ґȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗ͑Ƅф́ֆʊѸфľ́
´ֆѠϘ´ƄѠҽġ‫ͅل‬ʊ̞̞ƄѠʊʊ٤ՠѸȍɗ͑ǣҡΎ͑٧

ґľԮľф́ɗ̲ЙΎфҡ͑ҡȍɗѸҡΎфɗľѸΎƸľф́ֆʊфΎ͑kǣľʊѸфľ́ȍԮľЙЙľфľĀɗ͑фľËľ͑ҡ
ֆľфѸ‫ل‬؉ҽȍľѸľЙфΎԮɗĀľĀфËȍľΎ́ΎǣɗË́́ֆ‫¡ڎ‬ѸľĀфľËΎ͑ѸҡфӕËҡɗΎ͑ѸΎƸľф́ֆʊѸф‫ڎ‬
ľ́ɗҡľѸΎËɗľҡֆ͑ĀľËΎ͑Ύ̲ɗËѸٍҡҡľ͑ҡɗԮľҡΎËΎ͑͑ľËҡɗΎ͑ѸՓɗҡȍҡȍľ¡ɗ¡́ɗË́ҡľիҡ‫ل‬
֤ľҡ ҡȍľ ٘фľ́ҡɗԮľ́ֆ ƸľՓٍ ȍɗǣȍ́ֆ ËΎ̲Й́ľի ͑Ā ̲¡ɗǣӕɗҡֆ‫ڎ‬фɗĀĀľ͑ ËΎ͑ËľЙҡѸ
фΎӕ͑Ā ՓȍɗËȍ ҡȍľ ѸΎËɗ́ Ύфǣ͑ɗ‫׀‬ҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ  Ëӕ́ҡӕфľ фľԮΎ́ԮľѸ ͑Ā ҡȍľ ľ̲Ύ‫ڎ‬
ҡɗΎ͑́ ͑Ā ɗ͑ҡľ́́ľËҡӕ́ ľ͑ľфǣֆ ΎƸ ɗҡѸ ̲ľ̲¡ľфѸ ɗѸ ́фǣľ́ֆ ѸЙľ͑ҡٚ، ȍԮľ ¡ľľ͑
́фǣľ́ֆ ɗǣ͑ΎфľĀ‫ ل‬ҽȍҡ ɗѸٍ фľ́ɗǣɗΎٍ͑ ¡фΎĀ́ֆ ĀľƸɗ͑ľĀٍ ȍѸ ¡ľľ͑ ƸΎф ҡȍľ ̲ΎѸҡ
Йфҡ́ľƸҡҡΎҡȍľѸҡӕĀֆΎƸҡȍľҡľիҡ́Ύ͑ľ‫ل‬
 kфËȍľΎ́Ύǣֆٍ ɗ͑ ɗҡѸ ѸҡӕĀֆ ΎƸ ̲ҡľфɗ́ Ëӕ́ҡӕфľٍ ɗѸ Ύ͑ľ ΎƸ ҡȍľ фľ͑Ѹ ɗ͑
ՓȍɗËȍËӕ́ҡӕфľ͑ĀѸΎËɗ́́ɗƸľ̲ΎѸҡΎ¡ԮɗΎӕѸ́ֆ͑ĀѸɗǣ͑ɗƸɗË͑ҡ́ֆɗ͑ҡľфѸľËҡ‫ل‬ḱ́
фҡɗƸËҡѸȍԮľѸֆ̲¡Ύ́ɗËٍɗĀľΎ́ΎǣɗË́ѸɗĀľ‫ڐ‬ĀɗѸҡɗ͑ËҡËËΎфĀɗ͑ǣҡΎËΎ͑ҡľիҡɗ͑
̲ΎѸҡËѸľѸ‫͑ڐ‬ĀɗĀľΎ́ΎǣֆĀΎľѸ͑ΎҡľիɗѸҡɗ͑ĀľЙľ͑Āľ͑ҡ́ֆΎƸ̲ҡľфɗ́Ëӕ́ҡӕфľ‫ؐل‬
ͅΎфľΎԮľфٍфËȍľΎ́ΎǣֆɗѸѸӕɗҡľĀҡΎ٘фľĀɗ͑ǣٚҡȍľ̲ҡľфɗ́Ëӕ́ҡӕфľѸҡľիҡٍƸΎф
ӕ͑ĀľфѸҡ͑Āɗ͑ǣҡȍҡɗĀľΎ́ΎǣɗË́ѸɗĀľΎƸфҡɗƸËҡѸ‫ل‬ҽȍľ٘ȍľԮֆѸֆ̲¡Ύ́ɗËٍѸľ̲ɗ‫ڎ‬
ΎҡɗË́ΎĀɗ͑ǣΎƸфҡɗƸËҡѸ͑ĀҡȍľфҡɗƸËҡӕ́ЙфΎËľѸѸȍľ́ЙѸΎ͑ľҡΎӕ͑ĀľфѸҡ͑Ā

؉
Ԇ‫ד ل‬Փɗ͑ǣľ͑¡ľфǣľфٍ Dorfkultur der frühen Eisenzeit in Mittelpalästina ٤Ϙ´Ϙ ؉‫آ‬؆ٌ
Ǿάҡҡɗ͑ǣľ͑‫ و‬Ո͑Āľ͑ȍΎľË˔ ͑Ā ѠӕЙфľËȍҡٍ ،؆؆؉٧ٌ ͮΎф̲͑ ˫‫ ل‬ǾΎҡҡՓ́Āٍ Politics of
Ancient Israel ٤̞ΎӕɗѸԮɗ́́ľ‫و‬ՠľѸҡ̲ɗ͑ѸҡľфˇΎȍ͑˫͑Ύիٍ،؆؆؉٧ٍ؉،ٌͅ‫̞ل‬ɗԮľф͑ɗٍIsrael’s
History and the History of Israel ٤´ɗ¡́ľՠΎф́Ā ‫̞ ٌآ‬Ύ͑ĀΎ͑‫ و‬Ƅнӕɗ͑Ύի ´ΎΎ˔Ѹٍ ،؆؆‫ؗ‬٧‫ل‬
ҽȍфΎӕǣȍΎӕҡҡȍɗѸľѸѸֆٍʊƸфľľ́ֆҡҡËȍҡȍľ́¡ľ́٘ʊѸфľ́ٚҡΎҡȍľʊфΎ͑ʊȍɗǣȍ́͑ĀѸΎƸ
Ь́ľѸҡɗ͑ľٍ ƸΎф фľѸΎ͑Ѹ ЙфľѸľ͑ҡľĀ ҡȍΎфΎӕǣȍ́ֆ ɗ͑ ѠΎ¡ľфҡ ġ‫ͅ ل‬ɗ́́ľф ʊʊٍ ٘ʊĀľ͑ҡɗƸֆɗ͑ǣ
Ƅф́ɗľѸҡ ʊѸфľٍ́ٚ Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research ؐؐؐ ٤،؆؆ؓ٧‫و‬
‫ٌ͑آ؜ڎؗؗ‬ĀфľɗҡľфҡľĀɗ͑Ѡ‫́˫׀‬ľҡҡľфٍ٘æ͑ЬфΎҡΎ‫ڎ‬ʊѸфľ́ɗҡľЬ́ľѸľґҡ͑ĀԆЙ‫ظ‬ٚɗ͑I
Will Speak in Riddles of Ancient Timesٍ ľĀ‫ ل‬kфľ͑ ͅ‫ͅ ل‬ɗľф ͑Ā Ьɗľффľ Āľ ͅɗфΎ‫ڎ‬
ѸËȍľĀʮɗ٤ՠɗ͑Ύ̞͑˔ľ‫و‬ƄɗѸľ͑¡фӕ͑Ѹٍ،؆؆‫ؗ‬٧ٍ‫آؗ‬؉‫آڎ‬،‫ل‬ǗΎфĀɗѸѸľ͑ҡɗ͑ǣԮɗľՓѸٍѸľľkԮ‫ڎ‬
фȍ̲ǗӕѸҡٍ٘Ǘф̲ѸҡľĀѸɗ͑ҡȍľǗΎΎҡȍɗ́́ѸΎƸՠľѸҡľф͑ґ̲фɗٍٚɗ͑I Will Speak in
Riddles of Ancient Timesٍ ľĀ‫ ل‬kфľ͑ ͅ‫ͅ ل‬ɗľф ͑Ā Ьɗľффľ Āľ ͅɗфΎѸËȍľĀʮɗ ٤ՠɗ͑Ύ͑
̞˔ľ‫و‬ƄɗѸľ͑¡фӕ͑Ѹٍ،؆؆‫ؗ‬٧ٍؓ‫ل؜إٍؓؓإ‬
،
 ̞‫ل‬ЬΎ́͑ֆɗٍ٘ՠȍҡґҡΎфɗľѸæ͑ҽľ́́ԆѸk¡Ύӕҡҽȍľɗфҽľ́́ľфٔѸՠΎф́ĀٍٚPoetics Today
،٤؉‫آإ‬؉٧‫لإإو‬
ؐ
 ˫ҡȍľфɗ͑ľk‫´ل‬фĀٍ٘ҽΎՓфĀ͑ʊ͑ҡľфЙфľҡҡɗΎ͑ΎƸҡȍľфΎ́ľΎƸʊĀľΎ́Ύǣֆɗ͑ҡȍľƄԮΎ‫ڎ‬
́ӕҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ æΎ̲Й́ľի ґΎËɗľҡֆ ɗ͑ ƄǣֆЙҡٍٚ Journal of Anthropological Archaeology ؉؉
٤؉‫إإ‬،٧‫ٌؓͅڎؐو‬ΎффɗѸٍArchaeology as Cultural Historyٍ،‫ٌ؜‬Ƅ‫׀‬ф´‫ل‬ՠ‫דل‬ӕ¡фΎՓٍ٘æΎǣ‫ڎ‬
͑ɗҡɗԮľ kфËȍľΎ́Ύǣֆ ѠľËΎ͑ѸɗĀľфľĀٍٚ ɗ͑ Ancient Mindٍ ľĀ‫ ل‬æΎ́ɗ͑ Ѡľ͑ƸфľՓ ͑Ā Ƅ‫׀‬ф
´‫ ل‬ՠ‫ד ل‬ӕ¡фΎՓ ٤ͮľՓ ġɗфľËҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ɗ͑ kфËȍľΎ́Ύǣֆٌ æ̲¡фɗĀǣľ‫ و‬Ԇ͑ɗԮľфѸɗҡֆٍ ؉‫ؓإإ‬٧ٍ
؉‫لإآ‬
ؐ؉؆ Ѡ‫ل‬ġ‫ͅل‬ɗ́́ľфʊʊ 

ҡȍľ́фǣľфٚËӕ́ҡӕфľ‫ؓل‬kфËȍľΎ́ΎǣֆٍҡȍľфľƸΎфľٍË͑¡ľ˔ľֆфľѸΎӕфËľɗ͑фľËΎ͑‫ڎ‬
ѸҡфӕËҡɗ͑ǣľф́ֆʊѸфľ́ɗҡľфľ́ɗǣɗΎ͑‫ل‬
 ҽȍľ фËȍľΎ́Ύǣֆ ΎƸ фľ́ɗǣɗΎ͑ Փɗ́́ ɗ͑Ë́ӕĀľ ¡Ύҡȍ фËȍɗҡľËҡӕфľ ΎƸ ѸЙľËɗ́
Й́ËľѸ͑ĀҡȍľфҡɗƸËҡѸѸѸΎËɗҡľĀՓɗҡȍѸӕËȍЙ́ËľѸ‫ل‬ґɗǣ͑ɗƸɗË͑ҡ́ѸΎՓɗ́́¡ľ
̲Ύфҡӕфֆɗ͑ƸΎф̲ҡɗΎٍ͑ɗ͑ĀɗËҡɗԮľΎƸɗĀľΎ́Ύǣֆ̲ӕËȍ́ɗ˔ľËΎ͑ҡľ̲ЙΎффֆҡľիҡѸ‫ؗل‬
kĀĀɗҡɗΎ͑́́ֆٍ ٘ґЙËľ ɗѸ ЙфËҡɗËľ ٤ΎӕфľԮľфֆĀֆ ËҡɗΎ͑Ѹ٧ٌ ɗҡ ɗѸ ́ѸΎ Ѹֆ̲¡Ύ́‫ل‬ٚ‫؜‬
٘ҽȍľѸҡфӕËҡӕфɗ͑ǣΎƸѸЙËľɗ͑ËΎфЙΎфҡľѸËΎѸ̲Ύ́ΎǣɗË́͑ĀѸֆ̲¡Ύ́ɗËЙфɗ͑ËɗЙ́ľѸ
ɗ͑ ̲͑ֆ ѸɗҡӕҡɗΎ͑Ѹ‫ل‬ٚ‫ ؟‬ѠľǣɗΎ͑́ Ѹľҡҡ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡ Йҡҡľф͑Ѹ фľ ͑Ύҡ фËȍľΎ́ΎǣɗË́
ËΎффľ́ҡľѸΎƸЙфҡɗËӕ́фѸΎËɗ́ѸֆѸҡľ̲Ѹ¡ӕҡ̲ľ͑ѸΎƸѸɗҡӕҡɗ͑ǣҡȍľËΎ͑ҡфΎ́ΎƸ
ҡȍľËΎ̲̲ӕ͑ɗҡֆΎԮľффľѸΎӕфËľѸҡȍҡΎЙľфҡľΎ͑Й́ËľѸٍЙҡȍѸٍΎфΎԮľффľѸΎƸ
ǣфΎӕ͑Ā ѸӕфƸËľ‫ آل‬ґЙËľ ɗѸ ٘ËҡľǣΎфɗË́́ֆ ĀľƸɗ͑ľĀٚ ¡ֆ ȍӕ̲͑ ËҡΎфѸ‫٘ إل‬ՠȍҡ
ՓľՓΎӕ́ĀĀľѸɗǣ͑ҡľreligionՓѸЙфľѸľ͑ҡɗ͑ҡȍľËӕ́ҡӕф́ЙфËҡɗËľѸٍЙфľĀɗËҡľĀ
Ύ͑ѸȍфľĀ̲ľ͑ɗ͑ǣѸΎƸ́͑Ā͑Ā˔ɗ͑ѸȍɗЙٍҡȍҡѸȍЙľĀҡȍľѸΎËɗ́ΎËËѸɗΎ͑ѸΎƸ
ľф́ֆʊѸфľ́ɗҡľѸľҡҡ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡѸ‫ل‬ٚ؉؆ՠľѸȍ́́фľҡӕф͑ҡΎËΎ͑ËľЙҡӕ́́͑ĀѸËЙľѸȍΎфҡ‫ڎ‬
́ֆٍ¡ӕҡƸɗфѸҡՓľՓɗ́́¡ľ̲ΎфľѸЙľËɗƸɗËٍƸΎËӕѸɗ͑ǣΎ͑ҡȍľфËȍɗҡľËҡӕфľΎƸѸЙľËɗ́
Й́ËľѸ͑ĀҡȍľфҡɗƸËҡѸѸѸΎËɗҡľĀՓɗҡȍѸӕËȍЙ́ËľѸɗ͑ҡȍľʊфΎ͑ʊЙľфɗΎĀ‫ل‬
 Ѡҡȍľф ҡȍ͑ Ѹɗ̲Й́ֆ Ëҡ́Ύǣٍ Փľ ̲ӕѸҡ ľիЙ́ɗ͑ ҡȍľ фľ́ɗǣɗΎ͑ ƸфΎ̲ ҡȍľ фҡɗ‫ڎ‬
ƸËҡѸ‫ل‬Ϙ͑ľËΎӕ́ĀľѸɗ́ֆѸѸӕ̲ľҡȍľ¡ɗ¡́ɗË́ҡľիҡЙфΎԮɗĀľѸѸӕËȍ͑ɗ͑ҡľфЙфľҡ‫ڎ‬
ҡɗΎٌ͑ɗҡՓΎӕ́Ā¡ľ̲ΎѸҡĀɗƸƸɗËӕ́ҡҡΎЙфΎԮľҡȍҡɗҡĀΎľѸ͑Ύҡ‫´ل‬ӕҡѸӕËȍɗ͑ƸΎф̲‫ڎ‬
ҡɗΎ͑ɗѸɗ͑ľիҡфɗË¡́ֆ¡Ύӕ͑ĀՓɗҡȍҡȍɗË˔Ëӕ́ҡӕф́ËΎ͑ËľЙҡѸٍɗ͑ҡľ͑ҡɗΎ͑Ѹٍ͑ĀËΎ͑‫ڎ‬
Ëľф͑ѸΎƸҡȍľӕҡȍΎфٔѸΎՓ͑ЙľфɗΎĀ͑ĀΎƸ̲͑ֆΎҡȍľфѸ¡ľƸΎфľȍɗѸҡɗ̲ľ‫ل‬؉؉ҽȍľ
¡ɗ¡́ɗË́ ҡľիҡ Ë͑͑Ύҡ ¡ľ ӕѸľĀ Ѹ  ĀɗфľËҡ ѸΎӕфËľ ƸΎф фľËΎ͑ѸҡфӕËҡɗ͑ǣ Ëӕ́ҡӕф́

ؓ
 ЬľҡľфǾ‫ل‬ѠΎľٍ٘ґҡֆ́ľٍґΎËɗľҡֆٍͅֆҡȍٍ͑ĀґҡфӕËҡӕфľٍٚɗ͑Style, Society, and Person,
ľĀ‫ ل‬æȍфɗѸҡΎЙȍľф æфф ͑Ā ˇɗ́́ Ƅ‫ͮ ل‬ľɗҡ‫׀‬ľ́ ٤ʊ͑ҡľфĀɗѸËɗЙ́ɗ͑фֆ æΎ͑ҡфɗ¡ӕҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ҡΎ kф‫ڎ‬
ËȍľΎ́ΎǣֆٌͮľՓ֤Ύф˔‫و‬Ь́ľ͑ӕٍ̲؉‫ؗإإ‬٧ٍ‫لإؗ‬
‫ؗ‬
 ˇΎȍ͑ ͅ‫ ل‬Ϙٔґȍľٍ Mortuary Variability ٤ͮľՓ ֤Ύф˔‫ و‬kËĀľ̲ɗËٍ ؉‫ؓآإ‬٧ٍ ؉‫´ ٌآ‬фĀٍ
٘ҽΎՓфĀ͑ʊ͑ҡľфЙфľҡҡɗΎٍ͑ٚؐ‫ل‬
‫؜‬
 ͅɗ˔ľЬф˔ľфЬľфѸΎ͑͑ĀæΎ́ɗ͑ѠɗËȍфĀѸٍ٘ϘфĀľфɗ͑ǣҡȍľՠΎф́Āٍٚɗ͑Architecture &
Order٤ͅҡľфɗ́æӕ́ҡӕфľѸ‫ٌ̞ؗ‬Ύ͑ĀΎ͑‫و‬ѠΎӕҡ́ľĀǣľٍ؉‫إإإ‬٧ٍ‫ˇٌؗ‬Ύȍ͑͑ľѸǗ¡ɗٍ͑Time
and the Other٤ͮľՓ֤Ύф˔‫و‬æΎ́ӕ̲¡ɗԆ͑ɗԮľфѸɗҡֆٍ،؆؆،٧ٍ؉؉؉‫ل‬
‫؟‬
 ͅɗ˔ľ Ьф˔ľф ЬľфѸΎ͑ ͑Ā æΎ́ɗ͑ ѠɗËȍфĀѸٍ ٘kфËȍɗҡľËҡӕфľ ͑Ā ϘфĀľфٍٚ ɗ͑ Architec-
ture & Order٤ͅҡľфɗ́æӕ́ҡӕфľѸ‫ٌ̞ؗ‬Ύ͑ĀΎ͑‫و‬ѠΎӕҡ́ľĀǣľٍ؉‫إإإ‬٧ٍؐ‫لآ‬
‫آ‬
 ѠΎ͑́Ā ˇ‫ͮ ل‬Ѹȍٍ ٘kфËȍľҡֆЙ́ ̞͑ĀѸËЙľѸ ͑Ā ҡȍľ ʊ͑ҡľфЙфľҡҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ ͅľ͑ɗ͑ǣٍٚ
Cambridge Archaeological Journal ‫؟‬٤؉‫؟إإ‬٧‫ل؟ؗو‬
‫إ‬
 Ƅ‫׀‬ф´‫ل‬ՠ‫דل‬ӕ¡фΎՓٍ٘˫͑ΎՓ́ľĀǣľѠľЙфľѸľ͑ҡҡɗΎٍ͑ٚɗ͑Ancient MindٍľĀ‫ل‬æΎ́ɗ͑Ѡľ͑‫ڎ‬
ƸфľՓ ͑Ā Ƅ‫׀‬ф ´‫ ل‬ՠ‫ד ل‬ӕ¡фΎՓ ٤ͮľՓ ġɗфľËҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ɗ͑ kфËȍľΎ́Ύǣֆٌ æ̲¡фɗĀǣľ‫ و‬Ԇ͑ɗ‫ڎ‬
ԮľфѸɗҡֆٍ؉‫ؓإإ‬٧ٍ؉؉ؓ‫ل‬
؉؆
 æфΎ́ ͅľֆľфѸٍ ٘Ǘ̲ɗ́ֆ ɗ͑ Ƅф́ֆ ʊѸфľٍ́ٚ ɗ͑ Families in Ancient Israelٍ ľĀ‫̞ ل‬ľΎ Ǿ‫ل‬
ЬľфĀӕľٍˇΎѸľЙȍ´́ľ͑˔ɗ͑ѸΎЙЙٍˇΎȍ͑ˇ‫ل‬æΎ́́ɗ͑Ѹٍ͑ĀæфΎ́ͅľֆľфѸ٤̞ΎӕɗѸԮɗ́́ľ‫و‬ՠľѸҡ‫ڎ‬
̲ɗ͑ѸҡľфˇΎȍ͑˫͑Ύիٍ؉‫؟إإ‬٧ٍؓ؆‫ل‬
؉؉
 ՠɗ́́ɗ̲Ǿ‫ل‬ġľԮľфٍ٘Ьȍɗ́Ύ́ΎǣֆٍҽȍľΎ́Ύǣֆٍ͑ĀkфËȍľΎ́Ύǣֆٍٚɗ͑Archaeology of Is-
raelٍ ľĀ‫ͮ ل‬ľɗ́ k‫ ل‬ґɗ́¡ľф̲͑ ͑Ā ġ‫ ل‬ґ̲́́ ٤ˇΎӕф͑́ ƸΎф ҡȍľ ґҡӕĀֆ ΎƸ ҡȍľ Ϙ́Ā ҽľѸ‫ڎ‬
ҡ̲ľ͑ҡґӕЙЙ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡ،ؐ‫ٌ؟‬ґȍľƸƸɗľ́Ā‫و‬ґȍľƸƸɗľ́ĀkËĀľ̲ɗËЬфľѸѸٍ؉‫؟إإ‬٧ٍ،‫لآإ‬
 ґȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗ͑Ƅф́ֆʊѸфľ́ ؐ؉؉

ËΎ͑ËľЙҡѸ‫ل‬ǾɗԮľ͑ҡȍľ͑ľфɗ̲ЙΎѸѸɗ¡ɗ́ɗҡֆΎƸɗĀľ͑ҡɗƸֆɗ͑ǣҡľիҡѸΎƸѸЙľËɗƸɗËҡɗ̲ľ‫ڎ‬
Ƹф̲ľٍ́ľҡӕѸľիЙ́ɗ͑ҡȍľфҡɗƸËҡӕ́ľԮɗĀľ͑Ëľ¡ֆľҡȍ͑ΎǣфЙȍɗË͑́Ύǣֆ‫٘ل‬ҽȍľ
ËΎ̲ЙфҡɗԮľ ЙЙфΎËȍ ĀΎľѸ ͑Ύҡ ľ͑ҡɗٍ́  ЙфɗΎфɗٍ ͑ֆ ɗĀľ͑ҡɗƸɗËҡɗΎٍ͑ Ƹӕ́́ Ύф
Йфҡɗٍ́ ΎƸ ҡȍľ Йȍľ͑Ύ̲ľ͑ Ύф ĀľԮľ́ΎЙ̲ľ͑ҡѸ ՓȍɗËȍ фľ ¡ľɗ͑ǣ ËΎ̲ЙфľĀ‫ل‬ٚ؉،
´ӕҡٍ٘фľËΎ͑ѸҡфӕËҡɗΎ͑ѸË͑͑Ύҡ¡ľËȍɗľԮľĀՓɗҡȍΎӕҡҡȍľȍľ́ЙΎƸҡȍľËΎ̲Йф‫ڎ‬
ҡɗԮľ̲ľҡȍΎĀٍٚ؉ؐ͑ĀѸˇΎ͑ҡȍ͑ґ̲ɗҡȍфľ̲ɗ͑ĀľĀӕѸɗ͑ȍɗѸґ´̞ЬфľѸɗĀľ͑ҡɗ́
kĀĀфľѸѸ́Ѹҡֆľфٍ٘ѠľƸӕѸ́ҡΎ¡ľËΎ̲ЙфҡɗԮľËфΎѸѸË͑Ύ͑ѸɗѸɗффľѸЙΎ͑Ѹɗ¡́ľ
¡ɗ¡́ɗË́ѸËȍΎ́фѸȍɗЙ‫ل‬ٚ؉ؓՠľË͑͑ΎҡѸɗ̲Й́ֆ٘ҡҡľ̲Йҡٍ¡ֆɗ͑ĀӕËҡɗԮľٍľ̲ЙɗфɗËɗѸҡ
фľѸľфËȍ ҡΎ ɗ͑Ƹľф ҡȍľ фľ́ɗǣɗΎ͑ ΎƸ ľф́ֆ ʊѸфľ́ ƸфΎ̲ ѸӕЙЙΎѸľĀ́ֆ Ύ¡ʮľËҡɗԮľ ф‫ڎ‬
ËȍľΎ́ΎǣɗË́ Āҡٌ ‫͑ ه‬Ύ ̲ҡҡľф ȍΎՓ َΎ¡ʮľËҡɗԮľٔ  фľѸľфËȍľф ҡфɗľѸ ҡΎ ¡ľ Ύф
ȍΎՓՓľ́́ȍľΎфѸȍľ˔͑ΎՓѸҡȍľĀҡٍҡȍľ̲ľҡȍΎĀЙфΎĀӕËľѸΎ͑́ֆ͑ɗ́́ӕѸɗΎ͑ΎƸ
Ύ¡ʮľËҡɗԮɗҡֆ͑Āɗ͑ľԮɗҡ¡ɗ́ɗҡֆ‫ل‬ٚ؉‫ؗ‬
 Ƅҡȍ͑ΎǣфЙȍɗË͑́ΎǣֆՓɗ́́ЙфΎԮɗĀľľիЙ́͑ҡɗΎ͑ΎƸҡȍľфËȍľΎ́ΎǣɗË́фľ‫ڎ‬
́ɗ‫´ل‬ӕҡΎ͑ľѸȍΎӕ́ĀËËľЙҡҡȍľѸľ͑́ΎǣɗľѸ͑Ύҡ ̲ľфľ́ֆ¡ľËӕѸľΎƸ̲ӕ́ҡɗЙ́ľ
фľѸ ΎƸ ËΎффľѸЙΎ͑Āľ͑Ëľ ͑Ā Ѹȍľľф Փľɗǣȍҡ ΎƸ Йф́́ľ́Ѹ‫٘ ل‬ҽȍľ Ьɗ́ɗ͑ǣ ӕЙ ΎƸ
ËΎ̲̲Ύ͑ҡҡфɗ¡ӕҡľѸË͑͑Ύҡ¡ľѸɗĀҡΎ̲˔ľΎ͑ľ͑́Ύǣֆ̲ΎфľЙфΎ¡¡́ľҡȍ͑
͑Ύҡȍľф‫ل‬ٚ؉‫؜‬Ѡҡȍľфٍҡȍľ̲ľфɗҡΎƸҡȍľ͑́ΎǣɗľѸĀľфɗԮľѸƸфΎ̲Ѹľľɗ͑ǣҡȍľѸ̲ľ
ËӕѸ́‫ڈ‬Āľҡľф̲ɗ͑ɗ͑ǣ̲ľËȍ͑ɗѸ̲ɗ͑¡ΎҡȍѸΎËɗľҡɗľѸٍʊѸфľ́͑ĀҡȍľËΎ̲Йф͑Āٍ
ҡȍľ Ѹ̲ľ ¡ľȍԮɗΎф́ ѸֆѸҡľ̲Ѹ ҡȍҡ ЙфΎĀӕËľ ЙфҡɗËӕ́ф фҡľƸËҡӕ́ Йҡҡľф͑Ѹ‫ل‬؉‫؟‬
k͑Ëɗľ͑ҡ ͮľф ƄѸҡľф͑ ̲ҡľфɗ́ Փɗ́́ ҡľѸҡ ҡȍľ фľËΎ͑ѸҡфӕËҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ȍľфľɗٍ͑ ͑Ā Ƹɗ‫ڎ‬
͑́́ֆƸҡľфҡȍɗѸٍՓľՓɗ́́ҡӕф͑ҡΎҡȍľ¡ɗ¡́ɗË́ҡľիҡ͑ĀɗҡѸՓɗҡ͑ľѸѸҡΎҡȍľфľ́ɗ‫ڎ‬
ǣɗΎӕѸЙȍľ͑Ύ̲ľ͑ƸΎӕ͑Āɗ͑ҡȍľ̲ҡľфɗ́Ëӕ́ҡӕфľ‫ل‬
 ǗɗфѸҡٍфɗҡӕ́ѸЙËľɗ͑ʊфΎ͑ʊʊѸфľٍ́ҡȍҡɗѸٍɗ͑ҡȍľȍɗǣȍ́͑ĀѸľҡҡ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡٍË͑
¡ľ Ëҡ́ΎǣӕľĀ‫ل‬؉‫̞ آ‬Փфľ͑Ëľ ґҡǣľф ɗѸ ËΎффľËҡ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ٘ͅɗǣĀ́ ҽľ̲Й́ľٚ ΎƸ

؉،
 ʊǣ͑Ëľˇ‫ل‬Ǿľ́¡ٍ٘æΎ̲ЙфҡɗԮľͅľҡȍΎĀɗ͑ҡȍľґҡӕĀֆΎƸҡȍľґΎËɗľҡֆ͑ĀƄËΎ͑Ύ̲ֆΎƸ
ҡȍľk͑Ëɗľ͑ҡͮľфƄѸҡٍٚRocznik Orientalistyczny ؓ؉٤؉‫آإ‬؆٧‫ؐو‬،‫ل‬
؉ؐ
 Ǿľ́¡ٍ٘æΎ̲ЙфҡɗԮľͅľҡȍΎĀٍٚؐ‫لؗ‬
؉ؓ
 ҽȍľ Ѹ˔ľЙҡɗË́ ҡҡɗҡӕĀľ ҡΎ ǣľ͑ľф́ɗ‫׀‬ɗ͑ǣ ËΎ̲ЙфɗѸΎ͑Ѹ ɗ͑ ͑ҡȍфΎЙΎ́Ύǣֆ ̲ֆ ¡ľ ͑
ΎӕҡǣфΎՓҡȍ ΎƸ фľѸɗѸҡ͑Ëľ ҡΎ ġфՓɗ͑ ͑Ā ľԮΎ́ӕҡɗΎ͑ ҡȍľΎфɗľѸٌ k͑͑‫̞ڎ‬ľľ͑ ґɗɗ˔ٍ́
٘ҽȍľ ʊ͑ҡľфЙфľҡҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ ґɗ¡ľфɗ͑ ͑Ā æľ͑ҡф́ kѸɗ͑ ґȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲ٚ ɗ͑ Studies on
Shamanism, ľĀ‫ ل‬k‫ ل̞ڎ‬ґɗɗ˔́ ͑Ā ͅ‫ ل‬ȸΎЙЙ́ ٤´ӕĀЙľѸҡ‫ و‬Ǘɗ͑͑ɗѸȍ k͑ҡȍфΎЙΎ́ΎǣɗË́
ґΎËɗľҡֆٍ؉‫إإ‬،٧ٍ؉‫ل؜‬
؉‫ؗ‬
 ˇ‫ل‬ġ‫̞ل‬ľՓɗѸ‫ڎ‬ՠɗ́́ɗ̲Ѹٍ٘ՠфľѸҡ́ɗ͑ǣՓɗҡȍk͑́ΎǣֆٍٚProceedings of the Prehistoric Soci-
ety ‫؟ؗ‬٤؉‫إإ‬؉٧‫و‬؉ؓ‫لإ‬
؉‫؜‬
 ̞ľՓɗѸ‫ڎ‬ՠɗ́́ɗ̲Ѹٍ٘ՠфľѸҡ́ɗ͑ǣٍٚ؉‫ؗ‬،‫ل‬
؉‫؟‬
 ̞ľՓɗѸ‫ڎ‬ՠɗ́́ɗ̲Ѹٍ٘ՠфľѸҡ́ɗ͑ǣٍٚ؉‫ؗ‬،‫ؐؗڎ‬
؉‫آ‬
 ḱ́ĀҡƸΎффËȍɗҡľËҡӕфľ͑ĀфҡɗƸËҡѸٍӕ͑́ľѸѸΎҡȍľфՓɗѸľѸЙľËɗƸɗľĀٍɗѸƸфΎ̲ѠΎ¡ľфҡ
ġ‫ͅ ل‬ɗ́́ľф ʊʊٍ ٘Ǿ‫׀‬ľҡҡľľф ΎƸ ʊфΎ͑ ʊ ґɗҡľѸ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ͮΎфҡȍ‫ڎ‬æľ͑ҡф́ ȸɗǣȍ́͑ĀѸ ΎƸ Ь́ľѸ‫ڎ‬
ҡɗ͑ľٍٚɗ͑Preliminary Excavation Reports and Other Archaeological InvestigationsٍľĀ‫ل‬
ͮ͑Ëֆ ̞ЙЙ ٤k͑͑ӕ́ ΎƸ ҡȍľ k̲ľфɗË͑ ґËȍΎΎ́Ѹ ΎƸ Ϙфɗľ͑ҡ́ ѠľѸľфËȍ ‫´ ٌ؜ؗ‬ΎѸҡΎ͑‫و‬
k̲ľфɗË͑ґËȍΎΎ́ѸΎƸϘфɗľ͑ҡ́ѠľѸľфËȍٍ؉‫إإإ‬٧‫ل‬
ؐ؉، Ѡ‫ل‬ġ‫ͅل‬ɗ́́ľфʊʊ 

ґȍľËȍľ̲ɗѸ͑ΎҡƸфΎ̲ҡȍľʊфΎ͑ʊЙľфɗΎĀ‫ل‬؉‫إ‬ҽȍľ٘́ҡфٚΎ͑ͅΎӕ͑ҡƄ¡́may ¡ľ
Ëӕ́ҡɗË‫ل‬ҽȍľфľфľҡΎΎƸľՓËΎΎ˔ɗ͑ǣЙΎҡѸ͑ĀҡΎΎ̲͑ֆʮӕǣѸ͑ĀʮфѸƸΎфѸɗ̲‫ڎ‬
Й́ֆĀΎ̲ľѸҡɗËΎËËӕЙҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬،؆ՠȍɗ́ľ‫آ‬؉‫ٹ‬ΎƸ́́ҡȍľ¡ӕф͑ҡ¡Ύ͑ľѸՓľфľѸȍľľЙ͑Ā
ǣΎҡٍ ҡȍľ ЙľфËľ͑ҡǣľ ΎƸ Ƹ́́ΎՓ Āľľф ¡Ύ͑ľѸ ٤؉؆‫ ٹ‬ΎԮľф́́٧ ɗѸ ĀɗѸЙфΎЙΎфҡɗΎ͑‫ڎ‬
ҡľ́ֆȍɗǣȍٍ͑Ā‫ٹؐ؜‬ΎƸҡȍľѸľՓľфľƸΎӕ͑Āɗ͑ҡȍľѸΎ‫ڎ‬Ë́́ľĀ٘́ҡф‫ل‬ٚ،؉ȸ́Ƹҡȍľ
¡Ύ͑ľѸфľËф͑ɗ́¡Ύ͑ľѸٍՓȍɗËȍ̲ľ͑Ѹҡȍҡҡȍľ͑ҡ́ľфѸՓľфľ¡ľɗ͑ǣľѸЙľËɗ́́ֆ
ѸΎӕǣȍҡٍҡΎՓȍɗËȍՓľՓɗ́́фľҡӕф͑‫ل‬
 ҽȍľфľ̲ֆȍԮľ¡ľľ͑ґľËΎ͑ĀфֆЬӕ¡́ɗËæӕ́ҡѠΎΎ̲ҡkɗ‫ل‬kҡҡȍľľ͑ĀΎƸ
 Ѹҡфľľҡ ɗ͑ ґɗҡľ ġٍ ҡȍľфľ ɗѸ ҡȍľ ҡɗ͑ֆ фΎΎ̲ ‫ ؗ؜ٻ‬٤‫ؗلآ‬ի،‫̲ؗل‬٧ٍ Փɗҡȍ  ¡ľ͑Ëȍ ҡ
ҡȍľƸΎΎҡΎƸɗҡѸՓ́́́́ҡȍľՓֆфΎӕ͑ĀٍՓȍľфľؓ‫ڎ‬ѸҡΎфֆҡ́́‫آ‬؆Ë̲ҡ́́Ƹľ͑ľѸ‫ڎ‬
ҡфҡľĀɗ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľ¡ӕф͑ľфՓɗҡȍ́ɗΎ͑ѸٔЙՓѸѸ¡ѸľՓѸƸΎӕ͑Ā‫ل‬k͑́ΎǣΎӕѸЙɗľË‫ڎ‬
ľѸфľͅľǣɗĀĀΎЬ‫؜‬؆‫͑ؗؗ‬ĀΎҡȍľфѸٍҡՓΎҡҽľ́́тѸɗ́ľٍ͑Āҡȍфľľҡ´ľҡȍґȍľ‫ڎ‬
͑‫ ل‬ʊ͑ѸɗĀľ ҡȍľ ¡ӕф͑ľф ՓѸ  Ë́ֆ ͑ɗ̲́ Ƹɗǣӕфľ ٤‫ٻ‬؉؆‫إ‬؉٧ ΎƸ  ĀΎǣ Ύф ՓΎ́Ƹٍ
Ѹɗ̲ɗ́фҡΎΎ͑ľƸΎӕ͑Āҡҽ͑Ëȍ‫ل‬ḱѸΎɗ͑ҡȍľфΎΎ̲Փľфľ͑ɗ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľ¡ΎՓ́ƸΎф
ҡȍľҡΎЙΎƸËӕ́ҡѸҡ͑Ā٤‫ٻ‬؉؆‫ؓؗ‬٧ٍ¡ΎԮɗ͑ľƸɗǣӕфɗ͑ľٍ͑Ā¡ΎՓ́٤‫ٻ‬؉؆‫ؗؗ‬٧Փɗҡȍ
Ƹ́ҡ¡Ѹľ͑ĀфΎՓΎƸ¡фľѸҡѸфΎӕ͑ĀҡȍľËфɗ͑ҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬
 ҽȍľ ѸΎ‫ڎ‬Ë́́ľĀ ٘´ӕ́́ ґɗҡľٚ ɗѸ ͑Ύҡ ͑ ʊфΎ͑ ʊ Ѹȍфɗ͑ľ‫ل‬،، ҽȍľ ЙΎҡҡľфֆ ͑Ā ҡȍľ
Ƹ́ɗ͑ҡ ѸѸľ̲¡́ǣľѸ фľ ҡȍΎѸľ ΎƸ ĀΎ̲ľѸҡɗË ȍ¡ɗҡҡɗΎ͑Ѹٍ،ؐ ́ҡȍΎӕǣȍ ɗҡ ĀɗĀ ЙфΎ‫ڎ‬
ĀӕËľ ͑ ɗ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľ ¡ӕф͑ľф‫ ل‬ՠľ Փɗ́́ фľҡӕф͑ ҡΎ ҡȍľ ٘´ӕ́́ٚ ¡ľ́ΎՓ‫´ ل‬ӕҡ  ѸľфɗΎӕѸ
ËΎ͑Ëľф͑ ɗѸ ɗҡѸ Āҡɗ͑ǣ‫ ل‬ḱҡȍΎӕǣȍ ҡȍľ ľիËԮҡΎф،ؓ ́ՓֆѸ фľƸľффľĀ ҡΎ ҡȍľ Ѹɗҡľ
Ѹɗ͑ǣ́ľ‫ڎ‬ЙľфɗΎĀʊфΎ͑ʊٍ،‫͑ؗ‬ɗ͑ĀľЙľ͑Āľ͑ҡѸӕфԮľֆΎƸҡȍľѸɗҡľƸΎӕ͑ĀΎ͑́ֆfive per-
cent ΎƸ ҡȍľ ѸȍľфĀѸ ËΎ́́ľËҡľĀ ҡΎ ¡ľ ʊфΎ͑ ʊ‫ل‬،‫ ؜‬k͑Ā ɗƸ Ǘɗ͑˔ľ́Ѹҡľɗ͑ٔѸ фľĀҡɗ͑ǣ ΎƸ
٘Ƅɗ͑ӕ͑ٚ ЙΎҡҡľфֆ ҡΎ ҡȍľ ͅɗĀĀ́ľ ´фΎ͑‫׀‬ľkǣľ ɗѸËΎффľËҡٍ ҡȍľ͑ ‫إ‬؆‫ ٹ‬ΎƸ ҡȍľ ЙΎҡ‫ڎ‬

؉‫إ‬
 ̞Փфľ͑Ëľґҡǣľфٍ٘ǗΎфҡфľѸѸ‫ڎ‬ҽľ̲Й́ľҡґȍľËȍľ̲͑ĀҡȍľَȸΎӕѸľΎƸƄٍ̞́ΎфĀΎƸҡȍľ
æΎԮľ͑͑ҡٍٔٚ ɗ͑ Realia Deiٍ ľĀ‫ ل‬ЬфľѸËΎҡҡ ȸ‫ ل‬ՠɗ́́ɗ̲Ѹٍ ˇф‫͑ ٍل‬Ā ҽȍľΎĀΎфľ ȸɗľ¡ľфҡ
٤kҡ́͑ҡ‫و‬ґËȍΎ́фѸЬфľѸѸٍ؉‫إإإ‬٧ٍ،،‫ٌإؓڎآ‬ՠ‫דل‬ՓɗË˔ľٍ́Tempelkult in Kanaan und Is-
rael ٤ҽӥ¡ɗ͑ǣľ͑‫لˇو‬æ‫ͅل´ل‬Ύȍфٍ؉‫ؓإإ‬٧ٍ‫ل؜؟‬
،؆
 Ǿфҡȍȸ‫ل‬Ǿɗ̲́ΎӕфٍArchaeology of Cult in the Southern Levant in the Early Iron Age
٤ġɗѸѸ‫ٍل‬ϘիƸΎфĀٍ؉‫ؗإإ‬٧ٍ؉؉؉‫ل‬
،؉
 ̞‫ل˫ل‬ȸΎфՓɗҡ‫ٍ٘׀‬Ǘӕ͑́Ѡľ̲ɗ͑ѸƸфΎ̲ҡȍľƄф́ֆʊфΎ͑kǣľґɗҡľΎ͑ͅΎӕ͑ҡƄ¡ٍ́ٚTel
Aviv ؉ؐ‫ڎ‬؉ؓ٤؉‫؟آڎ؜آإ‬٧‫و‬؉‫لؗ؟‬
،،
 æΎ͑ҡфġľԮľфٍ٘kфËȍľΎ́Ύǣֆ͑Āk͑Ëɗľ͑ҡʊѸфľ́ɗҡľʊËΎ͑ΎǣфЙȍֆٍٚɗ͑I Will Speak in
Riddles of Ancient Timesٍ ľĀ‫ ل‬kфľ͑ ͅ‫ͅ ل‬ɗľф ͑Ā Ьɗľффľ Āľ ͅɗфΎѸËȍľĀʮɗ ٤ՠɗ͑Ύ͑
̞˔ľ‫و‬ƄɗѸľ͑¡фӕ͑Ѹٍ،؆؆‫ؗ‬٧ٍؓ‫لؓ؜‬
،ؐ
 k̲ɗȍɗ ͅ‫׀‬фٍ ٘´ӕ́́ ґɗҡľٍٚ Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
،ؓ‫؟‬٤؉‫آإ‬،٧‫ؓو‬؉‫ل‬
،ؓ
 ҽȍľľ͑ҡɗфľľիËԮҡɗΎ͑ΎƸҡȍɗѸѸɗҡľҡΎΎ˔Ύ͑ľĀֆٌk̲ɗȍɗͅ‫׀‬фٍ٘kЙЙΎɗ͑ҡľľѸٔƄԮľ‫ڎ‬
͑ɗ͑ǣ Փɗҡȍ ǾӕľѸҡ ґËȍΎ́фٍٚ ḱ¡фɗǣȍҡ ʊ͑Ѹҡɗҡӕҡľ ƸΎф kфËȍľΎ́ΎǣɗË́ ѠľѸľфËȍ ٤ˇľфӕ‫ڎ‬
Ѹ́ľٍ̲Ǘľ¡фӕфֆ؉‫؟إإ‬٧‫ل‬
،‫ؗ‬
 ͅ‫׀‬фٍ ٘´ӕ́́ ґɗҡľٌٚ ٘æӕ́ҡɗË ґɗҡľѸ ƸфΎ̲ ҡȍľ ЬľфɗΎĀ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ˇӕĀǣľѸ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ͮΎфҡȍľф͑
ґ̲фɗ͑ȸɗ́́ѸٍٚEretz Israel ؉‫؜‬٤؉‫آإ‬،٧‫و‬؉ؐ‫ٍؗؓڎؗ‬ɗ͑ȸľ¡фľՓ‫ل‬
،‫؜‬
 kĀ̲‫ד‬ľфҡٍ́Manasseh Hill Country Survey ٤ȸɗƸ‫و‬Ԇ͑ɗԮľфѸɗҡֆٍ؉‫ٍ؜إإ‬ɗ͑ȸľ¡фľՓ٧ٍ
،‫ل‬؉‫لإ؜‬
 ґȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗ͑Ƅф́ֆʊѸфľ́ ؐ؉ؐ

ҡľфֆƸΎӕ͑ĀҡҡȍľѸɗҡľɗѸͅɗĀĀ́ľ´фΎ͑‫׀‬ľ‫ل‬،‫؟‬
 ȸɗѸҡΎфɗË́́ֆٍҡȍľ̲ɗ͑ɗ̲Йӕ́ѸľҡΎËΎ͑ѸɗĀľфґȍɗ́Ύȍ٘фľ́ɗǣɗΎӕѸËľ͑ҡľфٚՓѸ
ҡȍľ¡ɗ¡́ɗË́ҡфĀɗҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬،‫آ‬ҽȍľфľɗѸ͑ΎľիËԮҡľĀʊфΎ͑ʊѸҡфӕËҡӕфľҡȍҡɗѸË́ľф́ֆ
фľ́ɗǣɗΎӕѸٍ́ҡȍΎӕǣȍ́фǣľЙΎфҡɗΎ͑ѸΎƸҡȍľʊфΎ͑ʊѸɗҡľȍԮľ͑Ύҡ¡ľľ͑ľիËԮҡľĀٍ
͑Ā ľիËԮҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ՓľѸҡľф͑ ѸɗĀľ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ҡľٍ́́ ͑ľф ҡȍľ ́ҡľф ËȍӕфËȍ ҡȍҡ
ȍԮľʮӕѸҡ¡ľǣӕ͑ȍԮľЙфΎĀӕËľĀʊфΎ͑ʊ̲ҡľфɗ́‫ل‬،‫إ‬ґȍɗ́ΎȍȍѸٍȍΎՓľԮľфٍЙфΎ‫ڎ‬
ĀӕËľĀËӕ́ҡѸҡ͑ĀѸ‫ل‬
 ϘԮľфٍ́́ҡȍɗѸɗѸ̲‫׀‬ɗ͑ǣ́ֆ̲ľǣľфľԮɗĀľ͑ËľƸΎфЙӕ¡́ɗËËӕ́ҡɗËЙ́ËľѸ‫ؐل‬؆ҽȍɗѸ
ɗѸ ľѸЙľËɗ́́ֆ Ë́ľф ɗ͑ ËΎ̲ЙфɗѸΎ͑ ҡΎ Ë́ľф́ֆ Ëӕ́ҡɗË ʊфΎ͑ ʊ ¡ӕɗ́Āɗ͑ǣѸ ҡ ġ͑
٤ѠΎΎ̲ ‫؟‬؆‫آ‬،٧ٍ ҽľ́́ k¡ӕ ȸՓ̲ ٤ҽ‫ؐل‬؆٧ٍ ´ľҡȍ ґȍľ͑ ٤ґҽ ͑Ā ͮҽ٧ٍ ͑Ā ҽľ́
тѸɗ́ľ٤ռʊʊٍռʊٍ͑Āռ٧‫´ل‬ӕҡҡȍľѸľфľ́́ΎӕҡѸɗĀľΎƸҡȍľËľ͑ҡф́ȍɗ́́ËΎӕ͑ҡфֆҡΎ
ՓȍɗËȍ̲͑ֆѸËȍΎ́фѸٍɗ͑Ë́ӕĀɗ͑ǣ̲ֆѸľ́ƸٍՓΎӕ́Ā́ɗ̲ɗҡľф́ֆʊѸфľ́‫ؐل‬؉
 kѸƸΎфËӕ́ҡΎ¡ʮľËҡѸٍҡȍľƸ̲ΎӕѸ٘¡ӕ́́ٚΎƸҡȍľ٘´ӕ́́ґɗҡľٚՓѸ͑ΎҡƸΎӕ͑Ā¡ֆ
фËȍľΎ́ΎǣɗѸҡѸ ¡ӕҡ ՓѸ  Ëȍ͑Ëľ ѸӕфƸËľ ĀɗѸËΎԮľфֆ ¡ֆ  ѸΎ́Āɗľф‫ؐل‬، ʊҡ Ë͑͑Ύҡ
¡ľфľ́ɗ¡́ֆɗ͑Ë́ӕĀľĀ‫ل‬ҽȍľ´ӕ́́ѸɗҡľĀɗĀЙфΎĀӕ˾˾ф̲ɗËɗ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľ¡ӕф͑ľф٤ɗƸ
ɗҡɗѸ͑́ΎǣΎӕѸҡΎΎ͑ľѸƸфΎ̲ͅľǣɗĀĀΎ͑Ā´ľҡȍґȍľ͑٧Ύф̲ΎĀľ́ΎƸѸȍфɗ͑ľ
٤ɗƸ ͑́ΎǣΎӕѸ ҡΎ Ύ͑ľ ҡ ҽľ́́ ľ́‫ڎ‬Ǘфȍ ͮΎфҡȍ٧ ‫ ڐ‬ӕ͑́ľѸѸ ҡȍľѸľ фľ ͅɗĀĀ́ľ
´фΎ͑‫׀‬ľ‫ ل‬ҽľ́́ ľ́‫ڎ‬Ǘфȍ ͮΎфҡȍ Ѹɗ́Ύ ،ؓ‫ إ‬ЙфΎĀӕËľĀ  Ѹɗ̲ɗ́ф Ë́ֆ ̲ΎĀľ́ ΎƸ 
Ѹȍфɗ͑ľΎфҡľ̲Й́ľľ͑Ë́ΎѸӕфľ¡ӕɗ́Āɗ͑ǣٍؐؐ͑Ā́ѸΎƸΎӕ͑ĀΎ͑ҡȍľѸɗҡľՓѸѸɗ́Ԯľф
͑Ā¡фΎ͑‫׀‬ľ٘ȸҡȍΎфٚѸҡҡӕľҡҡľ٤‫ٻ‬؉‫إؓل‬؉٧‫ل‬
 ҽȍľфľ фľ ѸΎ̲ľ Ύҡȍľф Ѹ̲́́ ʊфΎ͑ ʊ Ƹɗǣӕфɗ͑ľѸ ƸфΎ̲ фΎӕ͑Ā ҡȍľ ȍɗǣȍ́͑ĀѸ‫ل‬
ҽՓΎѸ̲́́¡ӕѸҡѸΎƸȍΎфѸľѸՓľфľƸΎӕ͑Āҡ´ľҡȍľ́٤‫ٻ‬؉؆‫͑ؓؗ‬Ā‫ٻ‬؉؉؉،٧ٍ́Ύ͑ǣ
Փɗҡȍ  ȍӕ̲͑ Ƹɗǣӕфɗ͑ľ ٤‫ؐٻ‬،‫ آ‬ƸфΎ̲ ́ΎËӕѸ ؓؓ٧ ͑Ā ͑ ٘kѸҡфҡľ‫ڈ‬k͑ҡ‫ڈ‬
kҡȍɗфҡȍ‫ڈ‬kѸȍľфȍٚЙ́нӕľ٤‫ٻ‬؉؆ؓ٧‫ل‬k͑ɗĀľ͑ҡɗË́Й́нӕľՓѸƸΎӕ͑ĀҡġΎҡȍ͑‫ل‬
ǗфΎ̲ ġΎҡȍٍ͑ ҡΎΎٍ ËΎ̲ľ ҡՓΎ ͑ɗ̲́ Ƹɗǣӕфɗ͑ľѸ ͑Ā ͑ ͑ҡȍфΎЙΎ̲ΎфЙȍɗË
̲́Й٤‫ٻ‬Ь؉ؐؓؓ٧ՓɗҡȍЙфΎ͑ľ̲́ľȍӕ̲͑ƸɗǣӕфľՓɗҡȍф̲ѸΎӕҡѸҡфľҡËȍľĀѸ
ɗƸ Ƹ́ֆɗ͑ǣٍ Փľфɗ͑ǣ  ËфΎՓ͑ ΎƸ ƸɗԮľ Ë́ֆ ǣ́Ύ¡ӕ́ľѸٍ ѸҡӕË˔ Ύ͑ ҡȍľ ӕ͑ĀľфѸɗĀľ‫ل‬

،‫؟‬
 Ǘɗ͑˔ľ́Ѹҡľɗٍ͑٘ҽՓΎ͑ΎҡľѸٍٚ‫ل؟إ‬
،‫آ‬
 kѸЙľфǗӕѸҡٍ٘ґľҡҡ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡЬҡҡľф͑Ѹٍٚ،؆‫ل‬
،‫إ‬
 ϘĀľĀ̞ɗЙѸȍɗҡ‫ٍ׀‬ЙľфѸΎ͑́ËΎ̲̲ӕ͑ɗËҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬
ؐ؆
 Ϙ͑ҡȍľ́Ë˔ΎƸʊфΎ͑ʊËӕ́ҡɗËѸɗҡľѸɗ͑´ľ͑ʮ̲ɗ͑ѸЙľËɗƸɗË́́ֆٍѸľľґËΎҡҡͅ‫̞͑ل‬ǣѸҡΎٍ͑
Cultic Sites in the Tribe of Benjamin ٤k̲ľфɗË͑ Ԇ͑ɗԮľфѸɗҡֆ ґҡӕĀɗľѸ ‫ل؟‬،؆؆ٌ ͮľՓ
֤Ύф˔‫و‬Ьľҡľф̞͑ǣٍ؉‫آإإ‬٧ٍ‫؟‬،‫ڎ‬؉‫لإ؟‬
ؐ؉
 æƸ‫ل‬ǾфҡȍǾɗ̲́Ύӕфٍ٘Ѡľ́ɗǣɗΎ͑ɗ͑ʊѸфľ́ɗ͑ҡȍľЬľфɗΎĀΎƸҡȍľˇӕĀǣľѸٍٚk͑ǣ́Ύ‫ڎ‬ʊѸфľ́
kфËȍľΎ́ΎǣɗË́ґΎËɗľҡֆ̞ľËҡӕфľٍҽȍľ´фɗҡɗѸȍͅӕѸľӕ̲٤̞Ύ͑ĀΎٍ͑،؆؆‫؜‬٧‫ل‬
ؐ،
 ͅ‫׀‬фٍ ٘´ӕ́́ ґɗҡľٌٚ æΎ͑ҡф ġľԮľфٍ ٘kфËȍľΎ́Ύǣֆ ͑Ā k͑Ëɗľ͑ҡٍٚ ؓ‫ لؓ؜‬kĀĀɗҡɗΎ͑́
фľѸΎ͑ ƸΎф͑Ύҡ ËΎ͑ѸɗĀľфɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ ¡ӕ́́ ɗѸҡȍľЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľфľĀҡɗ͑ǣ ΎƸ ̲ΎѸҡΎƸҡȍľѸɗҡľٔѸ
ЙΎҡҡľфֆ ҡΎ ҡȍľ ͅɗĀĀ́ľ ´фΎ͑‫׀‬ľ ǣľٍ Йф́́ľ́Ѹ ҡΎ Ѹɗ̲ɗ́ф ¡ӕ́́Ѹ ƸфΎ̲ ͅ´ ËΎ͑ҡľիҡѸ
ËΎӕ́ĀѸѸɗǣ͑ҡȍľ´ӕ́́ґɗҡľٔѸ¡ӕ́́ҡΎҡȍҡЙľфɗΎĀٍѸՓľٌ́́Ǘɗ͑˔ľ́Ѹҡľɗٍ͑٘ҽՓΎ͑ΎҡľѸٍٚ
‫¡ٌ؟إ‬ӕҡËƸ‫׀ͅل‬ф؉‫وإإإ‬؉ؓ‫؟ؓڎ؜‬٧‫ل‬
ؐؐ
 ʊĀΎ͑ΎҡËΎ͑ѸɗĀľфɗҡԮ́ɗĀҡΎɗ͑ҡľфЙфľҡҡȍľΎЙľ͑ѸЙËľٍՓȍľфľЙфľѸӕ̲¡́ֆĀɗԮɗ͑ľ
ɗ̲ǣľËΎӕ́Ā¡ľɗ͑ѸľфҡľĀٍҡΎ¡ľ٘ľ̲ЙҡֆѸЙËľ͑ɗËΎ͑ɗѸ̲ٚфľЙфľѸľ͑ҡɗ͑ǣҡȍľɗ͑ԮɗѸɗ‫ڎ‬
¡́ľ֤ȍՓľȍٍѸĀΎľѸġľԮľфٍ٘kфËȍľΎ́Ύǣֆ͑Āk͑Ëɗľ͑ҡٍٚؓ‫لآ؜‬
ؐ؉ؓ Ѡ‫ل‬ġ‫ͅل‬ɗ́́ľфʊʊ 

ҽȍľфľфľ͑ΎЙф́́ľ́Ѹ‫ل‬ʊҡɗѸ؉‫؜‬Ë̲́Ύ͑ǣٍ̲ĀľՓɗҡȍЙЙ́ɗľĀË́ֆɗ͑ҡȍľɗ̲ɗҡ‫ڎ‬
ҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ  ҽфɗĀË͑ Ѹȍľ́́‫ ل‬ġΎҡȍ͑ ́ѸΎ ЙфΎĀӕËľĀ ҡՓΎ ʮӕǣѸ ѸȍЙľĀ ́ɗ˔ľ ¡ӕ́́Ѹ
٤‫ٻ‬Ь؉،ؐ‫͑ ؟‬Ā ‫ٻ‬Ь؉،ؐ،٧‫ ل‬kҡ kɗ ՓѸ ƸΎӕ͑Ā  ‫؟‬Ë̲‫́ڎ‬Ύ͑ǣ Ƹɗǣӕфɗ͑ľ ΎƸ  ǣΎΎѸľٍ
Ѹɗ̲ɗ́ф ҡΎ Ύ͑ľѸ ҡ ´ľҡȍ ґȍľ͑‫ ل‬ҽȍľ ʊфΎ͑ ʊ ѸľҡľĀ ǣΎĀ Ƹɗǣӕфɗ͑ľ ƸфΎ̲ ȸ‫׀‬Ύфٍ
Ѹҡфҡӕ̲ռʊٍɗѸҡΎΎĀɗѸҡ͑ҡƸфΎ̲ҡȍľËľ͑ҡф́ȍɗǣȍ́͑ĀѸƸΎфɗ͑Ë́ӕѸɗΎ͑‫ؓؐل‬
 ґΎ̲ľËΎ͑Ë́ӕѸɗΎ͑ѸΎ¡ҡɗ͑‫ل‬ҽȍľфľՓѸԮľфֆ́ɗҡҡ́ľɗ͑ҡȍľՓֆΎƸЙľф̲͑ľ͑ҡ
Ëӕ́ҡɗË ƸËɗ́ɗҡɗľѸ ɗ͑ ľф́ֆ ʊѸфľٍ́ ɗƸ ҡȍľѸľ ľիɗѸҡľĀ ҡ ́́‫ ل‬ҽȍľфľ ɗѸ ЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľ ľԮɗ‫ڎ‬
Āľ͑ËľΎƸ́ҡфѸƸΎфҡȍľѸËфɗƸɗËľΎƸËЙфΎԮɗĀѸ͑Āфɗҡӕ́ӕѸľΎƸĀľľф͑ҡ́ľфѸ‫ل‬
ҽȍľфľ ɗѸ ͑Ύ фɗҡӕ́ ӕѸľ ΎƸ ͑ҡ́ľфѸ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ´ɗ¡́ľٍ ͑Ā ͑ҡ́ľфѸ ĀΎ ͑Ύҡ ЙЙľф ɗ͑
ЬфĀľľٔѸ ́ɗѸҡ ΎƸ ͑ɗ͑ľҡֆ‫ڎ‬ҡՓΎ ĀɗƸƸľфľ͑ҡ Ύ¡ʮľËҡѸ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ Ѹ ΎƸƸľфɗ͑ǣѸ ɗ͑ Ԇǣ‫ڎ‬
фɗҡɗËҡľիҡѸ‫ؗؐل‬
 ґľфËȍɗ͑ǣҡȍľľ͑ҡɗфľ˔͑ΎՓ͑ľҡȍ͑ΎǣфЙȍɗËՓΎф́ĀƸΎффɗҡӕ́ӕѸľΎƸ͑ҡ́ľфѸ
ѸȍΎՓѸҡȍľֆфľ́ՓֆѸ ËΎ͑͑ľËҡľĀՓɗҡȍ٘ґȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲‫ل‬ٚؐ‫؜‬kĀľƸɗ͑ɗҡɗΎ͑ΎƸ Ѹȍ‫ڎ‬
̲͑ɗѸ̲ ɗѸ фҡȍľф ľ́ӕѸɗԮľ‫ͅ ؟ؐل‬ɗфËľ Ƅ́ɗĀľٔѸ ĀľƸɗ͑ɗҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ  Ѹȍ̲͑ Ѹ Ύ͑ľ
ՓȍΎ ľ͑ҡľфѸ ͑ ́ҡľфľĀ Ѹҡҡľ ΎƸ ËΎ͑ѸËɗΎӕѸ͑ľѸѸ ɗ͑ ΎфĀľф ҡΎ ʮΎӕф͑ľֆ ҡΎ Ύҡȍľф
ՓΎф́ĀѸՓѸƸΎфҡɗ̲ľՓɗĀľ́ֆËËľЙҡľĀɗ͑͑ҡȍфΎЙΎ́Ύǣֆ‫´آؐل‬ӕҡՓľË͑͑Ύҡфľ‫ڎ‬
́ֆ Ύ͑ ͅɗфËľ Ƅ́ɗĀľ ͑Ā ȍɗѸ ؉‫ؗإ‬؉ Chamanismeٍ ҡф͑Ѹ́ҡľĀ ɗ͑ҡΎ Ƅ͑ǣ́ɗѸȍ ɗ͑
؉‫لؓ؜إ‬ḱҡȍΎӕǣȍɗҡǣфľҡ́ֆѸҡɗ̲ӕ́ҡľĀҡȍľѸҡӕĀֆΎƸґȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲Ƅ́ɗĀľфľ́ɗľĀ
ΎԮľф̲ӕËȍΎ͑Ύ͑ľ֤˔ӕҡľҡȍ͑ΎǣфЙȍľф͑Āҡҡľ̲ЙҡľĀҡΎѸнӕľľ‫׀‬ľ֤˔ӕҡɗĀľѸ
¡Ύӕҡ ѸΎӕ́Ѹٍ ɗ͑ɗҡɗҡɗΎٍ͑ ͑Ā ҡΎфҡӕфľ ¡ֆ ѸЙɗфɗҡѸ ɗ͑ҡΎ ȍɗѸ ËΎ̲ЙфҡɗԮľ Ƹф̲ľ‫ڎ‬
ՓΎф˔ٍ ΎԮľфǣľ͑ľф́ɗ‫׀‬ɗ͑ǣ ͑Ā Ѹɗ̲Й́ɗƸֆɗ͑ǣ ľԮľ͑ ƸΎф ͑Ύфҡȍľф͑ kѸɗٍ ̲ӕËȍ ́ľѸѸ
ƸΎф́́ҡȍľՓΎф́Ā‫إؐل‬
 ͅɗȍ́ֆȸΎЙЙ́ՓфɗҡľѸٍ٘ʊ͑ҡȍľ́ɗҡľфҡӕфľĀľ́ɗ͑ǣՓɗҡȍҡȍľнӕľѸҡɗΎ͑ΎƸѸȍ‫ڎ‬
̲͑ɗѸٍ̲ ҡȍľфľ ɗѸ  ËΎ͑Ѹҡ͑ҡ ĀɗѸѸҡɗѸƸËҡɗΎ͑ Փɗҡȍ ҡȍľ ĀľƸɗ͑ɗҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ҡľф̲

ؐؓ
 ǾΎѸҡ ՠ‫ ل‬kȍ́Ѹҡфάٍ̲ ٘ʊѸфľ́ɗҡľ ǾΎĀ Ǘɗǣӕфɗ͑ľ ƸфΎ̲ ȸ‫׀‬Ύфٍٚ Orientalia Suecana ؉‫ڎإ‬
،؆٤؉‫؟إ‬؆‫؟ڎ‬؉٧‫؜ڎؓؗو‬،‫ل‬
ؐ‫ؗ‬
 ġľ͑͑ɗѸЬфĀľľٍRitual and Cult at Ugarit ٤ՠфɗҡɗ͑ǣѸƸфΎ̲ҡȍľk͑Ëɗľ͑ҡՠΎф́Ā؉؆ٌkҡ‫ڎ‬
́͑ҡ‫و‬ґΎËɗľҡֆΎƸ´ɗ¡́ɗË̞́ɗҡľфҡӕфľٍ،؆؆،٧ٍ،،ؓ‫ڎ‬،‫لؗ‬
ؐ‫؜‬
 ƄՓ͑ Ǘ́ľҡËȍľфٍ Man and Nature: Symbolism of Antlers in the Mesolithic and Neo-
lithic٤ġɗѸѸ‫ٍل‬ƄĀɗ͑¡ӕфǣȍٍ،؆؆؉٧ٌǾфֆƄĀѸΎٍ͑Shamanism ٤ˇľƸƸľфѸΎٍ͑ͮæ‫ͅو‬ËǗф́͑Ā
‫ٶ‬æΎ̲Й͑ֆٍʊ͑Ë‫ٍل‬،؆؆‫إ‬٧ٍ‫لؐآ‬
ؐ‫؟‬
 ǗľфҡȍҡӕѸľΎƸѸӕËȍՓΎфĀЙľфЙľҡӕҡľѸЙҡфΎ͑ɗ‫׀‬ɗ͑ǣËΎ́Ύ͑ɗ́ԮɗľՓѸΎƸҡȍľĀľԮľ́‫ڎ‬
ΎЙɗ͑ǣՓΎф́Āٍ́ɗ˔ľƸľфѸΎƸҡȍľՓΎфĀ̲٘ǣɗËٍٚѸľľ̲Ѹ٘ɗ͑ѸЙɗфľĀ́ľѸѸ¡ֆѸľфɗΎӕѸËΎ̲‫ڎ‬
̲ɗҡ̲ľ͑ҡ ҡΎ ËΎффľËҡɗ͑ǣ ՠľѸҡľф͑ ɗ̲ǣľѸ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ҡՓΎ‫ڎ‬ҡȍɗфĀѸ ՓΎф́Ā Ѹ ɗ͑ҡľ́́ľËҡӕ́́ֆ
¡Ë˔ՓфĀҡȍ͑¡ֆҡфΎӕ¡́ľĀ́ɗ¡ľф́ËΎ͑ѸËɗľ͑ËľѸҡфֆɗ͑ǣҡΎѸҡӕ͑Ëȍǣ́Ύ¡́ȍľ̲‫ڎ‬
ΎффȍǣľՓɗҡȍ͑͑ҡȍфΎЙΎ́ΎǣɗË́´͑Ā‫ڎ‬kɗĀٌٚҽΎĀĀƄ‫́˫ل‬ӕҡ‫ٍ٘׀‬Ѡľɗ͑ҡľфЙфľҡɗ͑ǣَͅǣ‫ڎ‬
ɗËٔɗ͑ҡȍľՠΎф́ĀΎƸˇľՓɗѸȍ͑ĀæȍфɗѸҡɗ͑ґËфɗЙҡӕфľٍٚɗ͑Magic in the Biblical Worldٍ
ľĀ‫ ل‬ҽ‫ ل‬Ƅ‫́˫ ل‬ӕҡ‫ ׀‬٤ˇΎӕф͑́ ƸΎф ҡȍľ ґҡӕĀֆ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ͮľՓ ҽľѸҡ̲ľ͑ҡ ґӕЙЙ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡ ،ؓ‫ٌؗ‬
ͮľՓ֤Ύф˔‫و‬ҽ‫ٶ‬ҽǽ˔ٍ،؆؆ؐ٧ٍ‫لؗ‬
ؐ‫آ‬
 ͅɗËȍľ́ȸф͑ľфٍ٘ҽȍľk͑Ëɗľ͑ҡՠɗѸĀΎ̲ɗ͑ґȍ̲͑ɗËæӕ́ҡӕфľѸٍٚɗ͑ShamanismٍľĀ‫ل‬
ґȍɗф́ľֆͮɗËȍΎ́ѸΎ͑٤ՠȍľҡΎ͑‫و‬тӕľѸҡ´ΎΎ˔Ѹٍ؉‫؟آإ‬٧ٍؐ‫ل‬
ؐ‫إ‬
 ͅфʮΎфɗľ ͅ‫׀́´ ل‬ľфٍ ٘Ǘ́ɗǣȍҡѸ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ґËфľĀ‫ و‬ґֆ̲¡Ύ́ɗѸ̲ ͑Ā ҽȍľΎфֆ ɗ͑ ґɗ¡ľфɗ͑
ґȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲ٚAmerican Anthropologist͑‫ل‬Ѹ‫آإل‬٤؉‫؜إإ‬٧‫ؐو‬؆‫لإ‬
 ґȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗ͑Ƅф́ֆʊѸфľ́ ؐ؉‫ؗ‬

َѸȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ٔɗҡѸľ́ƸٍѸɗ͑ËľɗҡɗѸЙЙ́ɗľĀҡΎľ͑ҡɗфľ́ֆĀɗƸƸľфľ͑ҡËӕ́ҡӕф́ËΎ̲Й́ľիľѸ
ΎËËӕффɗ͑ǣՓɗҡȍɗ͑ĀɗƸƸľфľ͑ҡľËΎ́ΎǣɗË́ËΎ͑ҡľիҡѸٍ͑ΎҡҡΎ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ҡȍľɗфĀɗƸƸľфľ͑ҡ
ɗ͑͑ľф ѸҡфӕËҡӕфľѸ‫ل‬ٚؓ؆ ƄԮľ͑ ҡȍľ Ύфɗǣɗ͑ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ՓΎфĀٍ ٘Ѹȍٍ̲͑ٚ ɗѸ ĀɗѸЙӕҡľĀ ¡ֆ
ѸËȍΎ́фѸ‫ؓل‬؉ ֤ľҡ ҡȍľ ҡľф̲ ́́ΎՓѸ ҡȍľ ٘фľ͑Āľфɗ͑ǣٍ Ѹ ƸɗҡȍƸӕ́́ֆ ͑Ā Ѹӕ¡ҡ́ֆ Ѹ
ЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľٍɗ͑ҡΎ́ɗ͑ǣӕƸф͑ËΎƸѸËȍΎ́ф́ֆĀɗѸËΎӕфѸľٍՓȍľфľ͑́ֆҡɗË́ҡľф̲Ѹ
фľľ̲Й́ΎֆľĀՓȍɗËȍΎ͑ҡȍľΎ͑ľȍĀфľфǣӕ¡́ֆЙЙ́ɗË¡́ľҡΎҡȍľËѸľӕ͑‫ڎ‬
ĀľфѸҡӕĀֆٍ¡ӕҡՓȍɗËȍҡҡȍľѸ̲ľҡɗ̲ľȍԮľՓɗĀľфф͑ǣľΎƸЙЙ́ɗË¡ɗ́ɗҡֆٍ
ɗ͑ԮΎ́Ԯɗ͑ǣΎҡȍľфËӕ́ҡӕфľѸٍΎҡȍľфѸľҡҡɗ͑ǣѸɗ͑ҡɗ̲ľ͑ĀѸЙËľ‫ل‬ٚؓ،
ґȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗѸ͑Ύҡ фľ́ɗǣɗΎ͑ɗҡѸľ́Ƹٍ¡ӕҡфľ́ҡɗԮľ́ֆӕҡΎ͑Ύ̲ΎӕѸ Ѹľǣ̲ľ͑ҡ ΎƸ
ԮфɗΎӕѸфľ́ɗǣɗΎ͑Ѹ‫ڐ‬ɗҡ٘ɗѸ˔͑ΎՓ͑́ɗҡľф́́ֆ́́ΎԮľфҡȍľՓΎф́Ā͑ĀȍѸ́ľƸҡҡфË‫ڎ‬
ľѸɗ̲͑́́ʮΎффľ́ɗǣɗΎ͑Ѹ‫ل‬ٚؓؐʊҡɗѸфľ́ҡľĀҡΎ͑ɗ̲ɗѸٍ̲ɗ͑ҡȍҡҡȍľфľфľ¡ӕ͑‫ڎ‬
Ā͑ҡ͑ɗ̲ɗѸҡɗË¡ľ́ɗľƸѸѸѸΎËɗҡľĀՓɗҡȍѸȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲‫ل‬ʊ͑ͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗٍƸΎфľի̲Й́ľ
‫ڐ‬Ëӕ́ҡӕфľҡȍҡՓɗ́́¡ľΎƸǣфľҡËΎ̲ЙфҡɗԮľɗ̲ЙΎфҡ͑Ëľɗ͑ՓȍҡƸΎ́́ΎՓѸ‫ڐ‬
́ɗԮɗ͑ǣҡфľľȍѸɗҡѸΎՓ͑ѸΎӕٍ́͑ĀƸΎфľѸҡѸՓȍΎ́ľȍѸɗҡѸΎՓ͑‫´ؓؓل‬ӕҡ͑ɗ‫ڎ‬
̲ɗѸҡɗËËΎ͑ËľЙҡѸфľ́ѸΎËΎ̲̲Ύ͑Й́Ëľɗ͑фľѸΎƸҡȍľՓΎф́ĀՓȍľфľѸȍ̲͑‫ڎ‬
ɗѸ̲ ɗѸ ӕ͑˔͑ΎՓ͑‫ ؗؓل‬ґΎ ɗҡ ɗѸ ѸƸľф ҡΎ ́ɗѸҡ ͑ɗ̲ɗѸ̲ Ѹ ̲Ύ͑ǣ ҡȍľ ËΎ͑Ѹҡľ́́ҡɗΎ͑
٤ҡΎӕѸľˇ͑kѸѸ̲͑ٔѸ ҡľф̲٧ΎƸҡҡфɗ¡ӕҡľѸфľǣӕ́ф́ֆ ѸѸΎËɗҡľĀՓɗҡȍ Ѹȍ̲͑‫ڎ‬
ɗѸ̲‫؜ؓل‬kҡҡȍľфɗѸ˔ΎƸΎԮľфѸɗ̲Й́ɗƸֆɗ͑ǣɗҡٍҡȍľфľфľƸΎӕфΎҡȍľфľ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡѸĀΎ̲ɗ‫ڎ‬
͑͑ҡɗ͑ҡȍɗѸËΎ͑Ѹҡľ́́ҡɗΎٍ͑ΎфƸɗԮľɗ͑ҡΎҡٍ́Փɗҡȍ͑ɗ̲ɗѸ̲¡ľɗ͑ǣҡȍľƸɗфѸҡ‫؟ؓل‬
 ґľËΎ͑Āٍ Ѹȍ̲͑Ѹ ѸΎ́ɗËɗҡ ҡȍľ Ƹфɗľ͑ĀѸȍɗЙ ͑Ā ɗĀ ΎƸ ҡȍľфɗΎ̲ΎфЙȍɗË ѸЙɗфɗҡѸ
Ύф٘ЙΎՓľф͑ɗ̲́Ѹٚɗ͑ΎфĀľфҡΎȍľ́ЙΎҡȍľфȍӕ̲͑ѸٍľѸЙľËɗ́́ֆ¡ֆȍľ́ɗ͑ǣ‫آؓل‬
´ӕҡҡȍľѸȍ̲͑ٔѸ٘Ύҡȍľф‫ڎ‬ՓΎф́Ā́ֆʮΎӕф͑ľֆٚΎфɗ͑ҡľфËҡɗΎ͑ՓɗҡȍҡȍľѸľѸЙɗфɗҡӕ́
¡ľɗ͑ǣѸɗѸӕ͑́ɗ˔ľҡȍľ٘ЙΎѸѸľѸѸɗΎ͑Ëӕ́ҡѸѸӕËȍѸфľƸΎӕ͑Āɗ͑ՠľѸҡkƸфɗËٍ´ф‫ڎ‬

ؓ؆
 ٘ґȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲‫ و‬k͑ kфËȍɗË ͑Ā‫ڈ‬Ύф ѠľËľ͑ҡ ґֆѸҡľ̲ ΎƸ ´ľ́ɗľƸѸٍٚ ɗ͑ Shamanismٍ ľĀ‫ل‬
ґȍɗф́ľֆͮɗËȍΎ́ѸΎ͑٤ՠȍľҡΎ͑‫و‬тӕľѸҡ´ΎΎ˔Ѹٍ؉‫؟آإ‬٧ٍ‫ٌؐإ‬ƄĀѸΎٍ͑Shamanismٍ؉‫ل؟‬
ؓ؉
 ƄĀѸΎٍ͑Shamanismٍ‫لإ‬
ؓ،
 ՠɗ̲Ո͑´ɗ͑Ѹ¡ľфǣľ͑͑ĀǗф͑Ѹՠɗǣǣľфٍ̲͑͑٘ͅǣɗËɗ͑ȸɗѸҡΎфֆٍٚľիЙ͑ĀľĀԮľф‫ڎ‬
ѸɗΎ͑ΎƸ٘ͅǣɗËɗ͑ȸɗѸҡΎфֆٚɗ͑Mesopotamian MagicٍľĀ‫ل‬ҽ‫ل‬k¡ӕѸËȍ͑Ā˫‫ل‬Ԯ͑Āľф
ҽΎΎф͑٤ǾфΎ͑ɗ͑ǣľ͑‫و‬ґҡֆիٍ؉‫إإإ‬٧ٍËΎЙֆфɗǣȍҡ؉‫إإإ‬ҡȍҡҡЙ‫ڈڈو‬ՓՓՓ‫ل‬Ѹȍɗ˔͑Ā‫͑ل‬ľҡ‫ڎ͑ڈ‬
Ëɗľ͑ҡ۲̲ΎĀľ́Ѹ‫ڈ‬ǣľ͑ؐ‫̲ڈ‬ǣɗË‫ل‬ȍҡ̲‫ ل‬ҽȍľֆ ËΎ͑ҡɗ͑ӕľٍ ٘ՠȍҡľԮľф ҡȍľ ĀɗѸĀԮ͑ҡǣľѸ ΎƸ
ҡȍľ͑Ύ̲ɗ͑́ɗѸҡЙЙфΎËȍٍѸҡфɗËҡ́ֆѸЙľ˔ɗ͑ǣՓľфľ́́ЙфҡֆҡΎɗҡƸфΎ̲ҡȍľ̲Ύ̲ľ͑ҡ
Փľ Ѹľҡ Ύӕҡ ҡΎ ѸҡӕĀֆٍ ľ‫ل‬ǣ‫ ل‬ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ËΎ͑ҡľիҡ ΎƸ ͑Ëɗľ͑ҡ ͅľѸΎЙΎҡ̲ɗٍ ͑Ύҡ ѸΎ ̲ӕËȍ
ashiputu, barutu, asutuٍľҡË‫¡ٍل‬ӕҡфҡȍľфَ̲ǣɗË‫ٔل‬ٚ
ؓؐ
 ƄĀѸΎٍ͑Shamanismٍ‫لآ‬
ؓؓ
 ЬӕфľԮϘҡǣΎ͑ֆ͑ĀЬӕфԮľľǾӕф¡Āфֆٍ͑Mongolian Shamanism٤ؓҡȍľĀ‫ل‬Ԇ́͑¡‫ڎ‬
ҡф‫ل͑و‬Й‫ٍل‬،؆؆ؓ٧ٍ؉،‫لؗ‬
ؓ‫ؗ‬
 ґɗɗ˔ٍ́٘ʊ͑ҡľфЙфľҡҡɗΎٍ͑ٚ،؆‫ل‬
ؓ‫؜‬
 ȸф͑ľфٍ٘k͑Ëɗľ͑ҡՠɗѸĀΎٍ̲ٚ‫لؗ‬
ؓ‫؟‬
 ˫‫ ل‬ǾΎ́Ā̲̲ľфٍ ٘Ƅ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡľ ĀľѸ ґËȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ӕѸ ɗ̲ ḱҡľ͑ ҽľѸҡ̲ľ͑ҡٍٚ ɗ͑ Ex Orbe
Religionumٍ ľĀ‫ ل‬ǾľΎ ՠɗĀľ͑ǣфľ͑ ٤ґҡӕĀɗľѸ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ȸɗѸҡΎфֆ ΎƸ Ѡľ́ɗǣɗΎ͑Ѹ ،،ٌ ̞ľɗĀľ͑‫و‬
´фɗٍ́́؉‫؟إ‬،٧ٍ،‫ٍآ؜‬Ë́́ѸҡȍľËΎ͑Ѹҡľ́́ҡɗΎ͑٘Konglomerat oder Aggregat‫ل‬ٚ
ؓ‫آ‬
 ȸф͑ľфٍ٘k͑Ëɗľ͑ҡՠɗѸĀΎٌٍ̲ٚؐґҡľՓфҡƄ‫ل‬ǾӕҡȍфɗľٍFaces in the Clouds ٤ͮľՓ֤Ύф˔‫و‬
ϘիƸΎфĀԆ͑ɗԮľфѸɗҡֆЬфľѸѸٍ؉‫ؐإإ‬٧ٍ؉؉‫ل‬
ؐ؉‫؜‬ Ѡ‫ل‬ġ‫ͅل‬ɗ́́ľфʊʊ 

‫׀‬ɗٍ́Ύфҡȍľæфɗ¡¡ľ͑‫ه‬ՠȍľфľֆΎӕȍԮľЙӕфľѸȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲‫ه‬ҡȍľѸȍ̲͑ɗѸ
ҡȍľَ̲ѸҡľфΎƸѸЙɗфɗҡѸ‫ٔل‬ҽȍľѸЙɗфɗҡѸՓΎф˔ƸΎфҡȍľѸȍٌ̲͑ȍľΎфѸȍľЙΎѸѸľѸѸľѸ
ҡȍľٍ̲фҡȍľфҡȍ͑ҡȍľфľԮľфѸľ‫ل‬ٚؓ‫إ‬
 ҽȍɗфĀٍɗ͑ĀĀɗҡɗΎ͑ҡΎҡȍľЙΎՓľф͑ɗ̲́Ѹٍɗ͑ѸΎ̲ľѸȍ̲͑ɗѸҡɗËËӕ́ҡӕфľѸҡȍľ
ѸЙɗфɗҡѸΎƸҡȍľ͑ËľѸҡΎфѸфľ́ѸΎнӕɗҡľɗ̲ЙΎфҡ͑ҡ‫ل‬ʊ͑ ͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗٍƸΎфľի̲Й́ľٍ
ҡȍľË́͑ËȍɗľƸҡɗ͑ѸľфԮľѸѸ͑ɗ͑ҡľф̲ľĀɗфֆҡΎҡȍľ٘´ӕӕ̲́ٚ͑ËľѸҡΎфѸЙɗф‫ڎ‬
ɗҡѸٍՓȍΎфľѸɗĀľ͑Ύҡɗ͑ѸΎ̲ľ٘ΎҡȍľфՓΎф́Āٚ¡ӕҡɗ͑ҡȍľɗфЙфΎЙľфҡΎ̲¡Ѹ‫ؗل‬؆
ҽȍľՓΎф˔ΎƸҡȍľѸȍ̲͑ȍɗ̲Ѹľ́ƸɗѸҡȍľƸΎӕфҡȍľ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡ‫ل‬ʊ͑ͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗٍҡȍɗѸË͑
ɗ͑ԮΎ́Ԯľ͑ΎҡΎ͑́ֆȍľ́ɗ͑ǣٍ¡ӕҡ́ѸΎËΎ͑ҡфΎ́́ɗ͑ǣË́ΎӕĀѸٍ̲˔ɗ͑ǣ́ɗǣȍҡ͑ɗ͑ǣٍ͑Ā
ËΎ̲̲͑Āɗ͑ǣ фɗٍ͑ ͑Ā ҡȍӕѸ фľѸľ̲¡́ľѸ ̲ǣɗË‫ؗل‬؉ ´ӕҡ Ѹȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ ɗѸ ͑Ύҡ ҡȍľ
Ѹ̲ľѸ̲ǣɗË‫ل‬ʊ͑Ѹȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲͑Ύ͑‫ڎ‬ȍӕ̲͑ľ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡѸҡľ͑ĀҡΎ¡ľЙľфѸΎ͑́ɗ‫׀‬ľĀ
͑ĀľԮľ͑͑ҡȍфΎЙΎ̲ΎфЙȍɗ‫׀‬ľĀ‫٘ل‬ҽȍľѸЙɗфɗҡѸΎƸȍӕ̲͑Ѹ͑Ā͑ɗ̲́ѸфľľѸѸľ͑‫ڎ‬
ҡɗ́́ֆ ҡȍľ Ѹ̲ľ‫ل‬ٚ‫ؗ‬، ͅǣɗËٍ ËΎ͑ҡффɗՓɗѸľٍ ɗѸ  ҡľËȍ͑ɗË́ ľիЙľфɗľ͑Ëľٍ Փɗҡȍ 
٘ƸËҡӕٍ̲́ľËȍ͑ɗѸҡɗËËΎ͑ËľЙҡӕ́ĀΎ̲ɗ͑ΎƸɗҡѸΎՓ͑‫ل‬ٚ‫ؐؗ‬
 ҽȍľƸɗƸҡȍËΎ̲ЙΎ͑ľ͑ҡË́ΎѸľ́ֆËΎ͑͑ľËҡľĀɗ͑ҡȍľѸȍ̲͑ɗËËΎ̲Й́ľիɗѸҡȍľ̲ľ̲Ύ‫ڎ‬
фɗ‫׀‬ҡɗΎ͑ΎƸËľфҡɗ͑ҡľիҡѸ٤ѸΎ͑ǣѸٍ̲ֆҡȍѸ٧ٍҡȍľфӕ́ľѸƸΎффɗҡӕ́ËҡɗԮɗҡɗľѸٍ͑Āҡȍľфӕ‫ڎ‬
¡фɗËѸ ƸΎф ҡȍľ ӕѸľ ΎƸ ҡȍľ Ύ¡ʮľËҡѸٍ ҡΎΎ́Ѹٍ ͑Ā ЙфЙȍľф͑́ɗ ӕѸľĀ ¡ֆ Ѹȍ̲͑Ѹ‫ؓؗل‬
k̲Ύ͑ǣҡȍɗѸЙфЙȍľф͑́ɗфľ͑ҡ́ľфѸٍӕѸľĀɗ͑Ѹȍ̲͑ٔѸ̲Ѹ˔Ѹ‫ؗؗل‬
ͅѸ˔Ѹфľ͑ľѸѸľ͑ҡɗ́ľ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡΎƸѸȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲‫؜ؗل‬ʊ̲͑ΎѸҡѸȍ̲͑ɗËËӕ́ҡӕфľѸٍ
ҡȍľ ̲Ѹ˔Ѹ фľЙфľѸľ͑ҡ ҡȍľ ͑ɗ̲́ ѸЙɗфɗҡѸ ͑Ā ľ͑ȍ͑Ëľ ҡȍľ ËΎ͑͑ľËҡɗΎ͑ Փɗҡȍ
ҡȍľ̲‫ͅ؟ؗل‬Ύ͑ǣΎ́ɗ͑Ѹȍ̲͑ѸΎƸҡȍľǾľ͑ǣȍɗѸ˫ȍ͑ЙľфɗΎĀٍȍΎՓľԮľфٍՓΎфľ͑ҡ‫ڎ‬
́ľфѸ ɗ͑ ҡȍľɗф ȍľĀՓľф Ѹ  Ѹֆ̲¡Ύ́ ΎƸ ҡȍľ Ѹҡфӕǣǣ́ľ ǣɗ͑Ѹҡ ´ӕĀĀȍɗѸ̲‫آؗل‬
k̲Ύ͑ǣ ̲ΎĀľф͑ ƄѸҡ ͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗ͑ Ѹȍ̲͑Ѹٍ ҡȍľ ͑ӕ̲¡ľф ΎƸ ͑ҡ́ľфѸ ѸȍΎՓѸ ҡȍľ
ȍľ́ɗ͑ǣËЙËɗҡֆËȍɗľԮľĀ¡ֆҡȍľЙфҡɗËӕ́фѸȍ̲͑‫إؗل‬ϘҡȍľфѸȍ̲͑ѸՓΎфľ

ؓ‫إ‬
 ȸф͑ľфٍ٘k͑Ëɗľ͑ҡՠɗѸĀΎٍ̲ٚ؉‫لؗ‬
‫ؗ‬؆
 ՠ́ҡȍľфȸľɗѸѸɗǣٍ٘ґȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ΎƸҡȍľͅΎ͑ǣΎ́Ѹٍٚ٤фľЙф‫ل‬ƸфΎ̲Religions of Mongolia
¡ֆ ՠ́ҡȍľф ȸľɗѸѸɗǣٍ ؉‫آإ‬؆ٍ ɗ͑ Shamanismٍ ľĀ‫ ل‬k͑Āфľɗ k‫̲͑ד ل‬ľ͑Ѹ˔ɗٌ ̞Ύ͑ĀΎ͑‫و‬
ѠΎӕҡ́ľĀǣľٍ،؆؆ؓ٧،،‫ؐڎإ‬؆ٍ،ؐ‫ل؜‬
‫ؗ‬؉
 ȸľɗѸѸɗǣٍ ٘ґȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲ٚ ،ؐ؆ٌ ́ѸΎ ɗ͑ ґɗ¡ľфɗ͑ Ѹȍ̲͑ɗѸٌ̲ ͅфʮΎфɗľ ͅ‫׀́´ ل‬ľфٍ
٘ґӕѸҡɗ͑¡́ľ Ǘɗҡȍ‫ ظ‬ѠľËΎ͑Ƹɗǣӕфɗ͑ǣ ґȍ̲͑ɗË ȸľ́ɗ͑ǣ ɗ͑ ґɗ¡ľфɗٍٚ ɗ͑ Spiritual
Transformation and HealingٍľĀ‫ˇل‬Ύ͑ġ‫˫ل‬ΎѸѸ‫ڎ‬æȍɗΎɗ͑Ύ͑ĀЬȍɗ́ɗЙȸľƸ͑ľф٤̞͑ȍٍ̲
ͅġ‫و‬ḱҡͅɗфЬфľѸѸٍ،؆؆‫؜‬٧ٍ‫لؐإ‬
‫ؗ‬،
 ǾӕҡȍфɗľٍFacesٍ‫ل؟آ‬
‫ؐؗ‬
 Ո͑´ɗ͑Ѹ¡ľфǣľ͑͑Āՠɗǣǣľфٍ̲͑͑٘ͅǣɗËɗ͑ȸɗѸҡΎфֆ‫ل‬ٚ
‫ؓؗ‬
 ȸΎЙЙٍ́٘ґȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲ٚ‫لؗإ‬
‫ؗؗ‬
 ҽȍΎ̲Ѹk‫ل‬ġӕ´ΎɗѸٍAn Introduction to Shamanism ٤æ̲¡фɗĀǣľ‫و‬æ̲¡фɗĀǣľԆ͑ɗԮľф‫ڎ‬
ѸɗҡֆЬфľѸѸٍ،؆؆‫إ‬٧ٍ؉‫ل؟؟ڎ؜؟‬
‫؜ؗ‬
 ġӕ´ΎɗѸٍIntroduction to Shamanismٍ؉‫آ‬،‫لؓآڎ‬
‫؟ؗ‬
 ґľфǣľ ˫ɗ͑ǣٍ ٘ҽȍľ ՠֆ ΎƸ ҡȍľ kĀԮľ͑ҡӕфľфٍٚ ɗ͑ Shamanismٍ ľĀ‫ ل‬ґȍɗф́ľֆ ͮɗËȍΎ́ѸΎ͑
٤ՠȍľҡΎ͑‫و‬тӕľѸҡ´ΎΎ˔Ѹٍ؉‫؟آإ‬٧ٍ؉‫إ‬،ٌƄĀѸΎٍ͑Shamanismٍ،ؓ‫ل‬
‫آؗ‬
 ϘҡǣΎ͑ֆ͑ĀǾӕф¡Āфֆٍ͑Mongolian Shamanismٍ؉‫آ‬؉‫ل‬
‫إؗ‬
 ՠ́ҡȍľф ȸľɗѸѸɗǣٍ ٘ͮľՓ ͅҡľфɗ́ Ύ͑ ƄѸҡ ͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗ͑ ґȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲ٚ Asian Folklore
Studies ؓ‫إ‬٤؉‫إإ‬؆٧‫و‬،،‫ل؜‬ҽȍľ͑ľՓ́ֆɗ͑ɗҡɗҡľĀѸȍ̲͑ȍѸΎ͑́ֆҡȍľɗфΎ͑фɗ͑ǣΎ͑ȍɗѸ
 ґȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗ͑Ƅф́ֆʊѸфľ́ ؐ؉‫؟‬

̲Ѹ˔ѸΎƸ͑ɗ̲́Ѹҡȍľֆɗ͑ҡľ͑ĀľĀҡΎȍӕ͑ҡٍҡΎľ͑Ѹӕфľ͑Āľнӕҡľҡ˔ľƸΎфҡȍľ
ËΎ̲̲ӕ͑ɗҡֆ‫؜ل‬؆
 ՠȍɗ́ľѸΎ̲ľĀľľф‫ڎ‬ѸЙɗфɗҡ̲Ѹ˔ѸфľËΎ̲Й́ľҡľ́ֆҡȍľфɗΎ̲ΎфЙȍɗËٍѸӕËȍѸǗɗǣ‫ل‬
؉ٍ؉‫إ‬ҡȍ‫ڎ‬Ëľ͑ҡӕфֆ֤ӕЙɗ˔̲Ѹ˔ƸфΎ̲ϘȍΎǣ̲ɗӕҡΎ͑ҡȍľ֤ӕ˔Ύ͑ѠɗԮľф‫͑ڐ‬Ύҡȍľф
Ѹȍ̲͑ɗѸҡɗËËӕ́ҡӕфľٍ‫؜‬؉ɗҡɗѸ́ѸΎЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľҡΎƸƸɗի͑ҡ́ľфѸҡΎ͑͑ҡȍфΎЙΎ̲Ύф‫ڎ‬
ЙȍɗË̲Ѹ˔́ɗ˔ľҡȍľт‫ڬ‬ľнËȍɗͅֆ͑ľի̲Й́ľɗ͑Ǘɗǣ‫ل‬،‫؜ل‬،Ǘɗǣ‫ؐل‬ɗѸËѸҡΎƸ͑‫ڎ‬
Ύҡȍľф٘ĀľľфѸЙɗфɗҡ̲ٚѸ˔ƸфΎ̲˫ľֆͅфËΎٍՓȍɗËȍɗѸ̲ɗѸѸɗ͑ǣҡȍľЙ́ËľƸΎфҡ‫ڎ‬
ҡËȍɗ͑ǣҡȍľ͑ҡ́ľфѸ‫ل‬
 ͅѸ˔Ѹ фľ  ËΎ̲̲Ύ͑ фҡɗƸËҡ ƸΎӕ͑Ā ɗ͑ ҡľ̲Й́ľѸ ͑Ā ǣфԮľѸ ҡȍфΎӕǣȍΎӕҡ
ґֆфɗٍͅľѸΎЙΎҡ̲ɗٍ͑Āʊф͑‫ؐ؜ل‬ҽȍľфľфľȸӕ̲¡¡̲Ѹ˔ѸƸфΎ̲Ϙ́Ā´¡ֆ‫ڎ‬
́Ύ͑ɗ͑˫ɗѸȍٍՓɗҡȍҡȍľ̲ľ͑ѸҡΎҡҡËȍҡȍľ̲ҡΎΎ͑ľٔѸƸËľ‫ؓ؜ل‬Ǘɗǣ‫ؓل‬ѸȍΎՓѸҡȍľ
Ƹ̲ΎӕѸ ̞ҡľ ´фΎ͑‫׀‬ľ ʊʊ ̲Ѹ˔ ƸфΎ̲ ҡȍľ ґҡľ́ɗ ґȍфɗ͑ľ ҡ ȸ‫׀‬Ύф‫ͅ ؗ؜ل‬Ѹ˔Ѹ ȍԮľ
¡ľľ͑ƸΎӕ͑Āɗ͑ʊфΎ͑ʊЬ́ľѸҡɗ͑ľҡЬȍɗ́ɗѸҡɗ͑ľҽľ̲Й́ľ،؆؆ΎƸҽľ́тѸɗ́ľٍĀҡľĀ
ҡΎ ҡȍľ ؉؉ҡȍ Ëľ͑ҡӕфֆٍ ͑Ā ƸфΎ̲ ؉؉ҡȍ‫ڈ‬؉؆ҡȍ‫ڎ‬Ëľ͑ҡӕфֆ kѸȍĀΎĀ ٤ґҡфҡ ռ‫ڎ‬ʊռ٧ ͑Ā
؉؆ҡȍ‫ڎ‬Ëľ͑ҡӕфֆҽľ́ґľф!‫؜؜ل‬ҽȍľфľфľËΎӕ͑ҡ́ľѸѸľի̲Й́ľѸƸфΎ̲ҡȍľʊфΎ͑ʊʊЙľфɗ‫ڎ‬
ΎĀ ٤ƸфΎ̲ ґȍӕƸҡٍ ˇľфӕѸ́ľٍ̲ ´ľľфѸȍľ¡ٍ k˔ȍ‫׀‬ɗԮٍ ľҡË‫ل‬٧‫ ؟؜ل‬Ѡ‫́˫ ׀‬ľҡҡľф ɗ́́ӕѸ‫ڎ‬

ȍľĀٍ ҡΎ ՓȍɗËȍ ͑ҡ́ľфѸ Փɗ́́ ́ҡľф ¡ľ ƸƸɗիľĀٌ ȸľɗѸѸɗǣٍ ٘ƄѸҡ ͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗ͑ ґȍ̲͑‫ڎ‬
ɗѸٍ̲ٚ،،‫ٌ٘؜ل͑إ‬ґȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲ٚ،ؐ‫ٍ؟‬،ؓ؆ٌƄĀѸΎٍ͑Shamanismٍؓ؉‫ل‬
‫؜‬؆
 ƄĀѸΎٍ͑Shamanismٍؐؓ‫ل‬
‫؜‬؉
 Ϙ͑ƄѸ˔ɗ̲ΎѸȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲ѸľľƄфɗ˔ȸΎ́ҡԮľĀٍ٘ƄѸ˔ɗ̲Ύґȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲ٚɗ͑Studies in Sha-
manism, ľĀ‫ل‬æф́‫ͅڎ‬фҡɗ͑ƄĀѸ̲͑٤ґҡΎË˔ȍΎ̲́‫و‬ḱ̲нԮɗѸҡ‫ٶ‬ՠɗ˔Ѹľٍ́́؉‫؟؜إ‬٧ٍ،ؐ‫ؐڎ‬؉ٍ
͑Ā̲ΎфľфľËľ͑ҡѸҡӕĀɗľѸ‫ل‬
‫؜‬،
 ґɗ̲ɗ́ф̲Ѹ˔ѸՓɗҡȍ͑ҡ́ľфѸՓľфľƸΎӕ͑Āɗ͑ȸΎЙľՓľ́́ѸɗҡľѸ٤،؆؆´æ‫ؓڎ‬؆؆kġ٧͑Āҡ
ґЙɗфΎͅΎӕ͑ҡɗ͑Ϙ˔́ȍΎ̲٤؉،؆؆‫ڎ‬؉ؓ‫ؗ‬؆kġ٧ٌƄĀѸΎٍ͑Shamanismٍ،ؐ‫ل؜‬
‫ؐ؜‬
 ѠľɗËȍľфҡٍ٘˫ӕ́ҡ̲Ѹ˔ľٍٚ؉‫لؗإ‬
‫ؓ؜‬
 ˇ͑ľ ´‫ ل‬æфҡľфٍ ٘ͅѸ˔Ѹ ΎƸ Ϙфҡȍľɗٍٚ American Journal of Archaeology ‫إ‬؉ ٤؉‫؟آإ‬٧‫و‬
ؐ‫؜‬،‫ ل‬ҽȍľ ɗ̲ǣľ ΎƸ ȸӕ̲¡¡ٍ ́ҡȍΎӕǣȍ ͑Ύҡ Ύ͑ ̲Ѹ˔Ѹٍ ɗѸ ƸΎӕ͑Ā Ѹ ľф́ֆ Ѹ ҡȍľ
ǗɗфѸҡ ġֆ͑Ѹҡֆ ΎƸ ´¡ֆ́Ύ͑ ٤؉‫ڎؗإآ‬؉‫´ ؗإؗ‬æ٧ٌ æфҡľфٍ ٘ͅѸ˔Ѹٍٚ ؐ‫؜‬؉‫ ل‬ґɗ̲ɗ́ф ̲Ѹ˔Ѹ
ËΎ̲ľ ƸфΎ̲ ́ҡľф æֆЙфӕѸٌ æфҡľфٍ ٘ͅѸ˔Ѹٍٚ ؐ‫ لؐ؜‬Ϙ͑ ЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľ ËΎ͑͑ľËҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ҡΎ ҡȍľ
k˔ȍ‫׀‬ɗԮ̲Ѹ˔ٍѸľľæфҡľфٍ٘ͅѸ˔Ѹٍٚؐ‫لؓ؜‬
‫ؗ؜‬
 kѸɗ̲ɗ́ф̲Ѹ˔ՓѸƸΎӕ͑Āɗ͑؉؉ҡȍ‫ڎ‬Ëľ͑ҡӕфֆ˫ɗҡɗΎٌ͑æфҡľфٍ٘ͅѸ˔Ѹٍٚؐ‫ل؜؜‬
‫؜؜‬
 Ѡ‫́˫׀‬ľҡҡľфٍ٘ҽΎæѸҡ͑ʊ̲ǣľٍٚɗ͑Up to the Gates of EkronٍľĀ‫ل‬ґ‫ل‬ՠ‫ل‬æфՓƸΎфĀ
ľҡ́‫ل‬٤ˇľфӕѸ́ľ̲‫و‬ḱ¡фɗǣȍҡʊ͑ѸҡɗҡӕҡľƸΎфkфËȍľΎ́ΎǣɗË́ѠľѸľфËȍٍ،؆؆‫؟‬٧ٍ؉‫لإآ‬
‫؟؜‬
 ˫́ľҡҡľфٍ٘ҽΎæѸҡ͑ʊ̲ǣľٍٚ؉‫إ‬؆ٍ؉‫لؗإ‬ҽȍľфľՓľфľ̲Ѹ˔Ƹфǣ̲ľ͑ҡѸƸΎӕ͑Āɗ͑ҡȍľ
Ëӕ́ҡɗËфľΎƸҽľ́ġ͑ƸфΎ̲ҡȍľѸΎ‫ڎ‬Ë́́ľĀ٘´̲ȍkٍٚՓȍɗËȍ´ɗф͑ËΎ͑͑ľËҡľĀՓɗҡȍ
ˇľфΎ¡Ύ̲ ʊ‫ ل‬æȍфɗѸҡΎЙȍ Ԇľȍ́ɗ͑ǣľф ٤٘Ƅɗ͑ľ k͑ҡȍфΎЙΎ̲ΎфЙȍľ ˫ӕ́ҡѸҡҡӕľ ĀľѸ ǾΎҡҡľѸ
ԮΎ͑ġ͑‫ظ‬ٚBiblische Notizen ‫؟‬،٤؉‫ؓإإ‬٧‫ڎؗآو‬؉؆؆٧фǣӕľĀҡȍҡҡȍľѸľƸфǣ̲ľ͑ҡѸՓľфľ
ƸфΎ̲Ѹҡҡӕľٍ¡ӕҡġ́ɗЬ˔̲͑ȍѸѸȍΎՓ͑ҡȍҡҡȍľ̲Ѹ˔ՓѸΎфɗǣɗ͑́́ֆƸɗիľĀҡΎ
͑ɗ͑Ëľ͑ѸľѸҡ͑ĀƸΎӕ͑Ā͑ľф¡ֆ‫ل‬ҽȍľ̲Ѹ˔ɗ͑нӕľѸҡɗΎٍ͑ȍΎՓľԮľфٍȍѸ͑ΎľֆľȍΎ́ľѸ
͑ĀՓѸ͑Ύҡɗ͑ҡľ͑ĀľĀҡΎ¡ľՓΎф͑‫ل‬ґľľġ́ɗЬ˔ٍَ̲͑٘ͅѸ˔‫́ڎ‬ɗ˔ľٔǗËľѠľ́ɗľƸѸΎ͑
Ьɗ͑ҡľĀґҡ͑ĀƸфΎ̲ҡȍľґËфľĀЬфľËɗ͑Ëҡҡҽľ́ġٍ͑ٚEretz Israel،‫؟‬٤،؆؆ؐ٧‫و‬؉‫ڎ؜إ‬
،؆ؐ‫ل‬ҽȍľфľфľѸɗ̲ɗ́фЬȍΎľ͑ɗËɗ̲͑Ѹ˔Ѹٍɗ͑Ë́ӕĀɗ͑ǣΎ͑ľƸфΎ̲ҡȍľËΎ́́ľËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸǗľ‫ڎ‬
́ɗիĀľґӕ́ËֆҡȍҡՓľ͑ҡΎ͑Ѹ́ľƸΎфҞ‫؜؜‬؆؆ľф́ɗľфҡȍɗѸֆľф٤kфҡk͑Ëɗľ͑ҡ̞ҡĀ‫ل‬٧‫غ‬
ؐ؉‫آ‬ Ѡ‫ل‬ġ‫ͅل‬ɗ́́ľфʊʊ 

ҡфҡľѸ̲͑ֆΎƸҡȍľѸľɗ͑ҡȍľґľֆ̲ΎӕфǾɗҡɗ͑ƸľѸҡѸËȍфɗƸҡ‫آ؜ل‬
 ҽȍľƸӕ͑ËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸҡȍľѸľ̲Ѹ˔ѸՓѸ́ՓֆѸӕ͑Ë́ľф‫إ؜ل‬ѠľɗËȍľфҡҡȍΎӕǣȍҡҡȍľֆ
ՓľфľӕѸľĀɗ͑фɗҡӕ́Ā͑ËľѸٍѸѸľľ̲ѸҡΎȍԮľ¡ľľ͑ҡȍľËѸľɗ͑æֆЙфӕѸٍфľЙфľ‫ڎ‬
Ѹľ͑ҡɗ͑ǣ٘ĀɗԮɗ͑ľфĀɗҡɗΎ͑ٚ٤göttlicher Strahlenglanz٧‫؟ل‬؆ҽȍΎѸľƸфΎ̲ȸ‫׀‬Ύфٍ˫ɗ‫ڎ‬
ҡɗΎٍ͑Ƅ͑˔Ύ̲ɗٍ˫ΎфɗΎӕٍ͑͑ĀґфľЙҡՓľфľ́́ƸΎӕ͑Āɗ͑Ύф͑ľфѸËфľĀфľѸ‫؟ل‬؉
ҽȍľфɗΎ̲ΎфЙȍɗËĀľľф̲Ѹ˔ѸٍՓɗҡȍфľ́͑ҡ́ľфѸҡҡËȍľĀٍфľՓΎф͑ƸΎфĀ͑ËľѸ
¡ֆҡȍľ֤нӕɗ͑ĀͅֆΎЙľΎЙ́ľΎƸ͑Ύфҡȍľф͑ͅľիɗËΎ‫؟ل‬،
 ̞ӕËɗ͑ѸֆѸҡȍҡфɗҡӕ̲́Ѹ˔ѸՓľфľӕѸľĀɗ͑ҡȍľkҡҡɗѸËӕ́ҡҡґֆфɗ͑ȸɗľф‫ڎ‬
ЙΎ́ɗѸ٤Dea Assyr.ٍ؉‫ؗ‬٧‫ل‬ȸľфΎĀΎҡӕѸфľËΎфĀѸҡȍľɗфӕѸľɗ͑ƄǣֆЙҡ٤ʊʊٍ؉،،٧‫ل‬k´ľ‫ڎ‬
Ѹľҡ̲Ѹ˔ɗѸĀľЙɗËҡľĀΎ͑Ƹľ̲́ľSauٍΎфȍľ́ľфٍƸфΎ̲؉‫؟‬ҡȍ‫ڎ‬Ëľ͑ҡӕфֆ´æҡΎ̲¡
͑ľфҡȍľѠ̲ľѸѸľӕ̲‫ؐ؟ل‬ḱѸΎɗ͑ҡȍľҡΎ̲¡ՓѸ¡ΎիËΎ͑ҡɗ͑ɗ͑ǣ̲ľĀɗË́Й‫ڎ‬
Йֆфɗ‫ؓ؟ل‬k¡́ΎË˔ƸфΎ̲،ؓҡȍ‫ڎ‬Ëľ͑ҡӕфֆ´æҡΎ̲¡ƸфΎ̲Ǿɗ‫׀‬ĀľЙɗËҡѸЙфΎËľѸѸɗΎ͑
ΎƸֆΎӕ͑ǣĀ͑ËľфѸٍѸËΎӕфǣľĀ¡ֆֆΎӕҡȍΎфĀՓфƸɗ͑´ľѸ̲Ѹ˔ٍ‫ؗ؟‬Ѹɗ̲ɗ́фҡΎ
؉‫إ‬ҡȍ‫ڎ‬Ëľ͑ҡӕфֆ´æЙɗ͑ҡľĀË͑ԮѸ´ľѸ̲Ѹ˔ѸƸΎӕ͑Āɗ͑ȍΎӕѸľҡ˫ȍӕ͑‫؜؟ل‬
 ʊ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľ ¡ӕф͑ľфѸ ͑Ā ҡȍľɗф Ѹҡ͑ĀѸ Փľфľ нӕɗҡľ ËΎ̲̲Ύ͑ ɗ͑ ʊфΎ͑ ʊ ʊѸфľ́‫ل‬
ͅΎѸҡ ٘¡ɗ¡́ɗË́ фËȍľΎ́ΎǣɗѸҡѸٚ ӕҡΎ̲ҡɗË́́ֆ фľ́ҡľ ҡȍľѸľ ҡΎ ٘ΎƸƸľфɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ
Й́ľѸɗ͑ǣ ΎĀΎф ΎƸ ɗ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľ ҡΎ ҡȍľ ̞ΎфĀٚ ٤ƄիΎĀ ،‫وإ‬،‫ٌؗ‬،‫ؓوإ‬؉ٌ ̞ľԮ ؉‫ ٍإو‬؉ٍؐ ؉‫ٌ؟‬
؉‫و؜‬؉،ٌľҡË‫ل‬٧‫ل‬ʊҡɗѸЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľҡȍľѸľɗ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľ¡ӕф͑ľфѸȍԮľ͑Ύҡȍɗ͑ǣҡΎĀΎՓɗҡȍфľ‫ڎ‬
́ɗǣɗΎ͑ ‫ ڐ‬ɗ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľ Փɗҡȍ ȍΎҡ ËΎ́Ѹ ӕ͑Āľф͑ľҡȍ Ë͑ ЙфΎԮɗĀľ  ́Ύҡ ΎƸ Ѹ̲Ύ˔ľ ƸΎф
̲͑ֆȍΎӕфѸΎфĀֆѸҡΎфľЙľ̲́ΎѸнӕɗҡΎľѸ͑ĀΎҡȍľфɗ͑ѸľËҡѸ‫֤؟؟ل‬ľҡҡȍľѸҡ͑ĀѸٔ
ĀľËΎфҡɗΎ͑ ѸӕǣǣľѸҡѸ ҡȍľֆ фľ фľ́ɗǣɗΎӕѸ‫ ل‬Ƅҡȍ͑ΎǣфЙȍɗË́́ֆٍ ҡȍľֆ Ѹľľ̲ ¡ľѸҡ
ѸӕɗҡľĀƸΎфӕѸľɗ͑٘Ѹ̲ӕĀǣɗ͑ǣٍٚË́ľ͑Ѹɗ͑ǣЙ́ËľѸٍЙľфѸΎ͑ѸٍΎфΎ¡ʮľËҡѸΎƸ͑ľǣ‫ڎ‬
ҡɗԮľ ѸЙɗфɗҡӕ́ ľ͑ľфǣɗľѸ ͑Ā ɗ͑Ԯɗҡɗ͑ǣ ¡ľ͑ľԮΎ́ľ͑ҡ ѸЙɗфɗҡѸ‫ آ؟ل‬ґ̲ӕĀǣɗ͑ǣ ɗѸ  ˔ľֆ

‫آ؜‬
 ҽՓΎ͑ҡ́ľфѸ͑Ā̲Ѹ˔٤ҡȍľ͑ΎѸľ͑ĀЙфҡΎƸҡȍľľֆľѸΎË˔ľҡΎЙľ͑ɗ͑ǣ͑ľիҡҡΎҡȍľ
¡фɗĀǣľ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ͑ΎѸľ٧ Փľфľ ƸΎӕ͑Ā ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ،؆؆‫ إ‬ѸľѸΎ͑ ΎƸ ľիËԮҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ ̞´ʊʊ¡ ´ľҡȍ
ґȍľ̲ľѸȍٍ ́ҡȍΎӕǣȍ ҡȍľѸľ ȍԮľ ͑Ύҡ ֆľҡ ¡ľľ͑ Йӕ¡́ɗѸȍľĀٌ ġ́ľ ͑ͅΎфٍ ЙľфѸΎ͑́
ËΎ̲̲ӕ͑ɗËҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬
‫إ؜‬
 ѠľɗËȍľфҡٍ٘˫ӕ́ҡ̲Ѹ˔ľٍٚ؉‫لؗإ‬
‫؟‬؆
 ѠľɗËȍľфҡٍ٘˫ӕ́ҡ̲Ѹ˔ľٍٚ؉‫ل؜إ‬ҽȍľæֆЙфɗΎҡľɗ́́ӕѸҡфҡɗΎ͑Ѹфľ́ѸΎ͑ΎҡľĀ¡ֆ˫́ľҡҡľфٍ
٘ҽΎæѸҡ͑ʊ̲ǣľٍٚ؉‫لؗإ‬
‫؟‬؉
 æфҡľфٍ٘ͅѸ˔Ѹٍٚؐ‫؟‬؆‫ل‬
‫؟‬،
 ƄĀѸΎٍ͑Shamanismٍ‫لؐؗ‬
‫ؐ؟‬
 Ǿľф́Āɗ͑ľЬɗ͑ËȍٍMagic in Ancient Egypt٤kӕѸҡɗ͑‫و‬Ԇ͑ɗԮľфѸɗҡֆΎƸҽľիѸЬфľѸѸٍ؉‫ؗإإ‬٧ٍ
‫ٍ؟ؗڎ؜ؗ‬Ƹɗǣ‫ل‬،‫ل؟‬
‫ؓ؟‬
 Ьɗ͑ËȍٍMagicٍ؉ؐ؉‫ل‬
‫ؗ؟‬
 Ьɗ͑ËȍٍMagicٍ‫ٍؓآ‬؉،؉‫ڎ‬،،ٍƸɗǣ‫لؐ؜ل‬
‫؜؟‬
 Ьɗ͑ËȍٍMagicٍ؉،،ٍ؉ؐ،ٍƸɗǣ‫؟ل‬؉‫ل‬
‫؟؟‬
 ǗΎՓ́ľфٍ٘ƄիËԮҡľĀʊ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľ´ӕф͑ľфѸٍٚPalestine Exploration Quarterly؉؉‫؟‬٤؉‫ؗآإ‬٧‫و‬
،‫ل؜‬ǗΎՓ́ľфѸӕǣǣľѸҡѸҡȍľ٘Ѹҡ͑ĀѸ̲ٚֆȍԮľ¡ľľ͑ƸΎфЙΎҡҡľĀЙ́͑ҡѸΎфҡΎ˔ľľЙƸΎΎĀ
Փфٌ̲٘ƄիËԮҡľĀʊ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľ´ӕф͑ľфѸٍٚ،‫ڎ؟‬،‫لآ‬
‫آ؟‬
 ͅľ́ɗѸѸk‫ل‬ЬƸ́ӥǣٍَ٘Ьɗ̲Ā‫׀‬ɗՓɗ͑ٔ‫ و‬æΎ͑ҡľ̲ЙΎффֆѠɗҡӕ́Ѹɗ͑ϘĀՓæΎ̲̲ӕ͑ɗҡֆٍٚ
American Indian Quarterly ،؆٤؉‫؜إإ‬٧‫ؗو‬؆؉ٍ‫ؗ‬؆‫ˇٌإ‬ΎֆËľͅӕ́́ɗٍ̞͑ɗ͑Ā̞ľľٍґȍфΎ͑
ȸľфҡՓɗǣٍ͑ĀǾΎфĀΎ͑ґɗ́ԮľфҡȍΎфٍ͑٘ͮҡɗԮľґ̲ӕĀǣɗ͑ǣæľфľ̲Ύ͑ֆٍٚCanadian Nurse
 ґȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗ͑Ƅф́ֆʊѸфľ́ ؐ؉‫إ‬

ľ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡ ΎƸ Ѹȍ̲͑ɗË ȍľ́ɗ͑ǣٍ‫́ إ؟‬ҡȍΎӕǣȍ ɗ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľ ΎƸƸľфɗ͑ǣѸ фľ ́ѸΎ ˔͑ΎՓ͑
٤ͅΎ͑ǣ‫ل‬sang Ύфubsang٧‫ل‬
 ʊ͑ ͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗٍ ľËȍ Ѹȍ̲͑ ȍѸ ȍɗѸ ΎՓ͑ ËΎ̲Й́ľի фľËɗЙľ ƸΎф ҡȍľ ¡ӕф͑ɗ͑ǣ
̲ҡľфɗ́‫آل‬؆æΎ̲̲Ύ͑ ¡ӕф͑ɗ͑ǣ̲ҡľфɗ́ѸƸΎфѸ̲ӕĀǣɗ͑ǣՓΎф́ĀՓɗĀľɗ͑Ë́ӕĀľф‫ڎ‬
ҡľ̲ɗѸɗ٤ՓΎф̲ՓΎΎĀ٧ٍՓȍɗËȍՓѸ¡ӕ͑Ā͑ҡɗ͑ҡȍľˇӕĀľ͑ġľѸľфҡٍǗΎΎҡȍɗ́́ѸΎƸ
ґ̲фɗٍ͑ĀЬ́ɗ͑ΎƸґȍфΎ͑ɗ͑ҡȍľʊфΎ͑ʊЙľфɗΎĀٍ͑Ā̲ΎѸҡɗ̲ЙΎфҡ͑ҡ́ֆʮӕ‫ڎ‬
͑ɗЙľф ٤¡фΎΎ̲ҡфľľ٧ٍ ՓȍɗËȍ ɗ͑ ʊфΎ͑ ʊ ǣфľՓ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ǗΎΎҡȍɗ́́Ѹ ΎƸ ґ̲фɗٍ ҡȍľ
Ь́ɗ͑ΎƸґȍфΎٍ͑͑ĀҡȍľґΎӕҡȍľф͑ͮ¡́ӕѸґֆ͑Ë́ɗ͑ľ‫آل‬؉ˇӕ͑ɗЙľф٤ͅΎ͑ǣ‫ل‬arca٧ɗѸ
ҡȍľľѸѸľ͑ҡɗ́Ѹ̲ӕĀǣɗ͑ǣƸӕľ́ɗ͑ͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗ͑Ѹȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ƸΎфЙӕфɗƸɗËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸҡȍľ
Ѹ̲́́ԮΎҡɗԮľƸɗǣӕфɗ͑ľѸË́́ľĀ٘Ϙ͑ǣΎ͑Ѹ‫ل‬ٚ‫آ‬،ʊ͑ΎҡȍľфѸȍ̲͑ɗѸҡɗËѸΎËɗľҡɗľѸٍ́ɗ˔ľ
ҡȍľ ȸ̲Ύ͑ǣ ΎƸ ҽȍɗ́͑Āٍ ɗ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľ ¡ӕф͑ľфѸ фľ фľǣӕ́ф́ֆ ˔ľЙҡ ɗ͑ ЙфɗԮҡľ
ȍΎ̲ľѸ‫ؐآل‬
 ҽȍľфľɗѸľԮɗĀľ͑ËľƸΎфѸɗ̲ɗ́фӕѸľѸΎƸɗ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľɗ͑ҡȍľ͑Ëɗľ͑ҡͮľфƄѸҡ‫ل‬ʊ͑‫ڎ‬
Ëľ͑ѸľՓѸӕѸľĀɗ͑ƄǣֆЙҡҡΎƸӕ̲ɗǣҡľҡȍľԆфľӕѸΎƸͅľĀɗ͑ľҡȸ¡ӕѸ̲ľ͑Ѹ
ΎƸ ЙӕфɗƸɗËҡɗΎ͑‫ ؓآل‬ՠȍľ͑ Ьɗ‫ڎ‬k͑˔ȍɗ ËΎ͑нӕľфľĀ ͅľ̲ЙȍɗѸٍ ȍľ ЙӕфɗƸɗľĀ ҡȍľ Ëɗҡֆ
¡ֆ¡ӕф͑ɗ͑ǣɗ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľɗ͑ɗҡ‫ؗآل‬ЬЙֆфӕѸґ̲ɗҡȍĀľѸËфɗ¡ľѸѸ̲ӕĀǣɗ͑ǣՓɗҡȍ!ntyw фľѸ‫ڎ‬
ɗ͑͑ĀsntrфľѸɗ͑ɗ͑Ëľ͑ѸľҡΎËӕфľՓΎ̲͑ΎƸĀľ́ֆľĀ̲ľ͑ѸҡфӕҡɗΎ͑‫؜آل‬
 ʊ͑ ͅľѸΎЙΎҡ̲ɗٍ ҡȍľ ҡľф̲ ƸΎф ɗ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľ ɗ͑ ǣľ͑ľф́ ɗѸ qutrinnuٍ ƸфΎ̲ ҡȍľ

‫إل؟إ‬٤،؆؆؉٧‫و‬،؆‫ڎ‬،،ٌҽффľ́́k‫ل‬k‫ل‬ЬΎфҡ̲͑͑ĀͅɗËȍľ́ҽ‫ل‬Ǿффľҡҡٍ٘ͮҡɗԮľk̲ľф‫ڎ‬
ɗË͑ȸľ́ɗ͑ǣҽфĀɗҡɗΎ͑ѸٍٚInternational Journal of Disability, Development, and Edu-
cation ‫ؐؗ‬٤،؆؆‫؜‬٧‫لؓ؜ؓو‬
‫إ؟‬
 ġԮɗĀ Ǿ‫͑ͅ ل‬Āľ́¡ӕٍ̲ ٘ґӕЙľф͑ҡӕф́ æӕфɗ͑ǣٍٚ ЙЙľф ЙфľѸľ͑ҡľĀ ҡ ҡȍľ ͑͑ӕ́
̲ľľҡɗ͑ǣ ΎƸ ҡȍľ k̲ľфɗË͑ k͑ҡȍфΎЙΎ́ΎǣɗË́ kѸѸΎËɗҡɗΎٍ͑ ؉‫؟إ‬؆ ٤ЬЙľфѸ ΎƸ ˇΎȍ͑ ҽ‫ل‬
ȸɗҡËȍËΎË˔ٍґ̲ɗҡȍѸΎ͑ɗ͑ʊ͑ѸҡɗҡӕҡɗΎ͑ͮҡɗΎ͑́k͑ҡȍфΎЙΎ́ΎǣɗË́kфËȍɗԮľѸ٧‫ل‬
‫آ‬؆
 ϘҡǣΎ͑ֆ͑ĀǾӕф¡Āфֆٍ͑Mongolian Shamanismٍ،‫لؓ؜‬
‫آ‬؉
 Ϙ͑ ҡȍľ ɗ̲ЙΎфҡ͑Ëľ ΎƸ ҡȍľѸľ Ƹӕ̲ɗǣ͑ҡѸٍ Ѹľľ ȸфԮľѸҡ ͅËæ̲Й¡ľٍ́́ Sacred Smoke
٤ґӕ̲̲ľфҡΎՓٍ͑ ҽͮ‫ͮ و‬ҡɗԮľ ՈΎɗËľѸٍ ،؆؆،٧ٍ ؓ‫ؗ ٍ؟‬؉ٍ ‫ لؗآ ٍؗ؜‬Ϙ͑ ҡȍľ ΎËËӕффľ͑Ëľ ΎƸ
ҡȍľѸľЙ́͑ҡѸɗ͑ʊфΎ͑ʊٍѸľľѠΎ¡ľфҡġ‫ͅل‬ɗ́́ľфʊʊٍ٘ͅΎĀľ́ɗ͑ǣҡȍľǗф̲ɗ͑Ƅф́ֆʊфΎ͑
kǣľ ʊѸфľٍ́ٚ ЙЙ‫ ل‬،‫ؐڎإآ‬؉؆ ɗ͑ Life and Culture in the Ancient Near East, ľĀ‫ ل‬Ѡ‫ ل‬Ƅ‫ل‬
kԮľф¡ľË˔ٍͅ‫ل‬ՠ‫ل‬æȍԮ́Ѹٍ͑Āġ‫ل´ل‬ՠľɗѸ¡ľфǣ٤´ľҡȍľѸĀٍͅġ‫و‬æġ̞ЬфľѸѸٍ،؆؆ؐ٧‫ل‬
ƄǣֆЙҡՓѸՓфľΎƸЬ́ľѸҡɗ͑ľѸѸΎӕфËľΎƸ٘ɗ͑Ëľ͑ѸľٍٚѸҡΎфիΎф̲ѸҡɗËɗ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľ
٤ËƸ‫ل‬Ǿľ͑ؐ‫و؟‬،‫ؗ‬٧ٍѸ͑ΎѸҡфËΎ͑ƸфΎ̲ҡȍľѠ̲ľѸѸľӕ̲¡ľфѸҡȍľɗ͑ѸËфɗЙҡɗΎ͑ntr sntr
hArw, ٘ɗ͑Ëľ͑ѸľƸфΎ̲˫ȍΎф٪ґֆфɗ‫ڎ‬Ь́ľѸҡɗ͑ľ٫ٌٚ˫ʮľ́Āͮɗľ́Ѹľٍ͑Incense in Ancient Is-
rael ٤ՈҽґӕЙؐ‫ٌ̞آ‬ľɗĀľ͑‫و‬Ƅ‫´لˇل‬фɗٍ́́؉‫؜آإ‬٧ٍ‫ل؟‬ҽȍľфľɗѸ͑Ύ͑ľľĀҡΎĀľЙľ͑ĀΎ͑ɗ̲‫ڎ‬
ЙΎфҡľĀƸф͑˔ɗ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľ٤Boswellia sp.٧ٍҡȍľфľƸΎфľ‫ͅل‬ֆффȍՓѸɗ͑Āɗǣľ͑ΎӕѸɗ͑ҡȍľʊфΎ͑ʊ
ȍɗǣȍ́͑ĀѸ ͑Ā ľիҡľ͑ѸɗԮľ́ֆ ̲ф˔ľҡľĀ ɗ͑ ́ҡľф ЙľфɗΎĀѸٌ ҽΎ̲̲ѸΎ Ǿ͑Ύ́ɗٍ ̞٘
ЬфΎĀӕ‫׀‬ɗΎ͑ľ Āľ́´́Ѹ̲Ύ ͑ľ́́ٔϘѸɗĀɗƄ͑ǣĀĀɗ ٤ʊѸфľ́ľ٧ٍٚɗ͑Profumi d’Arabiaٍ ľĀ‫ل‬
ḱľѸѸ͑ĀфkԮ͑‫׀‬ɗ͑ɗ٤ґǣǣɗĀɗґҡΎфɗk͑ҡɗË؉؉ٌѠΎ̲ľ‫̞ٔ٘و‬Ƅф̲ٚĀɗ´фľҡѸËȍ͑ľɗĀľфٍ
؉‫؟إإ‬٧ٍؓ؉ؐ‫ڎ‬،‫لإ‬
‫آ‬،
 ϘҡǣΎ͑ֆ͑ĀǾӕф¡Āфֆٍ͑Mongolian Shamanismٍ،‫ل؟؜‬
‫ؐآ‬
 ġӕ´ΎɗѸٍIntroduction to Shamanismٍ؉‫لؗإ‬
‫ؓآ‬
 ͮɗľ́Ѹľٍ͑Incenseٍ؉؉‫ل‬
‫ؗآ‬
 ͮɗľ́Ѹľٍ͑Incenseٍ؉ؐ‫ل‬
‫؜آ‬
 ͮɗľ́Ѹľٍ͑Incenseٍ؉،‫ل‬
ؐ،؆ Ѡ‫ل‬ġ‫ͅل‬ɗ́́ľфʊʊ 

фΎΎҡqat"ruٍՓȍɗËȍɗ͑ҡȍľġ‫ڎ‬Ѹҡľ̲̲ľ͑Ѹٍ٘ҡΎ́ľҡǣΎӕЙɗ͑Ѹ̲Ύ˔ľ‫ل‬ٚ‫؟آ‬ҽȍľфΎΎҡ
Ѹľľ̲ѸҡΎ¡ľ̲ΎфľҡɗľĀҡΎƸӕ̲ɗǣҡɗΎ͑ҡȍ͑ΎƸƸľфɗ͑ǣٍ‫͑آآ‬Āɗ͑Ëľ͑ѸľƸфľнӕľ͑ҡ́ֆ
ЙЙľфѸɗ͑ͅľѸΎЙΎҡ̲ɗ͑ЙӕфɗƸɗËҡɗΎ͑ҡľիҡѸ‫ˇإآل‬ӕ͑ɗЙľф٤ґӕ̲‫́ل‬ɗ  ǣ́ ́ɗ  ǣ́ ‫ڎ‬
́ ٧ ՓѸ ËΎ̲̲Ύ͑́ֆ ӕѸľĀ ҡΎ ЙӕфɗƸֆ ٤́Ύ͑ǣ Փɗҡȍ фľľĀ ͑Ā ҡ̲фɗѸ˔ٍ ¡Ύҡȍ ΎƸ
ՓȍɗËȍǣфľՓɗ͑ʊфΎ͑ʊʊѸфľ́٧‫إل‬؆ҽȍӕѸٍҡȍľֆЙ́ֆ͑ɗ̲ЙΎфҡ͑ҡфΎ́ľɗ͑ҡȍľm#s pî
фɗҡӕ́ ƸΎф ٘ľ͑́ɗԮľ͑ɗ͑ǣٚ  ͑ľՓ Ѹҡҡӕľ ΎƸ  ǣΎĀ‫إل‬؉ ḱҡȍΎӕǣȍ ġɗË˔ٔѸ ҡф͑Ѹ́ҡɗΎ͑
фľƸľфѸ ҡΎ  ٘Ëľ͑Ѹľф ΎƸ ʮӕ͑ɗЙľфٍٚ‫إ‬، ҡȍľ ɗ͑ѸҡфӕËҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ҡȍҡ Ë́́ ƸΎф ٘ȍľЙľĀ ɗ͑‫ڎ‬
Ëľ͑Ѹľٚ ٤ґӕ̲‫ڎ  ͑ ل‬Āľ ؐ  Ѹɗ  ǣ ٧‫ ؐإ‬ѸӕǣǣľѸҡ ҡȍľ ٘Ëľ͑Ѹľфٚ ËΎӕ́Ā ¡ľ ͑ ɗ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľ
Ѹҡ͑ĀΎф¡ΎՓ́٤ґӕ̲‫͑ل‬ɗ"ٌ͑k˔˔maks$tu٧‫ل‬ґΎ‫ڎ‬Ë́́ľĀ٘Ëľ͑ѸľфѸٍٚǣɗ͑ɗ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľ
Ѹҡ͑ĀѸٍфľ˔ľЙҡҡҡȍľȍľĀΎƸ¡ľĀѸɗ͑ЙфɗԮҡľȍΎ̲ľѸٍѸɗ͑ҡȍľͮľΎ‫ڎ‬kѸѸֆфɗ͑
٤͑Ā́ҡľф٧Maqluфɗҡӕ́ѸٍѸƸľҡɗĀɗѸ¡ӕф͑ľĀΎ͑Ύ͑ľ¡ֆҡȍľ¡ľĀΎƸҡȍľѸɗË˔
ЙľфѸΎ͑‫ ؓإل‬k ͮľΎ‫ڎ‬kѸѸֆфɗ͑ ľիΎфËɗѸ̲ фɗҡӕ́ ĀľѸËфɗ¡ľѸ  Ëľ͑Ѹľф ƸΎф ʮӕ͑ɗЙľф ɗ͑
ҡȍľѸ̲ľЙΎѸɗҡɗΎ͑‫ؗإل‬
 ´ӕҡ ́фǣľ ѸҡҡӕľѸ фľ ͑Ύҡ ҡȍľ Ύ͑́ֆ ɗҡľ̲Ѹ ËΎ͑ѸľËфҡľĀ ¡ֆ ʮӕ͑ɗЙľф Ѹ̲ӕĀǣ‫ڎ‬
ɗ͑ǣ‫ل‬ġɗË˔ٔѸЙӕ¡́ɗËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸͮľΎ‫ڎ‬ґӕ̲ľфɗ͑ҡľիҡƸфΎ̲ͮɗЙЙӕфæ´ґ‫آ‬،ؓ؉ɗ͑ҡȍľ
Ԇ͑ɗԮľфѸɗҡֆΎƸЬľ͑͑Ѹֆ́Ԯ͑ɗͅӕѸľӕ̲ЙфΎԮɗĀľѸƸΎфЙӕфɗƸɗËҡɗΎ͑‫ڈ‬ĀľĀɗËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸ
٘ѸľԮľ͑ ѸҡҡӕľҡҡľѸٚ ٤́ɗ͑ľ ،ؓ٧ Փɗҡȍ ٘ǣфľҡ ʮӕ͑ɗЙľфٚ ٤́ɗ͑ľ ؓ٧ٍ фľľĀٍ ËľĀфٍ ͑Ā
̲ֆфҡ́ľ‫؜إل‬Ϙҡȍľфɗҡľ̲ѸЙӕфɗƸɗľĀ¡ֆqut"ru ɗ͑Ë́ӕĀľĀфӕ̲Ѹ͑Ā¡ľ́́Ѹ‫؟إل‬

‫؟آ‬
 ͮɗľ́Ѹľٍ͑Incenseٍ،‫ل؟‬
‫آآ‬
 ḱҡȍΎӕǣȍҡȍɗѸٍҡΎΎٍɗѸҡҡľѸҡľĀٌͅфɗľ‫̞ڎ‬ΎӕɗѸľҽȍΎ̲Ѹľٍ͑٘ՠɗҡËȍËфƸҡ͑ĀͅǣɗËɗ͑
k͑Ëɗľ͑ҡ ͅľѸΎЙΎҡ̲ɗٍٚ ɗ͑ Biblical and Pagan Societiesٍ ľĀ‫´ ل‬ľ͑ǣҡ k͑˔ф́ΎΎ ͑Ā
ґҡӕфҡ ǽф˔ ٤ՠɗҡËȍËфƸҡ ͑Ā ͅǣɗË ɗ͑ ƄӕфΎЙľ ؉ٌ Ьȍɗ́Āľ́Йȍɗ‫ و‬Ԇ͑ɗԮľфѸɗҡֆ ΎƸ
Ьľ͑͑Ѹֆ́Ԯ͑ɗЬфľѸѸٍ،؆؆؉٧ٍؓ‫ل؜‬
‫إآ‬
 ǾɗΎфǣɗΎ ´͑ҡɗ ͑Ā ѠɗËËфĀΎ æΎ͑ҡɗ͑ɗ ̲٘ͮľѸ ΎƸ kфΎ̲ҡ ɗ͑ ґľ̲ɗҡɗË ͑Ā æӕѸȍɗҡľ
̞͑ǣӕǣľѸٍٚɗ͑Profumi d’ArabiaٍľĀ‫ل‬ḱľѸѸ͑ĀфkԮ͑‫׀‬ɗ͑ɗ٤ґǣǣɗĀɗґҡΎфɗk͑ҡɗË
؉؉ٌѠΎ̲ľ‫̞ٔ٘ و‬Ƅф̲ٚĀɗ´фľҡѸËȍ͑ľɗĀľфٍ ؉‫؟إإ‬٧ٍ؉‫ٌͮؐ؟‬ɗľ́Ѹľٍ͑ Incenseٍؐ،‫ل‬ʊҡ ɗѸ ӕ͑‫ڎ‬
Ë́ľф ɗƸ ҡȍľ ȸľ¡фľՓ ͑Ā ԆǣфɗҡɗË фΎΎҡ Q%R ٤ऑkф‫ ل‬miq&ara, Ëľ͑Ѹľф٧ ѸȍΎӕ́Ā ¡ľ
́ɗ͑˔ľĀ ҡΎ ҡȍľ k˔˔‫ ل‬QTR ٤ऑkф‫ ل‬qataraٍ ҡΎ ľիȍ́ľ ͑Ā ΎĀΎф٧ٌ ´͑ҡɗ ͑Ā æΎ͑ҡɗ͑ɗٍ
̲٘ͮľѸٍٚ؉‫ٌͮؐ؟‬ɗľ́Ѹľٍ͑Incenseٍ‫لآؗ‬
‫إ‬؆
 ґ̲ӕĀǣɗ͑ǣ¡ֆҡȍľ٘ËȍɗľƸЙӕфɗƸɗËҡɗΎ͑ЙфɗľѸҡΎƸƄфɗĀӕǣٚËËΎ̲Й͑ɗľѸ٘Ë́ľ͑ɗ͑ǣٚҡȍľ
ҡľ̲Й́ľ ɗ͑ ǾӕĀľٔѸ æֆ́ɗ͑ĀľфѸ k‫ ´ڎ‬ËËΎӕ͑ҡ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ¡ӕɗ́Āɗ͑ǣ ΎƸ ͮɗ͑ǣɗфѸӕٔѸ ҡľ̲Й́ľ
٤Ë‫ل‬،‫ل‬؉‫ٍ́؟ل‬ɗ͑ľË،؉‫إآل؟‬؆٧‫ل‬
‫إ‬؉
 Ƅ‫ل‬ǣ‫ٍͮل‬ɗ͑ľԮľȍѠɗҡӕ́́ɗ͑ľѸٍؓؐ‫ؗ‬؆ٍ‫ٍ؟؟ٍؗ؟ٍ؟ؗ‬؉؉‫¡´ٌ؜‬ֆ́Ύ͑ɗ͑Ѡɗҡӕ́́ɗ͑ľфľԮ‫ؓل‬؉‫ل‬
‫إ‬،
 ͅɗËȍľ́ ´‫ ل‬ġɗË˔ٍ Born in Heaven, Made on Earth ٤ՠɗ͑Ύ͑ ̞˔ľ‫ و‬ƄɗѸľ͑¡фӕ͑Ѹٍ
؉‫إإإ‬٧ٍľ‫ل‬ǣ‫ٍل‬фľԮ‫ل‬؉،ٍٔҽӕ̞‫ٻ‬،‫ل؟‬
‫ؐإ‬
 Ƅ‫ل‬ǣ‫ٍل‬ISET؉،؉‫ͮ؟‬ɗؓ؉‫ٌ؜؟‬ʊĀĀɗ͑‫ڎ‬ġǣ͑k٤šir-namursa(aҡΎͮɗ͑Ѹɗ͑٧Ƅҽæ̞ҡф͑Ѹ‫ڎ‬
́ҡɗΎ͑ҡ‫ل‬،‫لؗل‬؉ٍ́ɗ͑ľѸ؉‫ل؟إڎؗإ‬
‫ؓإ‬
 ҽ¡́ľҡ ʊռٍ ́ɗ͑ľѸ ؉،؉‫ڎ‬،ٌؓ Ǿ‫ͅ ل‬ľɗľфٍ Die Assyrische Beschwörungssammlung Maqlu
٤AfO ´ľɗȍľƸҡ ،ٌ ´ľф́ɗٍ͑ ؉‫ ٌ؟ؐإ‬Ƅ‫ل‬ҽ‫¡ ل‬ֆ ѠΎѸѸ ґ‫ ل‬ǽĀՓľ́́ ͑Ā ͅфɗľ‫ڎ‬ȸŃ́ń͑ľ ȸΎƸƸ‫ڎ‬
̲͑͑٧‫ل‬
‫ؗإ‬
 SAA ؉؆‫ل‬،‫ٍ́آإ‬ɗ͑ľ؉؆‫ل‬
‫؜إ‬
 ͅɗËȍľ́´‫ل‬ġɗË˔ٍ٘kͮľΎ‫ڎ‬ґӕ̲ľфɗ͑Ѡɗҡӕ́ҽ¡́ľҡɗ͑Ьȍɗ́Āľ́ЙȍɗٍٚJournal of Near
Eastern Studies ‫ؓ؜‬٤،؆؆‫ؗ‬٧‫و‬،‫لآ؟‬
‫؟إ‬
 Chicago Assyrian Dictionary ٤CAD٧ ؉ٍؐؐ،؉ٍËɗҡɗ͑ǣ̲ͮ¡ӕф¡ɗҡľիҡѸ‫ل‬
 ґȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗ͑Ƅф́ֆʊѸфľ́ ؐ،؉

 kѸɗ͑ҡȍľMaqluфɗҡӕٍ́Ëӕ͑ľɗƸΎф̲ҡľիҡѸ́ѸΎĀľѸËфɗ¡ľ̲ľĀɗËɗ͑́ӕѸľΎƸɗ͑‫ڎ‬
Ëľ͑ѸľٍѸӕËȍѸфľЙфľѸËфɗ¡ľĀƸΎфҡȍľѸɗË˔ËфΎՓ͑Йфɗ͑Ëľɗ͑ABL ‫؟ؗ‬؆ٍ؉؉‫آإ‬Ύф
ҡΎҡфľҡËΎ͑Ѹӕ̲ɗ͑ǣƸľԮľфɗ͑CT،ٍؐؐ٤˫‫ل‬،ؓ‫ܰؐ؟‬،‫ؗؗ‬؉ٍ؉‫ؗ‬٧‫إإل‬
 ՠȍľ͑ ËΎ͑ѸɗĀľфɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ ɗ͑Ԯľ͑ҡΎфֆ ΎƸ ʊѸфľ́ɗҡľ ٘ɗ̲ǣľѸٍٚ ľѸЙľËɗ́́ֆ ҡȍΎѸľ
ƸΎӕ͑Āɗ͑ѸѸΎËɗҡɗΎ͑ՓɗҡȍЙӕ¡́ɗËѸȍфɗ͑ľѸٍ͑Ύ͑ɗËΎ͑ɗѸ̲ɗѸľԮɗĀľ͑ҡٍ́ҡȍΎӕǣȍ
́́ѸҡҡӕфֆɗѸ̲ф˔ľĀ́ֆѸ̲́́‫ل‬ȸӕ̲͑ѸٍĀΎǣѸٍȍΎфѸľѸ٤ҡȍľфľфľ͑ΎƄǣֆЙҡɗ͑
Ύфæ͑͑ɗҡľȍΎфѸľǣΎĀѸٌҡȍľ͑ľфľѸҡфľȸɗҡҡɗҡľ؉؆؆٧ٍ¡ӕ́́Ѹٍ͑ĀǣľľѸľфľ́́
фľЙфľѸľ͑ҡľĀٍ Փɗҡȍ  Ѹ́ɗǣȍҡ ЙфľƸľфľ͑Ëľ ƸΎф ȍӕ̲͑ ՓΎ̲ľ͑‫ ل‬kѸ Ѹ̲́́ Ѹ ҡȍľѸľ
Ƹɗǣӕфɗ͑ľѸ фľٍ ҡȍľɗф ƸƸɗ͑ɗҡֆ ɗѸ ҡΎ ҡȍľ Ѹȍ̲͑ٔѸ ٘Ύ͑ǣΎ͑Ѹٍٚ ̲Ύ͑ǣ ՓȍɗËȍ ҡȍľ
ՓΎ́Ƹ͑ĀǣΎΎѸľфľËΎ̲̲Ύ͑ËËΎфĀɗ͑ǣҡΎҡȍľͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗ͑ľҡȍ͑ΎǣфЙȍɗËфľË‫ڎ‬
ΎфĀ‫ل‬؉؆؉ kфËȍľΎ́ΎǣɗË́́ֆٍ ȍӕ̲͑ ՓΎ̲ľ͑ Ƹɗǣӕфɗ͑ľѸ фľ ЙфľԮ́ľ͑ҡ ɗ͑ ͅΎ͑‫ڎ‬
ǣΎ́ɗ͑ Ѹȍ̲͑ ǣфԮľѸ‫ل‬؉؆، ´ɗфĀ ͑Ā ȍӕ̲͑ ƸΎф̲Ѹ фľ ̲ΎѸҡ ËΎ̲̲Ύ͑ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ
Ë́ΎѸľ́ֆ‫ڎ‬фľ́ҡľĀ ґɗ¡ľфɗ͑ Ѹȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲ ́ҡȍΎӕǣȍ ҡȍľ ՓΎ́Ƹ Ύф ĀΎǣ ɗѸ ́ѸΎ
˔͑ΎՓ͑‫ل‬؉؆ؐ ʊ͑ ѸΎËɗľҡɗľѸ Փɗҡȍ Ѹȍ̲͑Ѹٍ ٘ΎфĀɗ͑фֆ ЙľΎЙ́ľ Ѹ Փľ́́ Ѹ Ѹȍ̲͑Ѹ
ËффɗľĀËȍф̲Ѹ͑Ā̲ӕ́ľҡѸƸΎфЙфΎҡľËҡɗΎ͑ǣɗ͑ѸҡѸЙɗфɗҡѸٍĀɗѸľѸľٍ͑Ā̲ɗѸ‫ڎ‬
ƸΎфҡӕ͑ľٍٚ ɗ͑Ë́ӕĀɗ͑ǣ ٘Ƹ¡фɗËҡľĀ ҡ́ɗѸ̲͑Ѹ ɗ͑Ë́ӕĀľ٪ɗ͑ǣ٫ Ѹ̲́́ ƸɗǣӕфľѸ ËфԮľĀ
ƸфΎ̲ՓΎΎĀٍɗԮΎфֆٍ͑ĀѸҡΎ͑ľ‫ل‬ٚ؉؆ؓʊ͑ͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗٍфľЙΎфҡѸΎƸфľ́ɗǣɗΎ͑ΎƸҡȍľ؉،ҡȍ‫ڎ‬
؉ؐҡȍ Ëľ͑ҡӕфɗľѸ ѸЙľ˔ ͑Ύҡ Ύ͑́ֆ ΎƸ ҡȍľ Ѹȍ̲͑ٔѸ Ύ͑ǣΎ͑Ѹ ¡ӕҡ ́ѸΎ ΎƸ ĀΎ̲ľѸҡɗË
ǣΎĀѸٍȍΎӕѸľ‫ڎ‬ǣΎĀѸ‫ل‬؉؆‫ؗ‬
 ʊҡՓΎӕ́Ā¡ľ͑ɗËľɗƸҡȍľфľՓľфľѸΎ̲ľʊфΎ͑ʊʊѸфľ́ɗҡľĀфՓ͑ɗËΎ͑ΎǣфЙȍֆҡΎ
ĀĀ ҡΎ ҡȍľ ľнӕҡɗΎٌ͑ ҡȍľфľ ɗѸ ͑Ύҡ‫ ل‬ʊҡ ՓΎӕ́Ā ¡ľ ̲ΎѸҡ ɗ͑ҡľфľѸҡɗ͑ǣ ҡΎ ËΎ̲Йфľ
ѸӕËȍɗËΎ͑ΎǣфЙȍֆՓɗҡȍҡȍľͮľӕфΎЙѸֆËȍΎ́ΎǣɗË́٤ͮ‫ڎ‬Ь٧ͅΎĀľ́ƸΎф ҡȍľ̲ľ͑ҡ́
ɗ̲ǣľфֆ ΎƸ Ѹȍ̲͑ɗѸҡɗË ҡф͑Ëľٍ ĀľԮľ́ΎЙľĀ ƸфΎ̲ Ë́ɗ͑ɗË́ ͑Ā ľҡȍ͑ΎǣфЙȍɗË
Āҡ‫ل‬؉؆‫؜‬ҽȍľͮ‫ڎ‬ЬͅΎĀľ́ɗĀľ͑ҡɗƸɗľѸ̲ɗիҡӕфľΎƸľ͑ҡΎЙҡɗË͑ĀɗËΎ͑ɗËɗ̲ǣľѸѸ
ЙфľѸľ͑ҡ ɗ͑ ̲͑ֆٍ ¡ӕҡ ͑Ύҡ ٍ́́ Ѹȍ̲͑ɗѸҡɗË ËΎ͑ҡľիҡѸ‫ل‬؉؆‫ ؟‬ҽȍɗѸ фľƸľфѸ ҡΎ  ̲ɗի‫ڎ‬
ҡӕфľΎƸɗËΎ͑ɗË͑ɗ̲́͑Āȍӕ̲͑ѸҡɗË˔ƸɗǣӕфľѸՓɗҡȍǣфɗĀѸٍЙф́́ľ́́ɗ͑ľѸٍĀΎҡѸٍ
‫׀‬ɗǣ‫׀‬ǣ́ɗ͑ľѸٍ͑ľѸҡľĀËҡľ͑фֆËӕфԮľѸٍ͑ĀƸɗ́ɗǣфľľѸ‫ڐ‬ѸľľǗɗǣ‫لؗل‬ҽȍľфľɗѸĀľ‫ڎ‬
ǣфľľΎƸѸɗ̲ɗ́фɗҡֆҡΎҡȍľЙɗҡȍΎѸΎƸ˫ӕ͑ҡɗ́́ľҡkʮфӕĀ٤Ǘɗǣ‫؜ل‬٧‫ل‬
 ҽȍľËҡ́ΎǣӕľΎƸ̲ΎфҡӕфֆľԮɗĀľ͑ËľƸфΎ̲ҡȍľʊфΎ͑ʊȍɗǣȍ́͑ĀѸľҡҡ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡ

‫آإ‬
 CAD ؉ٍؐؐ،؉‫ل‬
‫إإ‬
 CAD؉ٍؐؐ،،‫ل‬
؉؆؆
 ՈֆËȍľѸ́Ԯ Ո‫ ل‬ʊԮ͑ΎԮٍ ٘æΎ̲ЙфҡɗԮľ ͮΎҡľѸ Ύ͑ ȸӕффΎ‫ڎ‬Ԇффҡɗٍ͑ ͮΎфҡȍľф͑ æӕË‫ڎ‬
Ѹɗ͑͑Āʊ͑ĀΎ‫ڎ‬ƄӕфΎЙľ͑ٚɗ͑UCLA Indo-European Studies 1ٍľĀ‫ل‬ՈֆËȍľѸ́ԮՈ‫ل‬ʊԮ‫ڎ‬
͑ΎԮ͑Ā´фľ͑ҡՈɗ͑ľ٤̞ΎѸk͑ǣľ́ľѸ‫و‬Ԇ͑ɗԮľфѸɗҡֆΎƸǽɗƸΎф͑ɗٍ؉‫إإإ‬٧ٍ؉‫؜‬؉‫ڎ‬،؉ؐ‫ل‬
؉؆؉
 ϘҡǣΎ͑ֆ͑ĀǾӕф¡Āфֆٍ͑Mongolian Shamanismٍ؉؆‫لؗ‬
؉؆،
 ʊ‫ل‬Ո‫ل‬kѸľֆľԮٍ٘Ѡɗҡӕ́Ϙ¡ʮľËҡѸٍٚArchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology of Eurasia
،‫؜‬٤،؆؆‫؜‬٧‫لؗؗو‬
؉؆ؐ
 ´́‫׀‬ľфٍ٘Ǘ́ɗǣȍҡѸΎƸҡȍľґËфľĀٍٚؐ؆‫ؐڎآ‬؆‫ٌ٘إ‬ґӕѸҡɗ͑¡́ľǗɗҡȍٍٚ‫إ‬،‫ل‬
؉؆ؓ
 ƄĀѸΎٍ͑Shamanismٍ‫لؗآ‬
؉؆‫ؗ‬
 ȸľɗѸѸɗǣٍ٘ґȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲ٚ،،‫ٍآ‬،ؐؐ‫ل‬
؉؆‫؜‬
 ̞ľՓɗѸ‫ڎ‬ՠɗ́́ɗ̲Ѹٍ٘ՠфľѸҡ́ɗ͑ǣٍٚ؉‫لإؗ‬
؉؆‫؟‬
 ˇ‫ل‬ġ‫̞ل‬ľՓɗѸ‫ڎ‬ՠɗ́́ɗ̲Ѹ͑Āҽ‫ل‬k‫ل‬ġΎՓѸΎٍ͑٘ҽȍľґɗǣ͑ѸΎƸḱ́ҽɗ̲ľѸٍٚCurrent Anthro-
pology،‫إ‬٤؉‫آآإ‬٧‫و‬،؆‫ڎإ‬،؉؉ٍ،؉ؐ‫ل‬
ؐ،، Ѡ‫ل‬ġ‫ͅل‬ɗ́́ľфʊʊ 

ɗѸ ̲ľǣľф‫ ل‬ґӕƸƸɗËɗľ͑ҡ ľիËԮҡɗΎ͑ ȍѸ ҡ˔ľ͑ Й́Ëľ ͑ΎՓ ҡΎ Ѹֆ ҡȍҡ ɗҡ ɗѸ too
̲ľǣľфٍ ͑Ā ҡȍҡ ǣфԮľѸ ѸȍΎӕ́Ā ȍԮľ ¡ľľ͑ ƸΎӕ͑Ā‫ل‬؉؆‫ آ‬ҽȍľ ̲ɗ͑ ĀɗѸЙΎѸ́
̲ľҡȍΎĀ ՓѸ Ѹɗ̲Й́ľ ɗ͑ȍӕ̲ҡɗΎ͑ ΎӕҡѸɗĀľ ΎƸ Ѹľҡҡ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡѸ‫ ل‬Ƅ́ɗ‫¡׀‬ľҡȍ ´́ΎËȍ‫ڎ‬
ґ̲ɗҡȍ ĀɗѸЙӕҡľѸ ҡȍɗѸ ËΎ͑Ë́ӕѸɗΎ͑ ¡ľËӕѸľ ͑Ύ Ѹɗ̲Й́ľ ɗ͑ȍӕ̲ҡɗΎ͑ ¡ӕфɗ́Ѹ ȍԮľ
ľԮľф¡ľľ͑ƸΎӕ͑Āɗ͑ҡȍľʊфΎ͑ʊËΎӕ͑ҡфֆѸɗĀľٍ¡ӕҡҡȍľѸҡҡɗѸҡɗË́ӕ͑́ɗ˔ľ́ɗȍΎΎĀΎƸ
ËΎ̲ɗ͑ǣ ËфΎѸѸ ѸӕËȍ Ѹ˔ľ́ľҡ́ фľ̲ɗ͑Ѹ ӕ͑ѸѸΎËɗҡľĀ Փɗҡȍ фËȍɗҡľËҡӕфľ ɗѸ
ȍӕǣľ‫ل‬؉؆‫إ‬
 Ѡ‫́˫׀‬ľҡҡľфҡҡľ̲ЙҡľĀҡΎľիЙ́ɗ͑ʊѸфľ́ɗҡľѸɗ̲Й́ľɗ͑ȍӕ̲ҡɗΎ͑ѸЙфΎĀӕËҡ
ΎƸ ͑ ٘ľǣ́ɗҡфɗ͑ ѸΎËɗľҡֆ‫ل‬ٚ؉؉؆ ƄԮľ͑ ɗƸ ҡȍɗѸ Փľфľ ͑Ύҡ Ë́ľф́ֆ ËΎ͑ҡфɗ͑ĀɗËҡľĀ
¡ֆфľѸɗĀľ͑ҡɗ́ȍɗľффËȍֆ͑ĀΎҡȍľфĀҡٍ؉؉؉ҡȍľфľՓΎӕ́ĀȍԮľҡΎ¡ľËӕ́ҡӕф́
ľիЙ́͑ҡɗΎ͑‫ ل‬kԮфȍ̲ ǗӕѸҡ ¡ľ́ɗľԮľѸ ɗҡ ҡҡľѸҡѸ ҡΎ ͑ ɗĀľΎ́Ύǣֆ ٘ΎƸ Ѹɗ̲Й́ɗË‫ڎ‬
ɗҡֆ‫ل‬ٚ؉؉، Ϙ͑ľѸӕѸЙľËҡѸ ҡȍɗѸɗѸĀфՓ͑ ƸфΎ̲ҡȍľ¡ɗ¡́ɗË́ҡľիҡٍ¡ӕҡɗҡɗѸҡфӕľҡȍҡ
ǣфԮľǣΎΎĀѸare ̲ľҡЙȍΎфƸΎфЙфҡɗËӕ́ф˔ɗ͑ĀΎƸɗĀľ́͑Ā͑Ύҡ¡ɗΎǣфЙȍɗ‫ڎ‬
Ë́ɗ͑ƸΎф̲ҡɗΎ͑¡ΎӕҡҡȍľĀľËľѸľĀ‫ل‬؉؉ؐʊƸ͑Ύҡ͑٘ľǣ́ɗҡфɗ͑ɗĀľٍ́ٚ́ľѸҡҡȍľ
ľф́ֆʊѸфľ́ɗҡľѸȍĀ͑Ύ̲ֆҡȍΎѸΎƸ٘ǣфľҡՓффɗΎф‫ل‬ٚ؉؉ؓ
 ʊҡɗѸĀɗƸƸɗËӕ́ҡҡΎɗ͑ҡľфЙфľҡҡȍɗѸĀҡٍ́ҡȍΎӕǣȍɗ͑ËΎ̲ЙфɗѸΎ͑Փɗҡȍҡȍľ̞ҡľ

؉؆‫آ‬
 kԮфȍ̲ ǗӕѸҡٍ ٘ͅΎфҡӕфֆ ЬфËҡɗËľѸٍ ґΎËɗľҡֆٍ ͑Ā ʊĀľΎ́Ύǣֆٍٚ Israel Exploration
Journal‫ؓؗ‬٤،؆؆ؓ٧‫و‬؉‫لؗ؟ڎؓ؟‬
؉؆‫إ‬
 Ƅ́ɗ‫¡׀‬ľҡȍ´́ΎËȍ‫ڎ‬ґ̲ɗҡȍٍ٘ѠľѸӕффľËҡɗ͑ǣҡȍľʊфΎ͑ʊġľĀٍٚIsrael Exploration Journal
‫ؓؗ‬٤،؆؆ؓ٧‫ٍ؟آو‬
؉؉؆
 Ѡ‫́˫׀‬ľҡҡľфٍ٘ЬľΎЙ́ľՠɗҡȍΎӕҡ´ӕфɗ́Ѹ‫ظ‬ٚIsrael Exploration Journal‫ؗ‬،٤،؆؆؉٧‫لإؐو‬
؉؉؉
 ͅɗ́́ľфٍChieftainsٍЙѸѸɗٌ̲´́ΎËȍ‫ڎ‬ґ̲ɗҡȍٍ٘ѠľѸӕффľËҡɗ͑ǣٍٚ‫ل؟آ‬
؉؉،
 ǗӕѸҡٍ٘ͅΎфҡӕфֆЬфËҡɗËľѸٍٚ؉‫آ‬؆ٍ؉‫لؐآ‬
؉؉ؐ
 ˇ̲ľѸ ՠȍɗҡ́ľֆٍ ٘Ϙ¡ʮľËҡѸ Փɗҡȍ kҡҡɗҡӕĀľ‫´ و‬ɗΎǣфЙȍɗË́ ǗËҡѸ ͑Ā Ǘ́́ËɗľѸ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ
ґҡӕĀֆΎƸ̞ҡľ´фΎ͑‫׀‬ľkǣľ͑ĀƄф́ֆʊфΎ͑kǣľՠффɗΎфǾфԮľѸٍٚCambridge Archae-
ological Journal ؉، ٤،؆؆،٧‫ و‬،؉‫ ٍ؟‬،؉‫ڎإ‬،؆ٍ ،،ؐ ͑Ύҡɗ͑ǣ ľի̲Й́ľѸ ΎƸ ՓΎ̲ľ͑ ͑Ā
Ëȍɗ́Āфľ͑¡ӕфɗľĀՓɗҡȍՓľЙΎ͑фֆɗ͑͑Ëɗľ͑ҡǾфľľËľ‫ل‬
؉؉ؓ
 ՠȍɗҡ́ľֆٍ ٘Ϙ¡ʮľËҡѸٍٚ ،،‫ ل؟‬Ƅф́ɗľф ͑́ֆѸɗѸ ƸΎӕ͑Ā ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ҡΎ̲¡Ѹ ΎƸ ҡȍľ Ëľ͑ҡф́
ȍɗǣȍ́͑ĀѸ Ƹ́́ ɗ͑ҡΎ ҡՓΎ ǣфΎӕЙѸ‫ و‬ЙΎҡҡľфֆ‫ڎ‬Ύ͑́ֆ ǣфԮľѸ ͑Ā ΎҡȍľфѸ‫ ل‬ҽľ́́ ľ͑‫ͮڎ‬Ѹ¡ľȍ
ҽΎ̲¡ ،‫ˇ ٍإ‬ľ̲́ľҡ !k̲ľфٍ ҽɗֆɗ¡ٍ ͑Ā ҽľ́́ ġΎҡȍ͑ٔѸ ˫ȍɗф¡ľҡ ľ͑‫̲́ͮڎ‬ľȍ Ëľ̲ľ‫ڎ‬
ҡľфֆ́́ȍԮľ͑Ύҡȍɗ͑ǣ¡ӕҡЙΎҡҡľфֆ‫ل‬ҽľ́́ľ͑‫ͮڎ‬Ѹ¡ľȍҽΎ̲¡‫˫ٍؓؗ‬ȍɗф¡ľҡͮɗѸֆҽΎ̲¡
‫ ٍؗ؜‬ҽľ́́ ġΎҡȍ͑ ҽΎ̲¡ ؉ٍ ̞ľԮľ́ ؉ٍ ͑Ā ҽΎ̲¡ ؐ ȍԮľ ̲͑ֆ ĀĀɗҡɗΎ͑́ ҡֆЙľѸ ΎƸ
ǣфԮľ ǣΎΎĀѸ‫ ل‬ҽȍľ ĀĀɗҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ Ύҡȍľф ʊфΎ͑ ʊ ҡΎ̲¡Ѹ Ëҡ́ΎǣӕľĀ ¡ֆ ´́ΎËȍ‫ڎ‬ґ̲ɗҡȍٍ
٘ѠľѸӕффľËҡɗ͑ǣٍٚ‫آڎإ؟‬،ĀΎľѸ͑ΎҡËȍ͑ǣľҡȍľΎԮľф́́ЙɗËҡӕфľ‫ل‬ҽȍľфľɗѸ͑ľф́ֆĀΎӕ‫ڎ‬
¡́ľ ËΎффľ́ҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ ҡȍɗѸ ĀɗԮɗѸɗΎ͑ Փɗҡȍ ҡΎ̲¡ ́ΎËҡɗΎ͑‫ و‬Փȍɗ́ľ ѸΎ̲ľ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ЙΎҡҡľфֆ‫ڎ‬
Ύ͑́ֆ ҡΎ̲¡Ѹ фľ ́ΎËҡľĀ ɗ͑ ̲ʮΎф ËɗҡľѸٍ ҡȍľ ǣфԮľѸ Փɗҡȍ ̲ӕ́ҡɗЙ́ľ ҡֆЙľѸ ΎƸ
ǣΎΎĀѸ ́́ фľ ҡҡËȍľĀ ҡΎ ѸɗҡľѸ‫ ل‬ҽȍɗѸ ĀɗËȍΎҡΎ̲ֆ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ ЙΎҡҡľфֆ‫ڎ‬Ύ͑́ֆ
ҡΎ̲¡Ѹٍ ɗѸΎ́ҡľĀ Ύф ӕф¡ٍ͑ ͑Ā Ëɗҡֆ ǣфԮľѸ Փɗҡȍ ȍɗǣȍľф ͑ӕ̲¡ľфѸ ΎƸ фҡɗƸËҡ ҡֆЙľѸ
٤٘ͮkҽٚ٧ËΎӕ́ĀȍԮľ͑ֆ͑ӕ̲¡ľфΎƸфľѸΎ͑Ѹ‫ڐ‬Ëӕ́ҡӕф́ΎфѸΎËɗ́‫ل‬ՠľË͑͑ΎҡѸӕǣ‫ڎ‬
ǣľѸҡҡȍҡҡȍľľ́ɗҡľѸՓľфľ¡ӕфɗľĀɗ͑ҡȍľҡΎՓ͑Ѹ͑ĀҡȍľЙΎΎфɗ͑ҡȍľËΎӕ͑ҡфֆٍǣɗԮľ͑
ҡȍľæֆЙфɗΎҡľ´́Ë˔‫ڎ‬Ύ͑‫ڎ‬ѠľĀՓфľƸфΎ̲ҡȍľɗѸΎ́ҡľĀЙΎҡҡľфֆ‫ڎ‬Ύ͑́ֆǣфԮľҡҽɗֆɗ¡ٍ
͑Ā ҽľ́́ ľ͑‫ͮڎ‬Ѹ¡ľȍٔѸ ЙΎҡҡľфֆ‫ڎ‬Ύ͑́ֆ ҽΎ̲¡ ،‫¡ إ‬ľѸɗĀľ ͮkҽ‫ آ܂‬ҽΎ̲¡ ‫ لؓؗ‬ҽΎ̲¡Ѹ
ƸфΎ̲Ǿɗ¡ľΎ͑͑Āҽľ́́ľ́‫ڎ‬ǗфȍͮΎфҡȍ́ѸΎѸľľ̲ҡΎ¡ľЙΎҡҡľфֆ‫ڎ‬Ύ͑́ֆٌ´́ΎËȍ‫ڎ‬ґ̲ɗҡȍٍ
٘ѠľѸӕффľËҡɗ͑ǣٍٚ‫آ‬؆ٍ‫آ‬،‫ͅل‬ɗ́́ľфٍChieftains, ‫لؐ؟ڎإ؜‬
 ґȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗ͑Ƅф́ֆʊѸфľ́ ؐ،ؐ

´фΎ͑‫׀‬ľ kǣľٍ ٘Ëȍ͑ǣľѸ ɗ͑ ¡ӕфɗ́ ЙфËҡɗËľѸ ‫ ه‬ѸӕǣǣľѸҡ  ѸȍɗƸҡ ɗ͑ Ԯ́ӕľѸ‫ل‬ٚ؉؉‫ؗ‬
ҽȍľфľ ɗѸ ľҡȍ͑ΎǣфЙȍɗË ľԮɗĀľ͑Ëľ ƸΎф Ѹɗ̲Й́ľ ɗ͑ȍӕ̲ҡɗΎ͑ ɗ͑ĀɗËҡɗ͑ǣ  ́Ë˔ ΎƸ
фɗҡľѸΎƸЙѸѸǣľٍ͑¡¡фľԮɗҡľĀ٘́ɗ̲ɗ͑́ЙȍѸľٍٚ؉؉‫͑؜‬ĀľԮɗĀľ͑ËľҡΎҡȍľËΎ͑‫ڎ‬
ҡффֆ‫ل‬؉؉‫´ ؟‬ӕҡ ƸΎф Ѹɗ̲Й́ľ ɗ͑ȍӕ̲ҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ Ѹɗ͑ǣ́ľ ɗ͑ĀɗԮɗĀӕ́Ѹ Փֆ ƸфΎ̲ Ѹľҡҡ́ľ‫ڎ‬
̲ľ͑ҡѸٍҡȍľфľɗѸΎ͑ľ̲ɗ͑ľҡȍ͑ΎǣфЙȍɗË͑́Ύǣֆٍ͑ĀɗҡɗѸ͑Ëɗľ͑ҡͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗٍ
ҡȍľнӕɗ͑ҡľѸѸľ͑ҡɗ́ȍΎ̲ľΎƸѸȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲‫ل‬؉؉‫آ‬ՠфɗҡҡľ͑ĀΎËӕ̲ľ͑ҡѸƸфΎ̲ҡȍľľф́ֆ
ȍɗѸҡΎфɗË́ЙľфɗΎĀҡҡľѸҡҡΎƸӕ͑ľффֆЙфËҡɗËľѸΎƸ́ľԮɗ͑ǣ¡ΎĀɗľѸľիЙΎѸľĀΎфɗ͑
ҡфľľѸٍƸΎ́́ΎՓľĀ¡ֆѸɗ̲Й́ľɗ͑ȍӕ̲ҡɗΎ͑Ύф́ľԮɗ͑ǣҡȍľ¡Ύ͑ľѸin situ‫ل‬؉؉‫إ‬kфËȍľ‫ڎ‬
Ύ́ΎǣɗË́ɗ͑ԮľѸҡɗǣҡɗΎ͑ȍѸƸΎӕ͑ĀѸɗ̲Й́ľɗ͑ȍӕ̲ҡɗΎ͑ҡΎ¡ľ٘ҡȍľЙфľԮ́ľ͑ҡƸӕ‫ڎ‬
͑ľффֆ ЙфËҡɗËľ Āӕфɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ Ǿľ͑ǣȍɗѸ ˫ȍ͑ ЙľфɗΎĀ ɗ͑ ͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗ‫ل‬ٚ؉،؆ ґȍ̲͑Ѹ
Փľфľ ľѸЙľËɗ́́ֆ ͑ΎҡľĀ ƸΎф ҡȍľɗф ɗѸΎ́ҡľĀٍ ȍɗĀĀľ͑ ҡΎ̲¡Ѹٍ Ѹɗ͑Ëľ ҡȍľɗф ҡΎ̲¡Ѹ
ՓľфľƸľфľĀ͑ĀҡΎ¡ľԮΎɗĀľĀ‫ل‬؉،؉
 Ǘɗ͑́́ֆٍ Փľ фľҡӕф͑ ҡΎ Ѹľҡҡ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡ Йҡҡľф͑Ѹ‫٘ ل‬ҽȍľ фľ́ҡɗΎ͑ѸȍɗЙ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑
ҡȍɗ͑ǣѸɗѸɗ͑ѸËфɗ¡ľĀɗ͑ѸЙËľ‫و‬ɗҡɗѸҡȍľѸЙËľ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ҡȍɗ͑ǣѸ‫ه‬ҡȍҡËфľҡľѸҡȍľ
фľ́ҡɗΎ͑ѸȍɗЙѸՓȍɗËȍՓľľիЙľфɗľ͑Ëľ‫ل‬ʊҡɗѸƸфΎ̲ҡȍľѸľľիЙľфɗľ͑ËľѸҡȍҡՓľɗ͑‫ڎ‬
ҡľфЙфľҡ̲ľ͑ɗ͑ǣ‫ه‬ɗ͑ҡȍľфËȍľΎ́ΎǣɗË́фľËΎфĀ‫ل‬ٚ؉،،
 ̞ľҡ ӕѸ ΎԮľф́ֆ ҡȍľ ¡ѸɗË ƸΎф̲ҡ ΎƸ ͑ ʊфΎ͑ ʊ ʊѸфľ́ɗҡľ Ԯɗ́́ǣľ Փɗҡȍ ҡȍľ
ȍɗǣȍ́͑Ā Ë́ľ͑ĀфɗË ľËΎ͑Ύ̲ֆٍ ¡ѸľĀ Ύ͑ фľËΎ͑ѸҡфӕËҡľĀ ľËΎ͑Ύ̲ɗË ѸҡфҡľǣɗľѸ
͑Āľҡȍ͑ΎǣфЙȍɗË͑́Ύǣֆٍ؉،ؐ͑Āҡȍľ͑ĀɗԮɗĀľҡȍľҡѸ˔ѸΎƸҡȍľԮɗ́́ǣľËËΎфĀ‫ڎ‬
ɗ͑ǣ ҡΎ ǣľ͑Āľф‫ ل‬ʊ͑ ҡȍľ Փɗ͑ҡľфٍ ̲ľ͑ Й́Ύӕǣȍ ƸΎф ́ľǣӕ̲ľѸٍ ȍ͑Ā́ľ ҡȍľ ѸľËΎ͑Ā
Й́ΎՓɗ͑ǣٍ͑ĀЙ́ΎӕǣȍƸΎфǣфľľ͑Ƹ́́ΎՓ‫ͅل‬ľ͑ҡȍфľѸȍҡȍľǣфɗ͑ɗ͑ҡȍľѸӕ̲̲ľф‫ل‬
kĀĀɗҡɗΎ̲͑́́ľҡѸ˔ѸՓΎӕ́ĀȍԮľɗ͑Ë́ӕĀľĀȍΎӕѸľ͑ĀËɗѸҡľф͑¡ӕɗ́Āɗ͑ǣ͑Ā
фľЙɗф‫ل‬ՠȍɗ́ľ¡Ύҡȍ̲ľ͑͑ĀՓΎ̲ľ͑ѸΎՓËľфľ́Ѹٍ́ľ͑ҡɗ́ѸٍËȍɗË˔ЙľѸٍ͑ĀΎҡȍ‫ڎ‬
ľф ́ľǣӕ̲ľѸٍ Ѹ Փľ́́ Ѹ Āɗǣ ҡȍľ Ԯɗ͑ľѸ ͑Ā Ύ́ɗԮľѸ ͑Ā ЙфҡɗËɗЙҡľ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ȍф‫ڎ‬
ԮľѸҡٍҡȍľΎ͑́ֆǣфɗËӕ́ҡӕф́фΎ́ľՓֆƸфΎ̲ҡȍľԮɗ́́ǣľҡȍҡՓѸѸΎ́ľ́ֆՓΎ̲‫ڎ‬
ľ͑ٔѸՓѸҡȍľѸЙфɗ͑ǣՓľľĀɗ͑ǣ‫ل‬
 ѠΎ́ľѸ ̲Ύфľ ́ɗ˔ľ́ֆ ҡΎ ҡ˔ľ Й́Ëľ ҡ  ĀɗѸҡ͑Ëľ ƸфΎ̲ ҡȍľ фľѸɗĀľ͑ҡɗ́ ËΎ̲‫ڎ‬

؉؉‫ؗ‬
 ´ӕф˔ľٍPopular CultureٍիիɗԮ‫ل‬
؉؉‫؜‬
 ˇΎ͑͑´фӥË˔ٍ٘Ǘфǣ̲ľ͑ҡҡɗΎٍ͑ЬľфѸΎ͑ȍΎΎĀ͑ĀҡȍľґΎËɗ́æΎ͑ѸҡфӕËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸҽľËȍ‫ڎ‬
͑Ύ́Ύǣֆɗ͑ͅɗĀĀ́ľ͑Ā̞ҡľ´фΎ͑‫׀‬ľkǣľ´фɗҡɗٍ͑ٚCambridge Archaeological Journal
؉‫؜‬٤،؆؆‫؜‬٧‫و‬،‫ؐڎ؟إ‬؉‫لؗ‬
؉؉‫؟‬
 ʊ͑ͅΎффɗѸٍBurial and Ancient Society ٤æ̲¡фɗĀǣľ‫و‬Ԇ͑ɗԮľфѸɗҡֆٍ؉‫؟آإ‬٧ٍؐؓ‫ل‬
؉؉‫آ‬
 ЬЙľфѸ ΎƸ ˇΎȍ͑ ҽ‫ ل‬ȸɗҡËȍËΎË˔ٍ ґ̲ɗҡȍѸΎ͑ɗ͑ ʊ͑ѸҡɗҡӕҡɗΎ͑ ͮҡɗΎ͑́ k͑ҡȍфΎЙΎ́ΎǣɗË́
kфËȍɗԮľѸٍ¡Ύի؉؉‫ͅل‬ֆҡȍ͑˔ѸҡΎkфҡȍӕфϘ́ľѸ˔ľֆƸΎф¡фɗ͑ǣɗ͑ǣҡȍɗѸҡΎ̲ֆҡҡľ͑ҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬
؉؉‫إ‬
 Ƅ‫ ل‬æфӕ¡Ń‫׀‬ֆٍ Ǘ‫ ل‬ռ ѠɗËӕҡٍ ľҡ ́‫٘ ٍل‬ʊ͑ȍӕ̲ҡɗΎ͑ ͑Ā Ëфľ̲ҡɗΎ͑ ɗ͑ ̲ľĀɗľԮ́ ͅΎ͑‫ڎ‬
ǣΎ́ɗٍٚAntiquity‫آ‬؆٤،؆؆‫؜‬٧‫لؗإآو‬
؉،؆
 æфӕ¡Ń‫׀‬ֆľҡ́‫ٍ٘ل‬ʊ͑ȍӕ̲ҡɗΎٍ͑ٚ‫ل؜إآ‬
؉،؉
 ˇľ͑‫ڎ‬Ьӕ́ѠΎӕիٍLa Mort chez les Peuples Altaïques ٤ЬфɗѸ‫̞و‬ɗ¡фɗфľĀٔk̲Ńфɗнӕľľҡ
ĀٔϘфɗľ͑ҡٍ ؉‫ؐ؜إ‬٧ٍ ؉‫ ل؟؜ڎ؜؜‬ġ‫ ل‬æффӕҡȍľфѸٍ Unknown Mongolia ٤؉‫إ‬؉ٌؓ фľЙф‫ ل‬kѸɗ͑
ƄĀӕËҡɗΎ͑́ґľфԮɗËľѸٍ؉‫ؓإإ‬٧ٍ،‫لؐؗ‬
؉،،
 ̞ΎӕɗѸľȸɗҡËȍËΎË˔ٍ٘ґЙËľٍҡȍľǗɗ͑́ǗфΎ͑ҡɗľф‫و‬æȍΎѸٍͅľ͑ɗ͑ǣٍ͑ĀǾф̲̲ҡΎ́Ύ‫ڎ‬
ǣֆɗ͑ͅɗ͑Ύ͑kфËȍɗ٤ҡľիҡ٧ӕфľٍٚArchaeological News،؉‫ڎ‬،،٤؉‫؟إڎ؜إإ‬٧‫ل؟ؓو‬
؉،ؐ
 ͅɗ́́ľфٍChieftainsٍ‫لؐ؜‬
ؐ،ؓ Ѡ‫ل‬ġ‫ͅل‬ɗ́́ľфʊʊ 

ЙΎӕ͑Ā Փľфľ ҡȍӕѸ Йфɗ̲фɗ́ֆ ƸΎф ̲́ľѸ‫ ل‬ՠȍľфľ ҡȍľ ʊѸфľ́ɗҡľ ËΎ̲̲ӕ͑ɗҡɗľѸ фľ‫ڎ‬
́ɗľĀ ɗ͑ Йфҡ Ύ͑ ĀΎ̲ľѸҡɗËҡľĀ ͑ɗ̲́Ѹ ٤͑Ā Ƹӕ͑́ фľ̲ɗ͑Ѹ ƸфΎ̲ ґȍɗ́Ύȍٍ kɗٍ
͑ĀΎҡȍľфѸɗҡľѸѸȍΎՓҡȍɗѸҡΎȍԮľ¡ľľ͑ËΎ̲̲Ύ͑٧ٍҡȍľѸľՓľфľǣф‫׀‬ľĀΎ͑ĀɗѸ‫ڎ‬
ҡ͑ҡ́͑ĀӕЙҡΎ؉‫̲˔ؗ‬ՓֆٍӕѸӕ́́ֆ¡ֆ¡ΎֆѸ‫ل‬؉،ؓʊ͑ĀĀɗҡɗΎٍ͑٘ˇӕĀǣɗ͑ǣƸфΎ̲
ҡȍľ ΎѸҡľΎ́ΎǣɗË́ Āҡٍ ȍӕ͑ҡɗ͑ǣ Й́ֆľĀ  ѸľËΎ͑Āфֆٍ ¡ӕҡ Ѹӕфľ́ֆ ͑Ύҡ ɗ͑Ѹɗǣ͑ɗƸɗ‫ڎ‬
Ë͑ҡ фΎ́ľ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ľËΎ͑Ύ̲ɗË ѸֆѸҡľ̲ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ʊфΎ͑ kǣľ ʊ ȍɗǣȍ́͑ĀѸ ЙľѸ͑ҡٍٚ؉،‫ؗ‬
͑ĀҡȍɗѸɗѸ̲́ľʮΎ¡‫ل‬
 æӕ́ҡӕф́́ֆٍҡȍľɗ͑Ë́ӕѸɗΎ͑ΎƸǣф‫׀‬ɗ͑ǣ٤͑ĀҡѸӕËȍĀɗѸҡ͑Ëľ٧͑Āȍӕ͑ҡɗ͑ǣ
٘ҡфΎӕ¡́ľ٪Ѹ٫ ҡȍľ ĀɗԮɗѸɗΎ͑ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ ҡȍľ ɗ͑Ƹɗľ́Ā Ѹ Ƹľ͑ËľĀ ɗ͑ ͑Ā Йľф̲͑ľ͑ҡ́ֆ
ҡɗ́́ľĀٍ͑ĀҡȍľΎӕҡƸɗľ́ĀѸ͑фľҡȍҡȍѸ͑Ύҡ¡ľľ͑Ëӕ́ҡɗԮҡľĀٍٚɗƸ͑ΎҡË́́‫ڎ‬
ɗ͑ǣ ɗ͑ҡΎ нӕľѸҡɗΎ͑ ľ͑ҡɗфľ́ֆ ѸӕËȍ  ٘Āӕ́ɗѸҡ ĀɗԮɗѸɗΎ͑‫ل‬ٚ؉،‫٘ ؜‬ґȍľЙȍľфĀѸ ѸľфԮľ 
́фǣľф ËΎ̲̲ӕ͑ɗҡֆ ‫ ڐ‬Փɗҡȍ ՓȍɗËȍ ҡȍľֆ фľ ѸѸΎËɗҡľĀ ¡ֆ ËфΎѸѸ́ɗ͑˔ɗ͑ǣѸ ‫¡ ڐ‬ֆ
ȍľфĀɗ͑ǣĀΎ̲ľѸҡɗËҡľĀ́ɗԮľѸҡΎË˔ɗ͑ҡΎƸΎфǣľ¡ľֆΎ͑ĀфľǣɗΎ͑ѸĀʮËľ͑ҡ ҡΎЙľф‫ڎ‬
̲͑ľ͑ҡ Ѹľҡҡ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡ‫ل‬ٚ؉،‫ ؟‬ʊ͑ ѸӕËȍ ѸΎËɗľҡɗľѸٍ ɗ͑Ƹɗľ́Ā ͑Ā ΎӕҡƸɗľ́Ā ٘æ͑͑Ύҡ ѸľфԮľ
Ѹɗ͑ĀľЙľ͑Āľ͑ҡËΎ͑ËľЙҡѸ‫ل‬ʊҡɗѸٍɗ͑ƸËҡٍĀɗƸƸɗËӕ́ҡҡΎѸľЙфҡľҡȍľҡՓΎٍ͑ĀɗҡɗѸ
ЙфΎ¡¡́ֆ ͑Ύҡ ľԮľ͑ ЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľ ҡΎ ĀľƸɗ͑ľ Ԯ́ɗĀ Ԯфɗ¡́ľѸ ƸΎф Ë́ѸѸɗƸɗËҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬ٚ؉،‫آ‬
ͅΎфľΎԮľфٍ ȍӕ͑ҡɗ͑ǣٍ ƸɗѸȍɗ͑ǣٍ ͑Ā ȍľфĀɗ͑ǣ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ΎӕҡƸɗľ́Ā ȍԮľ ҡΎ ٘¡ľ ľի‫ڎ‬
Й́ɗ͑ľĀՓɗҡȍɗ͑ҡȍľƸф̲ľՓΎф˔ΎƸҡȍľǣфɗËӕ́ҡӕф́Ѹľҡҡ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡѸ‫ل‬ٚ؉،‫إ‬
 ҽȍľ̲ľ͑͑Ā¡ΎֆѸɗ͑ԮΎ́ԮľĀɗ͑ҡȍľѸľҡѸ˔Ѹ̲٘ӕѸҡ́ѸΎȍԮľȍĀՓֆѸΎƸ
¡ľËΎ̲ɗ͑ǣ ̲Ύфľ Ƹ̲ɗ́ɗф Փɗҡȍ ҡȍľ ́͑ĀѸËЙľ ͑Ā ҡ˔ɗ͑ǣ ɗҡ ɗ͑ҡΎ ӕѸľ‫ل‬ٚ؉ؐ؆ ҽȍľ
٘ΎӕҡƸɗľ́Āٍٚ ҡȍľ ́͑ĀѸËЙľ ¡ľֆΎ͑Ā ҡȍľ Ѹľҡҡ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡٔѸ ɗ̲̲ľĀɗҡľ ľ͑ԮɗфΎ͑Ѹٍ ¡ľ‫ڎ‬
ËΎ̲ľѸ Ѹӕ¡ʮľËҡľĀ ҡΎ ٘ËΎǣ͑ɗҡɗԮľ ËΎ͑ҡфΎ́‫ل‬ٚ؉ؐ؉ ҽȍľ фľĀ‫͑ ڎ‬Ā Ƹ́́ΎՓ‫ڎ‬Āľľфٍ ̲Ύӕ͑‫ڎ‬
ҡɗ͑ ǣ‫׀‬ľ́́ľٍ ͑Ā ȍфľ ȍӕ͑ҡɗ͑ǣ ̲Āľ ̲ΎѸҡ фľѸ Ƹ̲ɗ́ɗф ҡΎ ̲ľٍ͑ ¡ӕҡ ҡȍľ
ǣф‫׀‬ɗ͑ǣ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ƄԮľфǣфľľ͑ Ϙ˔ ƸΎфľѸҡѸ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ǗΎΎҡȍɗ́́Ѹ ΎƸ ґ̲фɗ ͑Ā ҡȍľ
ḱľЙЙΎЬɗ͑ľǗΎфľѸҡΎƸҡȍľґΎӕҡȍľф͑ͮ¡́ӕѸґֆ͑Ë́ɗ͑ľٍҡȍľȍֆ̲ΎՓɗ͑ǣΎ͑ҡȍľ
̲ɗфľѸΎƸͅфʮґ͑ӕфٍ͑ĀΎҡȍľфËҡɗԮɗҡɗľѸ͑ľËľѸѸɗҡҡľĀǣΎΎĀËΎǣ͑ɗҡɗԮľËΎ͑‫ڎ‬

؉،ؓ
 Ƅ́ɗȍӕǾф͑ҡٍPeople of Palestine٤Ьȍɗ́Āľ́Йȍɗ‫̞ل´لˇو‬ɗЙЙɗ͑ËΎҡҡæΎ‫ٍل‬؉‫إ‬،؉٧ٍ؉ؓ،‫ل‬
؉،‫ؗ‬
 ґҡľԮľѠΎѸľٍ͑٘ґӕ¡ѸɗѸҡľ͑ËľƄËΎ͑Ύ̲ֆɗ͑ʊфΎ͑kǣľʊٍٚɗ͑From Nomadism to Monar-
chy, ľĀ‫ل‬ʊѸфľ́Ǘɗ͑˔ľ́Ѹҡľɗ͑͑ĀͮĀԮ̲ͮٔ͑٤ՠѸȍɗ͑ǣҡΎ͑‫´و‬ɗ¡́ɗË́kфËȍľΎ́Ύǣֆ
ґΎËɗľҡֆٍ؉‫ؓإإ‬٧ٍؐؓ؆‫ل‬
؉،‫؜‬
 ʊ͑ǣӕ͑͑ȸΎٍ̲́٘æӕ́ҡӕф̞́͑ĀѸËЙľ´ľֆΎ͑Āҡȍľʊ͑Ƹɗľ́Ā‫ڈ‬ϘӕҡƸɗľ́ĀæҡľǣΎфɗľѸٍٚNor-
wegian Archaeological Review ؐ‫ؗ‬٤،؆؆،٧‫؟و‬؆‫ل‬
؉،‫؟‬
 ͅի Ϙľ́ѸËȍ́ľǣľфٍ The Idea of Wilderness ٤ͮľՓ ȸԮľ͑‫֤́ و‬ľ Ԇ͑ɗԮľфѸɗҡֆ ЬфľѸѸٍ
؉‫إإ‬؉٧ٍؓ‫لآ‬
؉،‫آ‬
 ґοфľ͑ġɗɗ͑ȍΎƸƸٍ٘ҽȍľʊѸѸӕľΎƸʊ͑Ƹɗľ́Ā͑ĀϘӕҡƸɗľ́Āٍٚɗ͑‘Utmark’, ľĀ‫ل‬ʊ͑ǣӕ͑͑ȸΎٍ̲́
ґΎ͑ʮʊ͑͑Ѹľ́Ѹľҡٍ͑Āʊ͑ǣԮɗ́ĀЄֆľ‫ل‬٤Ԇ͑ɗԮľфѸɗҡֆΎƸ´ľфǣľ͑kфËȍľΎ́ΎǣɗË́ґľфɗľѸʊ͑‫ڎ‬
ҡľф͑ҡɗΎ͑́؉ٌ´ľфǣľ͑‫و‬Ԇ͑ɗԮľфѸɗҡֆΎƸ´ľфǣľٍ͑،؆؆‫ؗ‬٧ٍ؉؉؆‫ل‬
؉،‫إ‬
 ġɗɗ͑ȍΎƸƸٍ٘ʊѸѸӕľΎƸʊ͑Ƹɗľ́Ā͑ĀϘӕҡƸɗľ́Āٍٚ؉؉‫لؗ‬
؉ؐ؆
 ȸΎٍ̲́٘æӕ́ҡӕфٍ́ٚ‫لؗ؟‬
؉ؐ؉
 ͅҡѸͅΎǣфľٍ͑٘ҽɗ̲ľ͑ĀґЙËľľիËȍ͑ǣľǣфľľҡɗ͑ǣѸٍٚ‘Utmark’, ľĀ‫ل‬ʊ͑ǣӕ͑͑ȸΎٍ̲́
ґΎ͑ʮʊ͑͑Ѹľ́Ѹľҡٍ͑Āʊ͑ǣԮɗ́ĀЄֆľ‫ل‬٤Ԇ͑ɗԮľфѸɗҡֆΎƸ´ľфǣľ͑kфËȍľΎ́ΎǣɗË́ґľфɗľѸʊ͑‫ڎ‬
ҡľф͑ҡɗΎ͑́؉ٌ´ľфǣľ͑‫و‬Ԇ͑ɗԮľфѸɗҡֆΎƸ´ľфǣľٍ͑،؆؆‫ؗ‬٧ٍ؉ؓ‫لآ‬
 ґȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗ͑Ƅф́ֆʊѸфľ́ ؐ،‫ؗ‬

ҡфΎ́ƸΎфҡȍľՓΎ̲ľٍ͑ѸՓľ́́‫ل‬؉ؐ،Ƅҡȍ͑ΎǣфЙȍɗË͑́ΎǣɗľѸѸӕǣǣľѸҡѸӕËȍЙфËҡɗËľѸ
ѸѸѸɗǣ͑ɗ͑ǣЙ́Ëľ‫̲͑ڎ‬ľѸٍËΎ̲ЙΎѸɗ͑ǣѸΎ͑ǣѸ¡Ύӕҡҡȍľ́͑ĀѸËЙľٍ͑ĀΎҡȍľф‫ڎ‬
ՓɗѸľ ٘ҡф͑ѸƸΎф̲ɗ͑ǣ ͑ ӕ͑˔͑ΎՓ͑ ́͑ĀѸËЙľ ҡΎ  Ëӕ́ҡӕф́ ́͑ĀѸËЙľ Փɗҡȍ ɗҡѸ
ΎՓ͑ȍɗѸҡΎфֆ‫ل‬ٚ؉ؐؐ
 ٘kՓΎф́ĀԮɗľՓՓɗҡȍѸȍ̲͑ɗѸҡɗËľ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡѸ‫ه‬ľ̲ЙȍѸɗ‫׀‬ľѸҡȍľ́͑ĀѸËЙľѸ
ӕ͑́ɗ̲ɗҡľĀѸЙËľ͑Ā͑ҡӕфľѸËΎ͑ҡфΎ́́¡́ľ͑Ā͑ΎҡĀ͑ǣľфΎӕѸ‫ل‬ٚ؉ؐؓʊ͑Ѹȍ̲‫ڎ‬
͑ɗѸٍ̲٘ҡȍľѸӕЙľф͑ҡӕф́ɗѸΎԮľф́ɗĀӕЙΎ͑ҡȍľ͑ҡӕф́ҡľффɗ͑‫ل‬ٚ؉ؐ‫̞͑٘ؗ‬ĀѸËЙľ
٪ɗѸ٫́ɗ͑˔ľĀ¡ֆѸ˔ľɗ͑ΎƸɗ͑ҡľффľ́ҡľĀЙΎɗ͑ҡѸΎƸѸȍ̲͑ɗËЙΎՓľф‫ل‬ٚ؉ؐ‫؜‬
 ҽȍľфľѸľľ̲ѸҡΎ¡ľ͑ΎՓֆΎƸ٘ЙфΎԮɗ͑ǣٚҡȍľËΎффľѸЙΎ͑Āľ͑Ëľ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ҡȍľ
ʊфΎ͑ ʊ фËȍľΎ́Ύǣֆ ͑Ā Ѹȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲ ٘¡ӕҡ ҡȍɗѸ ɗѸٍ ΎƸ ËΎӕфѸľٍ ҡȍľ ËѸľ Փɗҡȍ
̲ΎѸҡ фËȍľΎ́ΎǣɗË́ ËΎффľѸЙΎ͑Āľ͑ËľѸ‫ ل‬ʊ͑ ҡȍľ ¡Ѹľ͑Ëľ ΎƸ ЙфΎΎƸٍٚ ҡȍľ ËΎ̲‫ڎ‬
Й́ľիɗҡֆΎƸҡȍľ٘ƸɗҡٚʮӕѸҡΎӕҡ́ɗ͑ľĀ̲ӕѸҡ¡ľľ̲ЙȍѸɗ‫׀‬ľĀ‫ل‬؉ؐ‫؟‬

ҽȍľ´ɗ¡́ľ؉ؐ‫آ‬
̞Ѹҡ́ֆٍ ҡȍľфľ фľ ҡȍľ ٘ɗ͑ҡľфЙфľҡɗԮľ ËΎ̲̲ӕ͑ɗҡɗľѸ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ͑Ëɗľ͑ҡٚ ʊѸфľ́ɗҡľѸ
ҡȍľ̲Ѹľ́ԮľѸ‫ ل‬æфɗҡɗË́ ӕѸľ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ´ɗ¡́ľ Ѹ  ȍɗѸҡΎфɗË́ ѸΎӕфËľ ‫ك‬ĀΎľѸ ͑Ύҡ ̲ľ͑
ҡȍҡ ҡȍľфľ фľ ͑Ύ ̲ҡľфɗ́Ѹ ՓȍɗËȍ ҡȍľ ȍɗѸҡΎфɗ͑ ËΎӕ́Ā ӕѸľ ɗ͑ ҡȍľѸľ ҡфĀɗ‫ڎ‬
ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ‫كل‬؉ؐ‫٘إ‬ҽȍľЙΎɗ͑ҡ‫ه‬ɗѸ͑ΎҡҡȍҡҡȍľֆфľՓΎфҡȍ́ľѸѸٍ¡ӕҡҡȍҡҡȍľֆфľĀɗѸ‫ڎ‬
ҡΎфҡľĀٍ͑ĀĀɗѸҡΎфҡɗΎ͑Ë͑ҡΎѸΎ̲ľĀľǣфľľ¡ľ́́ΎՓľĀƸΎф‫ڐ‬ɗ͑ĀľľĀٍɗҡɗѸҡȍľ
ȍɗѸҡΎфɗ͑ٔѸҡфĀɗҡɗΎ͑́¡ӕѸɗ͑ľѸѸҡΎĀΎѸΎ‫ل‬ٚ؉ؓ؆٘ʊҡՓɗ́́¡ľƸΎΎ́ɗѸȍ͑Āɗ̲ЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľ
‫ه‬ҡΎфľËΎ͑ѸҡфӕËҡȍɗѸҡΎфɗË́ЙфΎËľѸѸľѸ͑ĀѸҡфӕËҡӕф́фľ́ҡɗΎ͑ѸƸфΎ̲фËȍľΎ‫ڎ‬
́ΎǣɗË̲́ҡľфɗ́́Ύ͑ľ‫ل‬ٚ؉ؓ؉
 ҽΎ ĀĀфľѸѸ ҡȍɗѸ ɗѸѸӕľٍ ́ľҡ ӕѸ ËΎ̲ľ ƸфΎ̲ ҡՓΎ ĀɗфľËҡɗΎ͑Ѹ‫ ل‬ǗɗфѸҡٍ фľ ҡȍľфľ

؉ؐ،
 ͅΎǣфľٍ͑٘ҽɗ̲ľ͑ĀґЙËľٍٚ؉‫ؗ‬،‫ل‬
؉ؐؐ
 ȸΎٍ̲́٘æӕ́ҡӕфٍ́ٚ‫ٍؗ؟‬ՓɗҡȍËѸľѸƸфΎ̲ʊфΎ͑kǣľͮΎфՓֆٌ˫ľɗҡȍȸ‫´ل‬ѸѸΎٍWisdom
Sits in Places ٤ḱ¡ӕнӕľфнӕľ‫و‬Ԇ͑ɗԮľфѸɗҡֆΎƸͮľՓͅľիɗËΎٍ؉‫؜إإ‬٧ٍ‫؜‬؉ٍ‫آ‬؉ٍՓɗҡȍËѸľѸ
ƸфΎ̲ҡȍľkЙËȍľ‫ل‬Ϙ͑ҡȍľфľ́ҡɗΎ͑ΎƸЙ́Ëľ‫̲͑ڎ‬ľѸҡΎËΎǣ͑ɗҡɗԮľËҡľǣΎфɗľѸٍѸľľ´Ѹ‫ڎ‬
ѸΎٍ Wisdomٍ ؓؓ‫ ل‬ґӕËȍ ҡΎЙΎ͑ֆ̲Ѹ ЙЙфΎիɗ̲ҡľ ͅɗ˔ȍɗ́ ´˔ȍҡɗ͑ٔѸ ٘ËȍфΎ͑ΎҡфΎЙľѸٌٚ
´˔ȍҡɗٍ͑Dialogic Imagination٤kӕѸҡɗ͑‫و‬Ԇ͑ɗԮľфѸɗҡֆΎƸҽľիѸٍ؉‫آإ‬؉٧ٍ‫ل؟‬
؉ؐؓ
 ȸΎٍ̲́٘æӕ́ҡӕфٍ́ٚ‫ل؟؟‬
؉ؐ‫ؗ‬
 ġӕ´ΎɗѸٍIntroduction to Shamanismٍ‫لؐؗ‬
؉ؐ‫؜‬
 ġӕ´ΎɗѸٍIntroduction to Shamanismٍ‫لؐؗ‬
؉ؐ‫؟‬
 ̞ľՓɗѸ‫ڎ‬ՠɗ́́ɗ̲Ѹٍ٘ՠфľѸҡ́ɗ͑ǣٍٚ؉‫لؗؗ‬
؉ؐ‫آ‬
 ǗΎфҡȍΎфΎӕǣȍĀɗѸËӕѸѸɗΎ͑ΎƸѸȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗ͑́ҡľфȸľ˔ȍ́Ύҡ́ɗҡľфҡӕфľΎƸͅľф˔¡ȍ
̲ֆѸҡɗËɗѸٍ̲Ѹľľˇ̲ľѸѠ‫ل‬ġԮɗٍ́٘ȸľ˔ȍ́Ύҡ̞ɗҡľфҡӕфľ͑Āґȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲ٚɗ͑Society
of Biblical Literature 1994 Seminar Papers٤kҡ́͑ҡ‫و‬ґËȍΎ́фѸЬфľѸѸٍ؉‫ؓإإ‬٧ٍ‫لإآڎ؟؜؟‬
؉ؐ‫إ‬
 ˇ‫ل‬ḱ¡ľфҡΎґΎǣǣɗٍ͑٘ȸɗѸҡΎфֆΎƸk͑Ëɗľ͑ҡʊѸфľٍ́ٚEretz Israel ؉ؓ٤؉‫آ؟إ‬٧‫لټإؓو‬
؉ؓ؆
 ´ӕф˔ľٍPopular Cultureٍ‫لآ؟‬
؉ؓ؉
 ȸ͑Ѹ̞ΎӕɗѸˇ͑ѸѸľٍ͑٘ͅľĀɗľԮ́ͅҡľфɗ́æӕ́ҡӕфľ͑ĀҡȍľЬфΎ¡́ľ̲ΎƸҡȍľȸɗѸҡΎфɗ‫ڎ‬
Ë́ʊ͑ҡľфЙфľҡҡɗΎ͑ΎƸkфËȍľΎ́ΎǣɗË́ƄԮɗĀľ͑Ëľٍٚɗ͑Mensch und Objekt im Mittelal-
ter und in der Frühen Neuzeit ٤ՈľфάƸƸľ͑ҡ́ɗËȍӕ͑ǣľ͑ ĀľѸ ʊ͑ѸҡɗҡӕҡѸ Ƹӥф Ѡľ́ɗľ͑˔ӕ͑Āľ
ĀľѸ ͅɗҡҡľ́́ҡľфѸ ӕ͑Ā Āľф Ǘфӥȍľ͑ ͮľӕ‫׀‬ľɗҡ ؉ٌؐ Ոɗľ͑͑‫ و‬ϴѸҡľффľɗËȍɗѸËȍľ k˔Āľ̲ɗľ
ĀľфՠɗѸѸľ͑ѸËȍƸҡľٍ͑؉‫إإ‬؆٧ٍؓ؆‫لؗ‬
ؐ،‫؜‬ Ѡ‫ل‬ġ‫ͅل‬ɗ́́ľфʊʊ 

¡ɗ¡́ɗË́ ɗ͑ҡɗ̲ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ӕѸľ ΎƸ ̲Ѹ˔Ѹٍ ɗ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľٍ ľҡË‫ ل‬ɗ͑ ҡȍľ Ѹȍ̲͑ɗѸҡɗË
̲͑͑ľфѸ ĀľѸËфɗ¡ľĀ ¡ΎԮľ ͑Ā ѸȍΎՓ͑ ƸΎф ҡȍľ ͑Ëɗľ͑ҡ ͮľф ƄѸҡ‫ ظ‬ґľËΎ͑Āٍ ɗѸ
ҡȍľфľ ¡фΎĀľф ľԮɗĀľ͑Ëľ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ȸľ¡фľՓ ´ɗ¡́ľ ƸΎф Ѹȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ Ѹ  Йȍľ͑Ύ̲ľ‫ڎ‬
͑Ύٍ͑ƸΎфɗĀľѸ͑Āɗ̲ǣľѸҡȍҡËËΎфĀՓɗҡȍѸȍ̲͑ɗËѸΎËɗľҡɗľѸٍƸΎËӕѸɗ͑ǣΎ͑
ҡȍľƸɗԮľľ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡѸΎƸѸȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲Ύӕҡ́ɗ͑ľĀЙфľԮɗΎӕѸ́ֆ‫ظ‬
 ҽȍľ ƸɗфѸҡ фӕ͑ ҡ ҡȍľ ´ɗ¡́ľٍ ҡȍľٍ͑ Ë͑ ¡ľ Āľ́ҡ Փɗҡȍ нӕɗҡľ ¡фɗľƸ́ֆ‫ ل‬Ϙ͑ ҡȍľ
ӕѸľ ΎƸ ̲Ѹ˔Ѹٍ ɗ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľٍ Ѹ̲́́ Ƹɗǣӕфɗ͑ľѸٍ ͑Ā Ѹɗ̲Й́ľ ɗ͑ȍӕ̲ҡɗΎٍ͑ ҡȍľ ´ɗ¡́ľɗѸ
фҡȍľфҡľфѸľ‫٘ل‬ҽȍľȸľ¡фľՓ´ɗ¡́ľĀΎľѸ͑Ύҡɗ̲̲ľĀɗҡľ́ֆфľƸ́ľËҡфľ́ɗǣɗΎӕѸ͑Ā
фɗҡӕ́ЙфËҡɗËľѸΎƸҡȍľԮľфǣľʊѸфľ́ɗҡľΎƸҡȍľƸɗфѸҡ̲ɗ́́ľ͑͑ɗӕ̲´æƄٍٚ͑ĀƸф
́ľѸѸҡȍľ́ҡľѸľËΎ͑Ā̲ɗ́́ľ͑͑ɗӕ̲‫ل‬ٚ؉ؓ،ͮΎҡΎ͑́ֆфľՓľĀľ́ɗ͑ǣЙфɗ̲фɗ́ֆՓɗҡȍ
́ҡľфҡľիҡѸٍ¡ӕҡՓɗҡȍҡľիҡѸҡȍҡΎƸҡľ͑ĀĀфľѸѸЙΎЙӕ́ффɗҡӕ́ËӕѸҡΎ̲ѸƸΎфЙΎ‫ڎ‬
́ľ̲ɗË́ΎфѸӕ¡ԮľфѸɗԮľфľѸΎ͑Ѹ‫ل‬؉ؓؐ
 ǗΎф ɗ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľٍ ҡȍľ ͑Ύӕٍ͑ trewܰqe ɗѸ ѸѸΎËɗҡľĀ Փɗҡȍ  Ԯľф¡́ ƸΎф̲ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ
Йɗľ́ ͑Ā ȍɗЙȍɗٍ́ ҡȍľ ¡ѸɗË ̲ľ͑ɗ͑ǣ ΎƸ ՓȍɗËȍ ɗѸ ٘ҡΎ ́ľҡ ѸËľ͑Ā ɗ͑ Ѹ̲Ύ˔ľ‫ل‬ٚ؉ؓؓ
ҽȍľфľфľËΎӕЙ́ľΎƸҡľիҡѸҡȍҡȍɗ͑ҡҡ̲ľĀɗËɗ͑́Ύфҡ́ľѸҡЙΎҡфΎЙɗËӕѸľ
ΎƸ ɗҡ‫ ل‬ʊ͑ ͮӕ̲¡ľфѸ ؉‫ ٍ؜‬kфΎ͑ ѸҡΎЙѸ ҡȍľ Й́ǣӕľ Փȍľ͑ ȍľ Й́ËľѸ ȍɗ̲Ѹľ́Ƹ ¡ľ‫ڎ‬
ҡՓľľ͑ҡȍľĀľĀ͑Āҡȍľ́ɗԮɗ͑ǣՓɗҡȍ¡ӕф͑ɗ͑ǣËľ͑Ѹľфٍ́ҡȍΎӕǣȍË́ľф́ֆҡȍľфľ
ɗѸ͑Ύ́ՓЙфľѸËфɗ¡ɗ͑ǣՓȍҡҡΎĀΎɗ͑ҡȍɗѸѸɗҡӕҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬؉ؓ‫ؗͅ‬Ύфľɗ͑ҡľфľѸҡɗ͑ǣɗѸҡȍľ
ЙфΎȍɗ¡ɗҡɗΎ͑ ɗ͑ ƄիΎĀ ؐ؆‫ آؐڎ؟ؐو‬ǣɗ͑Ѹҡ ӕѸɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ фľËɗЙľ ƸΎф ȍΎ́ֆ ɗ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľ ƸΎф
ЙфɗԮҡľ ЙӕфЙΎѸľѸٍ ɗ͑ĀɗËҡɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľфľ Փľфľ ЙфΎƸ͑ľ ӕѸľѸ ΎƸ trewܰqeٍ ҡΎΎ‫ل‬؉ؓ‫ ؜‬ʊ͑
ЬфΎԮ،‫ٍإو؟‬ɗ͑Ëľ͑ѸľɗѸѸɗĀҡΎ¡ľЙ́ľѸɗ͑ǣҡΎҡȍľȍӕ̲͑ȍľфҡ‫ل‬؉ؓ‫؟‬
 ҽȍľфľɗѸ͑Ύ́ĀѸӕǣǣľѸҡɗΎٍ͑ǣΎɗ͑ǣ¡Ë˔ҡΎȸӕǣΎǾфľѸѸٍ̲͑͑ҡȍҡҡȍľtera-
phimՓľфľ̲Ѹ˔Ѹ‫ل‬؉ؓ‫˫آ‬ф́Ԯ͑ĀľфҽΎΎфٍ͑ɗ͑ȍɗѸ؉‫إإ‬؆ҡфľҡ̲ľ͑ҡΎƸteraphimٍ
ĀɗѸËΎӕ͑ҡѸҡȍɗѸËΎ͑͑ľËҡɗΎ͑Ѹɗ͑ËľґֆфΎ‫ڎ‬Ь́ľѸҡɗ͑ɗ̲͑Ѹ˔ѸфľƸΎӕ͑Āɗ̲͑Ύфҡӕ‫ڎ‬
фֆ ͑Ā ҡľ̲Й́ľ ËΎ͑ҡľիҡѸٍ ͑Ύҡ ĀΎ̲ľѸҡɗË Ѹľҡҡɗ͑ǣѸ‫ل‬؉ؓ‫ إ‬Ո͑ Āľф ҽΎΎф͑ٔѸ ѸҡфΎ͑ǣ
ĀɗѸҡɗ͑ËҡɗΎ͑ ¡ľҡՓľľ͑ Ëӕ́ҡ ͑Ā ȍΎ̲ľ Փľфľ ѸӕƸƸɗËɗľ͑ҡ фľѸΎ͑ ҡΎ ĀɗѸ̲ɗѸѸ ҡȍľ
̲Ѹ˔ѸЙфΎЙΎѸ́‫ل‬ҽȍľҡľфЙȍɗ̲фľËΎ̲Й́ɗËҡľĀɗѸѸӕľ¡ľֆΎ͑ĀҡȍľѸËΎЙľΎƸ
ҡȍɗѸЙфľѸľ͑ҡҡɗΎٍ͑¡ӕҡ٘ҡľфЙȍɗ̲ٔѸΎËËӕффľ͑Ëľɗ͑ЙΎѸɗҡɗԮľ͑Ā͑ľǣҡɗԮľҡľիҡѸ
ҡȍҡ¡ΎҡȍǣфΎӕЙҡľфЙȍɗ̲ՓɗҡȍΎҡȍľфҡΎΎ́ѸΎƸĀɗԮɗ͑ҡɗΎ̲͑˔ľɗҡ́ɗ˔ľ́ֆҡȍҡ

؉ؓ،
 ҽȍΎ̲Ѹ Ѡά̲ľфٍ ٘æΎ̲Йľҡɗ͑ǣ ͅǣɗËɗ͑Ѹ ɗ͑ ƄիΎĀӕѸ ‫ٍإڎ؟‬ٚ ɗ͑ Magic in the Biblical
World, ľĀ‫ ل‬ҽΎĀĀ Ƅ‫́˫ ل‬ӕҡ‫ ׀‬٤ˇΎӕф͑́ ƸΎф ҡȍľ ґҡӕĀֆ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ͮľՓ ҽľѸҡ̲ľ͑ҡ ґӕЙЙ́ľ‫ڎ‬
̲ľ͑ҡ،ؓ‫ٌͮؗ‬ľՓ֤Ύф˔‫و‬ҽ‫ٶ‬ҽǽф˔ٍ،؆؆ؐ٧ٍ؉ؐ‫ل‬
؉ؓؐ
 Ѡά̲ľфٍ٘æΎ̲Йľҡɗ͑ǣͅǣɗËɗ͑Ѹٍٚ؉ؐ‫ل‬
؉ؓؓ
 ͮɗľ́Ѹľٍ͑Incenseٍ‫ؗ‬،‫ل‬
؉ؓ‫ؗ‬
 ͮɗľ́Ѹľٍ͑Incenseٍ‫لإ؟‬
؉ؓ‫؜‬
 ͮɗľ́Ѹľٍ͑Incenseٍ‫لإآ‬
؉ؓ‫؟‬
 ͮɗľ́Ѹľٍ͑Incenseٍ‫إ‬؆‫ل‬
؉ؓ‫آ‬
 Ǿ‫ل‬ȸΎƸƸ̲͑͑͑ĀȸӕǣΎǾфľѸѸٍ̲͑͑٘ҽľфЙȍɗٍ̲ٚZAW ؓ؆٤؉‫إ‬،،٧‫ڎؗ؟و‬؉ؐ‫ل؟‬
؉ؓ‫إ‬
 ٘ҽȍľͮҡӕфľΎƸҡȍľ´ɗ¡́ɗË́ҽľфЙȍɗ̲ɗ͑ҡȍľ̞ɗǣȍҡΎƸæӕ͑ľɗƸΎф̲ƄԮɗĀľ͑ËľٍٚCBQ
‫ؗ‬،٤؉‫إإ‬؆٧‫و‬،؆ؐ‫ڎ‬،،‫ل‬
 ґȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗ͑Ƅф́ֆʊѸфľ́ ؐ،‫؟‬

ҡľфЙȍɗ̲ՓľфľӕѸľĀɗ͑ѸӕËȍËЙËɗҡֆҡȍфΎӕǣȍΎӕҡ́́ҡȍľɗфΎËËӕффľ͑ËľѸ‫ل‬ٚ؉‫ؗ‬؆
ґҡɗٍ́́٘ҡȍľфľɗѸľнӕ́́ֆ͑ΎľԮɗĀľ͑ËľҡȍҡҡȍľֆЙľфƸΎф̲Ύ͑́ֆΎ͑ľфΎ́ľ‫ل‬ٚ؉‫ؗ‬؉Ѡľ‫ڎ‬
Ëľ͑ҡ ՓΎф˔ ¡ֆ ґȍՓ͑ Ǘ́ֆ͑͑ ѸӕǣǣľѸҡѸ ѸΎ̲ľ ѸΎфҡ ΎƸ Ѹ̲́́ Ƹɗǣӕфɗ͑ľѸٍ؉‫ؗ‬، ͑Ā
ҡȍľфľɗѸ͑ΎфľѸΎ͑͑ΎҡҡΎľнӕҡľҡȍľ̲Փɗҡȍ¡ΎҡȍҡȍľʊфΎ͑ʊƸɗǣӕфɗ͑ľѸΎƸԮфɗ‫ڎ‬
ΎӕѸҡֆЙľѸ͑ĀҡȍľѸȍ̲͑ɗËΎ͑ǣΎ͑Ѹ‫ل‬kѸƸΎф̲Ѹ˔ѸٍѠ‫́˫׀‬ľҡҡľфȍѸѸӕǣǣľѸҡľĀ
ҡȍҡ ͅɗËȍٔѸ maseka ɗ͑ ˇӕĀǣ ؉‫وآ‬؉‫ڎ؟‬؉‫ ٍآ‬Փľɗǣȍɗ͑ǣ ɗ͑ ҡ  ̲ľфľ Ѹɗի ЙΎӕ͑ĀѸٍ
ՓѸ̲Ѹ˔٤Ύф̲ľҡ́ËΎҡɗ͑ǣƸΎфҡȍľpesel٧‫ل‬؉‫ؐؗ‬
 Ǘɗ͑́́ֆٍѸΎ͑ǣ́ɗ˔ľˇӕĀǣľѸ‫͑ؗ‬Āҡȍľ´ɗ¡́ľٔѸǣľ͑ľф́́Ë˔ΎƸ̲ֆҡȍɗË٘ȍֆ́Ύ‫ڎ‬
ЙȍΎ¡ɗٚ٤ƸľфΎƸҡȍľՓɗ́ĀΎӕҡĀΎΎфѸ٧̲ֆфľЙфľѸľ͑ҡҡȍľ˔ɗ͑ĀΎƸ̲٘͑ɗ͑ǣ͑Ā
ҡ̲ɗ͑ǣٚΎƸҡȍľ́͑ĀѸËЙľľ̲Й́ΎֆľĀ¡ֆľф́ֆʊѸфľ́ɗҡľЙѸҡΎф́ɗѸҡѸ‫ل‬؉‫ؓؗ‬ҽȍľӕѸľ
ΎƸɗ́́ӕѸҡфҡɗԮľ̲ҡľфɗ́ƸфΎ̲͑ҡӕфľɗ͑ҡȍľЬѸ̲́Ѹ͑Āɗ͑ҡȍľՓɗѸĀΎ̲́ɗҡľф‫ڎ‬
ҡӕфľ ѸӕǣǣľѸҡѸ ҡȍҡ ʊѸфľ́ɗҡľ Ëӕ́ҡӕфľ ѸՓ ͑ҡӕфľ Ѹ ËΎ͑ҡфΎ́́¡́ľ ͑Ā ѸƸľ‫ل‬؉‫ؗؗ‬
´ӕҡѸӕËȍ̲ҡҡľфѸ̲ΎԮľӕѸɗ͑ҡΎҡȍľËΎ͑ËľЙҡӕ́фľ̲́‫ل‬
 ҽȍľфľ ɗѸ ¡фΎĀ ľԮɗĀľ͑Ëľ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ȸľ¡фľՓ ´ɗ¡́ľ ƸΎф Ѹȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ Ѹ  Йȍľ‫ڎ‬
͑Ύ̲ľ͑Ύ͑ ̲Āľ ӕЙ ΎƸ  ËΎ͑Ѹҡľ́́ҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ ɗĀľѸ ͑Ā ɗ̲ǣľѸٍ ЙфҡɗËӕ́ф́ֆ ҡȍľ
ƸɗԮľľ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡѸΎƸѸȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲Ύӕҡ́ɗ͑ľĀЙфľԮɗΎӕѸ́ֆ‫ل‬ҽȍľѸľфľ͑ɗ̲ɗѸٍ̲ЙΎՓľф
͑ɗ̲́Ѹٍ͑ËľѸҡΎфѸЙɗфɗҡѸٍȍľ́ɗ͑ǣ͑ĀΎҡȍľфнӕѸɗ‫̲ڎ‬ǣɗËٍ͑Āфӕ¡фɗËѸƸΎфҡȍľ
ӕѸľΎƸѸȍ̲͑ɗËЙфЙȍľф͑́ɗ‫ل‬
 ՠľՓɗ́́ҡӕф͑ѸȍΎфҡ́ֆҡΎҡȍľ¡ɗ¡́ɗË́ҡľիҡٍ¡ӕҡ٘ҡȍľȸľ¡фľՓ´ɗ¡́ľɗҡѸľ́ƸɗѸΎƸ
ËΎӕфѸľËфɗҡɗнӕľΎ͑ľф́ɗľфƸΎф̲ѸΎƸфľ́ɗǣɗΎٍ͑ɗҡѸΎՓ͑фΎΎҡѸɗ͑Ë́ӕĀľĀ‫ل‬ٚ؉‫ͮ؜ؗ‬Ύҡ
ҡȍҡ٘¡ɗ¡́ɗË́фľ́ɗǣɗΎ͑ٚɗ͑ԮΎ́ԮľѸѸȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲¡ӕҡфҡȍľфҡȍҡʊѸфľ́ɗҡľфľ́ɗǣɗΎ͑
ΎƸҡȍľľф́ֆʊфΎ͑kǣľĀɗĀ‫ل‬ʊƸҡȍҡɗѸҡȍľËѸľٍѸȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲Փɗ́́ľ̲ľфǣľɗ͑٘ҡɗĀ‫ڎ‬
¡ɗҡѸ ΎƸ ɗ͑ƸΎф̲ҡɗΎ͑ ‫ ه‬ΎƸҡľ͑ ǣɗԮľ͑ɗ͑ ɗĀľΎ́ΎǣɗË́́ֆ ӕ͑ǣӕфĀľĀ ̲Ύ̲ľ͑ҡѸ‫ل‬ٚ؉‫؟ؗ‬
ՠľҡȍľ͑ȍԮľ٘ҡȍľ¡ɗ́ɗҡֆҡΎЙѸѸٍΎ͑ҡȍľ¡ѸɗѸΎƸË́ӕľѸٍ‫ه‬ЙЙфľ͑ҡ́ֆ͑ľǣ́ɗ‫ڎ‬

؉‫ؗ‬؆
 ґȍՓ͑ՠ‫ل‬Ǘ́ֆٍ͑͑٘ҽȍľǾΎĀѸk̲Ύ͑ǣԆѸ‫ظ‬kѸѸľѸѸɗ͑ǣ´ɗ¡́ɗË́ҽľфЙȍɗ̲ɗ̞͑ɗǣȍҡΎƸ
ƄǣֆЙҡɗ͑ƄԮɗĀľ͑ËľٍٚЙЙľфЙфľѸľ͑ҡľĀҡҡȍľæҡȍΎ́ɗË´ɗ¡́ɗË́kѸѸΎËɗҡɗΎ͑͑͑ӕ́
̲ľľҡɗ͑ǣٍϘ̲ȍٍ،؆؆‫ٍإ‬؉ؓ‫ل‬
؉‫ؗ‬؉
 Ǘ́ֆٍ͑͑٘ǾΎĀѸk̲Ύ͑ǣԆѸٍٚ؉‫لؗ‬
؉‫ؗ‬،
 Ǘ́ֆٍ͑͑٘ǾΎĀѸk̲Ύ͑ǣԆѸ‫ل‬ٚ
؉‫ؐؗ‬
 ˫́ľҡҡľфٍ٘ҽΎæѸҡ͑ʊ̲ǣľٍٚ؉‫ٍآإڎ؟إ‬،؆؆‫ڎ‬،؆؉‫ل‬
؉‫ؓؗ‬
 æƸ‫̲ˇل‬ľѸk‫ل‬ґΎфľ͑ѸΎٍ̞͑٘ɗԮɗ͑ǣΎ͑ҡȍľ̞͑ĀٚWord & World ‫ڈ؜‬؉٤؉‫؜آإ‬٧‫ؐو‬،
؉‫ؗؗ‬
 Ƅ‫ل‬ǣ‫ ٍل‬ЬѸѸ ؉؉ٌ ؓ،ٌ ‫؜‬؉ٌ ‫؟‬؉ٌ ‫؟‬،ٌ ‫ ٌآإ ٌ؜إ ٌإآ‬؉،؉ٌ ؉ؓ‫ͮ ل؟‬Ύҡľ ҡȍľ ̲٘͑ɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ ́͑Ā‫ڎ‬
ѸËЙľٚɗ͑ЬѸ‫وإآ‬؉؉‫ڎ‬؉،‫́ͅل‬ľԮΎ́ľ͑ҡ͑ҡӕфľɗѸƸΎӕ͑Āɗ͑ЬѸ̲́؉،ؐ‫ل‬ġΎфΎҡȍֆæфԮľфٍ
٘ͮҡӕфľ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ЬѸ̲́Ѹٍٚ Review & Expositor ،‫ آ‬٤؉‫ؐإ‬؉٧‫ؓڎآإؐ و‬؆‫ ٌإ‬ġ͑ɗľ́ ǾфΎѸѸ‫ڎ‬
¡ľфǣٍ̞٘ɗҡľффֆҽфľҡ̲ľ͑ҡΎƸͮҡӕфľɗ͑ЬѸ̲́Ѹٍٚɗ͑Boundaries of the Ancient Near
Eastern WorldٍľĀ‫ͅل‬ľɗľф̞ӕ¡ľҡѸ˔ɗٍǽɗфľǾΎҡҡ́ľɗ¡ٍ͑Āґ‫˫ل‬ľ́́ľф٤ˇΎӕф͑́ƸΎфҡȍľ
ґҡӕĀֆΎƸҡȍľϘ́ĀҽľѸҡ̲ľ͑ҡґӕЙЙ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡ،‫ٌؐ؟‬ґȍľƸƸɗľ́Ā‫و‬ґȍľƸƸɗľ́ĀkËĀľ̲ɗËЬфľѸѸٍ
؉‫آإإ‬٧ٍ ‫؟‬؆‫؟ڎ‬؉‫´ ل‬ӕҡ ËƸ‫ ل‬Ǿľф́Ā ´́ɗĀѸҡľɗٍ͑ ٘ͮҡӕфľ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ َЬѸ̲́Ѹٍٔٚ Judaism ؉ؐ
٤؉‫ؓ؜إ‬٧‫و‬،‫ٌ؜ؐڎإ‬ǾфΎѸѸ¡ľфǣٍ‫؟‬،‫آڎ‬؆‫ل‬
؉‫؜ؗ‬
 ՠֆҡҡٍWord of Treeٍ‫لؗؐل͑؜إ‬
؉‫؟ؗ‬
 ˇΎȍ͑Ѡ‫ل‬ȸӕĀĀ́ľѸҡӕٍَ͑٘ՠȍΎɗѸҡȍɗѸҡȍҡфɗѸľѸ́ɗ˔ľҡȍľͮɗ́ľ‫ظ‬ٚґΎ̲ľƄǣֆЙҡɗ͑ҽľիҡѸ
Ύ͑ҡȍľʊ͑ӕ͑ĀҡɗΎ͑͑ĀЬфΎЙȍľҡɗËҽфΎЙľٍٔɗ͑k‫ل‬ȸ‫´ل‬фҡ́ľҡҡľҡ́‫ل‬٤ľĀѸ‫ل‬٧Fortunate
the Eyes that See٤Ǿф͑ĀѠЙɗĀѸ‫و‬ƄľфĀ̲͑Ѹ٧ٍؐؓ؆‫ل‬
ؐ،‫آ‬ Ѡ‫ل‬ġ‫ͅل‬ɗ́́ľфʊʊ 

ǣɗ¡́ľĀľҡɗ́Ѹ٪ҡȍҡ٫ ËΎӕ́ĀфľԮľ́ЙфΎƸΎӕ͑ĀЙȍľ͑Ύ̲ľ͑ ΎƸ ǣфľҡ ɗ̲ЙΎфҡ͑Ëľٍ

‫ه‬ĀɗфľËҡ́ֆƸфΎ̲ҡȍľ˔͑ΎՓ͑ҡΎҡȍľӕ͑˔͑ΎՓ͑‫ل‬ٚ؉‫آؗ‬
 ´ӕҡ ҡȍľфľ ɗѸ ̲Ύфľ‫ ل‬ҽȍҡ ľф́ɗľф ƸΎф̲ ΎƸ фľ́ɗǣɗΎٍ͑ ٘ʊфΎ͑ kǣľ фľ́ɗǣɗΎ͑ ɗ͑
Ь́ľѸҡɗ͑ľٚ ՓѸ Ԯľфֆ Ѹɗ̲ɗ́ф ҡΎ ҡȍľ фľ́ɗǣɗΎ͑ ΎƸ Ԇǣфɗҡ‫ل‬؉‫ إؗ‬ҽȍľ ´ɗ¡́ľ ѸȍΎՓѸ
Ѹҡфɗ˔ɗ͑ǣѸɗ̲ɗ́фɗҡɗľѸɗ͑фɗҡӕ́ԮΎË¡ӕ́фֆ٤šalam$ma, madbihuٍľҡË‫ل‬٧ٍËӕ́ҡɗËф‫ڎ‬
ËȍɗҡľËҡӕф́ԮΎË¡ӕ́фֆ٤btٍqdšٍľҡË‫ل‬٧ٍËӕ́ҡɗËЙфΎȍɗ¡ɗҡɗΎ͑Ѹ٤ĀΎǣٍЙɗǣٍՓɗ́Ā͑ɗ‫ڎ‬
̲́Ѹ٧ٍ Йӕфɗҡֆ фľнӕɗфľ̲ľ͑ҡѸٍ؉‫؜‬؆ ̲ľҡЙȍΎфѸ ƸΎф ҡȍľ ĀɗԮɗ͑ľٍ؉‫؜‬؉ ЙѸ̲́ΎĀֆ ٤ľ‫ل‬ǣ‫ٍل‬
˫ҽԆ ؉‫ل‬؉؉‫܂إ‬Ѡґ ،ؓ‫ل‬،‫ ٌ؜؜‬æҽk ؐ؆ ‫˫ ܂‬ҽԆ ؉‫ؗ؜ل‬٧ٍ ͑Ā ̲ֆҡȍɗË ËΎ͑ҡľ͑ҡ‫ل‬؉‫؜‬، ǗΎф
ҡȍɗѸ фľѸΎٍ͑ Փľ ¡ľǣɗ͑ Փɗҡȍ Ѹȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ ɗ͑ Ԇǣфɗҡ Ѹ ɗ͑ĀɗфľËҡ ľԮɗĀľ͑Ëľ ƸΎф
Ѹȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗ͑ľф́ֆʊѸфľ́‫ل‬؉‫ؐ؜‬
 k͑ɗ̲ɗѸ̲ ΎƸ ѸΎфҡ ЙЙľфѸ ɗ͑ ԆǣфɗҡɗË́ɗҡľфҡӕфľ‫ ل‬ՠȍľ͑ ´́ ȍѸ  ѸЙľËɗ́
̲ľѸѸǣľƸΎфȍɗѸՓɗƸľٍȍľѸֆѸɗҡɗѸ٘ՓΎфĀΎƸҡфľľѸ٤͑ĀՓȍɗѸЙľфΎƸѸҡΎ͑ľ٧ٚ
٤˫ҽԆ؉‫وؐل‬ʊʊʊ‫ل‬،،‫ڎ‬،ؐ٧‫ل‬؉‫ؓ؜‬k͑ɗ͑Ë͑ҡҡɗΎ͑ҡľ́́ѸΎƸ̲ľ͑фľËľɗԮɗ͑ǣΎ̲ľ͑ѸƸфΎ̲ҡȍľ
ҡфľľѸ٤˫ҽԆ˫ҽԆ؉‫آل‬،‫ٍؐؓ؟ؐو‬٧‫ل‬؉‫ؗ؜‬
 ՠȍɗ́ľ ҡȍľфľ ɗѸ ͑Ύ ľԮɗĀľ͑Ëľ ƸΎф ԆǣфɗҡɗË Ѹȍ̲͑Ѹ ҡф͑ѸƸΎф̲ɗ͑ǣ ɗ͑ҡΎ ͑ɗ‫ڎ‬
̲́Ѹٍҡȍľ̲Ύфľɗ̲ЙΎфҡ͑ҡĀľɗҡɗľѸΎËËѸɗΎ͑́́ֆҡф͑ѸƸΎф̲ҡȍľ̲Ѹľ́ԮľѸɗ͑ҡΎΎի‫ڎ‬
ľ͑ ‫¡ ڐ‬Ύҡȍ Ƅ́ ٤˫ҽԆ ؉‫ل‬؉،‫و‬ʊ‫آڎؓل‬٧ ͑Ā ´́ ٤˫ҽԆ ؉‫وؗل‬Ո٧‫ل‬؉‫´ ؜؜‬ӕҡ ҡȍľфľ фľ ́ѸΎ
͑ӕ̲ľфΎӕѸ Ύҡȍľф ҡȍľфɗΎ̲ΎфЙȍɗË ́ľѸѸľф ĀľɗҡɗľѸٌ ѸΎ̲ľ ՓȍΎ ҡҡľ͑Ā ´́ٔѸ
ȍΎӕѸľՓф̲ɗ͑ǣЙфҡֆɗ͑Ë́ӕĀľф̲ѸٍľՓľѸٍΎիľٍ͑͑ĀËΎՓѸ٤˫ҽԆ؉‫وؓل‬Ոʊ‫ؗڎ؟ؓل‬؆ٌ
ËƸ‫˫ل‬ҽԆ؉‫ل‬؉،‫و‬ʊʊ‫ل‬،‫ؐڎآ‬؆٧‫ل‬؉‫؟؜‬ҽȍľфľфľĀľɗҡɗľѸɗ͑ĀɗѸҡɗ͑ǣӕɗѸȍ¡́ľƸфΎ̲фľ́ľǣ́ľѸ
ɗ͑Keretҡȍҡ˔ɗ͑ǣġ͑!ľ́ѸľľѸȍΎԮľфɗ͑ǣΎԮľфȍɗѸѸΎ͑٤˫ҽԆ؉‫ل‬؉ؐ‫ٌآل‬؉‫ل‬؉‫وآ‬ʊՈ‫ل‬،؉ٍ

؉‫آؗ‬
 æф́Ύ Ǿɗ͑‫¡׀‬ӕфǣٍ Clues, Myths, and the Historical Method ٤´́ҡɗ̲Ύфľ‫ˇ و‬Ύȍ͑Ѹ ȸΎЙ‫ڎ‬
˔ɗ͑ѸԆ͑ɗԮľфѸɗҡֆЬфľѸѸٍ؉‫إآإ‬٧ٍ؉،ؓ‫ڎ‬،‫لؗ‬
؉‫إؗ‬
 ՠֆҡҡٍWord of Treeٍ‫ل؜إ‬
؉‫؜‬؆
 ЬфĀľľٍRitual and Cultٍ،،ٍؓ،ؐؐ‫لؓؐڎ‬
؉‫؜‬؉
 ͅфʮΎæ‫ل‬k‫˫ل‬ΎфЙľٍ́A Rift in the Clouds٤ԆǣфɗҡɗѸËȍ‫´ڎ‬ɗ¡́ɗѸËȍľ̞ɗҡľфҡӕф‫ٌͅآ‬ӥ͑Ѹҡľф‫و‬
Ԇǣфɗҡ‫ڎ‬Ոľф́ǣٍ؉‫إإ‬؆٧ٍЙѸѸɗٍ̲ľѸЙ‫ل‬ЙЙľ͑ĀɗËľѸ‫ل‬
؉‫؜‬،
 Ոɗ‫ٍل׀‬inter aliaٍˇΎȍ͑ġֆٍGod’s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea٤æ̲¡фɗĀǣľٍ
Ԇ͑ɗԮľфѸɗҡֆЬфľѸѸٍ ؉‫ؗآإ‬٧‫ل‬
؉‫ؐ؜‬
 ҽȍľфľՓѸѸȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗ͑ͅľѸΎЙΎҡ̲ɗٍҡΎΎ‫ل‬ḱΎ͑ǣѸɗĀľҡȍľ͑  ̲ ҡ  ф ‫ڈ‬shimtu ΎфĀľф
̲ɗ͑ҡɗ͑ľĀ ¡ֆ Ƅ͑́ɗ́ ͑Ā ҡȍľ ˔ɗ͑ǣٍ ҡȍľфľ ɗѸ ̲ ľ ‫ڈ‬partsu ΎфĀľфٍ ٘ҡȍľ ӕ͑Ëȍ͑ǣɗ͑ǣ
ՓֆѸɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍҡȍľՓΎф́ĀΎƸ̲͑͑Āҡȍɗ͑ǣѸɗѸѸӕЙЙΎѸľĀҡΎ¡ľ‫ل‬ٚҽȍɗѸɗѸҡȍľЙӕф‫ڎ‬
ԮɗľՓ ΎƸ Ƅ͑˔ɗ ͑Ā ΎƸ ҡȍľ ashipu ɗ͑Ë͑ҡҡɗΎ͑ ѸЙľËɗ́ɗѸҡٍ ՓΎф˔ɗ͑ǣ ¡ֆ Ѹֆ̲ЙҡȍľҡɗË
̲ǣɗË‫ ل‬ґҡɗ́́ ̲Ύфľ Ѹȍ̲͑ɗË ɗѸ ҡȍľ asutu ȍľ́ľфٍ ՓȍΎѸľ ȍľҡľфΎĀΎի ٤͑Ā ҡľիҡӕ́́ֆ
ËΎффӕЙҡ٧ËΎфЙӕѸɗ͑ԮΎ́ԮľѸľԮľ̲͑ΎфľѸȍ̲͑‫́ڎ‬ɗ˔ľ̲ǣɗË‫ل‬ґľľ´ɗ͑Ѹ¡ľфǣľ͑͑Āՠɗǣ‫ڎ‬
ǣľфٍ̲͑͑٘ͅǣɗËɗ͑ȸɗѸҡΎфֆ‫ل‬ٚ
؉‫ؓ؜‬
 ˫ΎфЙľٍ́Rift in the Cloudsٍ‫لآآؗ‬
؉‫ؗ؜‬
 ˫ΎфЙľٍ́Rift in the Cloudsٍ‫لآآؗ‬
؉‫؜؜‬
 ˫ΎфЙľٍ́Rift in the Cloudsٍ‫ؗ‬،ؓ‫ڎ‬،‫ل؜‬ՠȍɗ́ľҡȍɗѸɗѸфľǣӕ́ф́ֆƸΎфѸľիٍґȍЙѸȍӕËȍ͑ǣ‫ڎ‬
ľѸ´́ɗ͑ҡΎË́Ƹ¡ľƸΎфľȍɗѸ¡ĀӕËҡɗΎ͑¡ֆͅΎҡ٤˫ҽԆ؉‫وؗل‬ʊʊʊ‫ل‬؉؉‫ڎ‬؉،٧ٌ˫ΎфЙľٍ́Rift in
the Cloudsٍ‫ؗ‬،‫ڎ؟‬،‫لآ‬
؉‫؟؜‬
 ˫ΎфЙľٍ́Rift in the Cloudsٍ‫ؗ‬،‫لإ‬
 ґȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗ͑Ƅф́ֆʊѸфľ́ ؐ،‫إ‬

ؐ،٧‫ل‬؉‫آ؜‬
 ՠȍľ͑ҡȍľRephaimԮɗѸɗҡġ͑!ľٍ́ҡȍľѸΎӕ͑ĀΎƸ٘¡ɗфĀѸٚɗѸ́ѸΎȍľфĀ٤˫ҽԆ
؉‫ل‬،،‫و‬ʊ‫ڎإل‬؉؉٧‫ل‬؉‫ إ؜‬ҽȍľ ɗĀľ͑ҡɗҡֆ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ѠľЙȍɗ̲ ɗѸ Āľ¡ҡľĀ ͑Ā ¡ľֆΎ͑Ā ҡȍľ
ѸËΎЙľΎƸҡȍɗѸľѸѸֆٍ¡ӕҡҡȍľֆЙфΎ¡¡́ֆфľЙфľѸľ͑ҡҡȍľѸЙɗфɗҡѸΎƸҡȍľĀľĀ˔ɗ͑ǣѸ
٤Ѡґ ؐؓ‫ل‬؉،‫́ ٍ؜‬ɗ͑ľѸ ؉؉‫ڎ‬؉،ٌ Ѡґ ،ؓ‫ل‬،‫ ؟ؗ‬фľԮľфѸľٌ Ѡґ ‫لؓإ‬،‫ؗ‬؉‫آ‬٧‫ل‬؉‫؟‬؆ ʊҡ ɗѸ ҡȍľ ˔ɗ͑ǣ
ՓȍΎѸӕ̲̲Ύ͑Ѹҡȍľ̲٤Ѡґؐؓ‫ل‬؉،‫ٍ́؜‬ɗ͑ľѸؐ؉‫ؓؐڎ‬٧ٍѸɗ͑ͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗ‫ل‬؉‫؟‬؉ҽȍľ͑ËľѸ‫ڎ‬
ҡф́ ˔ɗ͑ǣ ġɗҡ#͑ӕٍ Ύ͑ľ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ѠľЙȍɗٍ̲ ɗѸ ËΎ͑Ѹӕ́ҡľĀ ƸΎф ȍľ́ɗ͑ǣ ɗ͑ Ѡґ
،ؓ‫ل‬،‫؟‬،ٍ؉‫؟‬، ͑Ā ҡȍľ ľҡֆ̲Ύ́Ύǣֆ ٤́ՓֆѸ Փɗҡȍ ҡȍľ )alep٧ ѸӕǣǣľѸҡѸ ٘ȍľ́ľфѸ‫ل‬ٚ؉‫ؐ؟‬
ҽȍɗѸ́́ËËΎфĀѸՓɗҡȍҡȍľЙΎѸɗҡɗΎ͑ΎƸ͑ËľѸҡф́ѸЙɗфɗҡѸɗ͑Ѹȍ̲͑ɗËËӕ́ҡӕфľѸ‫ل‬؉‫ؓ؟‬
ҽȍľËΎ͑͑ľËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸҡȍľѠľЙȍɗ̲Փɗҡȍ¡ɗфĀѸɗѸĀľ¡ҡľĀٍ؉‫¡ؗ؟‬ӕҡ¡ɗфĀѸѸЙΎՓľф
͑ɗ̲́Ѹ фľЙфΎ̲ɗ͑ľ͑ҡ ɗ͑ ґɗ¡ľфɗ͑ Ѹȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲‫ل‬؉‫̞ ؜؟‬ΎΎ͑Ѹٍ ѸՓ͑Ѹٍ ͑ĀËф͑ľѸ
фľҡҡľѸҡľĀٍ؉‫͑؟؟‬ĀѸɗ͑Ëľҡȍľ¡ɗфĀѸɗ͑ҡȍľԆǣфɗҡɗËËѸľѸфľΎƸӕ͑Ëľфҡɗ͑ѸЙľ‫ڎ‬
ËɗľѸٍЙľфȍЙѸҡȍľʊфΎ͑ʊʊѸфľ́ɗҡľǣΎΎѸľɗѸ͑ľի̲Й́ľ‫ڐ‬ɗҡ̲˔ľѸ̲ΎфľѸľ͑Ѹľ
ҡȍ͑ɗĀľ͑ҡɗƸֆɗ͑ǣɗҡՓɗҡȍҡȍľƄǣֆЙҡɗ͑ǣΎĀǾľ¡‫ل‬
 ʊ͑ҡȍľKeret́ľǣľ͑ĀٍҡȍľËȍҡȍΎ͑ɗËĀľɗҡֆґȍ!ҡɗнҡӕɗѸ¡́ľҡΎËӕфľҡȍľ˔ɗ͑ǣ
ΎƸ ȍɗѸ ĀɗѸľѸľ Փɗҡȍ  ̲ľĀɗËɗ͑́ Й́͑ҡ ٤˫ҽԆ ؉‫ل‬؉‫و؜‬Ո‫؜ؓڎؓؓل‬٧‫ل‬؉‫ آ؟‬ҽȍľ ǣΎĀĀľѸѸ
ґȍЙѸȍٍ ЙҡфΎ͑ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ѠľЙȍɗٍ̲ ɗѸ ́ѸΎ ѸѸΎËɗҡľĀ Փɗҡȍ ̲ľĀɗËɗ͑ľ ٤˫ҽԆ
؉‫ل‬؉‫؜‬؉٧‫ل‬ґȍľЙľфƸΎф̲ѸҡȍľѸȍ̲͑ɗѸҡɗËфΎ́ľΎƸЙѸֆËȍΎЙΎ̲ЙҡҡȍľƸӕ͑ľф́ΎƸ
˫ɗ͑ǣͮɗн̲Āӕٍ͑ĀȍľфՓΎфĀѸфľҡȍľѸ̲ľՓΎфĀѸҡȍҡЙЙľфѸËӕфѸľѸɗ͑

؉‫آ؜‬
 ˫ΎфЙľٍ́Rift in the Cloudsٍ‫لؗؓؗ‬
؉‫إ؜‬
 ˫ΎфЙľٍ́Rift in the Cloudsٍ‫لإآڎآآؗ‬
؉‫؟‬؆
 Ьɗľффľ ´ΎфĀфľɗٍ́ ٘Ԇǣфɗҡ͑Ā ҡȍľ ´ɗ¡́ľٍٚ ɗ͑ Ugarit at Seventy-fiveٍ ľĀ‫̞ ل˫ ل‬ՓѸΎ͑
֤Ύӕ͑Āľф ٤ՠɗ͑Ύ͑ ̞˔ľ‫ و‬ƄɗѸľ͑¡фӕ͑Ѹٍ ،؆؆‫؟‬٧ٍ ‫إڎإآ‬؉ٌ ͮɗËΎ́Ѹ ՠֆҡҡٍ ٘A la Re-
cherche des Rephaïm Perdusٍٚ ɗ͑ Actes du Congrès International Sherbrooke 2005
« Le royaume d’Ougarit de la Créte á l’Euphrate » ٤ґȍľф¡фΎΎ˔ľٍ тӕľ¡ľË‫ و‬ƈĀɗҡɗΎ͑Ѹ
ǾǾæٍ،؆؆‫؟‬٧ٍ‫ل؜؟‬
؉‫؟‬؉
 ЬфĀľľٍRitual and Cultٍ‫ل؜آ‬
؉‫؟‬،
 ЬфĀľľٍRitual and Cultٍ؉‫؟‬؉‫ل‬
؉‫ؐ؟‬
 ´ΎфĀфľɗٍ́٘Ԇǣфɗҡٍٚ‫إ‬،‫لؐإڎ‬
؉‫ؓ؟‬
 ՠɗ́́ɗ̲ȸΎфՓɗҡ‫׀‬ËΎ̲ЙфľѸҡȍľËȍфɗΎҡ‫ڎ‬фɗĀɗ͑ǣѠľЙȍɗ̲٤Aqhat؉‫ل‬،؆ʊʊ،‫ٌؓڎ‬؉‫ل‬،،ʊʊ
،،‫ڎ‬،ؓ٧Փɗҡȍʊф͑ɗ͑ǗфԮѸȍɗѸٍƸɗǣȍҡɗ͑ǣ͑ËľѸҡф́ȍΎфѸľ̲ľ͑ɗ͑ԮΎ˔ľĀƸΎфƸľфҡɗ́ɗҡֆٌ
ՠɗ́́ɗ̲ˇ‫ل‬ȸΎфՓɗҡ‫ٍ٘׀‬ҽȍľґɗǣ͑ɗƸɗË͑ËľΎƸҡȍľѠľЙȍɗٍ̲ٚJournal of Northwest Se-
mitic Languages‫؟‬٤؉‫إ؟إ‬٧‫ؓو‬،‫ل‬
؉‫ؗ؟‬
 ˫́ѸѸ ґЙфΎ͑˔ٍ Beatific Afterlife ٤kϘkҽ ،؉‫˫ ٌإ‬ľԮľ́ľф‫´ و‬ӕҡ‫׀‬Ύ͑ ‫´ ٶ‬ľфË˔ľфٍ ؉‫؜آإ‬٧ٍ
؉؆؆ٍ؉‫ٍآ؜ڎ؟؜‬؉‫ٌؗͅآڎؐآ‬ф˔ґ‫ل‬ґ̲ɗҡȍ͑ĀƄ́ɗ‫¡׀‬ľҡȍ´́ΎËȍ‫ڎ‬ґ̲ɗҡȍٍ٘ġľҡȍ͑ĀkƸ‫ڎ‬
ҡľф́ɗƸľɗ͑Ԇǣфɗҡ͑ĀʊѸфľٍ́ٚJournal of the American Oriental Society ؉؆‫آ‬٤؉‫آآإ‬٧‫و‬
،‫ٍؓآڎ؟؟‬ľѸЙ‫ل‬،‫˫ٌآ؟‬ΎфЙľٍ́Rift in the Cloudsٍ‫لإؓڎآؓؗ‬
؉‫؜؟‬
 ´́‫׀‬ľфٍ٘Ǘ́ɗǣȍҡѸΎƸҡȍľґËфľĀٍٚؐ؆‫ٌ٘؜‬ґӕѸҡɗ͑¡́ľǗɗҡȍٍٚ‫آ‬؉‫ل‬
؉‫؟؟‬
 ´́‫׀‬ľфٍ٘Ǘ́ɗǣȍҡѸΎƸҡȍľґËфľĀٍٚؐ؆‫ؐڎ؜‬؆‫ل؟‬
؉‫آ؟‬
 ˫ΎфЙľٍ́Rift in the Cloudsٍ‫إؗ‬؆‫ل‬
ؐؐ؆ Ѡ‫ل‬ġ‫ͅل‬ɗ́́ľфʊʊ 

ΎҡȍľфҡľիҡѸ٤˫ҽԆ؉‫؜ل‬Ԯɗ٧‫ل‬؉‫إ؟‬
 ʊ͑Ѡʊȸ‫ڈآ؟‬،؆ٍҡȍľфӕ¡фɗËѸƸΎф̲ľĀɗËɗ͑́ɗ͑Ë͑ҡҡɗΎ͑ǣɗ͑Ѹҡɗ̲ЙΎҡľ͑Ëľ
̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ ҡȍľ ËȍҡȍΎ͑ɗË Āľɗҡֆ ȸΘфΘ͑ ٤ȸӕф$͑ӕ٧ ĀфɗԮɗ͑ǣ Փֆ ѸΎфËľфľфѸ ٤́ɗ͑ľѸ
‫إڎآ‬٧‫ل‬؉‫آ‬؆ ȸΎфΎ͑ ѸѸɗѸҡѸ ɗ͑ ¡ѸΎф¡ɗ͑ǣ Ѹ͑˔ľ Ԯľ͑Ύ̲ ɗ͑ Ѡґ ،ؓ‫ل‬،‫ؗ‬؉ٍ ɗ͑ԮΎ˔ľĀ ƸΎф
ѸӕËȍЙӕфЙΎѸľ¡ֆґȍЙѸȍɗ͑˫ҽԆ؉‫ل‬؆؆٤ËƸ‫˫ل‬ҽԆ؉‫ل‬؉؆‫؟‬٧‫ل‬ȸΎфΎ͑ΎËËӕфѸɗ͑ҡȍľ
ҡȍľΎЙȍΎфΎӕѸ̲͑ľͮфՓȍĀ¡٤ƸΎӕ͑ĀΎ͑‫؟‬ҡȍ‫ڎ‬Ëľ͑ҡӕфֆȸľ¡фľՓѸľ́Йӕ¡́ɗѸȍľĀ
ΎԮľф  Ëľ͑ҡӕфֆ ǣΎ‫ل‬؉‫آ‬؉ ʊҡ ɗѸ ́ѸΎ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ Й́Ëľ‫̲͑ڎ‬ľ ͮфՓȍ‫ڎ‬ҡֆ¡ٍ Ѹ ḱ¡фɗǣȍҡ
ѸȍΎՓľĀ ƸфΎ̲ ҡȍľ ΎфҡȍΎǣфЙȍֆ ΎƸ ґȍɗѸȍ˔ٔѸ ́ɗѸҡɗ͑ǣ ΎƸ ҡȍľ Ëɗҡֆ‫ل‬؉‫آ‬، ʊҡ ɗѸ ľɗҡȍľф
´ľɗҡ!Ԇфľ́‫ڎ‬ǗΎнΎф´ľɗҡ!Ԇфľҡ‫ڎ‬ҽȍҡٍ¡ΎҡȍΎƸՓȍɗËȍՓľфľΎËËӕЙɗľĀɗ͑ʊфΎ͑ʊ
͑Ā фľ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ̲ɗĀĀ́ľ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ʊфΎ͑ ʊ ʊѸфľ́ɗҡľ ȍɗǣȍ́͑Ā Ѹľҡҡ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡ‫ل‬؉‫ ؐآ‬ҽȍɗѸ
Й́Ëľٍ٘ҽľ̲Й́ľΎƸȸΎфΎٍ͑ٚѸҡ͑ĀѸ́Ύ͑ǣѸɗĀľѸӕËȍѸɗҡľѸѸ´ľҡȍґȍľ̲ľѸȍ٤Ѹľľ
͑Ύҡľ‫؟‬؆ٍ¡ΎԮľ٧͑Ā´ľҡȍ֤ľфȍ‫ل‬ҽȍľѸľфľ́́٘ËȍҡȍΎ͑ɗËٚǣΎĀѸٍ٘ҡȍľUrgöt-
terٍ ҡȍľЙфɗ̲ΎфĀɗ́ЙΎՓľфѸ ՓȍΎЙľфѸΎ͑ɗƸֆҡȍľѸӕ¡Ѹҡ͑ËľΎƸ ҡȍľӕ͑ɗԮľфѸľ‫ل‬ٚ؉‫ؓآ‬
ҽȍľֆфľƸфľнӕľ͑ҡ́ֆҡȍľΎ͑ľѸɗ͑ԮΎ˔ľĀƸΎфнӕѸɗ‫̲ڎ‬ǣɗË́ЙӕфЙΎѸľѸ‫ل‬؉‫ͮؗآ‬Ύҡȍɗ͑ǣ
ËΎӕ́Ā¡ľ̲ΎфľѸȍ̲͑ɗË‫ل‬
 ҽȍľ́Ѹҡ̲͑ľĀΎ͑ľ¡ΎԮľٍ֤ľфȍٍɗѸҡȍľѸΎ‫ڎ‬Ë́́ľĀ̲ΎΎ͑‫ڎ‬ǣΎĀ֤фɗȍ‫ل‬ȸľƸľ‫ڎ‬
ҡӕфľѸɗ͑˫ҽԆ؉‫ل‬؉؉ٍؓ ҡľիҡ¡ΎӕҡƄ́ǣľҡҡɗ͑ǣĀфӕ͑˔ҡȍҡľ͑ĀѸɗ͑ЙфľѸËфɗЙҡɗΎ͑
ƸΎфȍ͑ǣΎԮľфѸ‫֤ل‬фɗȍѸѸӕ̲ľѸҡȍľƸΎф̲ΎƸĀΎǣ͑Ā̲ΎԮľѸ¡Ύӕҡӕ͑Āľфҡȍľҡ‫ڎ‬
¡́ľՓȍɗ́ľƄ́ɗѸȍΎѸҡɗ͑ǣƸľѸҡƸΎфҡȍľǣΎĀѸ‫ل‬ґΎ̲ľƸľľĀȍɗ̲‫ڐ‬kҡȍҡфҡ͑Āk͑ҡ‫ڐ‬
Փȍɗ́ľΎҡȍľфѸѸՓҡȍɗ̲ՓɗҡȍѸҡɗË˔٤́ɗ͑ľѸ؉‫ڎ‬؉؉٧‫ل‬؉‫؜آ‬ґҡľԮľՠɗǣǣɗ͑ѸѸ˔ѸՓȍֆ֤‫ڎ‬
фɗȍËҡѸ́ɗ˔ľĀΎǣȍľфľٍѸɗ͑ËľɗҡĀΎľѸ͑ΎҡѸľľ̲ЙфҡɗËӕ́ф́ֆ٘́ӕ͑ф‫ل‬ٚ؉‫´؟آ‬ӕҡѸӕфľ‫ڎ‬
́ֆ ɗҡ ɗѸ ¡ľËӕѸľ ҡȍľ ƸΎф̲ӕ́ ƸΎф ȍ͑ǣΎԮľф ̲ľĀɗËɗ͑ľ ҡ ҡȍľ ľ͑Ā ΎƸ ҡȍľ ҡľիҡ ɗ͑‫ڎ‬
Ë́ӕĀľѸĀΎǣȍɗф٤́ɗ͑ľؐ؆٧ٍ؉‫آآ‬фľ̲ľĀֆ˔͑ΎՓ͑ƸфΎ̲ͅľѸΎЙΎҡ̲ɗ͑ҡľիҡѸ‫ل‬؉‫إآ‬
 ҽȍľфľфľ́ѸΎ̲͑ֆԮľѸҡɗǣľѸΎƸľф́ֆʊѸфľ́ɗҡľѸȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗ͑ҡȍľ¡ɗ¡́ɗË́
ҡľիҡٍ͑Āҡɗ̲ľĀΎľѸ͑ΎҡЙľф̲ɗҡËΎ̲Йфľȍľ͑ѸɗԮľËËΎӕ͑ҡɗ͑ǣΎƸҡȍľ̲́́‫ل‬ʊ͑‫ڎ‬
ѸҡľĀٍ Փľ Փɗ́́ ƸΎËӕѸ Ύ͑ ҡȍľ ƸɗԮľ ľ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡѸ ΎƸ Ѹȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲‫٘ ل‬ҽȍľ ´ɗ¡́ľ Ѹ Փľ
фľĀɗҡɗѸ͑Ύҡӕ͑ɗƸΎф̲¡ΎӕҡľԮľфֆҡȍɗ͑ǣɗҡѸֆѸ‫ل‬ʊҡĀΎľѸ͑Ύҡ‫̲ه‬ɗ͑ҡɗ͑ҡȍľ

؉‫إ؟‬
 ̞ӕфľ͑˫‫ͅل‬ËæΎф̲ɗË˔ٍ٘´́ٔѸǾӕɗĀɗ͑ǣ̞ɗǣȍҡ‫و‬ґȍЙѸȍ͑ĀͅǣɗËɗ͑ҡȍľ´́æֆË́ľ
͑Ā Ϙҡȍľф ҽľիҡѸٍٚ ЙЙľф ЙфľѸľ͑ҡľĀ ҡ ҡȍľ ґΎËɗľҡֆ ΎƸ ´ɗ¡́ɗË́ ̞ɗҡľфҡӕфľ ͑͑ӕ́
̲ľľҡɗ͑ǣٍͮľՓϘф́ľ͑Ѹٍ،؆؆‫لإ‬
؉‫آ‬؆
 ЬфĀľľٍRitual and Cult,؉‫؜‬؆‫ل‬
؉‫آ‬؉
 ՠ‫ ل‬Ǘ‫ ل‬ḱ¡фɗǣȍҡٍ ٘ҽȍľ æ͑͑ɗҡľ ǾΎĀ ȸӕфΘٍ͑ٚ American Journal of Semitic Lan-
guages and Literatures ‫ؐؗ‬٤؉‫؜ؐإ‬٧‫ل؜و‬
؉‫آ‬،
 ḱ¡фɗǣȍҡٍ٘æ͑͑ɗҡľǾΎĀٍٚ‫ل؜‬
؉‫ؐآ‬
 ͅɗ́́ľфٍ٘Ǿ‫׀‬ľҡҡľľфٍٚ؉‫لؗؗ‬
؉‫ؓآ‬
 ՠֆҡҡٍWord of Treeٍ‫لآؐل͑آإ‬
؉‫ؗآ‬
 ՠֆҡҡٍWord of Treeٍ‫؟ڎإ؜‬؆‫ل‬
؉‫؜آ‬
 ˫ľԮɗ͑ˇ‫ل‬æҡȍËфҡٍ٘ʊ́ӕٍ֤фɗȍӕٍ͑ĀҡȍľϘ͑ľՓɗҡȍҽՓΎȸΎф͑Ѹ͑Āҽɗٍ́ٚɗ͑Uga-
rit, Religion and Cultureٍ ľĀ‫لͮ ل‬ՠֆҡҡٍ ՠ‫ ل‬Ǿ‫ل‬Ƅ‫ ل‬ՠҡѸΎٍ͑ ͑Ā ˇ‫̞́ل´ل‬ΎֆĀ ٤Ԇǣфɗ‫ڎ‬
ҡɗѸËȍ‫´ڎ‬ɗ¡́ɗѸËȍľ̞ɗҡľфҡӕф؉،ٌͅӕ͑Ѹҡľф‫و‬ԆǣфɗҡՈľф́ǣٍ؉‫؜إإ‬٧ٍ،‫لؐڎ‬
؉‫؟آ‬
 ґҡľԮľk‫ل‬ՠɗǣǣɗ͑Ѹٍ٘ՠȍҡٔѸɗ̲͑ͮľ‫ظ‬ٚUgarit Forschungenؐ؆٤؉‫آإإ‬٧‫ل؟؟ڎ؜؟؟و‬
؉‫آآ‬
 ՠɗǣǣɗ͑Ѹٍ٘ՠȍҡٔѸɗ̲͑ͮľ‫ظ‬ٚ‫ٌؗ؟؟‬æҡȍËфҡٍ٘ʊ́ӕٍٍٚؓ‫ل؜‬
؉‫إآ‬
 æҡȍËфҡٍ٘ʊ́ӕٍٚ‫ل؜‬
 ґȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗ͑Ƅф́ֆʊѸфľ́ ؐؐ؉

Ѹ̲ľԮɗľՓЙΎɗ͑ҡٍΎфҡ́ľѸҡӕѸľҡȍľѸ̲ľ́͑ǣӕǣľٍ¡ΎӕҡٚҡȍľĀɗԮɗ͑ľɗ͑ľԮľ‫ڎ‬
фֆ Й́Ëľ‫ل‬؉‫إ‬؆ ҽȍľ ľիËľфЙҡѸ ËȍΎѸľ͑ ƸфΎ̲ ҡȍфΎӕǣȍΎӕҡ ҡȍľ ȸľ¡фľՓ ´ɗ¡́ľ фľ Ѹľ‫ڎ‬
́ľËҡľĀՓɗҡȍҡȍľƸɗԮľľ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡѸΎƸѸȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗ̲͑ɗ͑Āٍҡľ́ľѸËΎЙɗ͑ǣĀɗËȍфΎ͑ɗË
ɗѸѸӕľѸ ËΎ̲Й́ľҡľ́ֆ‫٘ ل‬ґӕËȍ  Ѹľ́ľËҡɗΎ͑ Ë͑ Ύ¡ԮɗΎӕѸ́ֆ ͑Ύҡ ¡ľ ËΎ̲Йфľȍľ͑ѸɗԮľ
͑ĀĀΎľѸ͑Ύҡҡ˔ľɗ͑́́ЙфҡѸΎƸҡȍľ´ɗ¡́ľٍ¡ӕҡʊҡȍɗ͑˔ҡȍҡҡȍľľիËľфЙҡѸфľ
фľѸΎ͑¡́ֆ фľЙфľѸľ͑ҡҡɗԮľ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ф͑ǣľ ΎƸ ɗĀľѸ ͑Ā ЙľфѸЙľËҡɗԮľѸ ‫ ه‬ɗ͑ ҡȍľ
´ɗ¡́ľ‫ل‬ٚ؉‫إ‬؉
 ҽȍľ ´ɗ¡́ľ ЙфľѸľ͑ҡѸ  ЙΎ́ľ̲ɗË ԮɗľՓ ΎƸ ͑Ύ͑‫͑ڎ‬Ύф̲ҡɗԮľ ֤ȍՓɗѸ̲‫ ل‬ȸɗǣȍ́ֆ
ËфɗҡɗËɗ‫׀‬ľĀٍƸΎфľի̲Й́ľٍфľҡȍľb"môtٍɗ͑ՓȍɗËȍ٘ҽȍľֆ¡ӕф͑ɗ͑Ëľ͑Ѹľٚ٤،˫ǣѸ
؉‫و؟‬؉؉٧‫ ل‬ҽȍľ b"môt ΎƸ ҡȍľ ġľӕҡľфΎ͑Ύ̲ɗѸҡɗË ȸɗѸҡΎфֆ фľ ́́ ̲͑‫̲ڎ‬Āľ ͑Ā
ѸЙľËɗƸɗË́́ֆ ٘ɗ͑ ËɗҡɗľѸٍٚ Ѹ ̞ɗѸ¡ľҡȍ ǗфɗľĀ ȍѸ ѸȍΎՓ͑‫ل‬؉‫إ‬، ´ӕҡ ɗ͑ k˔˔Āɗ͑ ͑Ā
ԆǣфɗҡɗËٍҡȍľҡľф̲фľƸľфѸҡΎΎЙľ͑ËΎӕ͑ҡфֆٍҡΎҡȍľ٘Ƹ́͑˔ѸΎƸҡȍľľфҡȍٚΎфȍɗ́́‫ڎ‬
ѸɗĀľѸٍ ՓȍɗËȍ ɗѸ Փȍҡ ɗҡѸ ľҡֆ̲Ύ́Ύǣֆ ѸӕǣǣľѸҡѸ‫ل‬؉‫ ؐإ‬ՠȍΎ ˔͑ΎՓѸ Փȍҡ ͑ɗ̲ɗѸҡɗË
ѸҡľЙЙľфľ́ɗǣɗΎ͑́ɗľѸ¡ľȍɗ͑Āҡȍľ́ҡľфҡľիҡѸ‫ظ‬؉‫ؓإ‬
 k͑Āֆľҡٍ٘ՠфɗҡɗ͑ǣҡȍľ´ɗ¡́ɗË́ҡľիҡѸٍҡȍľӕҡȍΎфѸĀɗĀ͑Ύҡɗ͑ҡľ͑ĀҡΎË͑Ëľ́
ҡȍľ фľ́ɗǣɗΎӕѸ ͑Ā ɗĀľΎ́ΎǣɗË́ ЙѸҡ ΎƸ ҡȍľɗф ЙľΎЙ́ľٍ ¡ӕҡ ҡȍľֆ Փ͑ҡľĀ ҡΎ ЙфΎ‫ڎ‬
ԮɗĀľҡȍľَфɗǣȍҡٔՓֆΎƸɗ͑ҡľфЙфľҡɗ͑ǣɗҡ‫ل‬ٚ؉‫ؗإ‬ґΎՓľĀΎ͑ΎҡȍԮľҡΎΎ͑́ֆЙΎѸҡӕ‫ڎ‬
́ҡľҡȍľΎфľҡɗË́æ͑͑ɗҡľ́ֆľф¡ľȍɗ͑ĀѸ͑ɗҡɗ‫׀‬ľĀҡľիҡѸ‫ل‬ǗΎфľի̲Й́ľٍȍΎՓٍ
ҡȍľΎ́ΎǣɗË́́ֆٍ Ë͑ Ύ͑ľ Āʮӕфľ ѸΎ̲ľΎ͑ľ ٘¡ֆ ҡȍľ ǣ‫׀‬ľ́́ľѸ Ύф ҡȍľ ĀΎľѸ ΎƸ ҡȍľ
Ƹɗľ́Āٚ٤ґΎ͑ǣΎƸґΎ͑ǣѸ،‫̞ؓوآٌؗوٌؐ؟و‬ռռ٧‫ظ‬؉‫؜إ‬
 ǾΎĀȍɗ̲Ѹľ́ƸȍѸԮфɗΎӕѸҡȍľфɗΎ̲ΎфЙȍɗËËȍфËҡľфɗѸҡɗËѸ‫ل‬ʊ͑ͮӕ̲،ؐ‫و‬،،͑Ā
،ؓ‫ٍآو‬ȍľȍĀ٘ҡȍľȍΎф͑Ѹ٪twcpwt٫ΎƸՓɗ́ĀΎիٚՓȍľ͑ȍľ¡фΎӕǣȍҡȍɗѸЙľΎЙ́ľ
Ύӕҡ ΎƸ ƄǣֆЙҡ‫ل‬؉‫ ؟إ‬ȸľ ɗѸ фľЙľҡľĀ́ֆ ËΎ͑͑ľËҡľĀ Փɗҡȍ ¡ӕ́́Ѹ ͑Ā ¡ӕ́́ Ë́ԮľѸٍ ¡ֆ
¡ΎҡȍkфΎ͑͑ĀˇľфΎ¡Ύ̲‫ل‬ʊ͑Ǿľ͑ľѸɗѸؓ‫ٍإ‬ȍľɗѸҡȍľ٘ͅɗǣȍҡֆϘ͑ľΎƸˇËΎ¡ٍٚ
)abîr ya!*q+b ‫) ڎڎ‬abîr ¡ľɗ͑ǣ  ՓΎфĀ ҡȍҡ ɗѸ Ƹфľнӕľ͑ҡ́ֆ ӕѸľĀ ΎƸ ¡ӕ́́Ѹ ͑Ā ɗ͑
ԆǣфɗҡɗË̲ľ͑Ѹ٘¡ӕ́́ٚ٤UT ؐ‫إؐل‬٧‫ل‬ʊ͑ȸΎѸ؉،‫و‬،ٍȸΎѸľ̲́ľ͑ҡѸҡȍľՓΎфѸȍɗЙΎƸ
٘´ӕ́́ Ƅٍ́ٚ šwr ’l, ՓȍɗËȍ Ë͑ ¡ľ ËΎ̲ЙфľĀ Փɗҡȍ ҡȍľ ѸѸΎËɗҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ¡ӕ́́

؉‫إ‬؆
 Ьľҡľф´‫ͅل‬Ëȍɗ͑ɗѸҡٍ٘Ϙ͑ËľͅΎфľ‫ͅو‬Ύ͑ΎҡȍľɗѸ̲ɗ͑´ɗ¡́ɗË́ʊѸфľٍ́ٚJournal of the In-
terdisciplinary Study of Monotheistic Religions؉ґЙľËɗ́ʊѸѸӕľ٤،؆؆‫ؗ‬٧‫ؐو‬؆‫ل‬
؉‫إ‬؉
 ͅËȍɗ͑ɗѸҡٍ٘Ϙ͑ËľͅΎфľٍٚؐ؉‫ل‬
؉‫إ‬،
 ̞ɗѸ¡ľҡȍґ‫ل‬ǗфɗľĀٍ٘ȸɗǣȍЬ́ËľѸ٤B"môt٧͑ĀҡȍľѠľƸΎф̲ѸΎƸȸľ‫׀‬ľ˔ɗȍ͑ĀˇΎѸɗȍٍٚ
Journal of the American Oriental Society؉،،٤،؆؆،٧‫لإؐؓو‬
؉‫ؐإ‬
 ґľľ́ɗ͑ǣӕɗѸҡɗË͑́ֆѸɗѸ¡ֆǗфɗľĀٍ٘ȸɗǣȍЬ́ËľѸٍٚؓؐ‫لآؐڎ؟‬
؉‫ؓإ‬
 ٘kѸȍľфȍٚ ɗѸ ҡф͑Ѹ́ҡľĀ Ѹ alsos, ٘ǣфΎԮľٍٚ Ύф devdra, ٘ҡфľľѸٍٚ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ґľЙҡӕǣɗ͑ҡ‫ل‬
ՠȍɗ́ľľф́ɗľфѸËȍΎ́фѸËľфҡɗ͑́ֆΎԮľфЙ́ֆľĀҡȍľ٘͑Ύ̲ĀɗËٍٚľիҡф‫ڎ‬ӕф¡͑Ύфɗǣɗ͑ѸΎƸ
ҡȍľʊѸфľ́ɗҡľľҡȍΎѸ٤ҽȍľΎĀΎфľȸɗľ¡ľфҡٍҽȍľYahwist’s Landscape ٪ͅɗ͑͑ľЙΎ́ɗѸ‫و‬ǗΎф‫ڎ‬
ҡфľѸѸٍ،؆؆‫آ‬٫ٍ‫ٍإ‬؉،؉٧ٍǾľ͑ľѸɗѸ؉،̲˔ľѸɗҡË́ľфҡȍҡ٘k¡фȍ̲ٔѸЙľΎЙ́ľфľË́́ľĀ
from civilizationٚɗ͑ҡΎҡȍľՓɗ́ĀѸٌϘľ́ѸËȍ́ľǣľфٍIdea of Wildernessٍؓ‫لإ‬
؉‫ؗإ‬
 æȍɗф Ьľфɗٍ ٘ҽȍľ æΎ͑ѸҡфӕËҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ ´ɗ¡́ɗË́ͅΎ͑ΎҡȍľɗѸٍ̲ٚ ЙЙľфЙфľѸľ͑ҡľĀ ҡ ҡȍľ
ґΎËɗľҡֆΎƸ´ɗ¡́ɗË̞́ɗҡľфҡӕфľʊ͑ҡľф͑ҡɗΎ͑́ͅľľҡɗ͑ǣٍ´ľф́ɗٍ͑،؆؆،ٍ‫ل؜‬
؉‫؜إ‬
 ̞ľΎ͑ɗĀ˫Ύǣٍ͑٘ґ́ľľЙɗ͑ǣġľľфɗ͑ͅľѸΎЙΎҡ̲ɗ͑Āҡȍľ´ɗ¡́ľٍٚBabel und Bibel ؉
٤Ϙфɗľ͑ҡ́ɗľҡǽѸѸɗË‫ٌؗͅ‬ΎѸËΎՓٍ،؆؆ؓ٧ٍؐ‫ل؜؜ڎؐ؜‬
؉‫؟إ‬
 ˫ΎфЙľٍ́Rift in the Cloudsٍ‫لؓؐؗ‬
ؐؐ، Ѡ‫ل‬ġ‫ͅل‬ɗ́́ľфʊʊ 

ՓɗҡȍƄ́͑Ā´́ҡԆǣфɗҡٍ͑Āȸֆ˔ѸΎѸѸËф¡ѸՓɗҡȍYaqub-Ba!al.؉‫آإ‬
 ҽȍľфľɗѸѸľ͑Ѹľɗ͑ҡȍľȸľ¡фľՓ´ɗ¡́ľҡȍҡҡȍľӕ͑ɗԮľфѸľɗѸѸЙɗфɗҡӕٍ́ҡȍҡɗҡ
ɗѸ͑ɗ́́ӕѸҡфҡɗΎ͑ΎƸҡȍľĀɗԮɗ͑ľ٤ЬѸ̲́؉‫ٌآ‬k̲ΎѸ‫آوؗ‬٧‫ل‬؉‫ͮإإ‬ҡӕфľɗѸѸֆ̲¡Ύ́
ƸΎфѸЙɗфɗҡӕ́́ɗƸľ٤ЬѸ̲́؉٧‫ل‬،؆؆ҽȍľľфҡȍɗѸѸΎӕфËľƸΎфҡфӕҡȍٍ͑ĀҡȍľȍľԮ‫ڎ‬
ľ͑ѸƸΎффɗǣȍҡľΎӕѸ͑ľѸѸ٤ЬѸ‫ڎآوؗآ‬؉ؓ٧‫ل‬kѸƄ́́ľ͑ġԮɗѸ͑ΎҡľѸٍ٘ȸӕ̲͑Ѹфľ¡Ύӕ͑Ā
ҡΎҡȍľľфҡȍɗ͑͑ɗ͑ҡľǣфɗҡֆҡȍҡɗѸ¡ɗΎ́ΎǣɗËٍ̲́Ύфٍ́͑ĀѸЙɗфɗҡӕ́‫ل‬ٚ،؆؉ͮΎҡɗ͑ǣ
ҡľիҡѸ ҡȍҡ Ѹҡҡľ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ґ¡¡ҡȍ ֆľф ɗѸ ľ̲ЙȍҡɗË́́ֆ ¡Ύҡȍ ٘ƸΎф ֤ȍՓľȍٚ
٤̞ľԮ ،‫ؓوؗ‬٧ ͑Ā ٘ƸΎф ҡȍľ ́͑Āٚ ٤̞ľԮ ،‫ؗوؗ‬٧ٍ ͑Ā Ѹɗ̲ɗ́ф ЙѸѸǣľѸٍ ġԮɗѸ ËΎ͑‫ڎ‬
Ë́ӕĀľѸٍ٘ҡȍľՓȍΎ́ľ́͑ĀɗѸɗ̲¡ӕľĀՓɗҡȍҡȍľȍΎ́ɗ͑ľѸѸҡȍҡĀľфɗԮľѸƸфΎ̲ǾΎĀٔѸ
Ѹ͑Ëҡӕфֆ‫ل‬ٚ،؆،Ѡֆ̲Ύ͑ĀЬľфѸΎ͑ȍѸ͑ΎҡľĀġľӕҡľфΎ͑Ύ̲ֆٔѸËΎ͑Ëľф͑ƸΎфЙΎ́́ӕ‫ڎ‬
ҡɗΎ͑ΎƸҡȍľ٘ǣΎΎĀ́͑Ā‫ل‬ٚ،؆ؐҽȍľ¡́ΎΎĀǣӕɗ́ҡΎƸȍΎ̲ɗËɗĀľËΎ̲̲ɗҡҡľĀɗ͑ΎЙľ͑
ËΎӕ͑ҡфֆ̲ӕѸҡ¡ľЙӕфǣľĀ¡ֆҡȍľѸËфɗƸɗËľΎƸȍľɗƸľфɗ͑ҡȍľ͑ľфľѸҡҡΎՓ͑‫ل‬ՠľ
ѸȍΎӕ́Ā¡͑ĀΎ͑ԮľѸҡɗǣľѸΎƸҡȍľ̲ɗĀ‫ڎ‬،؆ҡȍËľ͑ҡӕфֆ٘ȍɗѸҡΎфֆԮѸ‫͑ل‬ҡӕфľٚѸËȍΎ́‫ڎ‬
фѸȍɗЙ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ͑Ύ͑ȍӕ̲͑ ՓΎф́Ā ՓѸ ΎƸ ѸľËΎ͑Āфֆ ËΎ͑Ëľф͑ ҡΎ ҡȍľ ¡ɗ¡́ɗË́
ӕҡȍΎфѸ‫ل‬،؆ؓk͑ɗ̲́Ѹ͑Āȍӕ̲͑Ѹфľ̲ĀľƸфΎ̲ҡȍľѸ̲ľ̲ҡľфɗٍ́ѸֆѸҡȍľ
֤ȍՓɗѸҡٍ͑Ā͑Ύҡ Ύ͑́ֆ ¡ľËӕѸľ¡ΎҡȍфľƸфΎ̲ ҡȍľĀӕѸҡ ΎƸҡȍľľфҡȍ ¡ӕҡ ¡ľ‫ڎ‬
ËӕѸľ¡Ύҡȍфľnepeš hayyâ٤Ǿľ͑،‫ٍ؟و‬؉‫إ‬٧‫ل‬،؆‫ؗ‬
 ´ӕҡ̲Ύфľҡȍ͑ҡȍɗѸٍ͑ҡӕфľɗѸѸҡф͑ǣľ́ֆ͑ҡȍфΎЙΎ̲ΎфЙȍɗ‫׀‬ľĀٍľѸЙľËɗ́́ֆɗ͑
ҡȍľЬѸ̲́ѸٍՓɗҡȍҡȍľѸɗ͑ǣɗ͑ǣȍɗ́́Ѹ͑ĀË́ЙЙɗ͑ǣфɗԮľфѸ٤ЬѸ؉‫وإ‬؉ٌ‫ؗ‬؆‫ٌؓؐوإ؜ٌ؜و‬
‫آوآإ‬٧‫ل‬،؆‫ͮ ؜‬ҡӕфľ Ë͑ ¡ľ ĀɗфľËҡ́ֆ ËΎ̲̲͑ĀľĀ ٤ЬѸ̲́ ؉ؓ‫آ‬٧ٍ ͑Ā ɗѸ ѸΎ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ
Ύ͑́ֆҡՓΎнӕΎҡҡɗΎ͑Ѹҡҡфɗ¡ӕҡľĀҡΎҡȍľ´ΎΎ˔ΎƸˇѸȍф‫٘و‬ϘѸӕٍ͑Ѹҡ͑ĀѸҡɗ́́ҡ
Ǿɗ¡ľΎٍ͑Ϙ̲ΎΎٍ͑ɗ͑ҡȍľԮ́́ľֆΎƸkɗʮ́Ύٍ͑ٚΎфĀľфѸˇΎѸȍӕٌ٘Ϙ̲Ύӕ͑ҡɗ͑ѸΎƸ

؉‫آإ‬
 ͅфҡɗ͑ ѠΎѸľٍ ̲٘ͮľѸ ΎƸ ǾΎĀ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ Ϙ́Ā ҽľѸҡ̲ľ͑ҡٍٚ Anchor Bible Dictionary ؓ‫و‬
؉؆؆ؓ‫ڎ‬؉؆؉؉ٌ˫ΎфЙľٍ́Rift in the Cloudsٍ‫ل؟ؐڎ؜ؐؗ‬
؉‫إإ‬
 k͑ҡΎ͑ɗ͑ æӕѸѸľٍ ٘ґľ͑ҡɗ̲ľ͑ҡ Āľ ́ ͑ҡӕфľ ľҡ Ѹֆ̲¡Ύ́ɗѸ̲ľ Ëȍľ‫́ ׀‬ľѸ ́ֆфɗнӕľѸ ȍŃ‫ڎ‬
¡фľӕիٍٚRevue d’Histoire et de Philosophie Religieuses؉٤؉‫إ‬،؉٧‫ل؜إڎؗإؐو‬
،؆؆
 æӕѸѸľٍ٘ґľ͑ҡɗ̲ľ͑ҡٍٚؐ‫لآإ‬ǾΎĀɗѸӕ¡ɗнӕɗҡΎӕѸ́ֆфΎË˔ٍË́ɗƸƸٍՓɗ͑ĀٍѸҡΎфٌ̲ɗҡɗѸӕ͑‫ڎ‬
ҡфӕľ ҡȍҡ ҡȍľ ´ɗ¡́ľ фľѸɗѸҡѸ ӕѸɗ͑ǣ ͑ҡӕф́ ƸΎфËľѸ Ѹ ɗ̲ǣľѸ ΎƸ ǾΎĀٍ Ѹ Йľф k͑ĀфŃ
ġ¡ľ‫׀‬ɗľѸٍ٘ͅֆҡȍľѸ͑Ëɗľ͑ѸٍƸɗǣӕфľѸ¡ɗ¡́ɗнӕľѸٍ̲ֆҡȍľѸ́ɗҡҡŃфɗфľѸٍٚRevue de Littéra-
ture Comparée ؐ؆‫إ‬٤،؆؆ؓ٧ٍ؉؆‫ل‬
،؆؉
 Ƅ́́ľ͑Ǘ‫ل‬ġԮɗѸٍScripture, Culture, and Agriculture ٤æ̲¡фɗĀǣľ‫و‬æ̲¡фɗĀǣľԆ͑ɗԮľф‫ڎ‬
ѸɗҡֆЬфľѸѸٍ،؆؆‫إ‬٧ٍ،‫لؗ‬
،؆،
 ġԮɗѸٍScriptureٍ؉؆‫لإ‬
،؆ؐ
 Ѡֆ̲Ύ͑ĀǗ‫ل‬ЬľфѸΎ͑ˇф‫ٍ٘ل‬kġľËΎ͑ѸҡфӕËҡɗΎ͑ΎƸَՠɗ́Āľф͑ľѸѸٔ͑ĀَkǾΎΎĀ̞͑Āٔɗ͑
ġľӕҡľфΎ͑Ύ̲ֆٍٚЙЙľфЙфľѸľ͑ҡľĀҡҡȍľґΎËɗľҡֆΎƸ´ɗ¡́ɗË̞́ɗҡľфҡӕфľ͑͑ӕ̲́ľľҡ‫ڎ‬
ɗ͑ǣٍͮľՓϘф́ľ͑Ѹٍ،؆؆‫لإ‬
،؆ؓ
 ȸɗľ¡ľфҡٍYahwist’s Landscapeٍ،‫ل‬kЙľфӕѸ́ΎƸǾľ͑ľѸɗѸ،ѸȍΎՓѸȍΎՓҡȍľ٘ѸΎɗ́ɗѸҡȍľ
˔ľֆ ҡΎ ҡȍľ ֤ȍՓɗѸҡٔѸ ËΎ͑ËľЙҡɗΎ͑ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ѸҡфӕËҡӕфľ ͑Ā ľѸѸľ͑ҡɗ́ ËȍфËҡľф ΎƸ ҡȍľ
͑ҡӕф́ՓΎф́Āٌٚȸɗľ¡ľфҡٍYahwist’s Landscapeٍ‫؜‬،‫ل‬
،؆‫ؗ‬
 ȸɗľ¡ľфҡٍYahwist’s Landscapeٍ‫لؐ؜‬
،؆‫؜‬
 Ьľҡľф ѠɗľĀľٍ Schöpfung und Lebenswelt ٤ͅф¡ӕфǣľф ҽȍľΎ́ΎǣɗѸËȍľ ґҡӕĀɗľ͑ ؉؆‫ٌ؜‬
̞ľɗЙ‫׀‬ɗǣ‫و‬ƄԮ͑ǣľ́ɗѸËȍľՈľф́ǣѸ͑Ѹҡ́ҡٍ،؆؆‫إ‬٧, ؉‫ٌ؟‬æӕѸѸľٍ٘ґľ͑ҡɗ̲ľ͑ҡٍٚؐ‫لإإ‬
 ґȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗ͑Ƅф́ֆʊѸфľ́ ؐؐؐ

Ǿɗ́¡Ύٍ́ľҡҡȍľфľ¡ľ͑ΎĀľՓΎффɗ͑ӕЙΎ͑ֆΎӕٍٚËΎ̲̲͑ĀѸġԮɗĀ‫ل‬،؆‫؟‬
 ҽȍľɗ̲ǣľΎƸͅΎӕ͑ҡ‫ד‬ɗΎ͑ѸͅΎӕ͑ҡ‫ד‬ЙȍΎ͑ΎƸæ͑͑ɗҡľ̲ֆҡȍΎ́ΎǣֆȍѸ
¡ľľ͑ҡфľҡľĀ¡ֆ̲͑ֆӕҡȍΎфѸľ́ѸľՓȍľфľ‫ل‬،؆‫آ‬ʊ͑؉ؐҡȍ‫ڎ‬Ëľ͑ҡӕфֆͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗٍɗҡՓѸ
ͅΎӕ͑ҡ´ӕфȍ͑ȸ́Āӕ͑ҡȍҡՓѸՓΎфѸȍɗЙЙľĀɗ͑ҡȍľѸȍ̲͑ɗËËӕ́ҡ‫ل‬،؆‫إ‬æф̲ľٍ́
ȸΎфľ¡ٍ͑ĀҡȍľҽфľľΎƸ̞ɗƸľ́ѸΎËΎ̲ЙľҡľƸΎфËӕ́ҡɗË̲Ύӕ͑ҡɗ͑ѸҡҡӕѸ‫ل‬،؉؆
 ҽфľľѸٍҡΎΎٍфľѸЙɗфɗҡӕ́ľ͑ҡɗҡɗľѸɗ͑Ѹȍ̲͑ɗѸٌ̲،؉؉ҡȍľѸЙɗфɗҡΎƸґȍ̲͑
ҡфľľ ɗ͑ ḱǣǣٍ ͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗٍ ɗѸ ѸɗĀ ҡΎ ¡ľ ٘ƸΎ͑Ā Ύ͑́ֆ ΎƸ фɗѸɗ͑Ѹ ͑Ā ѸՓľľҡѸ‫ل‬ٚ،؉،
˫ҽԆ ؉‫وؐل‬ʊʊʊ‫ل‬،،‫ڎ‬،ؐ ѸЙľ˔Ѹ ΎƸ ٘ՠΎфĀ ΎƸ ҡфľľٍ ՓȍɗѸЙľф ΎƸ ѸҡΎ͑ľٍٚ ͑ ΎфËӕ́ф
ËΎ̲¡ɗ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľիЙ́ɗËɗҡ́ֆƸΎф¡ɗĀĀľ͑ɗ͑ġľӕҡؓ‫و‬،‫ٌآ‬،‫ٌؓ؜ٍ؜ؐوآ‬،‫وإ‬؉‫؜‬٤Ƅ͑ǣ؉‫؟‬٧‫ل‬،؉ؐ
ՠȍɗ́ľҡȍľ!,ɗ͑¡Ύҡȍҡȍľ¡ɗ¡́ɗË́͑ĀԆǣфɗҡɗËЙѸѸǣľѸ̲ֆфľƸľфҡΎфľ́ɗǣɗΎӕѸ
Ύ¡ʮľËҡѸ̲ĀľΎƸՓΎΎĀٍҡȍľфľɗѸ٘фɗËȍҡфĀɗҡɗΎ͑ΎƸΎфËӕ́фҡфľľѸɗ͑ЙфҡɗËӕ‫ڎ‬
́фɗ͑ҡȍľϘ́ĀҽľѸҡ̲ľ͑ҡ‫ل‬ٚ،؉ؓՠȍľ͑k¡фȍ̲ƸɗфѸҡľ͑ҡľфѸæٍ͑͑ȍľËΎ̲ľѸ
ҡΎҡȍľm-qôm٤Ѹȍфɗ͑ľ‫ظ‬٧ΎƸґȍľËȍľٍ̲ҡΎ٘Ϙ˔ΎƸͅΎфľȍٚΎф٘ҽľËȍľфٔѸϘ˔ٚ
٤Ǿľ͑؉،‫؜و‬٧‫ل‬ҽȍɗѸ̲ֆѸҡľфɗΎӕѸҡфľľфľЙЙľфѸɗ͑Ǿľ͑ؐ‫وؗ‬،‫ؓڎ‬ѸЙ́ËľՓȍľфľ
٘́́ҡȍľƸΎфľɗǣ͑ǣΎĀѸٚфľ¡ӕфɗľĀ͑Āɗ͑ġľӕҡ؉؉‫ؐو‬؆ٍѸƸΎË́ЙΎɗ͑ҡƸΎфʊѸф‫ڎ‬
ľ́ɗҡľ̲ɗǣфҡɗΎ͑‫ل‬،؉‫ؗ‬ġΎľѸҡȍľΎ˔¡ľ́Ύ͑ǣҡΎҡľËȍľфΎфɗѸҡȍľҡфľľҡȍľҡľËȍ‫ڎ‬
ľф‫ظ‬،؉‫؜‬ʊ͑ˇӕĀǣ‫ٍ؟ؐوإ‬ҡȍľΎ˔ΎƸ͑Ύҡľɗ͑ґȍľËȍľ̲ɗѸË́́ľĀ٘ґΎΎҡȍѸֆľфٔѸϘ˔ٍٚ
)elôn m-!ôn-nîm‫ل‬Ьӕ́ȸӕЙҡ͑ΎҡľĀҡȍҡmôrê ɗ͑ƄҡȍɗΎЙɗË̲ľ͑Ѹ٘ĀɗԮɗ͑ľф‫ل‬ٚ،؉‫؟‬
ȸľ¡‫ل‬m-!ôn-nîmɗѸЬɗ%́ľ́ƸфΎ̲ҡȍľѸҡľ̲ΎƸ!ynٍľֆľٍ͑ĀΎƸҡȍľѸ̲ľѸľ̲͑‫ڎ‬
ҡɗË Ƹɗľ́Ā Ѹ rô%ê ͑Ā hôzêٍ ٘ѸľľфѸ‫ل‬ٚ ҽȍľ ́ҡҡľф ҡľф̲ ɗѸ ӕѸľĀ ƸΎф ´ٍ̲́ ՓȍΎ
٘Ǘ́́Ѹ ĀΎՓٍ͑ ٪Ѹȍ̲͑‫́ڎ‬ɗ˔ľ٫ٍ ¡ӕҡ ȍԮɗ͑ǣ ȍɗѸ ľֆľѸ ӕ͑ËΎԮľфľĀٚ ٤ͮӕ̲ ،ؓ‫ٍؓو‬
؉‫؜‬٧‫ل‬،؉‫آ‬

،؆‫؟‬
 ҽΎĀ̞ɗ͑Ƹľ́ҡٍ٘ЬфɗԮҡľЬΎľҡфֆ͑ĀЬӕ¡́ɗËƄ́Ύнӕľ͑Ëľɗ͑،ґ̲ӕľ́؉‫و‬؉‫ڎ؟‬،‫ٍ؟‬ٚJournal
of Religion‫؜آ‬٤،؆؆‫آ‬٧‫ؗو‬؆؉‫ل‬
،؆‫آ‬
 ѠΎ¡ľфҡġ‫ͅل‬ɗ́́ľфʊʊٍ٘ҽȍľϘфɗǣɗ͑ΎƸҡȍľ‫ד‬ɗΎ͑ȸֆ̲͑ѸٍٚЙЙ‫ؐ؟ڎ؟؜؜ل‬ɗ͑The Composi-
tion of the Book of Psalmsٍ ľĀ ƄфɗËȍ ‫ד‬ľ͑ǣľф ٤´ɗ¡́ɗΎҡȍľË ƄЙȍľ̲ľфɗĀӕ̲
ҽȍľΎ́ΎǣɗËфӕ̲̞ΎԮ͑ɗľ͑Ѹɗӕ̲،ؐ‫ٌ̞آ‬ľӕԮľ͑٧ٌ٘ҽȍľ‫ד‬ɗΎ͑ȸֆ̲͑ѸѸʊ͑Ѹҡфӕ̲ľ͑ҡѸΎƸ
ЬΎՓľфٍٚAncient Near Eastern Studies ؓ‫؟‬٤،؆؉؆٧‫و‬،؉‫إؐڎ؟‬.
،؆‫إ‬
 ϘҡǣΎ͑ֆ͑ĀǾӕф¡Āфֆٍ͑Mongolian Shamanismٍ‫لؗآ‬
،؉؆
 ǾΎ́Ā̲̲ľфٍ٘Ƅ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡľٍٚ،‫ٍؐ؟‬،‫لؗ؟‬
،؉؉
 ´́‫׀‬ľфٍ٘ґӕѸҡɗ͑¡́ľǗɗҡȍٍٚ‫لآآ‬
،؉،
 ϘҡǣΎ͑ֆ͑ĀǾӕф¡Āфֆٍ͑Mongolian Shamanismٍ‫ل؟آ‬
،؉ؐ
 ՠֆҡҡٍWord of Treeٍ؉‫آ‬،͑‫ل؜ؓل‬
،؉ؓ
 ՠֆҡҡٍWord of Treeٍ؉‫لؓآ‬
،؉‫ؗ‬
 ՠֆҡҡٍ Word of Treeٍ ؉‫ لؗآ‬ҽȍľфľ фľ ̲͑ֆ Ύҡȍľф ҡфľľѸ ɗ͑ Ǿľ͑ľѸɗѸٍ ҡȍľ ́ɗѸҡɗ͑ǣ ΎƸ
ՓȍɗËȍ̲٘Ύӕ͑ҡѸҡΎǣ‫׀‬ľҡҡľľфΎƸѸËфľĀѸɗҡľѸɗ͑Ь́ľѸҡɗ͑ľՓɗҡȍ˔͑ΎՓ͑Ύф́́ľǣľĀ
ЙҡфɗфËȍ́Ύф ΎҡȍľфȍľфΎɗË́ɗ͑˔Ѹٌٚ ՠֆҡҡٍWord of Treeٍ ؉‫ٌآؗل͑ؗآ‬ȸɗľ¡ľфҡٍ Yah-
wist’s Landscapeٍ؉؆‫ل؟‬
،؉‫؜‬
 ǾΎ́Ā̲̲ľфٍ٘Ƅ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡľٍٚ،‫ٍؗ؟ڎؓ؟‬Ë́́Ѹɗҡ٘Schamanenbaum‫ل‬ٚ
،؉‫؟‬
 Ьӕ́ȸӕЙҡٍ٘æфֆѸҡ́‫ڎ‬Ǿ‫׀‬ɗ͑ǣɗ͑ ҡȍľ Ϙ́ĀҽľѸҡ̲ľ͑ҡٍٚJournal of Biblical Literature
ؐ‫؜‬٤؉‫إ‬؉‫؟‬٧‫إو‬؆‫ل‬
،؉‫آ‬
 kфԮɗĀ ґ‫˫ ل‬Йľ́фӕĀٍ ٘ґȍ̲͑ɗѸҡɗË ǗľҡӕфľѸ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ Ϙ́Ā ҽľѸҡ̲ľ͑ҡٍٚ ɗ͑ Studies in
Shamanism, ľĀ‫ل‬æф́‫ͅڎ‬фҡɗ͑ƄĀѸ̲͑٤ґҡΎË˔ȍΎ̲́‫و‬ḱ̲нԮɗѸҡ‫ٶ‬ՠɗ˔Ѹľٍ́́؉‫؟؜إ‬٧ٍ‫إ‬؉‫ل‬
ؐؐؓ Ѡ‫ل‬ġ‫ͅل‬ɗ́́ľфʊʊ 

 ǾΎĀ фľЙľҡľĀ́ֆ ЙЙľфѸ ҡ Ύ˔ ҡфľľѸ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ЙҡфɗфËȍ́ ͑ффҡɗԮľѸ ٤Ǿľ͑
؉،‫ٌ؜و‬؉ؐ‫و‬؉‫ٌآ‬؉‫وآ‬؉٧‫ل‬،؉‫ͅإ‬ΎѸҡËӕфɗΎӕѸΎƸҡфľľѸɗѸҡȍľ٘͑Ύҡ‫¡ڎ‬ӕф͑ɗ͑ǣٚ¡ӕѸȍΎƸƄիΎ‫ڎ‬
ĀӕѸ ٍؐ ҡȍľ s-nê‫ ل‬ġľӕҡ ؐؐ‫و‬؉‫ ؜‬фľƸľфѸ ҡΎ ǾΎĀ Ѹ ٘ҡȍľ Ύ͑ľ ĀՓľ́́ɗ͑ǣ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ
¡ӕѸȍ‫ل‬ٚ،،؆
 ҽȍľЙΎѸѸɗ¡ɗ́ɗҡֆΎƸ͑͑ËľѸҡΎфËӕ́ҡɗ͑͑Ëɗľ͑ҡʊѸфľ́ȍѸ¡ľľ͑ľիҡľ͑ѸɗԮľ́ֆ
Āľ¡ҡľĀ͑ĀɗѸ¡ľֆΎ͑ĀҡȍľѸËΎЙľΎƸҡȍɗѸľѸѸֆ‫ل‬ʊҡɗѸӕѸӕ́́ֆҡȍľË́͑ËȍɗľƸɗ͑
ͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗ͑ Ѹȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ ՓȍΎ ɗ͑ԮΎ˔ľѸ ҡȍľ ´ӕӕ̲́ ͑ËľѸҡф́ ѸЙɗфɗҡѸٍ ʮӕѸҡ Ѹ
ґӕ́ɗ͑ԮΎ˔ľѸґ̲ӕľ́ٔѸǣȍΎѸҡ‫ل‬،،؉
 ҽȍľ͑ľիҡľ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡΎƸѸȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗѸҡȍľȍľ́ɗ͑ǣ͑Ā̲ɗфË́ľ‫ڎ‬ՓΎф˔ɗ͑ǣЙΎՓ‫ڎ‬
ľфΎƸҡȍľѸȍ̲͑ȍɗ̲Ѹľ́Ƹ‫ل‬ҽȍľ´ɗ¡́ľɗѸфɗËȍɗ͑ҡľф̲ѸƸΎфѸЙľËɗ́ɗѸҡѸɗ̲͑٘ǣ‫ڎ‬
ɗËٚ͑ĀĀɗԮɗ͑ҡɗΎ͑‫"!و‬#$& % (' )% ٤́ؐͅ‫ؗو‬٧ٍ*+,-.٤ЬѸ‫؜وآؗ‬٧ٍ!"#/*10 . !'(.1 ٤ʊѸؐ‫ؐو‬٧ٍ!'23% )# 
٤Ƅ‫׀‬ľ˔؉،‫و‬،ؓ٧ٍľҡË‫ل‬ҽȍΎ̲ѸѠά̲ľфɗ́́ӕѸҡфҡľѸҡȍҡՓȍɗ́ľġфɗǣΎфΎӕѸ́ֆƸΎф¡ɗĀѸ
́́ ѸӕËȍ ҡȍɗ͑ǣѸٍ Ь ѸѸӕ̲ľѸ ɗ͑ ƄիΎĀӕѸ ҡȍҡ ЬȍфΎȍٔѸ ̲ǣɗËɗ͑Ѹ ȍԮľ Ëҡӕ́
ЙΎՓľфٍ ՓȍɗËȍ ɗѸ ̲́ΎѸҡ ɗ͑ĀɗѸҡɗ͑ǣӕɗѸȍ¡́ľ ƸфΎ̲ kфΎ͑ٔѸ‫ل‬،،، ġľԮΎӕҡ ʊѸфľ́ɗҡľѸ
ЙЙľ́ ҡΎ ĀɗԮɗ͑ҡɗΎ͑ ҡȍфΎӕǣȍΎӕҡ ҡȍľ ͑ффҡɗԮľ ¡ΎΎ˔Ѹ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ȸľ¡фľՓ ´ɗ¡́ľ‫و‬
Ѡľ¡ľËË ËΎ͑Ѹӕ́ҡѸ ΎфË́ľѸ ҡΎ ́ľф͑ Ѹȍľ ËффɗľѸ ƸľӕĀɗ͑ǣ ҡՓɗ͑Ѹ ٤Ǿľ͑ ،‫وؗ‬،،‫ڎ‬
،‫؜‬٧‫ل‬،،ؐ ġфľ̲Ѹٍ ́ΎҡѸ ٤ˇΎѸȍ ‫و؟‬؉‫ڎ؜‬،‫ ٌ؜‬؉ ґ̲ ؉؆‫و‬؉‫ڎ؟‬،ؓ٧ٍ ͑Ā Ԇфɗ̲ ͑Ā ҽȍӕ̲‫ڎ‬
̲ɗ̲фľËΎ͑Ѹӕ́ҡľĀ‫ل‬
 ͅɗ˔ľͅΎ͑ľֆȍѸɗ͑ҡľфЙфľҡľĀˇËΎ¡ѸѸȍ̲͑‫ل‬ȸɗѸ́ĀĀľфĀфľ̲٘ѸҡɗѸ‫ڎ‬
ƸɗľѸҡȍľľËѸҡҡɗËȍ́ƸΎƸҡȍľѸȍ̲͑ɗËËфɗҡľфɗ‫ل‬ٚ،،ؓȸľӕѸľѸ٘Ѹֆ̲ЙҡȍľҡɗË̲ǣ‫ڎ‬
ɗËٚҡΎËΎ́Ύф̞¡͑ٔѸѸȍľľЙٍȍľՓфľѸҡ́ľѸՓɗҡȍĀľ̲ɗǣΎĀ͑ĀɗѸЙфҡɗ́́ֆĀɗѸ‫ڎ‬
̲ľ̲¡ľфľĀ‫ل‬،،‫ؗ‬ȸľľԮľ͑ĀɗѸЙΎѸѸľѸѸľѸ̞¡͑ΎƸȍɗѸҡľфЙȍɗ̲‫ل‬،،‫؜‬ʊ͑ҡȍľ¡ɗ‫׀‬ффľ
̲ɗ͑ɗ‫ڎ‬ѸËľ͑ľҡȍҡƸΎ́́ΎՓѸٍ٘ˇËΎ¡Փľ͑ҡΎ͑ȍɗѸՓֆٍ͑Āҡȍľ͑ǣľ́ѸΎƸǾΎĀ̲ľҡ
ȍɗ̲‫ل‬k͑ĀՓȍľ͑ˇËΎ¡ѸՓҡȍľ̲ȍľѸɗĀٍَҽȍɗѸɗѸǾΎĀٔѸË̲Й‫ٔغ‬ٚ٤Ǿľ͑ؐ،‫و‬؉‫ڎ‬،٧‫ل‬
 ͅΎфľ ËΎ̲̲Ύ͑́ֆٍ ҡȍľ ЙфΎЙȍľҡѸ ȍԮľ ¡ľľ͑ ́ɗ͑˔ľĀ Փɗҡȍ Ѹȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲‫ ل‬ҽȍľ
Āľ¡ҡľѸ ΎԮľф ҡȍľ фΎ́ľ ΎƸ ľËѸҡҡɗË ҡф͑Ëľ ɗ͑ ʊѸфľ́ɗҡľ ЙфΎЙȍľËֆ ǣΎ ¡Ë˔ ҡΎ
ͅΎՓɗ͑Ë˔ľٍ́ ̞ɗ͑Ā¡́Ύٍ̲ ՠȍľľ́ľф ѠΎ¡ɗ͑ѸΎٍ͑ ͑Ā ѠΎՓ́ľֆ‫ل‬،،‫ ؟‬ʊ͑  ƸΎфҡȍËΎ̲ɗ͑ǣ

،؉‫إ‬
 ȸɗľ¡ľфҡٍYahwist’s Landscapeٍ؉؆‫لإ‬ȸɗľ¡ľфҡѸӕǣǣľѸҡѸ͑ľҡֆ̲Ύ́ΎǣɗË́́ɗ͑˔¡ľҡՓľľ͑
).lôn ͑Ā ).l‫ ل‬ҽȍľфľ ɗѸ  ҡ̲фɗѸ˔ ҡ ´ľľфѸȍľ¡‫ ل‬k ́ɗѸҡɗ͑ǣ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ̲͑ľĀ ҡфľľѸ ΎƸ
Ǿľ͑ľѸɗѸ ̲٘Ύӕ͑ҡѸ ҡΎ  ǣ‫׀‬ľҡҡľľф ΎƸ ѸËфľĀ ѸɗҡľѸ ɗ͑ Ь́ľѸҡɗ͑ľ Փɗҡȍ ˔͑ΎՓ͑ Ύф ́‫ڎ‬
́ľǣľĀЙҡфɗфËȍ́ΎфΎҡȍľфȍľфΎɗË́ɗ͑˔ѸٌٚՠֆҡҡٍWord of Treeٍ؉‫ٌآؗل͑ؗآ‬ȸɗľ¡ľфҡٍ
Yahwist’s Landscapeٍ؉؆‫ل؟‬
،،؆
 ˫ΎфЙľٍ́Rift in the Cloudsٍ‫إؗ‬؉‫ل‬
،،؉
 ȸľɗѸѸɗǣٍ٘ґȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲ٚ،،‫ٍ؟‬،ؐ؆ٌǾΎ́Ā̲̲ľфٍ٘Ƅ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡľٍٚ،‫ٍإ؜‬،‫ل؜؟‬
،،،
 Ѡά̲ľфٍ٘æΎ̲Йľҡɗ͑ǣͅǣɗËɗ͑Ѹٍٚ؉‫ٍ؜‬،؆‫ل‬
،،ؐ
 ǗфľĀľфɗË˔æфֆľфٍ٘ͅǣɗËɗ͑k͑Ëɗľ͑ҡґֆфɗ‫ڎ‬Ь́ľѸҡɗ͑ľ‫͑ڐ‬Āɗ͑ҡȍľϘ́ĀҽľѸҡ̲ľ͑ҡٍٚɗ͑
Biblical and Pagan SocietiesٍľĀ‫´ل‬ľ͑ǣҡk͑˔ф́ΎΎ͑Āґҡӕфҡ ǽф˔ ٤ՠɗҡËȍËфƸҡ͑Ā
ͅǣɗËɗ͑ƄӕфΎЙľ؉ٌЬȍɗ́Āľ́Йȍɗ‫و‬Ԇ͑ɗԮľфѸɗҡֆΎƸЬľ͑͑ֆѸ́Ԯ͑ɗЬфľѸѸٍ،؆؆؉٧ٍ؉،؆‫ل‬
،،ؓ
 ͅɗ˔ľͅΎ͑ľֆٍ٘ġľËľɗҡ͑Āġӕ́ɗҡֆٍٚShnaton‫إ‬٤،؆؆؉٧‫و‬،ؓ‫ل‬
،،‫ؗ‬
 ͅΎ͑ľֆٍ٘ġľËľɗҡٍٚ،‫لؗ‬
،،‫؜‬
 ͅΎ͑ľֆٍ٘ġľËľɗҡٍٚ،‫ل؟‬
،،‫؟‬
 ґľľٍ inter aliaٍ ґɗǣ̲ӕ͑Ā ͅΎՓɗ͑Ë˔ľٍ́ ‫ك‬ҽȍľ ґЙɗфɗҡ ͑Ā ҡȍľ ՠΎфĀ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ЬфΎЙȍľҡѸ‫ك‬
٤؉‫ؓؐإ‬٧ٍ фľЙф‫ ل‬ɗ͑ The Spirit and the Word ٤ͅɗ͑͑ľЙΎ́ɗѸ‫ و‬ǗΎфҡфľѸѸ ЬфľѸѸٍ ،؆؆،٧ٌ ґɗ‫ڎ‬
 ґȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗ͑Ƅф́ֆʊѸфľ́ ؐؐ‫ؗ‬

ľѸѸֆٍ̞ľѸҡľфǾф¡¡ľфľҡӕф͑ѸҡΎҡȍɗѸËΎ̲ЙфɗѸΎٍ͑ӕѸɗ͑ǣѸҡӕĀɗľѸΎƸѸȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲
ɗ͑ ʊ͑ĀΎ͑ľѸɗٍ ͮɗǣľфٍ Ԇǣ͑Āٍ ͅĀǣѸËфٍ ͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗٍ ͑Ā ҡȍľ ґȍՓ͑ľľ ͑Ā
ȸΎЙɗ‫ ل‬ʊ͑ѸҡľĀ ΎƸ фľҡӕф͑ɗ͑ǣ ҡΎ ľËѸҡѸֆٍ ȍľ ͑ΎҡľѸ ¡Ύҡȍ Ѹȍ̲͑Ѹ ͑Ā ¡ɗ¡́ɗË́
ЙфΎЙȍľҡѸѸՓф́ľĀľфѸٍɗ̲͑¡ɗǣӕΎӕѸфľ́ҡɗΎ͑ѸȍɗЙѸՓɗҡȍҡȍľǣΎԮľф̲͑ľ͑ҡٍɗ͑
ËΎ͑Ƹ́ɗËҡՓɗҡȍѸɗ̲ɗ́фЙфËҡɗҡɗΎ͑ľфѸٍ͑ĀՓȍΎѸľ٘ЙфΎЙȍľËɗľѸٚфľѸӕ¡ʮľËҡҡΎľի‫ڎ‬
ҡľ͑ѸɗԮľ́ɗҡľффֆĀľԮľ́ΎЙ̲ľ͑ҡ‫ل‬،،‫آ‬
 ̞ľҡӕѸ¡ľľԮľ̲͑ΎфľѸЙľËɗƸɗË‫ل‬ґȍ̲͑ѸƸфľнӕľ͑ҡ́ֆЙфΎԮɗĀľҡȍľɗф٘Ë́́͑ф‫ڎ‬
фҡɗԮľѸ‫ل‬ٚ،،‫إ‬ʊ͑ͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗٍ͑ľ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡΎƸҡȍɗѸË́́ɗѸҡȍľѸȍ̲͑ٔѸфľ́ӕËҡ͑ËľҡΎ
ËËľЙҡ ɗҡ ٤ËƸ‫ ل‬ƄիΎĀ ؐ‫و‬؉؉‫وؓڎ‬؉ٌؐ ˇľф ؉‫ ٌ؜و‬ʊѸ ‫ؗو؜‬٧‫ل‬،ؐ؆ ͑ͅֆ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ЙфΎЙȍľҡٔѸ
٘ЙфΎЙȍľҡɗË ËҡѸٚ Ύф ٘ԮɗѸӕ́ ɗĀѸٚ ́ΎΎ˔ ́ɗ˔ľ Ѹֆ̲ЙҡȍľҡɗË ̲ǣɗË ٤Ѹ̲Ѹȍɗ͑ǣ
ЙΎҡѸٍՓľфɗ͑ǣֆΎ˔ľѸٍľҡË‫ل‬٧‫ل‬،ؐ؉
 Ǿф¡¡ľ ͑ΎҡľѸ ҡȍҡٍ ٘ҽȍľ ʊѸфľ́ɗҡľ ЙфΎЙȍľҡѸ ̲ΎѸҡ фľѸľ̲¡́ɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ ҡфĀɗ‫ڎ‬
ҡɗΎ͑́ Ѹȍ̲͑ фľ Ƅ́ɗʮȍ͑ĀƄ́ɗѸȍٍՓȍΎ ËΎ͑ҡфΎ́ ҡȍľ Փľҡȍľф٤؉ ˫ǣѸ ؉‫و؟‬؉ٌ
؉‫وآ‬؉ٍ ؓ؉‫ͅ ٌؗؓڎ‬Ύ͑ǣΎ́ɗ͑ Ѹȍ̲͑Ѹ фľ ˔͑ΎՓ͑ ƸΎф ҡȍɗѸ،ؐ،٧ٍ ̲˔ľ ̲ɗфËӕ́ΎӕѸ
ʮΎӕф͑ľֆѸ٤؉˫ǣѸ؉‫؜ؓوآ‬٧ٍËΎ͑ʮӕфľƸΎΎĀ ƸфΎ̲͑ΎՓȍľфľ͑Āȍľ́͑ĀфɗѸľ ҡȍľ
ĀľĀ٤؉˫ǣѸ؉‫ٌ؟‬،˫ǣѸؓ٧ٍ͑ĀľԮľ͑фľËΎԮľф́ΎѸҡΎ¡ʮľËҡѸ٤،˫ǣѸ‫و؜‬؉‫؟ڎ‬٧‫ل‬ٚ،ؐؐƄ́ɗ‫ڎ‬
ʮȍɗѸ٘ƸľĀ¡ֆфԮľ͑ѸٍՓľ́́˔͑ΎՓ͑ɗ͑ҡȍľѸȍ̲͑ɗѸҡɗËՓΎф́ĀѸ¡ľфľфΎƸ̲ǣ‫ڎ‬
ɗË ̲ľĀɗËɗ͑ľ‫ل‬ٚ،ؐؓ ҽȍľ ҡľիҡ ĀľѸËфɗ¡ľѸ ȍɗ̲ Ѹ  ̞٘ΎфĀ ΎƸ ȸɗфٍٚ *045
+ 6'47' ٍ ͑Ύҡ
Փľфɗ͑ǣǣф̲ľ͑ҡΎƸȍɗфË́Ύҡȍ¡ӕҡЙľфȍЙѸ¡ľфѸ˔ɗٍ͑Ύфȍɗ̲Ѹľ́ƸȍɗфֆѸ
¡ľф‫ل‬،ؐ‫ؗ‬
 ʊ͑ ͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗٍ ٘ґȍ̲͑ɗË Ë́Ύҡȍɗ͑ǣ ɗѸ ɗ͑ȍľфɗҡľĀ ƸфΎ̲ Ύ͑ľ Ѹȍ̲͑ ҡΎ ҡȍľ
͑ľիҡٍٚ،ؐ‫͑؜‬ĀƄ́ɗѸȍҡ˔ľѸӕЙƄ́ɗʮȍٔѸ̲͑ҡ́ľ‫ل‬Ƅ́ɗѸȍË͑Ë́́ӕЙфľԮľ́ҡɗΎ͑
Փɗҡȍ ЙфΎЙľф ̲ӕѸɗË́ ËËΎ̲Й͑ɗ̲ľ͑ҡ ٤، ˫ǣѸ ؐ‫و‬؉؉‫ڎ‬،؆ٌ ҡֆЙɗË́ ΎƸ æľ͑ҡф́

̲Ύ͑ ´‫ ل‬Ьф˔ľфٍ ‫ك‬ЬΎѸѸľѸѸɗΎٍ͑ ҽф͑Ëľٍ ͑Ā ЬфΎЙȍľËֆ ɗ͑ Ьфľ‫ڎ‬Ƅիɗ́ɗË ʊѸфľٍ́‫ ك‬VT ،‫آ‬
٤؉‫آ؟إ‬٧‫و‬،‫؟‬؉‫ل؜آڎ‬
،،‫آ‬
 ̞ľѸҡľф ̞‫ ل‬Ǿф¡¡ľٍ ٘ґȍٍ̲͑ ЬфľËȍľфٍ Ύф ґЙɗфɗҡ ͅľĀɗӕ̲‫ظ‬ٚ ɗ͑ Prophecy and the
Prophets in Ancient IsraelٍľĀ‫ˇل‬Ύȍ͑ġֆ٤ͮľՓ֤Ύф˔‫و‬ҽ‫ٶ‬ҽǽф˔ٍ،؆؉؆٧‫ل‬
،،‫إ‬
 ġӕ´ΎɗѸٍ Introduction to Shamanismٍ ،؆‫ لإ‬Ƅ͑ΎËȍٔѸ ٘Ë́́ٚɗ͑ ؐ Ƅ͑ΎËȍ ؐ‫ڎ‬؉‫ ٍؗ‬ЙфѸ ؓ‫ڎ‬
؉‫ٍإ‬ɗѸ̲ΎфľѸȍ̲͑ɗËٍȍΎՓľԮľф‫ل‬
،ؐ؆
 ͅҡֆѸ´́Ύǣȍٍ٘ґȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗ͑ЬфľѸľ͑ҡ‫ڎ‬ĀֆͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗ͑ĀѠľԮɗľՓΎƸґΎ̲ľѠľ‫ڎ‬
́ҡľĀ´ΎΎ˔ѸٍٚShaman ؉‫؜‬٤،؆؆‫آ‬٧‫و‬؉‫ل؜ؗ‬
،ؐ؉
 ͅф˔ ´фӕ̲̲ɗҡҡٍ ٘ґȍΎՓ̲͑ Ύф ґȍ̲͑‫ ظ‬ҽȍľ kËҡѸ ΎƸ  ´ɗ¡́ɗË́ ЬфΎЙȍľҡٚ ɗ͑ The
Meaning of Magicٍ ľĀ‫ل‬k̲ֆՠֆǣ͑ҡ٤ЬΎ́ֆǣΎ͑Ѹ‫و‬æӕ́ҡӕф́ġɗԮľфѸɗҡɗľѸ͑Āʊ͑ҡľфѸľË‫ڎ‬
ҡɗΎ͑Ѹ؉؉ٌͮľՓ֤Ύф˔‫´و‬ľфǣȍȍ͑´ΎΎ˔Ѹٍ،؆؆‫؜‬٧ٍ‫لإٍؗ؜ؗ‬
،ؐ،
 ȸľɗѸѸɗǣٍ٘ґȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲ٚ،ؐ؆ٌˇΎȍ͑Ь‫´ل‬фΎՓٍ͑٘ҽȍľͅľĀɗҡľфф͑ľ͑ґľľф͑Āґȍ̲‫ڎ‬
͑ɗѸٍ̲ٚZAW ‫ؐإ‬٤؉‫آإ‬؉٧‫لؗآؐو‬
،ؐؐ
 Ǿф¡¡ľٍ٘ґȍٍ̲͑ЬфľËȍľфٍΎфґЙɗфɗҡͅľĀɗӕ̲‫ظ‬ٚæƸ‫ؐل‬Ƅ͑ΎËȍؓ‫آ‬ġ‫و‬؉؆ٍЙф‫آل‬؆ƸΎф
ȍľ́ɗ͑ǣ‫ل‬
،ؐؓ
 ЬҡфɗË˔ ͅ‫ ل‬kф͑Ύ́Āٍ Wildmen, Warriors, and Kings ٤æфΎѸѸфΎĀ‫ͮ و‬ľՓ ֤Ύф˔ٍ ؉‫ؗإإ‬٧ٍ
؉ؐ‫لإ‬ǗΎффԮľ͑Ѹɗ͑ґɗ¡ľфɗ͑Ѹȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲Ѹľľ´́‫׀‬ľфٍ٘ґӕѸҡɗ͑¡́ľǗɗҡȍٍٚ‫إ‬،‫ل‬
،ؐ‫ؗ‬
 ´фΎՓٍ͑٘ͅľĀɗҡľфф͑ľ͑ґľľфٍٚؐ‫إ‬؉ٌ˫Йľ́фӕĀٍ٘ґȍ̲͑ɗѸҡɗËǗľҡӕфľѸٍٚ‫إ‬،‫ل‬
،ؐ‫؜‬
 ȸľɗѸѸɗǣٍ٘ґȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲ٚ،ؐ‫ل؟‬
ؐؐ‫؜‬ Ѡ‫ل‬ġ‫ͅل‬ɗ́́ľфʊʊ 

kѸɗ͑ Ѹȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲،ؐ‫؟‬٧ٍ ́ɗ˔ľ ҡȍľ ̲ӕѸɗË́ nabis ɗ͑ ؉ ґ̲ ؉؆‫ ؗو‬ՓȍΎ ٘ҡӕф͑ ɗ͑ҡΎ
͑Ύҡȍľф̲͑ٚ٤؉ґ̲؉؆‫؜و‬٧‫ل‬،ؐ‫آ‬Ƅ́ɗѸȍľ͑ǣǣľѸɗ͑Ѹֆ̲ЙҡȍľҡɗË̲ǣɗË¡ֆȍԮ‫ڎ‬
ɗ͑ǣˇΎѸȍѸȍΎΎҡ͑ффΎՓՓȍɗ́ľȍľ́ֆѸȍ͑ĀѸΎ͑ҡȍľ˔ɗ͑ǣ͑ĀĀľË́фľѸҡȍľ
ѸȍΎҡՓɗ́́Āľҡľф̲ɗ͑ľҡȍľľիҡľ͑ҡΎƸԮɗËҡΎфֆΎƸkф̲٤،˫ǣѸ؉ؐ‫و‬؉‫ڎؗ‬؉‫؟‬٧‫ل‬،ؐ‫ͅإ‬ΎѸҡ
ΎƸƄ́ɗѸȍٔѸՓΎф˔ٍȍΎՓľԮľфٍѸľľ̲ѸҡɗľĀҡΎҡȍľľ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡΎƸՓҡľф‫ل‬ȸľЙфҡѸҡȍľ
ˇΎфĀ͑ ٤، ˫ǣѸ ،٧ٍ ЙӕфɗƸɗľѸ ˇľфɗËȍΎٔѸ ѸЙфɗ͑ǣ Փɗҡȍ Ѹ́ҡ ٤، ˫ǣѸ ،‫و‬؉‫ڎإ‬،،٧ٍ ЙфΎ‫ڎ‬
ĀӕËľѸ  ЙΎΎ́ ƸΎф ҡȍɗфѸҡֆ ҡфΎΎЙѸ ٤، ˫ǣѸ ؐ‫و‬؉،‫ڎ‬،؆٧ٍ ЙӕфɗƸɗľѸ ЙΎɗѸΎ͑ľĀ ¡фΎҡȍ ٤،
˫ǣѸؓ‫ؓڎآؐو‬؉ٌѸ˔ɗ́́ΎƸͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗ͑Ѹȍ̲͑Ѹ،ؓ؆٧ٍËӕѸľѸ͑իľȍľĀҡΎƸ́Ύҡɗ͑
ҡȍľˇΎфĀ͑٤،˫ǣѸ‫و؜‬؉‫؟ڎ‬٧ٍ͑ĀȍѸ̲ͮ͑ȍľ́ľĀɗ͑ҡȍľˇΎфĀ͑٤،˫ǣѸ‫وؗ‬؉‫ڎ‬
؉ؓ٧‫ل‬،ؓ؉ Ƅ́ɗѸȍٔѸ ¡ɗ‫׀‬ффľ ËӕфѸɗ͑ǣ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ҡӕ͑ҡɗ͑ǣ ¡ΎֆѸ фľԮΎ́ԮľѸ фΎӕ͑Ā ҡȍľɗф
ҡӕ͑ҡ ΎƸ ٘´́Ā ȸľĀٚ ٤، ˫ǣѸ ،‫و‬،ؐ‫ڎ‬،‫ؗ‬٧ٍ  ËΎ͑ҡфѸҡ Փɗҡȍ ҡȍľ ȍɗфɗ͑ľѸѸ ΎƸ Ƅ́ɗ‫ڎ‬
ʮȍٍ،ؓ،͑ĀҡȍľɗфѸ́ӕǣȍҡľф¡ֆҡՓΎȍɗфֆ¡ľфѸٍҡֆЙɗË́Ѹȍ̲͑ٔѸ¡ľѸҡѸ‫ل‬،ؓؐk
̞ЙЙ ٘ґȍٍ̲͑ Փȍľ͑ ͑ǣфֆٍ ̲ɗǣȍҡ ҡф͑ѸƸΎф̲ ȍɗѸ ѸЙɗфɗҡѸ ɗ͑ҡΎ ՓΎ́ԮľѸ Ύф
¡ľфѸٍ ͑Ā ɗƸ ȍľ ՓɗѸȍľĀٍ ȍľ ҡȍфľՓ ҡȍľ ҡф͑ѸƸΎф̲ľĀ ѸЙɗфɗҡѸ ҡ ΎҡȍľфѸ‫ل‬ٚ،ؓؓ kѸ
ЬҡфɗË˔ kф͑Ύ́Ā ЙфЙȍфѸľѸٍ ٘æӕфѸɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ фѸË́Ѹ Փɗҡȍ ȍɗѸ Ѹȍ̲͑ɗË ЙΎՓľфٍ
Ƅ́ɗѸȍѸӕ̲̲Ύ͑ѸȍɗѸѸЙɗфɗҡ‫͑ڎ‬ɗ̲́ѸƸфΎ̲ҡȍľՓΎΎĀѸٌҡՓΎѸȍľ‫¡ڎ‬ľфѸфΎфΎӕҡΎƸ
ҡȍľ ƸΎфľѸҡ ͑Ā ̲ӕ́ ҡȍľ ֆΎӕҡȍƸӕ́ ̲ɗѸËфľ͑ҡѸ‫ل‬ٚ،ؓ‫ ؗ‬ҽȍľ ¡Ύ͑ľѸ ΎƸ Ƅ́ɗѸȍ ľԮľ͑
ՓΎф˔̲ɗфË́ľѸƸҡľфȍɗѸĀľҡȍٍ́ɗ˔ľҡȍΎѸľΎƸѸȍ̲͑٤،˫ǣѸ؉ؐ‫و‬،؉٧‫ل‬،ؓ‫؜‬
 ´ΎҡȍƄ́ɗʮȍ͑ĀƄ́ɗѸȍфľĀľѸËфɗ¡ľĀѸ’is ’elohim٤؉˫ǣѸ؉‫و؟‬؉‫ٍآ‬،ٌؓ،˫ǣѸ
؉‫ڎإو‬؉ٌؐ،˫ǣѸؓ‫و‬؉‫وٌؗؐؐڎآٍؐإڎ‬،‫ڎ؜‬،‫ڎ؜و؜ٌ؟‬؉؆ٌ‫ڎ؟وآ‬؉ٌؐľҡË‫ل‬٧‫ل‬Ƅ́ɗѸȍȍѸҡȍɗѸҡɗҡ́ľ
̲Ύфľ ҡȍ͑ ͑ֆΎ͑ľ ľ́Ѹľ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ´ɗ¡́ľĀΎľѸ‫ل‬،ؓ‫ ؟‬Ǿ͑ǣ́ΎƸƸ ľнӕҡľѸ ҡȍľ ҡɗҡ́ľ Փɗҡȍ
٘Йф͑Ύф̲́ ȍľ́ľф‫ل‬ٚ،ؓ‫ آ‬ҽȍľ ҡľф̲ )is )elohim ΎËËӕфѸ ɗ͑ Ԇǣфɗҡ Ѹ inš ilmٍ
ՓȍľфľɗҡĀľѸɗǣ͑ҡľѸĀľɗƸɗľĀĀľËľѸľĀ˔ɗ͑ǣѸ‫ل‬،ؓ‫ˇإ‬ӕѸҡ¡ľƸΎфľǾΎĀɗѸѸɗĀҡΎ́ɗԮľ
ɗ͑  ¡ӕѸȍٍ ġľӕҡľфΎ͑Ύ̲ֆ ؐؐ ٤Ԯ ؉٧ Ë́́Ѹ ͅΎѸľѸٍ ͑Ύҡȍľф Փɗľ́Āľф ΎƸ Ѹֆ̲Й‫ڎ‬

،ؐ‫؟‬
 Ո‫´ ل‬Ѹɗ́ΎԮٍ ٘ґȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ ɗ͑ æľ͑ҡф́ kѸɗٍٚ ɗ͑ The Realm of the Extra-Humanٍ ľĀ‫ل‬
kǣľȍȍ͑Ā´ȍфҡɗ٤ҽȍľȸǣӕľ‫ͅو‬ΎӕҡΎٍ͑؉‫؜؟إ‬٧ٍ؉ؓ‫لإ‬æƸ‫ل‬Hekhalot Rabbatiٍ‫آ‬؉ٍ
‫ٍؓإ‬؉؆‫ل؜‬
،ؐ‫آ‬
 ˫Йľ́фӕĀٍ٘ґȍ̲͑ɗѸҡɗËǗľҡӕфľѸٍٚ‫إ‬؉‫ل‬
،ؐ‫إ‬
 ´фӕ̲̲ɗҡҡٍ٘ґȍΎՓ̲͑Ύфґȍ̲͑‫ظ‬ٚ‫ل؜ؗ‬
،ؓ؆
 ȸľɗѸѸɗǣٍ٘ґȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲ٚ،ؐ،‫ل‬
،ؓ؉
 kф͑Ύ́ĀٍWildmenٍ؉ؓ؉‫ؓڎ‬،‫ل‬
،ؓ،
 ´фΎՓٍ͑٘ͅľĀɗҡľфф͑ľ͑ґľľфٍٚؐ‫إ‬؉‫ل‬
،ؓؐ
 ƄĀѸΎٍ͑Shamanismٍؓ؉ٍؓ‫ل؜؜ٍ؜‬
،ؓؓ
 ƄĀѸΎٍ͑Shamanismٍؓ‫ل؜‬
،ؓ‫ؗ‬
 kф͑Ύ́ĀٍWildmenٍ؉ؓ؉‫ل‬
،ؓ‫؜‬
 ґľľ´́‫׀‬ľфٍ٘Ǘ́ɗǣȍҡѸΎƸҡȍľґËфľĀٍٚؐ؆‫ؐڎؗ‬؆‫´ٌ؜‬фΎՓٍ͑٘ͅľĀɗҡľфф͑ľ͑ґľľфٍٚؐ‫لؗإ‬
،ؓ‫؟‬
 Ǿ͑ǣ́ΎƸƸٍ̞٘ٔȸΎ̲̲ľĀٔƄ́Ύȍɗٍ̲ٚ‫لإ؜ڎؓ؜‬
،ؓ‫آ‬
 Ǿ͑ǣ́ΎƸƸٍ̞٘ٔȸΎ̲̲ľĀٔƄ́Ύȍɗٍ̲ٚ‫؟ٍؓ؜‬؆‫ل‬
،ؓ‫إ‬
 ͮɗËΎ́Ѹՠֆҡҡٍ٘ġľǣфľľѸΎƸġɗԮɗ͑ɗҡֆٍٚUgarit Forschungenؐ؉٤؉‫إإإ‬٧ٍ‫ل؟ؗڎؐؗآ‬ġӕф‫ڎ‬
ɗ͑ǣ ҡȍľ фľɗǣ͑ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ȸɗҡҡɗҡľ ˔ɗ͑ǣ ͅӕфѸɗ́́ɗѸ ʊʊٍ  ̲٘͑ ΎƸ ǣΎĀٍٚ Shuniyanzaٍ ՓѸ
Ѹӕ̲̲Ύ͑ľĀҡΎфľԮľ́ҡȍľËӕѸľΎƸҡȍľЙ́ǣӕľҡȍҡȍĀѸҡфӕË˔ҡȍľ˔ɗ͑ǣĀΎٌ̲ËɗҡľĀ
ɗ͑Ǿ͑ǣ́ΎƸƸٍ̞٘ٔȸΎ̲̲ľĀٔƄ́Ύȍɗٍ̲ٚ‫؜‬؆͑‫لؓل‬
 ґȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗ͑Ƅф́ֆʊѸфľ́ ؐؐ‫؟‬

ҡȍľҡɗË̲ǣɗË̲́ɗ͑ɗ‫ڎ‬Ѹҡҡӕфֆ٤ͮľȍӕѸҡ͑٧ٍ)is )elohim‫ل‬،‫ؗ‬؆Ո͑ґľҡľфѸ͑ĀΎҡȍľфѸ
ȍԮľľԮľ͑фǣӕľĀƸΎф͑Ύфɗǣɗ̲͑́ľ͑ɗ͑ǣΎƸҡȍľËȍ͑ǣľѸҡΎͅΎѸľѸٔƸËľɗ͑
ƄիΎĀ ؐؓ‫و‬،‫ إ‬Ѹ ٘¡ľËΎ̲ɗ͑ǣ ȍΎф͑ľĀٍٚ ́ɗ˔ľ ґɗľǣƸфɗľĀ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ Nibelungenlied
٤ؐ‫ل‬؉؆؆٧‫ڐ‬ѸɗĀľƸфΎ̲ҡȍľфľƸľфľ͑ËľѸҡΎͅΎѸľѸٍҡȍľԮľф¡ɗѸ́ՓֆѸӕ͑ĀľфѸҡΎΎĀ
ҡΎ ̲ľ͑ ‫ك‬ȍԮľ ȍΎф͑Ѹ‫ ك‬٤ЬѸ ‫ؐوإ؜‬،ٍ ҡȍľ Ύ͑ľ Ύҡȍľф ´ɗ¡́ɗË́ ΎËËӕффľ͑Ëľ٧‫ل‬،‫ؗ‬؉ Ьľф‫ڎ‬
ȍЙѸȍľɗѸɗ͑ѸҡľĀՓľфɗ͑ǣ¡ӕ́́ËфΎՓٍ͑،‫ؗ‬،ΎфЙľфȍЙѸٍѸɗ͑ËľҡȍľфľɗѸ͑Ύ¡ɗ¡‫ڎ‬
́ɗË́ȸľ¡фľՓՓΎфĀƸΎф٘͑ҡ́ľфѸٚ٤&!"#'$(%͑Ā)*)89:;ĀΎ͑ΎҡΎËËӕфɗ͑ҡȍľ
ґľЙҡӕǣɗ͑ҡ٧ ͑Ā Āľľф ȍԮľ ٘ȍΎф͑Ѹٚ ɗ͑ ҡȍľ ´ɗ¡́ľٍ ȍľ ɗѸ Փľфɗ͑ǣ  Ѹȍ̲͑ٔѸ
Āľľф̲Ѹ˔‫ل‬،‫ؐؗ‬
 Ǘɗ͑́́ֆٍՓľҡӕф͑ҡΎѸȍ̲͑ɗËЙфЙȍľф͑́ɗ͑Āҡȍľфӕ¡фɗËѸƸΎфҡȍľɗфӕѸľ‫ل‬
ҽȍľҡľфЙȍɗ̲ՓľфľĀɗѸËӕѸѸľĀ¡ΎԮľ‫ل‬ҽȍľֆ фľƸфľнӕľ͑ҡ́ֆ ̲ľ͑ҡɗΎ͑ľĀ́Ύ͑ǣ‫ڎ‬
ѸɗĀľҡȍľľЙȍΎĀ٤ˇӕĀǣ؉‫وآ‬؉ؓ‫ڎ‬،؆ٌȸΎѸؐ‫ؓو‬٧‫ل‬ʊҡѸɗĀľ͑ҡɗƸɗËҡɗΎ͑ɗѸ́ѸΎЙфΎ¡́ľ̲‫ڎ‬
ҡɗËٌ ҡ ҡȍľ ́ľѸҡٍ ɗҡ ՓѸ ¡Ύҡȍ  ѸЙľËɗ́ ǣф̲ľ͑ҡ ͑Ā  фɗҡӕ́ Ύ¡ʮľËҡ‫ ل‬ѠľƸľф‫ڎ‬
ľ͑ËľѸ ΎӕҡѸɗĀľ ҡȍľ ЙфɗľѸҡ́ֆ ҡľիҡѸ ̲ֆ ͑Ύҡ фľƸľф ҡΎ  ЙȍֆѸɗË́ ɗҡľ̲ ɗĀľ͑ҡɗË́
Փɗҡȍ kфΎ͑ٔѸ ľЙȍΎĀٍ ¡ӕҡ ЙľфȍЙѸ Փľ ѸȍΎӕ́Ā ҡ˔ľ ѸľфɗΎӕѸ́ֆ ƄիΎĀӕѸ ،‫ٍإؐ܂آ‬
ՓȍɗËȍ ̲˔ľѸ ɗҡ ٘͑ ЙфΎ͑́ɗ˔ľ ǣф̲ľ͑ҡٍ ѸӕѸЙľ͑ĀľĀ ƸфΎ̲ ՓɗѸҡ ́ľԮľ́ ĀΎՓ͑‫ڎ‬
ՓфĀ͑Ā˔ľЙҡɗ͑Й́Ëľ¡ֆѸȍΎӕ́ĀľфЙɗľËľѸΎфѸҡфЙѸٌɗҡЙфΎ¡¡́ֆËΎ̲Й́ľҡľ́ֆ
ľ͑ËɗфË́ľĀҡȍľ́ΎՓľф¡ΎĀֆ‫ل‬ٚ،‫ؓؗ‬ƄѸѸľ͑ҡɗ́ҡΎͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗ͑Ѹȍ̲͑ٔѸфľǣ́ɗɗѸ٘͑
ЙфΎ͑ՓȍɗËȍËΎ͑ѸɗѸҡѸΎƸҡЙľфɗ͑ǣѸҡфɗЙѸ¡Ύӕҡ‫آ‬؆Ë̲‫ل‬٤ؐ،ɗ͑ËȍľѸ٧́Ύ͑ǣȍ͑ǣ‫ڎ‬
ɗ͑ǣĀΎՓ͑ƸфΎ̲¡͑Ā¡Ύӕҡ،؆Ë̲‫ل‬٤‫آ‬ɗ͑ËȍľѸ٧ՓɗĀľ‫ل‬ٚ،‫ؗؗ‬ƄիΎĀ؉‫؜وآ‬ѸЙľ˔ѸΎƸ
٘ľЙȍΎĀΎƸǣΎ́ĀٍΎƸ¡́ӕľ͑ĀЙӕфЙ́ľ͑ĀѸËф́ľҡֆф͑Ѹٍ͑ĀΎƸƸɗ͑ľҡՓɗ͑ľĀ́ɗ͑‫ڎ‬
ľٍ͑Ѹ˔ɗ́́Ƹӕ́́ֆՓΎф˔ľĀٍٚ͑ĀҡȍľͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗ͑Ëľфľ̲Ύ͑ɗ́ЙфΎ͑ɗѸ٘ҡՓľ͑ҡֆ‫ڎ‬Ύ͑ľ
ѸҡфɗЙѸՓȍɗËȍфľѸӕ¡ĀɗԮɗĀľĀɗ͑ҡȍľËΎ́ΎӕфѸΎƸҡȍľфɗ͑¡ΎՓ‫ل‬ٚ،‫؜ؗ‬ҽȍľЙфΎ͑ɗѸ
Ëľ͑ҡф́ҡΎѸȍ̲͑ɗËËΎѸҡӕ̲ľѸ̲Ύ͑ǣ̲ΎѸҡḱҡɗËЙľΎЙ́ľѸ‫ل‬،‫؟ؗ‬
 ´ӕҡ Փȍҡ ̲ΎѸҡ фľѸľ̲¡́ľѸ ҡȍľ ̲٘ǣɗË́ٚ фɗҡӕ́Ѹ ΎƸ ҡȍľ ͑Ëɗľ͑ҡ ͮľфƄѸҡ
фľҡȍľЙӕфɗҡֆ́ՓѸΎƸҡȍľЬľ͑ҡҡľӕËȍ‫ل‬،‫آؗ‬ҽȍľͅľѸΎЙΎҡ̲ɗ̲͑ͮ¡ӕф¡ɗҡľիҡѸ
фľ Ԯľфֆ Ë́ΎѸľ ҡΎ ҡȍľ фɗҡӕ́ ЙфΎËľĀӕфľѸ ƸΎф Āľ́ɗ͑ǣ Փɗҡȍ ËѸľѸ ΎƸ ѸӕѸЙľËҡľĀ

،‫ؗ‬؆
 ˇΎȍ͑ѸΎ͑ ҽľ͑ǣ ˫Ύ˔ ̞ɗٍ̲ The Sin of Moses and the Staff of God ٤ґҡӕĀɗ ґľ̲ɗҡɗË
ͮľľф́͑ĀɗËؐ‫ٌؗ‬kѸѸľ͑‫و‬Ո͑ǾΎфËӕٍ̲؉‫؟إإ‬٧ٍ؉‫لؐ؜‬
،‫ؗ‬؉
 ˇΎȍ͑ Ո͑ ґľҡľфѸٍ Life of Moses ٤˫̲Йľ͑‫˫ و‬Ύ˔ ЬȍфΎѸٍ ؉‫ؓإإ‬٧ٍ ؐ‫ ٌ؟ؗ‬Ƅ‫ ل‬Ǿ‫ ل‬ґӕȍфٍ
٘ҽȍľȸΎф͑ľĀͅΎѸľѸٍٚǗΎ́˔́Ύфľ‫ؓ؟‬٤؉‫ؐ؜إ‬٧‫إڎ؟آؐو‬؆‫ل‬
،‫ؗ‬،
 ǾΎ́Ā̲̲ľфٍ٘Ƅ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡľٍٚ،‫آ‬؆‫لؐآڎ‬
،‫ؐؗ‬
 ǾΎ́Ā̲̲ľфٍ٘Ƅ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡľٍٚ،‫لؐآ‬
،‫ؓؗ‬
 æфΎ́ ͅľֆľфѸٍ ٘ƄЙȍΎĀٍٚ The Anchor Bible Dictionaryٍ ،‫ؗؗو‬؆ ٤ͮľՓ ֤Ύф˔‫ و‬ġΎӕ¡́ľ‫ڎ‬
Āֆٍ؉‫ٍ؜إإ‬Ë؉‫إإ‬،٧‫ل‬
،‫ؗؗ‬
 ȸľɗѸѸɗǣٍ٘ґȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲ٚ،ؐ‫ل؟‬
،‫؜ؗ‬
 ȸľɗѸѸɗǣٍ٘ґȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲ٚ،ؐ‫ل؟‬
،‫؟ؗ‬
 ȸľɗѸѸɗǣٍ٘ґȍ̲͑ɗѸٍ̲ٚ،ؐ‫لإ‬ǾΎ́Ā̲̲ľфѸӕǣǣľѸҡľĀ́Ύ͑ǣǣΎɗ͑ƸΎΎҡ͑Ύҡľҡȍҡҡȍľ
ľЙȍΎĀՓѸ٘Schamanenkostümٌٚ٘Ƅ́ľ̲ľ͑ҡľٍٚ،‫ل͑آ؟‬؉‫ل‬
،‫آؗ‬
 æфֆľфٍ ٘ͅǣɗË ɗ͑ k͑Ëɗľ͑ҡ ґֆфɗ‫ڎ‬Ь́ľѸҡɗ͑ľٍٚ ؉،؉‫ ل‬æƸ‫ ل‬Sar Panimٍ ‫؜‬،ٌؐ Merkavah
Rabbaٍ‫آ؜‬؉‫لؓآڎ‬ġԮɗ́ՓфɗҡľѸٍ٘ʊҡɗѸ͑Ύҡɗ̲ЙΎѸѸɗ¡́ľҡȍҡՓȍҡՓľËΎӕ́ĀфľѸΎ͑¡́ֆ
Ë́́  َѸȍ̲͑ɗËٔ ҡфĀɗҡɗΎ͑ ȍѸ ɗ͑Ƹ́ӕľ͑ËľĀ ҡȍľ ̲ҡľфɗ́ ¡Ύӕҡ ˇľѸӕѸٌٚ ٘ȸľ́˔ȍ́Ύҡ
̞ɗҡľфҡӕфľٍٚ‫لآآ؟‬
ؐؐ‫آ‬ Ѡ‫ل‬ġ‫ͅل‬ɗ́́ľфʊʊ 

٘́ľЙфΎѸֆ‫ل‬ٚ،‫إؗ‬ǗфľĀľфɗË˔æфֆľфȍѸΎӕҡ́ɗ͑ľĀҡȍľѸľЙф́́ľ́Ѹ͑ĀҡȍΎѸľΎƸΎҡȍľф
Йӕфɗҡֆ ́ľǣɗѸ́ҡɗΎ͑ ҡΎ ҡȍľ Shurpu ЙфΎҡľËҡɗԮľ ɗ͑Ë͑ҡҡɗΎ͑Ѹ‫ل‬،‫؜‬؆ Ǘф ƸфΎ̲ ¡ľɗ͑ǣ
ËΎԮľфҡٍ ٘ЙΎЙӕ́ф фľ́ɗǣɗΎٍ͑ٚ ȍɗĀĀľ͑ ƸфΎ̲ ҡȍľ ֤ȍՓɗѸҡɗË ʊ͑нӕɗѸɗҡɗΎٍ͑ Āľҡɗ́ľĀ
фӕ¡фɗËѸ ƸΎф ҡȍľ ٘ՠҡľф ΎƸ ´ɗҡҡľф͑ľѸѸٚ ΎфĀľ́ ٤ͮӕ̲ ‫وؗ‬؉،‫ؐڎ‬؉٧ фľ Йфҡ ΎƸ ҡȍľ
Ë͑Ύ͑‫ل‬،‫؜‬؉k͑Ā́́ΎƸҡȍɗѸ̞٘ՓٍٚҡȍľѸľфӕ́ľѸƸΎффɗҡӕ́Ѹȍ̲͑ɗËËҡɗԮɗҡֆٍфľ
ԮΎӕËȍѸƸľĀ͑Ā́ľǣɗҡɗ̲ɗ‫׀‬ľĀ¡ֆҡȍľɗфѸľËфľҡфľԮľ́ҡɗΎ͑ҡΎͅΎѸľѸҡȍľґȍ̲͑
٤ƄիΎĀ‫و؜‬،‫؟و؟ڎ‬٧‫ل‬،‫؜‬،
 ҽȍľфľ́ɗǣɗΎ͑ΎƸľф́ֆʊѸфľ́ËΎффľѸЙΎ͑ĀѸË́ΎѸľ́ֆҡΎҡȍľЙфիľѸ͑ĀľիЙľфɗ‫ڎ‬
ľ͑ËľѸ ҡȍҡ ͑ҡȍфΎЙΎ́ΎǣɗѸҡѸ фľЙΎфҡ ҡΎ ¡ľ ɗ͑ҡľǣф́ ҡΎ Ѹȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ ́́ ΎԮľф ҡȍľ
ՓΎф́Āٍ Փɗҡȍ ͅΎ͑ǣΎ́ɗ Ѹ  ЙфĀɗǣ̲ҡɗË ľի̲Й́ľ‫ ل‬ҽȍľ фËȍľΎ́ΎǣɗË́ ľԮɗ‫ڎ‬
Āľ͑ËľƸΎффľ́ɗǣɗΎ͑Ë͑¡ľѸҡ¡ľľիЙ́ɗ͑ľĀՓɗҡȍɗ͑ҡȍľËΎ͑Ѹҡľ́́ҡɗΎ͑ΎƸЙфËҡɗËľѸ
͑Ā ľիЙľфɗľ͑ËľѸ ΎƸ Ѹȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲‫ ل‬ՈľѸҡɗǣľѸ ΎƸ ѸӕËȍ  фľ́ɗǣɗΎ͑ фľ Й́ľ͑ҡɗƸӕ́ ɗ͑
ҡȍľȸľ¡фľՓ´ɗ¡́ľ‫ل‬،‫ؐ؜‬

،‫إؗ‬
 æфֆľфٍ٘ͅǣɗËɗ͑k͑Ëɗľ͑ҡґֆфɗ‫ڎ‬Ь́ľѸҡɗ͑ľٍٚ؉ؐ‫ل؟‬
،‫؜‬؆
 æфֆľфٍ٘ͅǣɗËɗ͑k͑Ëɗľ͑ҡґֆфɗ‫ڎ‬Ь́ľѸҡɗ͑ľٍٚ؉ؐ‫ل؟‬
،‫؜‬؉
 æфֆľфٍ٘ͅǣɗËɗ͑k͑Ëɗľ͑ҡґֆфɗ‫ڎ‬Ь́ľѸҡɗ͑ľٍٚ؉ؓ،‫ل‬
،‫؜‬،
 ḱ̞͑ľ͑‫׀‬ɗٍSecrecy and the Gods ٤ՠɗ͑Ύ̞͑˔ľ‫و‬ƄɗѸľ͑¡фӕ͑Ѹٍ،؆؆‫آ‬٧ٍ،‫ٍؗ؟‬،‫ٍآآڎإ؟‬
ؐ؆ؐ‫ؐڎ‬؆ؓ‫ل‬
،‫ؐ؜‬
 Ϙ͑ҡȍľҡȍľΎ́ΎǣɗË́ɗ̲Й́ɗËҡɗΎ͑ѸΎƸҡȍɗѸѸӕ¡‫ڎ‬Ëӕффľ͑ҡƸΎф̲ΎĀľф̲͑ľҡЙȍֆѸɗËѸٍѸľľ
ҡȍľ Ѹ‫ڎ‬ֆľҡ ӕ͑Йӕ¡́ɗѸȍľĀ ľѸѸֆ ٘ҽȍľ ҽфɗ͑ɗҡֆ ɗ͑ ͅľѸΎЙΎҡ̲ɗ͑ ЬľфѸЙľËҡɗԮľٚ ¡ֆ
ǾɗΎфǣɗΎ´ӕËËľ́́ҡɗ‫ل‬
 ґȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗ͑Ƅф́ֆʊѸфľ́ ؐؐ‫إ‬


Ǘɗǣӕфľ؉‫֤ل‬ӕЙɗË̲Ѹ˔ƸфΎ̲ϘȍΎǣ̲ɗӕҡٍḱѸ˔‫ل‬ґ̲ɗҡȍѸΎ͑ɗ͑ͅӕѸľӕ̲ΎƸͮҡӕф́ȸɗѸ‫ڎ‬
ҡΎфֆٍġľЙфҡ̲ľ͑ҡΎƸk͑ҡȍфΎЙΎ́Ύǣֆٍɗҡľ̲Ƅؓ‫ڎؓآإآ‬؆٘ͅѸ˔‫ڐ‬ġľľфґЙɗфɗҡ؉‫ل‬ٚԆѸľĀ¡ֆ
Йľф̲ɗѸѸɗΎ͑‫ل‬ЬȍΎҡΎǣфЙȍ¡ֆѠΎ¡ľфҡͅɗ́́ľф‫ل‬


Ǘɗǣӕфľ،‫ل‬т‫ـ‬ľнËȍɗͅֆ̲͑Ѹ˔‫ل‬ґ̲ɗҡȍѸΎ͑ɗ͑ͮҡɗΎ͑́ͅӕѸľӕ̲ΎƸҡȍľk̲ľфɗË͑ʊ͑Āɗ‫ڎ‬
ٍ͑ɗҡľ̲؉‫لؗإؓ؜ڈآ‬ЬȍΎҡΎËΎӕфҡľѸֆΎƸͮҡɗΎ͑́ͅӕѸľӕ̲ΎƸҡȍľk̲ľфɗË͑ʊ͑Āɗ͑‫ل‬ԆѸľĀ
¡ֆЙľф̲ɗѸѸɗΎ͑‫ل‬
ؐؓ؆ Ѡ‫ل‬ġ‫ͅل‬ɗ́́ľфʊʊ 


Ǘɗǣӕфľؐ‫ل‬æѸҡΎƸ٘ġľľф‫ڎ͑ͅڎ‬ǾΎĀ̲ٚѸ˔ƸфΎ̲˫ľֆͅфËΎ‫ل‬ґ̲ɗҡȍѸΎ͑ɗ͑ͅӕѸľӕ̲ΎƸ
ͮҡӕф́ȸɗѸҡΎфֆٍġľЙфҡ̲ľ͑ҡΎƸk͑ҡȍфΎЙΎ́Ύǣֆٍɗҡľ̲k،ؓ؆‫؟‬؆‫ڎ؟‬؆٘æѸҡѸΎƸՠΎΎĀľ͑
َġľľф‫ڎ͑ͅڎ‬ǾΎĀ‫ٔل‬ٚԆѸľĀ¡ֆЙľф̲ɗѸѸɗΎ͑‫ل‬ЬȍΎҡΎǣфЙȍ¡ֆѠΎ¡ľфҡͅɗ́́ľф‫ل‬


Ǘɗǣӕфľؓ‫´̞ل‬ʊʊ̲Ѹ˔ƸфΎ̲ȸ‫׀‬Ύф‫̞ل‬ɗ͑ľĀфՓɗ͑ǣ¡ֆѠΎ¡ľфҡͅɗ́́ľф‫ل‬


 ґȍ̲͑ɗѸ̲ɗ͑Ƅф́ֆʊѸфľ́ ؐؓ؉


Ǘɗǣӕфľ‫لؗ‬ʊËΎ͑ɗË‫ڎ‬Ƅ͑ҡΎЙɗËԆЙЙľфЬ́ľΎ́ɗҡȍɗËфҡ‫ل‬ǗфΎ̲̞ľՓɗѸ‫ڎ‬ՠɗ́́ɗ̲Ѹ͑ĀġΎՓѸΎٍ͑
٘ґɗǣ͑Ѹٚ‫ل‬


Ǘɗǣӕфľ‫ل؜‬ʊËΎ͑ɗË‫ڎ‬Ƅ͑ҡΎЙɗËɗ̲ǣľфֆƸфΎ̲˫ӕ͑ҡɗ́́ľҡkʮфӕĀ‫̞ل‬ɗ͑ľĀфՓɗ͑ǣ¡ֆѠΎ¡ľфҡ
ͅɗ́́ľф‫ل‬