TECHNICAL SEMINAR

Submitted by:
S NAVEEN(412318114027)

ON

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS(13/12/2021)

INDUSTRY 4.0(15/12/2021)

JAMES WEBB TELESCOPE(20/12/2021)

BACHELOR’S IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SRI RAMANUJAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

VANDALUR

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600-127

JANUARY 2022

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 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this Project Report “TECHNICAL SEMINAR”

is a bonafide work of S NAVEEN (412318114027)

Who carried out the project under my supervision

SIGNATURE
HOD
INTERNAL EXAMINER

Department of Mechanical Engg.

Sri Ramanujar Engineering College

Nedunkundram, Kolapakkam,Vandalur,

Chennai-127

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Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is the science of
predicting fluid flow, heat transfer, mass transfer, chemical
reactions, and related phenomena by solving the mathematical
equations which govern these processes using a numerical
process.
 The result of CFD analyses is relevant engineering data
used in:
 conceptual studies of new designs
 detailed product development
 troubleshooting
 redesign
 CFD analysis complements testing and experimentation.
 Reduces the total effort required in the laboratory.

WHERE IS CFD USED?

• Aerospace
• Automotive
• Biomedical
• Chemical Processing
• HVAC
• Hydraulics
• Marine
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 • Oil & Gas
• Power Generation
• Sports

HOW IT WORKS?
 Analysis begins with a mathematical model of a
physical problem.
 Conservation of matter, momentum, and energy must be
satisfied throughout the region of interest.
 Fluid properties are modeled empirically.
 Simplifying assumptions are made in order to make the
problem tractable (e.g., steady-state, incompressible,
inviscid, two-dimensional).
Provide appropriate initial and/or boundary conditions for the
problem.

 CFD applies numerical methods (called discretization)

to develop approximations of the governing equations of
fluid mechanics and the fluid region to be studied.
 Governing differential equations è algebraic
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  The collection of cells is called the grid or mesh.
 The set of approximating equations are solved
numerically (on a computer) for the flow field variables at
each node or cell.
 System of equations are solved simultaneously to
provide solution.
The solution is post-processed to extract quantities of interest (e.g.
lift, drag, heat transfer, separation points, pressure loss, etc.).

ADVANTAGES OF CFD:
 Low Cost
 Using physical experiments and tests to get
essential engineering data for design can be expensive.
 Computational simulations are relatively
inexpensive, and costs are likely to decrease as
computers become more powerful.
 Speed
 CFD simulations can be executed in a short period
of time.
 Quick turnaround means engineering data can be
introduced early in the design process
 Ability to Simulate Real Conditions
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  CFD provides the ability to theoretically simulate
any physical condition
 Ability to Simulate Ideal Conditions
 CFD allows great control over the physical
process, and provides the ability to isolate specific
phenomena for study.
 Example: a heat transfer process can be idealized
with adiabatic, constant heat flux, or constant
temperature boundaries

LIMITATIONAS OF CFD:
 Physical Models
 CFD solutions rely upon physical models of real
world processes (e.g. turbulence, compressibility,
chemistry, multiphase flow, etc.).
 The solutions that are obtained through CFD can
only be as accurate as the physical models on which
they are based.
 Numerical Errors
 Solving equations on a computer invariably

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 introduces numerical errors
 Round-off error - errors due to finite word
size available on the computer
 Truncation error - error due to approximations
in the numerical models
 Round-off errors will always exist (though they
should be small in most cases).
 Boundary Conditions
 As with physical models, the accuracy of the CFD
solution is only as good as the initial/boundary
conditions provided to the numerical model.
 Example: Flow in a duct with sudden expansion
 If flow is supplied to domain by a pipe, you
should use a fully-developed profile for velocity
rather than assume uniform conditions.

SUMMARY:
 Computational Fluid Dynamics is a powerful way of
modeling fluid flow, heat transfer, and related processes for a
wide range of important scientific and engineering problems.
 The cost of doing CFD has decreased dramatically in
recent years, and will continue to do so as computers become
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more and more powerful.

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 INDUSTRY 4.0

Need of industry 4.0

To convert the regular machines to self-aware

and self-learning machines to improve their overall
performance and maintenance management with the
surrounding interaction. Industry 4.0 aims at the
construction of an open, smart manufacturing platform
for industrial networked information application. Real
time data monitoring, tracking the status and positions
of product as well as to hold the instructions to control
production processes are the main needs of I-4.0.

2. Building blocks of industry 4.0

The term "Industry 4.0" originates from a

project in the high-tech strategy of the German
government, which promotes the computerization of
manufacturing. The German Federal Government
presents Industry 4.0 as an emerging structure in which
manufacturing and logistics systems in the form of
Cyber Physical Production System (CPPS), intensively
use the globally available information and
communications network for an extensively automated
exchange of information and in which production and
business processes are matched. The nine pillars of
Industry 4.0 will transform isolated and optimized cells
production into a fully integrated, automated, and
optimized production flow. This leads to greater
efficiency and change in traditional
11 production
relationships among suppliers, producers, and
customers as well as between human and machine.
The nine pillars (Building blocks) of industry 4.0 are as
illustrated in the below:
1. Big Data and Analytics
2. Autonomous Robots
3. Simulation
4. System Integration
5. The Industrial Internet of Things
6. Cyber security and Cyber Physical Systems (CPS)
7. The Cloud Computing
8. Additive Manufacturing
9. Augmented Reality

2.1 Big Data and Analytics

The collection and comprehensive evaluation

of data from many different sources production
equipment and systems as well as enterprise and
customer-management systems will become standard to
support real-time decision making. According to
Forrester’s definition, Big Data consists of four
dimensions:
1. Volume of data - scale of data
2. Variety of Data - different forms of data
3. Velocity of Data - velocity and generation of
new data & analysis streaming data
4. Veracity of Data - certainty / uncertainty of
data, uncertainty due to incompleteness,
ambiguities, latency, deceptions, model
approximations, inconsistency etc.
The data analysis is a process in which
previously recorded data is used to find out the threats
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occurred in different production processes earlier in the
industry and also forecast the new issues occurring as
well as the various solution to stop that from occurring
again and again in industry.
2.2 Autonomous Robots -
Robots are becoming more
autonomous,
flexible, and cooperative day by day and at certain they
will interact with one another and work safely side by
side with humans and learn from them. An autonomous
robot is used to perform autonomous production method
more precisely and also work in the places where human
workers are restricted to work. Autonomous robots can
complete given task precisely and intelligently within
the given time limit and also focus on safety, flexibility
& versatility.

2.3 Simulation Simulations

It be used more extensively in plant operations

to leverage real-time data to mirror the physical world
in a virtual model, which can include machines,
products, and humans, thereby driving down machine
setup times and increasing quality. 2D and 3D
simulations can be created for virtual commissioning
and for simulation of cycle times, energy consumption
or ergonomic aspects of a production facility. Uses of
simulations of production processes can not only
shorten the down times and changes it but also reduce
the production failures during the start-up phase.
Decision making quality can possibly be improved by
easy and fast way with the help of simulations.

2.4 System Integration13(Horizontal and

Vertical system Integration)
 Integration and self-optimization are the two
major mechanisms used in industrial organization.
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model of Industry 4.0 is essentially outlined by three
dimensions of integration:
(a) horizontal integration across the entire value
creation network
(b) vertical integration and networked
manufacturing systems
(c) End-to-End engineering across the entire
product life cycle.
The full digital integration and automation of
manufacturing processes in the vertical and horizontal
dimension implies as well as automation of
communication and cooperation especially along
standardized processes.

2.5 The Industrial Internet of Things

The Internet of Things means a worldwide
network of interconnected and uniform addressed
objects that communicate via standard protocols.
Internet of Things (IoT) should also know as Internet of
Everything (IoE) which consists of Internet of Service
(IoS), Internet of Manufacturing Services (IoMs),
Internet of People (IoP), an embedded system and
Integration of Information and Communication
technology (IICT) and so on.
The Context, omnipresence and optimization
are the three key features of IoT in which context refers
the possibility of advanced object interaction with an
existing environment and immediate response if
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anything changes, omnipresence provide information of
location, physical or atmospheric conditions of an
object and optimization illustrates the facts that today’s
objects are more than just connection to network of
human operators at human-machine interface. The
value chain should be intelligent, agile and networked
by integrating physical objects, human factors,
intelligent machines, smart sensors, production process
and production lines together across the boundaries of
organization. Software and data are key elements for
intelligent planning and control of machines and
factories of the future.
E.g., In the case of storage in warehouses,
intelligent shelving and pallets will become the driving
force of modern inventory management. In respect of
the carriage of goods tracking and tracing becomes
faster, more precise and safer.

2.6 Cyber security and Cyber Physical

Systems (CPS)
With the increased connectivity and use of
standard communications protocols that come with
Industry 4.0, the need to protect critical industrial
systems and manufacturing lines from cyber security
threats increases dramatically. As a result, secure,
reliable communications as well as sophisticated
identity and access management of machines and users
are essential. The strong connection of the physical, the
service and the digital world can improve the quality of
information required for planning, optimization and
operation of manufacturing systems. The term CPS has
been defined as the systems in which natural and human
made systems (physical space) are 15 tightly integrated
with computation, communication and control systems
(cyber space). Decentralization and autonomous
behaviour of the production process are main
characteristics of CPS. The evolution of CPS mainly
depends on the adoption and reconfiguration of product
structures Supply Networks considered as Collaborative
Cyber physical systems which are used in
Manufacturing systems as well as different cyber
physical systems like city traffic control and control
systems. The continuous interchanging of data is carried
out by linking cyber physical systems intelligently with
the help of cloud systems in real time. Digital Shadow
of Production is defined as the representation of
physical object in virtual or information world. The
basic requirement of real time-oriented manufacturing
operation and optimization of actual production system
is achieved by massive considerations of cyber physical
systems. Use of proper sensors in CPS should find out
the failure occurring in machines and automatically
prepare for fault repair actions on CPS. Also finds the
optimum utilization of each work station with the help
of cycle time required for the operation performed on
that station. The 5C structure uses cloud computing to
communicate with the machines (machine with machine
or human with machine).
E.g., The smart vehicle is a typical Cyber-
Physical System combined production to represent the
development of Industry 4.0. With this production, a
data mining method is used for the route prediction,
which achieves 80% prediction accuracy.

2.7 The Cloud (Cloud Computing)

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Cloud-based IT-platform serves as a technical
backbone for the connection and communication of
manifold elements of the Application Centre Industry
4.0. With industry 4.0, organization needs increased
data sharing across the sites and companies i.e.,
achieving the reaction times in milliseconds or even
faster. “Digital production” is a concept of having the
connections of different devices to same cloud to share 4
information to one another and can be extended to set of
machines from a shop floor as well as the entire plant.

2.8 Additive Manufacturing

With Industry 4.0, additive-manufacturing
methods will be widely used to produce small batches
of customized products that offer construction
advantages, such as complex, lightweight designs.
High-performance, decentralized additive
manufacturing systems will reduce transport distances
and stock on hand. The production should be faster and
cheaper with the use of additive manufacturing
technologies like fused deposition method (FDM),
selective laser melting (SLM), and selective laser
sintering (SLS). As the needs of customer is changing
continuously the challenge of increasing
individualization of products and reducing time to
market are faced by many companies. These challenges
they encounter in particular with increasing digitization,
IT penetration and networking of products,
manufacturing resources and processes. Decreasing
product life cycles in combination with the growing
demand of customized products asks for the further
transformation towards organization17
structures which
lead to increased complexity.
E.g., Cars of the same model are offered with
many variations in engine, bodywork and equipment; all
this in order to better meet the needs of increasingly
informed and demanding customers.

2.9 Augmented Reality

Augmented reality-based systems support a

variety of services, such as selecting parts in a
warehouse and sending repair instructions over mobile
devices. Industry can use of augmented reality to
provide workers with real-time information to improve
decision making and work procedures. Workers may
receive repair instructions on how to replace a particular
part as they are looking at the actual system needing
repair.
E.g., A helicopter stuck in remote place in
Africa need to deliver food. The next mechanic is some
17 flight hours away and need helicopter back in air
within 2 hours. With the help of augmented reality glass
on the pilot’s head connected to central computer that
would know every detail about chopper. The repair
action is performed with the help of augmented reality
glass.

3. Issues and Challenges in Industry 4.0 -

The discovery of new technologies has made
industry development from the early adoption of
mechanical systems to today’s highly automated
assembly lines, in order to be responsive and adaptive
to current dynamic market requirements and demands.
Challenges like embedment, predictability, flexibility
and robustness to unexpected conditions.
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some challenges and fundamental issues occurs during
the implementation of industry 4.0 in the current
manufacturing industries are given as
• Intelligent Decision-Making and Negotiation
Mechanism: In smart manufacturing system
needs more autonomy and sociality capabilities as
key factors of self organized systems whereas the
today’s system has 3C Capabilities i.e., lack of
autonomy in the systems.
• Manufacturing Specific Big Data and Analytics:
It is a challenge to ensure high quality and
integrity of the data recorded from manufacturing
system. The annotations of the data entities are
very diverse and it is an increasing challenge to
incorporate diverse data repositories with
different semantics for advanced data analytics.
• System Modelling and Analysis: In system
modelling, to reduce dynamical equations and
conclude appropriate control model, systems
should be modelled as self-organized
manufacturing system. The research is still going
on for complex system.
• Cyber Security: With the increased connectivity
and use of standard communications protocols
that come with Industry 4.0, the need to protect
critical industrial systems and manufacturing
lines and system data from cyber security threats
increases dramatically.
• Modularized and Flexible Physical Artefacts:
When processing a product, Equipment for
machining or testing should be grouped and
worked together for distributed decision making.
So, there is a need of creating modularized and
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smart conveying unit that can dynamically
reconfigure the production routes.
• Investment Issues: Investment issue is rather
general issue for most of new technology-based
initiatives in manufacturing. The significant
investment is required for implementing industry
4.0 is an SME (Small and Medium Enterprises)
initially. The implementation of all the pillar of
industry 4.0 requires huge amount of investment
for an industry.
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4. Conclusion and Future scope –
The paper is mainly focused on the concept of
fourth industrial revolution, called Industry 4.0 which
allows smart, efficient, effective, individualized and
customized production at reasonable cost. With the help
of faster computers, smarter machines, smaller sensors,
cheaper data storage and transmission could make
machines and products smarter to communicate with
each and learn from each other. The nine pillars of
industry 4.0 explained with the examples to understand
the application of Industry 4.0 as well as used to identify
the challenges and issues with the implementation of
Industry 4.0. As the implementation of the industry 4.0
increases new research streams should be discovered
like transparent and organized supply chain and
industrial management, Data collection from the
production lines and optimization of that data for the use
of effective machines, Energy Saving and Optimized
maintenance scheduling. The term Industry 5.0 has been
introduced to the research areas which are considered as
next industrial revolution, but it is more systematic
transformation that includes impact on civil society,
governance and structures, and human identity in
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addition to solely economic/ manufacturing.
 CYBER PHYSICAL SYSTEM

A cyber-physical system (CPS) is a system of collaborating

computational elements controlling physical entities. CPS are
physical and engineered systems whose operations are monitored,
coordinated, controlled and integrated by a computing and
communication core. They allow us to add capabilities to physical
systems by merging computing and communication with physical
processes.
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SIX DESIGN PRINCIPLES:

►Interoperability: the ability of cyber-physical systems (i.e.
work piece carriers, assembly stations and products), humans
and Smart Factories to connect and communicate with each
other via the Internet of Things and the Internet of Services
►Virtualization: a virtual copy of the Smart Factory which is
created by linking sensor data (from monitoring physical
processes) with virtual plant models and simulation models
►Decentralization: the ability of cyber-physical systems within
Smart Factories to make decisions on their own
►Real-Time Capability: the capability to collect and analyze
data and provide the insights immediately
►Service Orientation: offering of services (of cyber-physical
systems, humans and Smart Factories) via the Internet of
Services
►Modularity: flexible adaptation of Smart Factories for
changing requirements of individual modules

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 JAMES WEBB TELESCOPE

INTRODUCTION

 The James Webb Space Telescope,

The James Webb Space Telescope, also called Webb or

JWST, is a large, space-based observatory, optimized for
infrared wavelengths, which will complement and
extend the discoveries of the Hubble Space Telescope. It
will have longer wavelength 23coverage and greatly
improved sensitivity. The longer wavelengths enable
Webb to look further back in time to find the first
galaxies that formed in the early Universe, and to peer
inside dust clouds where stars and planetary systems are
forming today. It is scheduled for launch in 2013.

 This space-based observatory is named after James E.

Webb (1906- 1992), NASA's second administrator.
Webb is best known for leading Apollo, a series of
lunar exploration programs that landed the first
humans on the Moon. However, he also initiated a
vigorous space science program that was responsible
for more than 75 launches during his tenure, including
America's first interplanetary explorers.

HOW WILL WEBB BE BETTER?

 Webb is designed to look deeper into space to see the

earliest stars and galaxies that formed in the Universe
and to look deep into nearby dust clouds to study the
formation of stars and planets. In order to do this,
Webb will have a much larger primary mirror than
Hubble (2.5 times larger in diameter, or about 6 times
larger in area), giving it more light-gathering power. It
also will have infrared instruments with longer
wavelength coverage and greatly improved sensitivity
than Hubble. Finally, Webb will operate much farther
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from Earth, maintaining its extremely cold operating
temperature, stable pointing and higher observing
 efficiency than with the Earth-orbiting Hubble.

HOW LONG IT WILL WORK?

 Webb will have a mission lifetime of not less than 5-

1/2 years after launch, with the goal of having a
lifetime greater than 10 years. The lifetime is limited
by the amount of fuel used for maintaining the orbit,
and by the testing and redundancy that ensures that
everything on the spacecraft will work. Webb will
carry fuel for a 10-year lifetime; the project will do
mission assurance testing to guarantee 5 years of
scientific operations starting at the end of the
commissioning period 6 months after launch.

SERVICING WEBB:

 Hubble is in low-Earth orbit, located approximately

600 kilometers away from the Earth, and is therefore
readily accessible for servicing using the Space
Shuttle. Webb will be operated at the second Sun-Earth
Lagrange point, located approximately 1.5 million
kilometers away from the Earth, and will therefore be
beyond the reach of any manned vehicle currently
being planned for the next decade. In the early days of
the Webb project, studies were conducted to evaluate
the benefits, practicality and cost of servicing Webb
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either by human space flight, by robotic missions, or
by some combination such as retrieval to low-Earth
 orbit. Those studies concluded that the potential
benefits of servicing do not offset the increases in
mission complexity, mass and cost that would be
required to make Webb serviceable, or to conduct the
servicing mission itself.

SIZE OF THE WEBB:

The diameter of the primary mirror, will be about 6.5

meters (21 feet) for Webb. This is about 2.7 times larger
than the diameter of Hubble, or about 6 times larger in area.
The Webb will have a mass of approximately 6,500 kg,
with a weight of 14,300 lbs on Earth (in orbit, everything is
weightless), a little more than half the mass of Hubble.

COMMUNICATION:

 The Webb will send science and engineering data to

Earth using a high frequency radio transmitter. Large
radio antennas that are part of the NASA Deep Space
Network will receive the signals and forward them to
the Webb Science and Operation Center at the Space
Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland,
USA.

ORBIT:

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 Webb is going to the second Lagrange (L2) point,
which is 1 million miles (1.5 million km) away from
 Earth, and it just takes a while to travel such a distance.
During the trip to L2, Webb will be fully deployed,
will cool down to its operating temperature, and its
systems will begin to be checked out and adjusted.
These commissioning procedures will continue until 6
months after launch, at which point routine scientific
operations will begin.
 Webb will observe primarily the infrared light from
faint and very distant objects. To avoid swamping the
very faint astronomical signals with radiation from the
telescope, the telescope and its instruments must be
very cold.
 Webb's operating temperature is less than 50 degrees
above absolute zero: 50 Kelvin, (-225 Celcius, or -370
deg F). Therefore, Webb has a large shield that blocks
the light from the Sun, Earth, and Moon, which
otherwise would heat up the telescope, and interfere
with the observations. To have this work, Webb will be
in an orbit where all three of these objects are in about
the same direction; the second Lagrange point (L2) of
the Sun-Earth system has this property.

HOW FAR WILL WEBB LOOK?

 One of the main goals of Webb is to detect some of the

very first star formation in the Universe. This is
thought to happen somewhere between redshift 15 and
30. At those redshifts, the Universe was only one or
two percent of its current age.
27 The Universe is now
13.7 billion years old, and these redshifts correspond to
100 to 250 million years after the Big Bang. The light
from the first galaxies has traveled for about 13.5
billion years, over a distance of 13.5 billion light-years.

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THANK YOU

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