected.
. Tuberculosis has notoriously been associated with poverty, with its accompanying mal-nutrition,
overcrowding and stress, and while the exact role of nutrition is uncertain, it seems that a diet based on
cheap carbohydrate and a lack of protein and vitamins is another contributing factor.
In addition, a condition such as diabetes mellitus also leads to increased risk of developing the
disease, and the disease, and statistics from certain mining areas in Africa show that sufferers of
respiratory disorders, such as silicosis, are especially vulnerable to attacks of pulmonary tuberculosis.
The introduction of mass immunization against TB by the use of BCG vaccine, and of mass
radiography, where it is possible to screen large numbers of people for early signs tuberculosis, has
dramatically reduced the incidence of the disease in the last few decades.
 Complete the following summary of the above reading passage. Choose NO MORE THAN
THREE WORDS from the passage
Despite the fact that tuberculosis was the number one _1_......................... in the 19 th century, it was
not proved that the disease was _2 _ ………………………..until 1882 when Robert Koch succeeded in
isolating the tubercle bacillus. While it is now well known that tuberculosis is spread by _3_
……………………….infection, it is also evident that entry of the tubercle bacillus does not _4_
………………………lead to development of the disease. Although we do not yet fully understand _5
_................................, there is evidence to show that a person who has contracted and recovered from the
disease is _6_............................... likely to develop active tuberculosis on subsequent exposure to the
bacillus than a patient who has not been -7-……………………………. infected. As with all diseases spread
by droplet infection, living in overcrowded insanitary conditions greatly increases the risk of _8
_........................... It is obvious, therefore, that in crowded cities the risk of contracting tuberculosis is far
higher than in rural areas. Inadequate diet also seems to be a _9_......................................................., and
sufferers of conditions such as diabetes mellitus or 10-……………………….. appear to have a lower
effective degree of _11 …………………………... In the last thirty years or so, many thousands of people
throughout the world have been substantially protected from developing tuberculosis largely as a result of
12………………………………….. programmes.

EX 5: Revolution in Knowledge Sharing

The pressure to transform our institutions of learning continues. Virtually every enterprise and
institution is grappling with the disruptions and opportunities caused by Web-enabled infrastructures and
practices. New best practices, business models, innovations, and strategies are emerging, including new
ways to acquire, assimilate, and share knowledge. Using technologies that are already developed or that
will be deployed over the next five years, best practices in knowledge sharing not only are diffusing rapidly
but will be substantially reinvented in all settings: educational institutions, corporations, government

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organizations, associations, and nonprofits. But institutions of learning are in a unique position to benefit
from an added opportunity: providing leadership in e-knowledge.
E-knowledge finds expression in many shapes and forms in a profoundly networked world. It is not
just a digitised collection of knowledge. E-knowledge consists of knowledge objects and knowledge flows
that combine content, context, and insights on application. E-knowledge also emerges from interactivity
within and among communities of practice and from the troves of tacit knowledge and tradecraft that can be
understood only through conversations with knowledgeable practitioners.
E-knowing is the act of achieving understanding by interacting with individuals, communities of
practice, and knowledge in a networked world. E-knowledge commerce consists of the transactions based
on the sharing of knowledge. These transactions can involve the exchange of digital content/context and/or
tacit knowledge through interactivity.
Transactable e-knowledge can be exchanged for free or for fee. E-knowledge is enabling not only
the emergence of new best practices but also the reinvention of the fundamental business models and
strategies that exist for e-learning and knowledge management. E-knowledge is technologically realized by
the fusion of e-learning and knowledge management and through the networking of knowledge workers.
Transactable e-knowledge and knowledge net-working will become the lifeblood of knowledge
sharing. They will create a vibrant market for e-knowledge commerce and will stimulate dramatic changes in
the knowledge ecologies of enterprises of all kinds. They will support a “Knowledge Economy” based on
creating, distributing, and adding value to knowledge, the very activities in which colleges and universities
are engaged. Yet few colleges and universities have taken sufficient account of the need to use their
knowledge assets to achieve strategic differentiation.
In “It Doesn’t Matter,” a recent article in Harvard Business Review, Nicholas G. Carr endorsed
corporate leaders’ growing view that information technology offers only limited potential for strategic
differentiation. Similar points are starting to be made about e-learning, and knowledge management has
been under fire as ineffectual for some time.
The truth is that e-learning and knowledge management can provide strategic differentiation only if
they drive genuine innovation and business practice changes that yield greater value for learners. Carr’s
article provoked a host of contrary responses, including a letter from John Seely Brown and John Hagel III.
Brown is well-known for his insights into the ways in which knowledge sharing can provide organizations
with a solid basis for strategic differentiation.
Complete the summary using NO MORE than TWO WORDS for each answer.
Thanks to the advent of the computer, learning institutions today are providing new ways of acquiring
knowledge, through tools that are 1.................... fast and which are being already 2...................... in all fields
and settings, despite the 3................... the process may entail, which all institutions are now
4...............................
Questions 5-9: Do the following statements agree with the view of the writer
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
5. E-knowledge is primarily based on practices used in business.
6. Educational institutions can be leaders in knowledge net-working.
7. E-knowledge has several benefits to it.
8. Communities of practice are one source of E-knowledge.
9. The key to the success of knowledge management and e-learning is offering strategic differentiation.

EX 6: Looking for a Market among Adolescents

A In 1992, the most recent year for which data are available, the US tobacco industry spent $5 billion on
domestic marketing. That figure represents a huge increase from the approximate £250-million budget in
1971, when tobacco advertising was banned from television and radio. The current expenditure translates to
about $75 for every adult smoker, or to $4,500 for every adolescent who became a smoker that year. This
apparently high cost to attract a new smoker is very likely recouped over the average 25 years that this teen
will smoke.

В In the first half of this century, leaders of the tobacco companies boasted that innovative mass-
marketing strategies built the industry. Recently, however, the tobacco business has maintained that its
advertising is geared to draw established smokers to particular brands. But public health advocates insist
that such advertising plays a role in generating new demand, with adolescents being the primary target. To
explore the issue, we examined several marketing campaigns undertaken over the years and correlated
them with the ages smokers say they began their habit. We find that, historically, there is considerable
evidence that such campaigns led to an increase in cigarette smoking among adolescents of the targeted
group.

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С National surveys collected the ages at which people started smoking. The 1955 Current Population
Survey (CPS) was the first to query respondents for this information, although only summary data survive.
Beginning in 1970, however, the National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS) included this question in some
polls. Answers from all the surveys were combined to produce a sample of more than 165,000 individuals.
Using a respondent's age at the time of the survey and the reported age of initiation, [age they started
smoking ], the year the person began smoking could be determined. Dividing the number of adolescents
(defined as those 12 to 17 years old)who started smoking during a particular interval by the number who
were "eligible" to begin at the start of the interval set the initiation rate for that group.
D Mass-marketing campaigns began as early as the 1880s, which boosted tobacco consumption sixfold
by 1900. Much of the rise was attributed to a greater number of people smoking cigarettes, as opposed to
using cigars, pipes, snuff or chewing tobacco. Marketing strategies included painted billboards and an
extensive distribution of coupons, which a recipient could redeem for free cigarettes .... Some brands
included soft-porn pictures of women in the packages. Such tactics inspired outcry from educational leaders
concerned about their corrupting influence on teenage boys. Thirteen percent of the males surveyed in 1955
who reached adolescence between i 890 and 1910 commenced smoking by 18 years of age, compared with
almost no females.
E The power of targeted advertising is more apparent if one considers the men born between 1890 and
1899. In 1912, when many of these men were teenagers, the R.J. Reynolds company launched the Camel
brand of cigarettes with a revolutionary approach. ... Every city in the country was bombarded with print
advertising. According to the 1955 CPS, initiation by age 18 for males in this group jumped to 21.6 percent,
a two thirds increase over those bom before 1890. The NHIS initiation rate also reflected this change. For
adolescent males it went up from 2.9 percent between 1910 and 1912 to 4.9 percent between 1918 and
1921.
F It was not until the mid-1920s that social mores permitted cigarette advertising to focus on women. ... In
1926 a poster depicted women imploring smokers of Chesterfield cigarettes to "Blow Some My Way". The
most successful crusade, however, was for Lucky Strikes, which urged women to "Reach for a Lucky
instead of a Sweet." The 1955 CPS data showed that 7 percent of the women who were adolescents during
the mid-1920s had started smoking by age 18, compared with only 2 percent in the preceding generation of
female adolescents. Initiation rates from the NHIS data for adolescent girls were observed to increase
threefold, from 0.6 percent between 1922 and 1925 to 1.8 percent between 1930 and 1933. In contrast,
rates for males rose only slightly.
G The next major boost in smoking initiation in adolescent females occurred in the late 1960s. In 1967 the
tobacco industry launched "niche" brands aimed exclusively at women. The most popular was Virginia
Slims. The visuals of this campaign emphasized a woman who was strong, independent and very thin. ...
Initiation in female adolescents nearly doubled, from 3.7 percent between 1964 and 1967 to 6.2 percent
between 1972 and 1975 (NHIS data). During the same period, rates for adolescent males remained stable.
H Thus, in four distinct instances over the past 100 years, innovative and directed tobacco marketing
campaigns were associated with marked surges in primary demand from adolescents only in the target
group. The first two were directed at males and the second two at females. Of course, other factors helped
to entrench smoking in society. ... Yet it is clear from the data that advertising has been an overwhelming
force in attracting new users.
Do the following statements agree with the information in Reading Passage
YES if the statement is true according to the passage
NO if the statement contradicts the passage
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage
1 Cigarette marketing has declined in the US since tobacco advertising banned on TV.
2 Tobacco companies claim that their advertising targets existing smokers.
3 The difference in initiation rates between male and female smokers at of the 19 th century was due to
selective marketing.
4 Women who took up smoking in the past lost weight.
5 The two surveys show different trends in cigarette initiation.
Questions 6-8: Complete the sentences below with words taken from the Reading Passage. Use NO
MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

Tobacco companies are currently being accused of aiming their advertisements mainly at .....
(6)...................................... statistics on smoking habits for men born between 1890 and 1899 were
gathered in the year .. (7)..................................... The . (8).............................. brand of cigarettes was
designed for a particular sex.

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MORE EXERCISES
PART I: LISTENING
Part 1: You will hear two sports commentators called Heidi Stokes and Rob Aslett taking part in a
discussion on the subject of gyms. For questions 1-5, choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D)
which fits best according to what you hear.
1. What do Rob and Heidi think about government proposals regarding the problem of obesity?
A. They over-emphasize the role of dietary factors.
B. They represent a radical solution that must be worth trying.
C. They over-estimate the extent to which the fitness industry can help.
D. They are attempting to accommodate too many varied perspectives.
2. Heidi agrees with the suggestion that regular gym attendance
A. can discourage people from keeping fit in other ways.
B. may lead to obsessive behaviour in some cases.
C. generally forms the basis of a healthy lifestyle.
D. could be harder to keep up in rural areas.
3. When asked about motivation, Rob suggests that many gym clients lose interest
A. if they don’t get good value for money.
B. if they don’t find it enjoyable on a social level.
C. if they don’t make it part of a wider fitness regime.
D. if they don’t perceive real gains in personal fitness.
4. What does Heidi suggest about memership levels in gyms?
A. The best ones restrict access at peak times.
B. Most recruit more people than they cope with.
C. It is impossible to predict demand with any accuracy.
D. Over-recruitment can be counter-productive in the long run.
5. Rob thinks the key to successful gym markeing lies in
A. remaining true to the core values of fitness and strength.
B. appealing to a wide cross-section of the population.
C. joining forces with providers of the related activities.
D. specialising in the needs of certain key groups.
Part 2: For questions 1-5, you will hear a radio interview with the gardening experts Jed and Helena
Stone. Decide whether the following sentences are True (T), False (F) or Not Given (NG) according to
what you hear.
1. Helena feels amused that she and Jed have a name people tend to remember.
2. Jed would appreciate it were he in public places without being recognised.
3. When Helena started her work on The Travel Show, she felt obliged to do it.
4. Jed was inspired to make a jewel garden by the illustrations at a talk he attended.
5. Helena agrees with Jed that the name “jewel garden” represents a way to positively combine both past
and present.
Part 3.You will listen to a piece of news and answer each of the following questions with NO MORE
THAN 5 WORDS. Write your answers in the space provided
1. What could the loss of various rainforest flora and fauna result in?
________________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the Madagascar rosy periwinkle’s two anti-tumor drugs used to fight?
________________________________________________________________________________
3.Regarding conflicts over palm oil, what did the forces of US-backed security get involve in during 2014?
________________________________________________________________________________
4.In other regions of the world, what are decimated for the purpose of commercial deforestation and razing
practice?
________________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the Amazon rainforest well-known for?
________________________________________________________________________________
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Part 4. Listen to the news and fill in the following blank with a suitable phrase. Write NO MORE
THAN THREE WORDS in each blank
Winding its way through the countryside of China, The Great Wall, a 13,000 mile dragon of earth and stone
has a long and ____________________(1) history.
During the regime of Chunqiu ,with a view to preventing ____________________(2)from the North,
individual feudal states attempted to construct the Great Wall in the form of a plethora of wall from
____________________(3)
To defend the mountains in the north against Mongol, Turkish, and Xiongnu invasions,the Emperor Qin Shi
Huang expanded the small walls,which are built by his predecessors, by way of connecting some and
____________________(4) others.
On the way to complete the structures’ construction, it was countless ____________________(5)who are
unwilling for the task, that were summoned.
Likewise, during hundreds of thousands of builders recorded during the Qin Dynasty, several peasants were
____________________(6)while others were criminals serving out sentences.
After the Ming dynasty took over in 1368,they were about to ____________________(7)the wall with the
usage bricks and stones collected from local kilns.
____________________(8)was let through small openings along the wall, while larger ones enabled stones
to drop although even this new and modified wall was not enough.
Without regular reinforcement, the wall fell into disrepair, while brick and stone were
____________________(9) for building materials.
As one of the largest man-made structures on Earth, it was granted UNESCO World Heritage Status in
1987.
Despite the Wall’s limited visibility from the moon, it's the Earth we should be studying it from because new
sections are still discovered every few years, ____________________(10)from the main structure and
expanding this remarkable complex to human achievement.

PART II: LEXICO – GRAMMAR

I. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence.
1. Sir, are you aware that local fire restrictions ___________ the number of people allowed in a club this
size to 200?
A. top B. cap C. stop D. limit
2. If Harold never won any cups, why is his name ___________ onto this golfing trophy?
A. daubed B. scribbled C. carved D. etched = khắc lên (B+Đ)
3. The extensive winds that have been ___________ Florida will move away as the weekend (draws to a
close = end )
A. battering đánh, đập liên hồi B. punching bấm lỗ C. cracking D. thumping đập, thụi mạnh
4. Despite the scandal, the leader emerged with (nổi lên B+Đ) his reputation___________.
A. untarnished= không vết nhơ (B), không xỉn, mờ (Đ) B. unpolluted C. unimpaired
D. unfettered = không bị kiểm soát, gông cùm bởi những luật lệ chặt chẽ
5. Three of the escapees have now been recaptured but police spokesmen have said they are concerned
that, of the fourth prisoner, ___________ information is known that could help the authorities put him back
behind bars.
A. scant = lack B. rare C. slight D. a little
6. If the manager says anything about the missed deadline, just ___________ your tongue, say nothing
and we can discuss it later.
A. eat B. swallow C. bite = be silent D. suck
7. I didn't realise you were so ___________ interested in fishing.
A. vividly B. keenly C. extensively D. patently
8. The most important parts of your job may seem difficult now but they will become second ___________
to you within a couple of weeks.
A. instinct B. thought C. nature (n)= behavior/ habit that become instinctive D. mind
9. Local police have promised to ___________ on the rampant drug scene that is thought to have
contributed to the death of two teenagers last week.
A. crack down B. weigh down C. put down D. come down

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10. We used to spend hours on this beach, ___________ among the rocks and the sand dunes. Seems like
centuries ago!
A. scuttling = chạy vụt đi B. limping = chạy ì ạch C. clambering = leo D. hopping = nhảy lò cò
11. Just because we’ve had a good year, this does not mean that we cannot do better. we must not ______.
A. have our heads in the clouds B. bury our heads in the sand = trốn tránh thực tại
C. count on blessings = đếm phúc lành D. rest on our laurels
12. That’s exactly what I mean, Ben. You’ve ______!
A. put your foot in it: nói, làm điều thiếu tế nhị

B. put two and two together: cứ thế mà suy ra

C. killed two birds with one stone: một mũi tên trúng hai đích

D. hit the nail on the head: nói một cách chính xác

13. I’m hoping that this work experience will stand me in good ______ in my future career.

A. stead B. grounding C. precedent D. footing

14. I don’t feel like buying a ________ in a poke; we’d better check the content.
A. pig = buy sth without consideration and accept that it may be bad B. cattle C. buffalo D. ox
15. The birth of their first child caused a lot of _____ in Angela and Ken’s lives.
A. uproar = sự om sòm, náo động
B. upheaval= sự chấn động, sự biến động (B)
C. outcry = sự la ó, phản đối kịch liệt của quân chúng
D. overthrow = sự lật đổ, đánh bại
16. Did you see Jonathan this morning? He looked like _____. It must have been quite a party last night.
A. a wet blanket B. death warmed up
C. a dead duck D. a bear with a sore head
17. I was in a _______ as to what to do. If I told the truth, he would get into trouble, but if I said nothing I
would be more in trouble.
A. doubt B. quandary C. hitch D. complexity
18. David’s leaving on Friday. I suggest we all _____ and get him a going away present.
A. dish out B. chip in C. hold off D. give in
19. Take the doctor's advice into consideration. He's in _______ earnest about the epidemic.
A. deadly B. fatally C. gravely D. mortally
20. What's that horrible noise downstairs?'
'It's only Sam. He always screams _______ murder when we take him to the dentist.'
A. red B. black C. yellow D. blue
21.It is expected that all members will _______ to the rules of the club.
A. comply B. concede C. conform D. compromise
2 2. Poor management brought the company to the _______ of collapse.
A. brink B. rim C. fringe D. brim
23. The truant was ________ from school for unbecoming behaviour.
A. dispelled B. repelled C. expelled D. compelled
24. Because of an unfortunate___________ your order was not dispatched by the date requested.
A. hindrance B. oversight C. negligence D. transgression
25. Don’t wash that sweater in really hot water or it’ll __________
A. diminish B. shrink C. reduce D. decrease
26. Are you having a _______ exam before you sit the actual exam in June?
A. fake B. mock C. false D. dress
27. Apparently, before the fight some of the youths had __________ themselves with knives.
A. fitted B. installed C. armed D. readied
28. We all have to follow the rules, and none of us is __________the law.
A. beyond B. over C. above D. onto
29. The local authorities need to ___________ down on illegal parking, in my opinion.
A. hit B. force C. move D. crack
30. There wasn’t a _________ of truth in what he said.
A. ray B. lump C. grain D. pinch
31. It took him a long time to come to _________ with the fact that he was homeless.
A. terms B. acceptance C. tabs D. agreement

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 32. Beyond all _________, it was Alice who gave away our secrets.
A. fail B. conclusion C. dispute D. contradiction
33. I’ve just heard that argument before and quite frankly it just doesn’t __________!
A. face the music B. hit the nail on the head
C. carry weight D. hold water
34. Did you see Jonathan this morning? He looked like ________. It must have been quite a party last
night!
A. a bear with a sore head B. death warmed up
C. dead duck D. a wet blanket
35. I always get _________ in my stomach before visiting the dentist.
A. worms B. butterflies C. crabs D. hedgehogs
36. The best soil was ______ away by a torrential rainstorm.
A. gushed B. flowed C. flooded D. washed
37. Many athletes have reached their ________ by the time they are twenty.
A. summit B. top C. point D. peak
38. I was kept awake for most of the night by the __________ of a mosquito in my ear.
A. whine B. moan C. groan D. screech
39. Lend me $20, please, John. I’m _________ at the moment.
A. broke B. down the rain C. stuck up D. a bit thick
40. The escaped prisoner fought _________ before he was finally overpowered.
A. head over heels B. tooth and nail C. heart and soul D. foot and mouth
41. * It’s a ______shame that so little is done nowadays to help the homeless in our large cities.
A. sweeping B. crying C. dying D. pitying
42. I’ve been______ at this report for hours. I’m really fed up with it.
A. slogging away B. stowing away C. whittling away D. surfing away
43. It was an extremely hostile article which cast _______ on the conduct of the entire cabinet.
A. criticism B. aspersions C. disapproval D. abuse
44. Several of the advertising hoardings had been ________ by anti-sexist slogans.
A. deleted B. mutilated C. erased D. defaced
45. In his speech, he made a flattering ______ to your work.
A. allusion B. appetite C. application D. applause
46. Working night shifts at the weekend is _______ of any job in hospitality.
A. cut and thrust B. ebb and flow C. nuts and bolts D. part and parcel
47. We were bitterly disappointed when our team were ______to the second division from the first.
A. allocated B. designated C. relegated D. stipulated
48. Annabel and Insidious 3 are not James Wan’s best movies by far and those would be _______
between any of the other sequels on air, but they are pretty incredible.
A. kiss-offs B. summings-up C. tip-offs D. toss-ups
49. My boss is a typical person who has to deal with ___________ activities every day.
A. miscellaneous B. multifarious C. assorted D. manifold
50. Despite the fog, we were able to discern a ______of cottages in the distance.
A. cluster B. clutter C. congregation D. constellation
51. I'm afraid we got o ur ______crossed. I thought my husband would be picking up the children
and he thought I was doing it.
A. minds B. purposes C. fingers D. wires
52. It is far too easy to lay the blame ______ on the shoulders of the management.
A. flatly B. willingly C. squarely D. perfectly
53. It takes time to get a financial system up and ______after the introduction of a new currency.
A. walking B. proceeding C. running D. going
54. Life is so full of both good fortune and misfortunes that you have to learn to take the rough with the ___
A. smooth B. ready C. calm D. tough
55. It is hard to get back into the ______ of things after a long holiday.
A. pace B. way C. swing D. rhythm
56. The trouble with socializing with colleagues is that they usually end up talking __
A. sense B. shop C. back D. safe

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57. Brain cancer requires ______ treatment such as surgery.
A. aggressive B. confrontational C. malignant D. rigorous
58. Grace couldn’t help feeling _______about missing the championships because of her injury.
A. despondent B. dehydrated C. devoted D. disobedient
59. Social scientists believe that _______ from sounds such as grunts and barks made by early ancestors of
human beings.
A. the very slow development of language B. language developed very slowly
C. language which,, was very slow to develop D. language, very slowly developing
60. I wanted to talk, but she was determined to sweep the matter under the ______.
A. cupboard B. table C. carpet D. bed
Part 2: WORD FORM
1. The height difference between the twins is so _________ that I can’t really tell who is taller.
PERCIEVE
2. Unfortunately, he was given a sack for his _________ work. TANDARD
3. Increasing import tax is believed to be _________ as it would give rise to smuggling.
PRODUCE
4. I thought it was an _________ remark but apparently she was deeply insulted.
OFFENCE
5. Sales forecasts indicate a poor _________ for the clothing industry. LOOK
6. They used to be _________ enemies, but now they have managed to bury the hatchet for the sake of
mutual benefits. RECONCILE
7. They returned home exhausted and disappointed after search for the _________ ship. FATE
8. Psychologists advise parents against putting _________ pressure on their children. DUE
9. If I were you, I would never let such a(n) _________ opportunity to study abroad slip through my
fingers. MISS
10. Everyone marveled at his _________ idea of organizing more field trips for students. OBJECT
11. There’s no point in meeting her. She is certainly _________ by now. ( LEAVE)
12. We try to ensure the _____________ of our employees. (BE)
13. Jim is one of the most ____________ members of the committee. ( SPEAK)
14. They won the case because of the ______________ in court of the defendant.
( APPEAR)
15. In my opinion, this book is just ________________rubbish. ( INTELLECT)
16. Tourists forget their _______________ideas as soon as they visit our country.
(CONCEIVE)
17. The pro-strike members were ___________ by the moderate union members.
( VOTE)
18. He bought a box of ____________ books at the book fair. ( ASSORTMENT)
19. Women who are slimming can never enjoy a meal without being afraid of ___________ their diet.
( ORGANIZE)
20. I’ve tried to advise my daughter against hitch-hiking around Europe alone, but she won’t listen to me.
She’s so ______________ ( HEAD)
*
The last frontier
Mankind’s (1-QUENCH)…………………… thirst for knowledge, our intrepid spirit and our unbridled
imagination have helped us excel in leaps and bounds. They have been the (2-DRIVE)……………………
force behind many innovative discoveries and inventions. Our success has undoubtedly (3-POWER)
…………………… us and this has made us bold enough to set our sights on the ultimate goal, that of
eternal youth and perhaps, even eternal life. But how do we intend to transcend the theoretical limit placed
upon us by the natural order of things? Well, we hope to harness the (4-INHERE)……………………
potential of stem cells. You see, stem cells are not just ordinary cells. They are cells that have the capacity
to develop into different cell types, and are capable of repairing as well as (5-REPLENISH)
…………………… other cells for as long as the person or animal is alive. This scientific feat, if achieved, will
have a profound impact on mankind as a range of practical (6-APPLY) will be made available to us. We will
be in a position not only to do away with our body’s normal wear and tear, which may be (7-LIKE )
…………………… to its natural tendency to self-destruct, but also to combat diseases that are, to date, our
arch enemies. Keep in mind that stem cell research is still in its (8-INFANT)…………………… and a
daunting task lies ahead in our quest for (9-LIGHT)…………………… , for which we must exercise both
patience and (10-PRUDENT)…………………… . Of paramount importance in this quest is the application of
moral restraints, which must act as a beacon in the dark.

Part III: READING

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EX 1: Read the passage below and choose the best answer
Long hours and health don't mix
Women are much healthier when they take it easy, reveals a new survey. Those who work long hours are
more likely than men to (1) ____ in unhealthy behaviour such as eating snacks, smoking and drinking
caffeine. (Long hours have no such (2) ____ on men.) One positive benefit of long hours for both sexes,
however, is that alcohol (3) ____ is reduced.
The study, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, is part of a wider study by psychologists
from the University of Leeds, into the effects of stress on eating. 'Stress causes people to (4) ____ for
unhealthy high-fat and high-sugar snacks in (5) ____ to healthier food choices,' says researcher Dr Daryl
O'Connor of the University of Leeds. 'People under stress eat less than usual in their main meals, including
their vegetable (6) ____, but shift their preference to high-fat, high-sugar snacks instead.
'Our (7) ____ are disturbing in that they show stress produces harmful changes in diet and (8) ____ to
unhealthy eating behaviour,' continues Dr O'Connor. 'An overwhelming (9) ____ of evidence shows the
importance of maintaining a balanced diet in (10) ____ of reducing the risk of cancer and cardiovascular
diseases and that means eating a low-fat diet and five portions of fruit and vegetables a day.
1. A. indulge B. satisfy C. yield D. tempt
2. A. contact B. clash C. conflict D. impact
3. A. beverage B. consumption C. expenditure D. acceptance
4. A. choose B. select C. design D. opt
5. A. difference B. option C. preference D. priority
6. A. intake B. influx C. emission D. immersion
7. A. instructions B. rulings C. findings D. institutions
8. A. sends B. makes C. guides D. leads
9. A. lump B. body C. sack D. packet
10. A. moments B. sessions C. terms D. senses

B/ A worrying question which (1)___ global attention is severe overpopulation and its drastic effects in
the countries of the Third World. In regions where the birth (2)___ is extremely high, poverty and starvation
are (3)___. In India, there is (4) __ of thirty five infants being born every minute, yet the most shocking (5)
___are those which (6) ___ the enormous number of the victims of famine in certain African territories.
Communities afficted with acute destitution are additionally (7) ___with illiteracy, life in appalling conditions
and infectious diseases (8) ___ the (9)_____populations. There is an urgent need for these problems to be
solved or (10)___ they might continue bringing about innumerable worries upon the affluent societies
around the world. Unless measures are taken to (11)____the suffering of the impoverished underdeveloped
nations, desperate crowds of immigrants will (12)____in flooding the richer states in (13)____of a brighter
future. It’s the most (14) ___task for the international giants nowadays to help the poor populations get out
of the poverty (15) ____.
1. A. insists B. wishes C. requires D. asks
2. A. amount B. quota C. number D. rate
3. A. profuse B. rife C. generous D. predominant
4. A. a ratio B. a measure C. an average D. a proportion
5. A. figures B. digits C. scores D. totals
6 A. appear B. refer C. indicate D. comprise
7 A. conflicted B. encountered C. confronted D. inconvenienced
8. A. decimating B. enumerating C. discounting D. outnumbering
9. A. ingenious B. insidious C. indigenous D. ingenuous
10. A. that B. else C. so D. if
11. A. discard B. vanish C. evaporate D. ease
12. A. linger B. maintain C. persist D. remain
13. A. search B. chase C. lookout D. survey
14. A. confronting B. challenging C. rousing D. plaguing
15. A. lure A. pitfall C. snare D. trap
C/
The bygone era
We live in an era (1) ___ by and increasingly dependent on technological innovations. It is for this reason
that younger generations find it (2) ___ impossible to envision a future devoid of the convenience and
comfort they provide us with. Small wonder then that when asked to (3) ___ what life will be like in the
future, they come up with something that sounds as if it's been taken out of a science-fiction book. But this
description is actually not the product of an (4) ___ imagination. Based on the present speed at which
breakthroughs are being (5)___, it's actually a fairly accurate prediction. It looks as if technology will have
the (6) ___ hand and that fully automated systems will (7) ___ for people in all areas. People will take the

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back seat and instead of (8) ___ away at work we will be able to take advantage of the time made available
to us to engage in more recreational activities. (9) ___ this time constructively will be a feat in itself. Perhaps
a case of too much of a good thing. Things might just come to the point where, (10) ___ time to time, we will
reminisce about the good old days.
1. A. rivalled B. dominated C. surpassed D. overtaken
2. A. greatly B. fully C. potentially D. virtually
3. A. perceive B. forecast C. divine D. enact
4. A. intrepid B. ultimate C. inherent D. unbridled
5. A. done B. happened C. made D.occured
6. A. upper B. back C. first D. high
7. A. emulate B. devise C. substitute D. duplicate
8. A. beavering B. badgering C. hounding D. monkeying
9. A. Manoeuvring B. Manipulating C. Operating D. Utilising
10. A. at B. from C. for D. on

EX 2. For questions 1-10, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use
only one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (0).
A/ ALL WORK AND NO PLAY
Universally, work has been a central focus point (0) ... in ... society. As old as the idea of work (1).......... is
the question of what constitutes ‘real work’. This is, in fact, a very subjective question indeed.
(2).... . . . . . . . . . ... you to ask a miner, or any labourer for that matter, what real work is, he would probably
reply that real work entails working with your hands and, in the process, getting them dirty. To the
average blue-collar worker, white- collar workers are those people who sit in their offices day after day
doing little or (3)................. in the line of actual work.
By (4)................., if you approached a white-collar worker or a professional of some sort with the
same question, you can rest assured that they would adamantly maintain that the world would stop
revolving (5) .... . . ... their invaluable intellectual contribution to the scheme of things.
This idea is reflected (6) ... ... the vocabulary used to describe work and its related subjects. Words (7)
......... career, vocation and profession carry a (8) ................... elevated connotation than the simple term
‘job’. The (9)..................... three lexical items convey the idea of learned persons sitting at desks and using
their grey matter to solve matters involving financial, legal or medical matters, (10).......... the humble slave
away at some mundane work station or assembly line task.

B/ The game of solving difficult puzzles has always filled people with the feeling of a profound
excitement. No (1)................................, then, that the fascination of treasure hunting has invariably
been associated with the possibility of realising the most improbable dreams. According to what the
psychologists claim, there is a little boy in every treasure hunter. Yet, the chase of hidden valuables has
recently become a serious venture with amateur and professional seekers equipped with highly
sophisticated (2)................................ like metal detectors, radars, sonars or underwater cameras. What
(3)................................ the adrenaline level in these treasure - obsessed fanatics are legends, myths,
old maps and other variety of clues promising immeasurable fortunes (4)................................ beneath the
eath's surface or drowned in the ancient galleys. For many reassure hunters the struggle of hint
searching is even more stimulating than digging out a treasure (5)................................ composed of
golden or silver objects, jewellery and other priceless artefacts. The job (6)................................ ,
however, extremely strenuous as even the most puzzling clues must be thoroughly analysed. Failures
and misinterpretations (7)................................ quite frequently, too. Yet, (8)................................ the most
unlikely clue or the smallest find is enough to reinforce the hunter's self - confidence and passion.
Indeed, the delight in treasure finding doesn't always depend on acquiring tremendous amounts of
valuables. (9)................................ is detected, be it a rusty sundial or a marble statue, brings joy and
reward (10)................................ a long and exhausting search.

EX 3. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to the questions 1 – 10.
The Origins of Theater
1. In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little
concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in
the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The
process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its
development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and
well–being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable
occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces.
Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires,

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the group repeats, refines, and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.
2. Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include representatives of hose
supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks
to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations.
As a people becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships
nay change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the
rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions
divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an
autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former
mystical and socially efficacious concerns.
3. Although origin in ritual as long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the
theater came into being. Storytelling has been proposed as one alternative. Under this theory, relating and
listening to stories are seen as fundamental human pleasures. Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle,
or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through
each role being assumed by a different person.
4. A closely related theory sees theater as evolving out of dances that are primarily pantomimic, rhythmical
or gymnastic, or from imitations if animal noises and sounds. Admiration for the performer’s skill, virtuosity,
and grace are seen as motivation for elaborating the activities into fully realized theatrical performances.
5. In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the
motives that led people to develop theater. Why did the theater develop, and why was it valued after it
ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and
basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative
– as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another,
advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to
reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of
which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their
hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world
or escape from unpleasant realities.
6. But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous
theater. Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition seems to be a somewhat
detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic
vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous
rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition that contributes to the
development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. For example, some early
societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them;
nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the
rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.
1. The world “championed” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. changed B. debated C. created D. supported
2. The world “attributes” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. ascribes B. leaves C. limits D. contrasts
3. According to paragraph 1, theories of the origins of theater
A. are mainly hypothetical B. are well supported by factual evidence
C. have rarely been agreed upon by anthropologists
D. were expressed in the early stages of theater’s development
4. According to paragraph 1, why did some societies develop and repeat ceremonial actions?
A. To establish a positive connection between the members of the society
B. To help society members better understand the forces controlling their food supply
C. To distinguish their beliefs from those of other societies
D. To increase the society’s prosperity
5. The word “autonomous” in the passage is closest meaning to
A. artistic B. important C. independent D. established
6. According to paragraph 2, what may cause societies to abandon certain rites?
A. Emphasizing theater as entertainment B. Developing a new understanding of why events occur
C. Finding a more sophisticated way of representing mythical characters
D. Moving from a primarily oral tradition to a more written tradition
7. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as possible reasons that led societies to develop theater
EXCEPT:
A. Theater allows people to face what they are afraid of.
B. Theater gives an opportunity to imagine a better reality.
C. Theater is a way to enjoy imitating other people.

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 D. Theater provides people the opportunity to better understand the human mind.
8. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 5?
A. The author presents two theories for a historical phenomenon.
B. The author argues against theories expressed earlier in the passage.
C. The author argues for replacing older theories with a new one.
D. The author points out problems with two popular theories.
9. The word “penchant” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. compromise B. inclination C. tradition D. respect
10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the italic sentence in the
passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. A society’s rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths were admired for artistic
qualities.
B. The artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reason for a society to abandon it from the oral
tradition.
C. Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to be seen as
useful for social well-being.
D. Myths sometimes survived in a society’s tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were
no longer deemed religiously beneficial.
EX 4. Read the text and do the tasks followed.
JUST RELAX
Section 1. Hypnosis is an intriguing and fascinating process. A trance-like mental state is induced in one
person by another, who appears to have the power to command that person to obey instructions without
question. Hypnotic experiences were described by the ancient Egyptians and Greeks, while references to
deep sleep and anesthesia have been found in the Bible and in the Jewish Talmud. In the mid-1770s Franz
Mesmer, an Austrian physician, developed his theory of “animal magnetism’, which was the belief that the
cause of disease was the “improper distribution of the invisible magnetic fluid”. Mesmer used water tubs and
magnetic wants to direct these supposed fluids to his patients. In 1784, a French commission studied
Mesmer’s claims, and concluded that these cues were only imaged by patients. However, people continued
to believe in this process of “mesmerism” and it was soon realized that successful results could be
achieved, but without the need for magnets and water.

Section 2.The term hypnotism was first used by James Braid, a British physician who studied suggestion
and hypnosis in the mid-1800s. He demonstrated that hypnosis differed from sleep, that it was a
physiological response and not the result of secret powers. During the same period, James Esdaile, a
Scottish doctor working in India, used hypnotism instead of anesthetic in over 200 major surgical operations,
including leg amputations. Later that century, a French neurologist, Jean Charcot successfully experimented
with hypnosis in his clinic for nervous disorders.

Section 3. Since then, scientists have shown that the stage of hypnosis is a natural human behavior, which
can affect psychological, social and/or physical experiences. The effects of hypnosis depend on the ability,
willingness and motivation of the person being hypnotized. Although hypnosis has been compared to
dreaming and sleep-walking, it is not actually related to sleep. It involves a more active and intensive mental
concentration of the person being hypnotized. Hypnotized people can talk, write and walk about and they
are usually fully aware of what is being said and done.

Section 4. It is common misunderstanding that hypnotists are able to force people to perform criminal or
any other acts against their will. In fact, subjects can resist suggestions, and they retain their ability to
distinguish right from wrong. This misunderstanding is often the result of public performances where
subjects perform ridiculous or highly embarrassing actions at the command of the hypnotist. These people
are usually instructed not to recall their behavior after re-emerging from the hypnotic state, so it appears that
they were powerless while hypnotized. The point to remember, however, is that these individuals chose to
participate, and the success of hypnotism depends on the willingness of a person to be hypnotized.

Section 5. Physicians have made use of the ability of a hypnotized person to remain in a given position for
long periods of time. In one case, doctors had to graft skin onto a patient’s badly damaged foot. First, skin
form the person’s abdomen was grafted onto his arm; then the graft was transferred to his foot. With
hypnosis, the patient held his arm tightly in position over his abdomen for three weeks, then over his foot for
four weeks. Even though these positions were unusual, the patient at no time felt uncomfortable!
Section 6. Hypnosis occasionally has been used with witnesses and victims of crime to enable people to
remember important clues, such as a criminal’s physical appearance or other significant details that might
help to solve a crime. However, as people can both lie and make mistakes while hypnotized, the use of

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hypnotism in legal situations can cause serious problems. Also hypnosis cannot make a person divulge
secret information of they do not want to. This was confirmed by the Council on Scientific Affairs of
American Medical Association, which in 1985 reported that memories refreshed through hypnosis may
include inaccurate information, false memories, and confabulation (facts and fantasy combined).
The passage has six sections. Choose the most suitable heading for each section from the list of
headings (A-L) below. The first one has been done for you as an example.

List of Headings Example: Section 1 – I

A. Use of hypnotism in criminal cases 1. Section 2 _______________
B. The body posture and hypnosis 2. Section 3 _______________
C. Early medical experiments with hypnotism 3. Section 4 _______________
D. Early association of hypnotists with psychology 4. Section 5 _______________
E. How to hypnotize 5. Section 6 _______________
F. Hypnosis and free will
G. Difference between mesmerism and hypnosis
H. Therapeutic uses of hypnosis
I. Origins of hypnosis
J. The normality of hypnotized subjects’ behavior
K .Circumspection of hypnotism in legal process

Complete the notes of the history of hypnosis using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage.
References to hypnotism can be found both in the Talmud and (6) _____________. Even when Mesmer’s
(7) _________________ were not used, successful results occurred without them. Briad identified
hypnosis as a natural (8) ____________________, rather than magical or mystical. Early psychological
studies showed the difference between sleep and hypnosis. Successful hypnosis requires the subject’s
active (9) _____________________. Consequently subjects can speak or move around and are (10)
______________ of their surroundings.
EX 5: Read the text and the missing paragraphs (A-H). Choose from paragraphs A-H the one which
fits each gap (1-7). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.
Lang Lang, the virtuoso Chinese pianist
When Lang Lang was nine, his father told him to kill himself. Four years before, his father had decided
that his only son should become the No 1 classical pianist in China. He gave up his job as a policeman and
took his son to live in Beijing, leaving Lang Lang’s mother behind, planning to get the child into the
prestigious Central Conservatory of Music.
(1)………………..
Unbelievably, when Lang Lang's father heard the news, he demanded that the boy take his own life. 'It's
really hard to talk about. My father went totally nuts,' says Lang Lang quietly. 'He said: "You shouldn’t live
any more - everything is destroyed." ' The father handed his son a bottle saying, 'Take these pills!' When
Lang Lang ran out on to the balcony to get away from him, his father screamed: 'Then jump off and die.'
(2)………………….
Now twenty-eight, Lang Lang has surpassed his father's ambition. The musician's recitals and concerts
sell out in every major city in the world and he is the first Chinese pianist to be engaged by the Vienna and
Berlin philharmonic orchestras. The pianist is now based in New York and lives a rock-star lifestyle, but he
began his career in a Beijing slum under a super-strict regime of practice overseen by his unforgiving father,
Lang Cuoren.
(3)………………….
Lang Lang's parents are from Shenyang, an industrial city northeast of Beijing. They married at the end
of the Cultural Revolution. Lang Lang says: 'People were starting to connect with the West, and the piano
was becoming an important instrument. My mother had always wanted to be a musician and my father
played in the air force orchestra before the budget was cut and he had to become a policeman. My parents
bought our piano before I was born - it cost half their annual salary.'
(4)…………………
Lang Lang explains: 'My father quit his job as a policeman and off we went. My mother didn't come - she
needed to earn money for us.' In Beijing, Lang Lang's father had to be both mother and father. Lang Lang
says: 'He didn't like to cook or do the laundry, because my mum had always done it. We couldn't do much,
because we only had Mum's salary and had to pay for expensive piano lessons once a week, and if there
was a competition, twice a week. It was really hard.' Lang Lang's father does not understand English, but in
the past, he has spoken about the way he pushed his son. He said: 'The way I see it is pressure always
turns into motivation. Lang Lang is well aware that if he fails to be outstanding at playing the piano, he has
nothing.’
(5)…………………
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 Indeed, the musician has always had as much faith in himself as his father has. But it was after Professor
Angry had told Lang Lang some home truths, that the boy’s relationship with his father hit an all-time low.
But they did not return to Shenyang afterwards. 'For three months, I didn't touch the piano,' says Lang Lang.
'We stayed in Beijing, I don't know why. Probably because having to go home would have resulted in shame
for us.'
(6)………………..
So began nineteen months of intensive practice as father and son redoubled their attempts to get Lang
Lang into the conservatory. Finally, when Lang Lang was ten, he was admitted on a full scholarship. He and
his father remained in their slum until he was fifteen, when they left for America to continue his studies in
Philadelphia.
(7)………………..
Does Lang Lang think he would have succeeded without his father? 'Yes, absolutely,' he says
emphatically. 'Over the years I have seen so many different cultures and different ways of bringing up kids. I
believe that no matter how you train your kid, you need to give them love. Sometimes my father pushed me
too much, but he loved me.’
Missing paragraphs
A. Then one day at school, his fellow students hectored Lang Lang into playing some Mozart. He
laughs: ‘They asked me to play, and I said no, I don’t play anymore. Then they just applauded and
applauded. They gave me a score and forced me to play. I started and realized that I actually loved
to play the piano. So I went home and told my father, “Find me another teacher, I’d like to play
again.’”
B. The ‘Lang Lang effect’ is credited with inspiring China’s forty million classical piano students and, in
2009, he was listed in Time Magazine’s 100 Most Influential People in the World. His name, Lang
Lang, has even become a trademark.
C. Lang Lang says: ‘When we came to America, my father could see that the American system was
much more relaxed. At that time he said he still believed in the Chinese way. But as we met different
musicians from different countries, his opinion changed. He is fifty-eight now and his personality has
totally changed, he doesn’t push me anymore. When I turned twenty-two, he let go.’
D. However, his teacher in Beijing, nicknamed Professor Angry by Lang Lang, had other ideas.
‘Professor Angry didn’t like me and she always gave me a hard time,’ he remembers. ‘One afternoon
she said that I had no talent, that I shouldn’t play the piano and I should go home. She basically fired
me before I could even get into the conservatory!’
E. Lang Lang explains: ‘I started lessons when I was three and a half. In the beginning I just played a
little but, when I was five, I played my first recital, and from that point my parents had high hopes for
me, especially my father.’
F. Born during China’s one-child policy, the young musician became his parents’ sole focus. When
Lang Lang was nine, his father and his piano teacher decided that he must leave Shenyang for
Beijing, home of the Central Conservatory of Music. If his father had been strict before, he soon
became a lot harder.
G. ‘I got totally crazy, too,’ says Lang Lang. ‘I was beating the wall, trying to prevent myself from being
a pianist by destroying my hands. I hated everything: my father, the piano, myself. And then
somehow, we just stopped. My father went out or I ran out - I can’t remember, but somehow we
stopped. After that I didn’t want to play piano any more. I said, “OK, fine. Let’s go home.’”
H. Lang Lang disagrees. ‘I think that attitude is wrong because there are a lot of things you can do in
the world,’ he says. ‘When I was nine, I didn’t like my father. I knew he had dedicated his life to me,
but I thought it was too much. I found the pressure unnecessary because I was a workaholic from
the very beginning. I could understand if I was lazy and didn’t care, but I didn’t need that kind of
push, because I knew what I wanted.’

EX 7. The passage below consists of four paragraphs marked A, B, C and D. Read the passage and
do the task that follows. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes.
Scaling the Heights
FOUR YOUNG RECORD BREAKERS OF 2012
2012 has been another great year for young record breakers. Here are four of the most impressive.
A. Breaking records runs in the Shanghvi family, from Mumbai. When his brother, Parth, became the
youngest scuba diver in the world in 2010, Krish Shanghvi, then aged only six, decided he too wanted to
break a world record. It seemed appropriate to opt for the sky instead of the sea, but choosing skydiving
proved less than straightforward. In India the minimum age for skydiving is 16, so Krish would have had
to wait too long to fulfil his ambition. Then, after much research, the family discovered that in Slovenia
there is no age restriction for skydiving, but unfortunately, Krish was too small to fit into the harness he
would need to wear to make the dive. However, this did not deter them, and on May 22 2012, when

17
 Krish was only eight years old, he leapt out of a plane at an altitude of 3000 metres over Mozzel Bay in
South Africa. Attached to diving instructor Henk van Wyk, in a tandem skydive, Krish first experienced
an exhilarating 45-second free fall at 200 kilometres per hour before the parachute opened. There is
little doubt, it was the biggest thrill of his life and now he too can display his own world record certificate
as ‘The World’s Youngest Skydiver’.
B. You won’t find 16-year-old Laura Dekker’s name in the Guinness Book of World Records, as it does not
want to encourage minors to attempt dangerous feats of endurance. Nevertheless, she now holds the
record for being the youngest round-the-world solo sailor. She completed her journey in January 2012
after a year alone at sea, but she claims her greatest challenge was persuading the Dutch authorities to
allow her to embark on her journey in the first place. After several court cases, she was finally given the
go-ahead on condition that she get a bigger boat with up-to-date equipment, that she learn how to cope
with lack of sleep, how to put out fires and give herself first aid, including stitching her own wounds, and
that she keep up with her school work. Having been born and brought up on a yacht until the age of five,
when she first went to school in the Netherlands, Laura feels more comfortable at sea than on dry land.
After her parents' divorce, she lived on a boat with her father, also a keen sailor, and has hardly ever
lived in a house. During her year alone at sea, she faced many challenges, including storms, dangerous
reefs, cockroach infestations, and sharks swimming around her yacht. But she persevered, arriving on
the Caribbean island of St Maarten to be greeted by friends, fans and family. There were moments
during her journey when she wondered what she was doing, but she was never tempted to give up. 'It’s
a dream, and I wanted to do it,’ said Laura.
C. 22-year-old Carlo Schmid has always had a passion for flying. By the time he was 18, he was a qualified
private pilot with a licence to fly small aircraft. He worked in a bank during the week, but spent all his
spare time flying. But everything changed when his mother died of cancer in 2010. Carlo decided to give
up his job as a bank clerk and dedicate himself to flying. His ambition was to become the youngest pilot
to fly around the world in 80 days, on his own, in a small aircraft. He set up a company and put together
a team to organise the trip and raise funds for his adventure. High- profile sponsors included Swiss
International Airlines. Carlo’s aim was not only to break tire world record, but also to raise money for a
UNICEF educational project for girls in India. He set off in a six-seat Cessna 210 on July 22 2012 and
landed back in Switzerland 80 days later, on September 29, having stopped in 21 countries and raised
$50,000 for UNICEF. There were many challenges, not least difficult weather conditions - the extreme
heat of the desert and icy clouds over the Arctic - and the considerable administrative problems involved
in flying through so many countries. But Carlo prevailed and has proved himself to be a shining example
of courage, determination and consideration for others. He has dedicated his round-the-world flight to
the memory of his mother, who, despite suffering from a fear of flying, had loved flying with her son.
D. The Ocean Rowing Society has confirmed that Tommy Tippetts has become the youngest male solo
ocean rower in the world at the age of 22. It took Tommy 82 days to row across the Atlantic Ocean, from
La Gomera in the Canary Islands to Port St Charles in Barbados. To begin with, Tommy had to contend
with rough seas and 10-metre waves. Then the winds dropped which meant he wasn’t getting much
help being pushed towards his goal. But he set a steady routine, rowing ten hours a day, and arrived on
April 12th 2012, having rowed almost 5000 kilometres and raised over £15,000 for the mental health
charity, Mind. Tommy wasn’t brought up sailing and only took up rowing in his last year at university
and, despite suffering badly from seasickness, his endurance and mental strength kept him going, which
is why choosing to support Mind felt so appropriate. ‘Although rowing the Atlantic Ocean is demanding
physically, it is more of a mental test to keep going,’ says Tommy.
In which section(s) are the following mentioned?
1. an irrational dread or phobia
2. a feeling of nausea caused by motion
3. being prevented from doing something because of age
4. being prevented from doing something because of age
5. doing something for the sake of others
6. doing something for the sake of others
7. financial support
8. being influenced by the achievements of a family member
9. learning a skill as an adult
10. trouble with pests
EX 8: You are going to read about the experiences and opinions of five educators’ online courses
and learning. For questions 1-10, match the information with a suitable section (A-E). The sections
may be chosen more than once.
ONLINE STUDY
A. Educators have known for 30 years that students perform better when given one-on-one tutoring and
mastery learning – working on a subject until it is mastered, not just until a test is scheduled. Success also
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requires motivation, whether from an inner drive or from parents, mentors or peers. For years my colleagues
and I have given artificial-intelligence courses: we lectured, assigned homework and gave everyone the
same exam at the same time. Each semester just 5 to 10 per cent of students regularly engaged in deep
discussion; the rest were more passive. We felt there had to be a better way, so we created a free online
course, which was completed by only 23,000 participants of an initial ‘intake’ of 100,000. Our second
scheme was more successful as we made learning happen actively. This helped us increase motivation and
keep attention from wavering, both of which led us to a much lower dropout rate. For our class. Teachers
analyzed the data generated by student participation, but an artificial-intelligence system could perform this
function and then make recommendations for what a student could try next to improve.

B. Today students in most classrooms sit, listen and take notes while a professor lectures. Despite there
being 20 to 300 students in the room, there is little or no human interaction. Exams often offer the first
opportunity to get real information on how well the students digested the knowledge. If the exam identifies a
lack of understanding of a basic concept, the class still moves on to a more advanced concept. Virtual tools
are providing an opportunity to rethink this methodology. If a lecture is available online, class time can be
freed for discussion, peer-tutoring or professor-led exploration. If a lecture is removed from class time and
we have on-demand adaptive exercises and diagnostic, we can enter the realm of ‘blended learning’. In the
blended learning reality, the professor’s role is moved up the value chain. Rather than spending the bulk of
their time lecturing, writing exams and grading them, they can interact with their students. Rather than
enforcing a sit-and-listen passivity, teachers will mentor and challenge their students to take control of their
rate of learning- the most valuable skill of all.

C. Digital technologies have the potential to transform Indian higher education. A new model built around
massive open online courses (MOOCs) that are developed locally and combined with those provided by top
universities abroad could deliver higher education on a scale and at a quality not possible before. India has
experimented with online classes before, but their impact has been marginal. A decade ago, the country
began using the internet to distribute video and Web-based courses under a government-funded initiative,
the National Program on Technology Enhanced Learning. Developers created over 900 courses, focused
mainly on science and engineering with about 40 hours of introduction each. With limited interactivity and
uneven quality, these courses failed to attract a large body of students. Now, though, MOOCs have given
Indian academics a better sense of how a lecture could be restructured into short, self-contained segments
with higher interactivity to engage students more effectively. This appears to be a step in the right direction,
but what is really needed is the right model to use MOOCs in an Indian context. With a decade of
experience in this space and a vibrant technology ecosystem, India will most likely find its way very soon.

D. The rapid evolution of digital resources like video, interactive multimedia and new modes of assessment
challenges us to reimagine what we can and should do when we are face-to-face with our students. As I
develop online courses on cellular metabolism, for instance, I hypothesise that the blend of animation and
appropriate embedded assessments will communicate the intricacies of electron transfer more effectively
than that portion of my traditional lecture. After rebalancing class assignments to include both reading and
online materials, while maintaining the same overall workload, I nonetheless gain time with my students in
the classroom to discuss and critically analyse the metabolic consequences of experimentally disrupting
electron transfer. Underlying this progress is the awareness that experimentation is the key and that we do
not yet know how best to harness the enormous positive potential of the online revolution for on-campus
learning. This is why every course or module should have an associated research component where student
progress is measured.

E. Technology is transforming education for the worse and one of its dubious uses is to grade essays.
Major testing companies are using software to score written test answers as machines can work faster
than teachers. However, they cannot evaluate the imaginative use of language. Thus, students will learn
to write according to the formula that the machine responds to best at the expense of accuracy,

19
 creativity and imagination. Worse, the teacher will abandon the important job of reading what the
students write and will be less informed about how they think. That is a loss for the quality of education.
A more worrisome use of technology is the accumulation and storage of personal, confidential data on a
cloud. Who needs all this personal information and why is it being shared? Advocates say that the goal
is to create better products for individual students. Critics believe that the information will be given or
sold to vendors, who will use it to market products to children and their parents.
In which section are the following mentioned?

a strategy that helped the learners focus 1.

the reason why more data is required to make the best use of computer-based learning 2.

digital resources leading to the standardization of student learning 3.

the necessity to adapt online courses to a specific culture 4.

a claim that information will be used to enhance product quality 5.

personally, combining digital and traditional tools to provide a more effective learning
experience 6.

the problem of gaps in students’ knowledge not being addressed 7.

humans undertaking a task that machines could carry out 8.

the importance of students progressing at their own pace 9.

computer-based courses that attracted a disappointing number of participants 10.

EX 9: Read the following extract and use your own words to summarize it. Your summary should be
140 words long.
In its most recent report, which took hundreds of scientists six years to prepare, the IPCC
(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change of the United Nations) states that much of the global warming
that has occurred since 1950 is “very likely” to have been directly caused by human activity. This comes as
no surprise to environmentalists, who have been exhorting us for years to open our eyes to the gravity of the
situation concerning rising sea levels and the accumulation of dangerous greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere.
The ramifications of inaction on the part of governments will be dramatic, according to the IPCC. In the
event that industrialized countries do not drastically curb their burning of coal and oil and implement non-
polluting energy solutions, the planet could experience a short-term rise in average temperatures of up to
eight degrees or more. Sea levels are predicted to rise by as much as twenty-three inches by 2100, as
opposed to the six-to nine-inch increase of the twentieth century.
Even more alarming are the worst-case scenarios that computer simulations have allowed IPCC
climatologists to scrutinize. The report warns that, if the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere is allowed to continue, the increase in global temperatures will lead to the melting of huge areas
of polar ice, which in turn will result in sea levels rising by as much as twenty feet, the highest in 125,000
years. In that case, whole islands, not to mention coastal towns and cities, would disappear off the map.
However, the panel has been accused of fear-mongering by some prominent members of the scientific
community, who argue that global warming is nothing new, and point to a number of warming events over
the millennia as proof that the planet can undergo extreme climate shifts without any help from human
beings. They warn that people should not try to interfere in this process. Moderates, meanwhile, remind us
that, in any case, as practices which are ecologically sound also benefit human health, it is better to err on
the side of caution than risk contributing to our own destruction.

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SUGGESTION: The summary MUST cover the following points:
- The IPCC report examined the relationship between human activity and rising temperatures
- If governments do nothing, there could be a rise in temperature and sea levels
- Some well-known scientists say that the IPCC is exaggerating the role played by human in global warming.
- Some prominent members of the scientific community stated another point of view on the influence of
human on the climate change.

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