Bilingual Training Center: First Level English Book

Bilingual Training Center
Are you ready to take the challenge?

We hope so!
First Level English Book
By. BA, Jyuber Alvarez

Bilingual Training Center ______________________
 Cover Design : Jyuber Alvarez
 Text Design : Jyuber Alvarez
Copyright © 2013 by. Jyuber Alvarez
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or any means,
electronic or mechanical including photocopy, or incorporated into any information
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author.
Printed in Nicaragua, Central America.
i
FOREWORD
People who have studied English for three or four years (and maybe six or seven
years) do not have the necessary elements that let them to communicate with
usefulness in this worldwide language. Their vague and diffuse knowledge are
misused and being not useful, are not operative.
To react against this vagueness, this lacking of clarity in the knowledge – and
that practical uselessness – the author of the present method has opted for:
1. To assure a good and complete knowledge about the language principal

bases more than treating to describe its mechanism without worrying about
its true acquisition.
2. To watch that the whole presented elements (Grammar, Pronunciation,
vocabulary, Anglo-Saxon Culture) are assimilated completely, and so, they
are practically usable.
3. To prepare all the English learners in the different aspects of daily life such
as: sociologist aspect, technological aspect, didactical aspect and
psychologist aspect.
This book contains 14 units; each unit has its own purpose. It also contains a lot
of sections containing Listening Comprehension, in which, you hear speaking
people in many different contexts. You can practice these lessons alone or with
a partner if you want to get to be a very good English speaker with the many
speaking and writing activities.
We think you will enjoy using this book and hope you become a good English
speaker. Are you ready to take the challenge? We hope so! Good luck!
BA, Jyuber Alvarez

ii
PREFACIO
Las personas que han estudiado inglés durante tres o cuatro años (y quizás seis
o siete años) no tienen los elementos necesarios que les permitan comunicarse
con utilidad en este idioma mundial. Sus conocimientos vagos y difusos están
mal empleados y siendo no útiles, no son operativos.
Para reaccionar contra esta vaguedad, esta carencia de claridad en los

conocimientos – y esa inutilidad práctica – el autor del presente método ha
optado por:
1. Asegurar un conocimiento bueno y completo sobre las bases principales del

idioma más que tratar de describir su mecanismo sin preocuparse de su
verdadera adquisición.
2. Velar que todos los elementos presentados (Gramática, pronunciación,
vocabulario, cultura anglosajona) sean completamente asimiladas, y así,
sean utilizables prácticamente.
3. Preparar a todos los estudiantes del inglés en los diferentes aspectos de la
vida cotidiana tales como: aspecto sociológico, aspecto tecnológico, aspecto
didáctico y aspecto psicológico.
Este libro contiene 14 unidades; cada unidad tiene su propio propósito. También
contiene varias secciones que contienen comprensión auditiva, en la cual, oyes
gente hablando en muchos contextos diferentes. Puedes practicar estas
lecciones solo o en pareja si quieres llegar a ser un muy buen hablante del inglés
con las muchas actividades de habla y escritura.
Pensamos que disfrutarás utilizar este libro y esperamos que llegues a ser un
buen hablante del inglés. ¿Estás listo (a) para tomar el reto? ¡Esperamos que sí!
¡Buena Suerte!
BA, Jyuber Alvarez
iii
INDEX
FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................... ii
PREFACIO...................................................................................................................................... iii
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH LANGUAGE ......................................................................... 1
THE ENGLISH ALPHABET................................................................................................................ 1
GREETINGS AND OTHER USEFUL EXPRESSIONS TO MAKE A CONVERSATION.............................. 2
Exercise.......................................................................................................................................... 3
Homework: .................................................................................................................................... 4
THE DAYS OF THE WEEK ................................................................................................................ 5
CARDINAL POINTS ......................................................................................................................... 5
THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR........................................................................................................... 5
THE COLORS .................................................................................................................................. 6
PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY ....................................................................................................... 6
ORDINAL NUMBERS ...................................................................................................................... 8
CARDINAL NUMBERS..................................................................................................................... 9
CLASSROOM VOCABULARY ......................................................................................................... 10
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES .................................................................................................... 11
TELLING THE TIME ....................................................................................................................... 13
SEASONS OF THE YEAR ................................................................................................................ 15
THE VOCABULARY OF JOBS AND PROFESSIONS IN ENGLISH ...................................................... 15
DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLE............................................................................................. 16
 DEFINITE ARTICLE “A/AN” ................................................................................................... 16
 USOS DE “A/AN”.................................................................................................................. 16
GRAMMATICAL RULES: REGLAS GRAMATICALES........................................................................ 17
DEFINITE ARTICLE “THE” ............................................................................................................. 18
ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS THAT ALWAYS NEED THE DEFINITE ARTICLE “THE” ........................... 18
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES.............................................................................................................. 19
UNIT II: EXPRESSING EXISTENCE.................................................................................................. 20
1. THERE IS AND THERE ARE.................................................................................................... 20
GRAMMATICAL FORMULAE: FORMULAS GRAMATICALES ......................................................... 20
 AFFIRMATIVE : ..................................................................................................................... 20
 NEGATIVE ............................................................................................................................ 21
 QUESTION............................................................................................................................ 21
iv
INTERROGATIVE WORDS CLOSELY RELATED TO “THERE IS” & “THERE ARE”: HOW MUCH? AND
HOW MANY? ............................................................................................................................... 22
THE USE OF “SOME”, “ANY”, “NOT ANY” & “NO” ...................................................................... 23
 NEGATIVE QUESTION .......................................................................................................... 23
EXERCISES: ................................................................................................................................... 24
2. EXPRESSING EXISTENCE IN PAST TENSE: THERE WAS AND THERE WERE ........................... 26
GRAMMATICAL FORMULAS: FORMULAS GRAMATICALES ......................................................... 26
 AFFIRMATIVE ....................................................................................................................... 26
 NEGATIVE ............................................................................................................................ 26
 QUESTION............................................................................................................................ 27
 NEGATIVE QUESTION .......................................................................................................... 27
 NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE................................................................................................. 27
LISTENING COMPREHENSION: .................................................................................................... 28
VOCABULARY............................................................................................................................... 28
COUNTRIES AND NATIONALITIES ................................................................................................ 29
UNIT III: GETTING TO KNOW EACH OTHER ................................................................................. 31
1. GRAMMAR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE: GRAMÁTICA DEL IDIOMA INGLÉS .................... 31
1.1. ¿Qué es la gramática? ..................................................................................................... 31
2. PRESENT INDICATIVE TENSE OR INDICATIVE MOOD IN PRESENT TENSE ........................... 31
2.1. CONJUGACIÓN DEL VERBO “TO BE”................................................................................ 31
GRAMMATICAL FORMULAS ........................................................................................................ 32
 AFFIRMATIVE ....................................................................................................................... 32
 NEGATIVE ............................................................................................................................ 33
 QUESTION............................................................................................................................ 35
NICARAGUAN BY THE GRACE OF GOD ........................................................................................ 37
MEETING NEW FRIENDS .............................................................................................................. 38
IT´S A BIG CITY ............................................................................................................................. 38
FURTHER VOCABULARY: ............................................................................................................. 38
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS ...................................................................................................... 39
FURTHER VOCABULARY............................................................................................................... 41
PAST INDICATIVE TENSE OR INDICATIVE MOOD IN PAST TENSE ................................................ 42
HE WAS A VERY BUSY MAN......................................................................................................... 45
UNIT IV: SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ................................................................................................ 46
REGLA GRAMATICAL PARA LA TERCERA PERSONA DEL SINGULAR: HE, SHE, IT ......................... 46
v
¿Qué es el infinitivo? ................................................................................................................... 47
EL ERROR DE CACOFONIA: .......................................................................................................... 48
¿Qué es cacofonía? ..................................................................................................................... 48
MY DAILY ROUTINES.................................................................................................................... 54
MY FIRST DAY OF SCHOOL .......................................................................................................... 55
CALLING A FRIEND ....................................................................................................................... 55
UNIT IV: PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE...................................................................................... 56
SPELLING RULES FOR THE FORMATION OF THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE ....................................... 57
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE WITH FUTURE CONNOTATION ............................................................. 60
FUTURE WITH “GOING TO” + VERB............................................................................................. 62
AT A PARTY .................................................................................................................................. 63
I´M GOING TO VISIT HER TOMORROW MORNING ..................................................................... 64
I DON´T WANT TO GO TO THE GYM ............................................................................................ 65
UNIT VI: PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE ............................................................................................ 66
IMMEDIATE PAST “GOING TO” + VERB ....................................................................................... 68
HE WASN’T GOING TO GO TO THE CINEMA ............................................................................... 69
UNIT VII: SIMPLE PAST TENSE ..................................................................................................... 73
WE PAINTED THE KITCHEN ON THE WEEKEND ........................................................................... 77
DID YOU WASH THE DISHES? ...................................................................................................... 77
SHE HATES YOU! .......................................................................................................................... 78
UNIT VIII: OBJECT PRONOUNS AND PREPOSITIONS OF TIME ..................................................... 79
UNIT IX: THE USE OF “HOW MUCH” & “HOW MANY” ................................................................ 80
UNIT X: THE USE OF “MUCH”, “MANY”, “A LITTLE”, “A FEW”, “VERY” & “TWO”....................... 81
UNIT XI: WH-QUESTIONS AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS ................................................................ 83
OMETEPE ISLAND ........................................................................................................................ 84
UNIT XII: RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS “EACH OTHER” & “ONE ANOTHER” .................................... 85
UNIT XIII: THE FORMATION OF PLURALS .................................................................................... 88
GREEK AND LATIN PLURAL NOUNS ............................................................................................. 89
UNIT IX: MODAL VERBS ............................................................................................................... 90
vi
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH LANGUAGE
THE ENGLISH ALPHABET
El alfabeto se utiliza para formar palabras, enumerar incisos, y enseñar un

idioma. El alfabeto inglés a diferencia del castellano carece de las letras CH, LL
y Ñ.
 Spell the following words // Deletree las siguientes palabras:

1. Book
2. Table
3. Backpack TIP BOX
4. Matagalpa
También se puede
5. Nicaragua
deletrear:
6. Juigalpa
7. Horse BOOK  b-double o-k
1
GREETINGS AND OTHER USEFUL EXPRESSIONS TO MAKE A
CONVERSATION
1. Hello, Hi!: ¡Hola!

2. Good morning!: ¡Buenos días!
3. Good afternoon!: ¡Buenas Tardes!
4. Good evening!: ¡Buenas noches! (se usa al llegar)
5. Good night!: ¡Buenas noches! (se usa al despedirse)
6. My name is // My name´s ..: Mi nombre es…// Yo me llamo…
7. I am from // I’m from..: Soy de…
8. I come from ..: Soy originario de…
9. I live in..: Vivo en…
10. My favorite color is ..: Mi color favorito es…
11. My favorite music is..: Mi música favorita es…
12. My favorite food is ..: Mi comida favorita es …
13. My favorite artist is ..: Mi artista favorito es …
14. How old are you? : ¿Cuántos años tienes?, ¿Que edad tienes?
15. I am _______ years old: Tengo _______ años.
16. How are you?: ¿Cómo estas?
17. I’m fine, thanks!: Estoy bién, ¡Gracias!
18. How are you doing? : ¿Cómo te va?
19. I’m doing well!: ¡Me va bién!
20. How is it going? : ¿Cómo te va?
21. Just fine! : ¡Muy bien!
22. How are you getting along? : ¿Cómo te va?
23. Not too bad!: ¡No tan mal!
24. My cell phone number is ..: Mi número de celular es…
25. My address is ..: Mi dirección es…
26. My mom’s name is ..: El nombre de mi mamá es …
27. Mi dad’s name is ..: El nombre de mi papá es …
28. I work in ..: Trabajo en…
29. I don’t work: No trabajo.
30. I don’t speak English! : ¡No hablo inglés!
31. I have _______ sister (s): Tengo _______ Hermana (s).
32. I have _______ brother (s): Tengo ______ hermano (s).
33. I don`t have sister (s): No tengo Hermana (s).
34. I don’t have brother (s): No tengo hermano (s).
35. I am single: Estoy soltero (a).
36. I am married: Estoy casado (a).
37. I’m engaged: Estoy comprometido (a).
38. I study in...: Estudio en…
39. I don’t study: No estudio.
2
40. My hobby is ...: Mi pasa tiempo es…
41. My hobbies are ..: Mis pasa tiempos son…
42. My favorite sport is ..: Mi deporte favorito es …
43. I don’t feel very well: No me siento muy bien.
44. Take a seat, please! : Sientese por favor.
45. You’re welcome! : ¡De nada!
Exercise: Complete the gaps

Hello!
What’s your name?
My name is _________________________________.
Where are you from? (¿De dónde eres?)
I’m from __________________.
Where do you come from? (¿De dónde eres originario?)
I come from ____________________.
Where do you live? (¿Dónde vives?)
I live in _______________________.
How old are you?
I’m _______ years old.
How many brothers or sisters do you have? (¿Cuántos hermanos (as) tienes?)
I have ______ sister (s) and _______ brother (s).
I only have _______ sister (s).
I only have ______ brother (s).
I don’t have siblings.
What’s your mom’s name? (¿Cómo se llama tu mamá?, ¿Cuál es el nombre de
tu mamá?)
My mom’s name is __________________________.
What’s your dad’s name?
My dad’s name is ___________________________.
What’s your favorite color? (¿Cuál es tu color favorito?)
My favorite color is __________________________.
What’s your favorite food? (¿Cuál es tu comida favorita?)
My favorite food is ______________________.
What’s your favorite artist? (¿Cuál es tu artista favorito?)
My favorite artist is ______________________.
Where do you study? (¿Dónde estudias?)
I study in _______________________________.
What’s your favorite sport? (¿Cuál es tu deporte favorito?)
My favorite sport is ___________________________.
What’s your cell phone number? (¿Cuál es tu número de celular?)
My cell phone number is __________________________.
What’s your favorite hobby? (¿Cuál es tu pasa tiempo favorito?)
Are you single or married? (¿Estas soltero (a) o casado (a)?)
3
Homework: Introduce yourself in front of all your classmates and teacher.
Write your introduction in the gaps below:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
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4
THE DAYS OF THE WEEK
1. Sunday /sándei/ : Domingo

2. Monday /mándei/ : Lunes
3. Tuesday /tiúsdei/ : Martes
4. Wednesday /uénsdei/ : Miércoles
5. Thursday /zérsdei/ : Jueves
6. Friday /fráidei/ : Viernes
7. Saturday /sárurdei/ : Sábado
CARDINAL POINTS
1. East /íst/ : Este 4. South /sáuz/ : Sur

2. West /uést/ : Oeste 5. North west: Noroeste
3. North /nórz/ : Norte 6. South west: Suroeste
THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR
 January /yániueri/ : Enero

 February /fébiueri/ : Febrero
 March /márch/ : Marzo
 April /éiprol/ : Abril
 May /méi/ : Mayo
 June /yún/ : Junio
 July /yolái/ : Julio
 August /ógost/ : Agosto
 September /septémber/ : Septiembre
 October /aktóuber/ : Octubre
 November /nouvember/ : Noviembre
 December /dicémber/ : Diciembre
5
THE COLORS
1. Blue: Azúl, azules.
2. Beige: Crema.
3. Brown: Café, marrón.
4. Black: Negro.
5. Green: Verde.
6. Gray: Gris.
7. Golden: Dorado.
8. Light blue: Celeste.
9. Light purple: Lila.
10. Orange: Anaranjado, naranja.
11. Pink: Rosado.
12. Red: Rojo.
13. Reddish: Rojizo.
14. Sky-blue: Azúl cielo.
15. Silver: Plateado.
16. Violet: Violeta.
17. White: Blanco.
18. Whitish: Blancuzco.
19. Yellow: Amarillo.
PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY
The basic parts of the human body are the following:
 Head: Cabeza. Forehead: Frente.

 Eyebrow: Ceja. Hair: Cabello.
 Eyelash: Pestaña. Scalp: Cuero cabelludo.
 Eyelid: Párpado. Skull: Cráneo.
 Nose: Nariz. Eye: Ojo.
 Mustache: Bigote. Ear: Oreja, oído.
 Upper lip: Labio superior. Face: Cara.
 Lower lip: Labio inferior. Beard: Barba.
 Lips: Labios. Mouth: Boca.
 Gum: Encías. Tooth, teeth: Diente, dientes.
 Chin: Barbilla, mentón. Cheek: Mejilla
 Neck: Cuello. Jaw: Quijada.
6
 Shoulder: Hombro. Nape: Nuca.
 Breast: Pecho, seno (de mujer). Chest: Pecho (de hombre).
 Elbow: Codo. Arm: Brazo.
 Hand: Mano. Wrist: Muñeca.
 Toe nails: Uñas de los pies. Finger nails: Uñas de las manos.
 Index finger: Dedo índice. Knee: Rodilla.
 Forefinger: Dedo índice. Liver: Hígado.
 Ring finger: Anular. Foot, feet: Pie, pies.
 Middle finger: Dedo de en medio. Brain: Cerebro.
 Thumb: Pulgar. Heel: Talón.
 Small finger: Pulgar. Sole: Planta del pie.
 Spinal cord: Médula espinal. Spinal/Vertebral column: Columna
vertebral.
 Large intestine: Intestino grueso. Ankle: Tobillo.
 Small intestine: Intestino Delgado. Abdomen: Abdomen.
 Anus: Ano. Bladder: Vejiga.
 Penis: Pene. Gallbladder: Vesícula biliar.
 Heart: Corazón. Cerebellum: Cerebelo.
 Vagina: Vagina. Belly botton: Ombligo.
 Kidneys: Riñones. Navel: Ombligo.
 Lungs: Pulmones. Tonsils: Amígdalas.
 Femur: Fémur Thighbone: Fémur.
 Groin: Ingle Clitoris: Clítoris
 Uvula: Campanilla Thorax: Tórax
 Suprarenal gland: Glándula Suprarenal.
 Armpit: Axila Scrotum: Escroto.
 Buttock: Nalga Appendix: Apéndice.
 Pancreas: Páncreas Stomach: Estómago
 Windpipe: Tráquea Pharynx: Faringe.
 Larynx: Laringe Trachea: Tráquea
7
ORDINAL NUMBERS
Los números ordinales son aquellos que denotan orden. Como decir “quinto
lugar”, “tercer grado”, “segundo año”, “cuarto año”, etc., a diferencia de los
números cardinales que denotan cantidad y colectividad.
En Español, al escribir “quinto” por ejemplo, lo hacemos así: 5o. En inglés, en vez
del pequeño cero al lado derecho del número, se escribe la terminación “TH”, a
excepción de: “primero”, “segundo” y “tercero” que tienen terminaciones
diferentes.
1st First Primero

2nd Second Segundo
3rd Third Tercero
4th Fourth Cuarto
5th Fifth Quinto
6th Sixth Sexto
7th Seventh Sétimo
8th Eighth Octavo
9th Ninth Noveno
10th Tenth Décimo
11th Eleventh Décimo primero
12th Twelfth Décimo segundo
13th Thirteenth Décimo tercero
14th Fourteenth Décimo cuarto
15th Fifteenth Décimo quinto
16th Sixteenth Décimo sexto
17th Seventeenth Décimo sétimo
18th Eighteenth Décimo octavo
19th Nineteenth Décimo noveno
20th Twentieth Vigésimo
21st Twenty-first Vigésimo primero
22nd Twenty-second Vigésimo segundo
23rd Twenty-third Vigésimo tercero
24th Twenty-fourth Vigésimo cuarto
25th Twenty-fifth Vigésimo quinto
26th Twenty-sixth Vigésimo sexto
27th Twenty-seventh Vigésimo sétimo
28th Twenty-eighth Vigésimo octavo
29th Twenty-ninth Vigésimo noveno
30th Thirtieth Trigésimo
31th Thirty-first Trigésimo primero
8
CARDINAL NUMBERS
1 One 100 One hundred
2 Two 110 One hundred and ten
3 Three 120 One hundred and twenty
4 Four 125 One hundred and twenty-five
5 Five 130 One hundred and thirty
6 Six 140 One hundred and forty
7 Seven 150 One hundred and fifty
8 Eight 190 One hundred and ninety
9 Nine 200 Two hundred
10 Ten 201 Two hundred and one
11 Eleven 300 Three hundred
12 Twelve 400 Four hundred
13 Thirteen 500 Five hundred
14 Fourteen 600 Six hundred
15 Fifteen 700 Seven hundred
16 Sixteen 800 Eight hundred
17 Seventeen 900 Nine hundred
18 Eighteen 1000 One thousand
19 Nineteen 1001 One thousand and one
20 Twenty 1010 One thousand and ten
21 Twenty-one 1100 Eleven hundred
22 Twenty-two 1200 Twelve hundred
23 Twenty-three 1500 Fifteen hundred
24 Twenty-four 2000 Two thousand
25 Twenty-five 2500 Twenty-five hundred
26 Twenty-six 3000 Three thousand
27 Twenty-seven 4000 Four thousand
28 Twenty-eight 5000 Five thousand
29 Twenty-nine 6000 Six thousand
30 Thirty 7000 Seven thousand
31 Thirty-one 8000 Eight thousand
32 Thirty-two 9000 Nine thousand
33 Thirty-three 10,000 Ten thousand
34 Thirty-four 10,100 Ten thousand and one hundred
35 Thirty-five 10,500 Ten thousand and five hundred
36 Thirty-six 11,000 Eleven thousand
37 Thirty-seven 12,000 Twelve thousand
38 Thirty-eight 13,000 Thirteen thousand
39 Thirty-nine 14,000 Fourteen thousand
40 Forty 15,000 Fifteen thousand
50 Fifty 16,000 Sixteen thousand
60 Sixty 17,000 Seventeen thousand
70 Seventy 18,000 Eighteen thousand
80 Eighty 19,000 Nineteen thousand
90 Ninety 20,000 Twenty thousand
9
CLASSROOM VOCABULARY
1. Air conditioning: Aire acondicionado 41. Picture: Foto, cuadro

2. Book: Libro 42. Phrase: Frase
3. Box: Caja 43. Partner: Compañero
4. Ballpoint pen: Bolígrafo 44. Question: Pregunta
5. Board: Pizarra, mesa 45. Rule: Regla
6. Backpack: Mochila 46. Ruler: Regla
7. Break: Receso 47. Student: Estudiante
8. Ceiling: Cielo razo 48. Spiral notebook: Cuaderno
9. Ceiling fan: Abanico de techo 49. School bag: Mochila
10. Chair: Silla 50. Sheet: Hoja
11. Classroom: Salón de clases, aula. 51. Scissors: Tijeras
12. Class: Clase 52. Sentence: Oración
13. Clock: Reloj 53. Teacher: Profesor (a).
14. Computer: Computadora 54. Telephone: Teléfono
15. Classmate: Compañero (a) 55. Text book: Libro de texto
16. Calculator: Calculadora 56. Tape: Cinta métrica
17. Door: Puerta 57. Table: Mesa
18. Desk: Escritorio 58. Tape recorder: Grabadora
19. Doubt: Duda 59. Test: Prueba, Examen
20. Eraser: Borrador 60. Thumbtack: Tachuela
21. Explanation: Explicación 61. Thesis Statement: Idea Prin
22. Exam: Examen 62. Uniform: Uniforme
23. Exercise: Ejercicio 63. Window: Ventana
24. Flag: Bandera 64. Whiteboard: Pizarra
25. Floor: Piso, suelo 65. Wall: Pared
26. Glue: Pegamento
27. Garbage can: Cesto de la basura
28. Homework: Tarea
29. Hall: Pasillo
30. In pencil: A lápiz
31. Loose leaf paper: Hoja suelta de papel
32. Marker: Marcador
33. Notebook: Cuaderno
34. Outlet: Toma corriente
35. Overhead projector: Retroproyector
36. Pen: Lápiz (de tinta)
37. Pencil case: Cartuchera
38. Pencil: Lápiz (de grafito)
39. Page: Página
40. Paper: Papel
10
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
En inglés los adjetivos demostrativos son usados para indicar artículos

específicos en relación a nosotros mismos al igual que en el idioma español.
 THIS /dís/: Este, esta, esto.

 THESE /dí:s/: Estos, estas.
 THAT /déat/: Ese, eso, esa, aquel, aquello, aquella.
 THOSE /dóus/: Esos, esas, aquellos, aquellas.
Examples:
1. This is my house [Esta es mi casa].

2. These are my parents [Estos son mis padres].
3. That is my dog [Ese es mi perro].
4. Those are my socks [Esos son mis calcetines].
 La contracción de THAT + IS es: THAT’S. Así que también podemos
escribir y decir:
 That’s my dog.
 That’s my brother [Ese es mi hermano].
11
DRILL: Translate from English to Spanish the following sentences:
1. This is my computer: _________________________________________.

2. This is my cat: ______________________________________________.
3. These are my friends George and Alex: __________________________.
4. That’s not my diary: __________________________________________.
5. That’s my English teacher: ____________________________________.
6. This is my girlfriend: _________________________________________.
7. Those students: ____________________________________________.
8. That girl: __________________________________________________.
9. This house: ________________________________________________.
10. This is my cousin Gerardo: ____________________________________.
11. This is wonderful: ____________________________________________.
12. This is my new house: ________________________________________.
13. That English Institute: ________________________________________.
14. Those people: ______________________________________________.
15. That monkey: ______________________________________________.
16. This is it!: __________________________________________________.
TIP BOX:
We use contractions in
English all the time. Use
them when you are
speaking as often as
possible and you will
sound more natural!
We use “THIS” when

the person or object is
near us.
We use “THAT” when

the person or object is
far from us.
12
TELLING THE TIME

Hay dos formas de decir la hora en el idioma inglés, antes de entrar en detalles,
veamos algunas frases que podemos utilizar cuando queramos preguntar la
hora.
 What time is it?: ¿Qué hora es?

 What’s the time? : ¿Qué hora es?
 Have you got the right time? : ¿Qué hora es exactamente?
 What time do you make it? : ¿Qué hora tiene?
 At: En, a las.
 After: Después de.
 By: Por
 To: Por, para.
 On the dot: En punto.
 O’clock=On the clock: En punto.
 Sharp: En punto.
 Hour: Hora
 Minute: Minuto
 Second: Segundo
 Half: Medio, mitad.
 An hour and a half: Hora y media.
 A quarter: Un cuarto de hora.
Look at the examples below:
HOUR BRITISH WAY AMERICAN WAY MEANING

It’s … It’s … Son las …
3:00 Three o’clock Three o’clock Tres en punto
3:02 Two minutes past three Three oh two Tres y dos
3:15 A quarter past three Three fifteen Tres y quince
3:20 Twenty past three Three twenty Tres y veinte
3:30 Half past three Three thirty Tres y treinta
3:45 A quarter to four Three forty-five Tres y cuarenta y cinco
3:55 Five to four Three fifty-five Tres y cincuenta y cinco
3:57 Three minutes to four Three fifty-seven Tres y cincuenta y siete
We use “NEARLY” in cases like

these:
3:26 -> It’s nearly three thirty.
3:58 -> It´s nearly four o´clock.
13
Read and listen to the following dialog:
Alex: Excuse me.
Tourist: Yes?
Alex: What’s the time, please?
Tourist: It’s half past four.
Alex: Thank you!
Tourist: You’re welcome.
Exercise: Write the time.
04:00 04:15 04:20
_________ ___________ __________
04:30 04:35 04:50
_________ ___________ ____________
04:45 04:55 03:15
_________ ___________ ___________
14
SEASONS OF THE YEAR

 Summer /sámer/ : Verano
 Winter /uínter/ : Invierno
 Spring /sprin/ : Primavera
 Autumn /órom/ : Otoño
 Fall /fól/ : Otoño
THE VOCABULARY OF JOBS AND PROFESSIONS IN ENGLISH
1. Architect: Arquitecto. 30. Journalist: Periodista

2. Actor: Actor. 31. Judge: Juez
3. Author: Autor. 32. Lawyer: Abogado
4. Actress: Actríz 33. Lorry driver: Camionero
5. Astronaut: Astronáuta 34. Masonry: Albañil
6. Accountant: Contador 35. Monk: Monje
7. Butcher: Carnicero 36. Mechanic: Mecánico
8. Baker: Panadero 37. Model: Modelo
9. Bank clerk: Empleado de Banco. 38. Miner: Minero
10. Builder: Albañil 39. Nun: Monja
11. Bricklayer: Albañil 40. Nurse: Enfermera
12. Bullfighter: Torero 41. Neurologist: Neurólogo
13. Cattleman: Ganadero 42. Office worker: Oficinista
14. Cook: Cocinero 43. Orthopedist: Ortopedista
15. Civil Engineer: Ingeniero Civil 44. Postman: Cartero
16. Cardiologist: Cardiólogo 45. Priest: Sacerdote, cura.
17. Computing System Engineer: Ingeniero en Sistemas de Computación.
18. Dentist: Dentista 46. Pilot: Piloto
19. Doctor: Doctor 47. Policeman: Policía
20. Driver: Conductor 48. Policewoman: Policía
21. Electrician: Electricista 49. Psychologist: Psicólogo
22. Engineer: Ingeniero 50. Psychiatrist: Psiquiatra
23. Farmer: Agricultor 51. Playwright: Dramaturgo
24. Fireman: Bombero 52. Politician: Político
25. Firefighter: Bombero 53. Reporter: Reportero
26. Foreman: Capataz 54. Receptionist: Recepcionista
27. Fisherman: Pescador 55. Singer: Cantante
28. Hairdresser: Peluquero 56. Scientist: Científico
29. Interpreter: Intérprete 57. Servant: Sirviente
15
58. Surgeon: Cirujano
59. Sailor: Marinero
60. Secretary: Secretario
61. Shoemaker: Zapatero
62. Soldier: Soldado
63. Salesman: Vendedor
64. Seamstress: Costurero (a)
65. Taxi driver: Taxista
66. Technician: Técnico
67. Translator: Traductor
68. Teacher: Profesor, Maestro
69. Waitress: Mesera, camarera
70. Waiter: Mesero, camarero
71. Writer: Escritor
DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLE
 DEFINITE ARTICLE “A/AN”

El significado de A/AN es el mismo y se utilizan para indicar algo o a alguien en
singular. Nunca lo utilizaremos para referirnos a más de una cosa; en su lugar
utilizaremos “some” o “any”.
 A : Un, una.
 AN: Un, una.
 USOS DE “A/AN”
A/AN se utilizan para:
1. Hablar de la profesión de alguien.
Example: Angelica is a doctor. [Angélica es médico]
2. Cuando vamos a decir algo de alguien o de alguna cosa.
Example: The monkey is a stinking animal [El mono es un animal asqueroso].
James is a nasty person [James es mala persona].
16
GRAMMATICAL RULES: REGLAS GRAMATICALES
 A: Se utiliza con palabras que comienzan con sonido consonante.
Example:
 A book: Un libro.
 A chair: Una silla.
 A telephone: Un teléfono.
 A university: Una universidad.
 AN: Se utiliza con palabras que comienzan con sonido vocálico.
Example:
 An eraser: Un borrador.
 An animal: Un animal.
 An hour: Una hora.
 An answer: Una respuesta.
Exercise: Write “A” or “AN” for these occupations. Look up the words you don’t
know in a dictionary.
1. _______ actor
2. _______ director
3. _______ politician
4. _______ accountant
5. _______ soccer player
6. _______ biologist
7. _______ chef
8. _______ interviewer
9. _______ taxi driver
10. _______ vet
11. _______ secretary
12. _______ musician
17
DEFINITE ARTICLE “THE”
 THE: El, lo, la, los, las. Se debe usar siempre, excepto cuando se hable de
un contexto en general.
Example: I like wine [Me gusta el vino]. Esta oración es general porque no estas
especificando el tipo de vino que te gusta.
Es diferente al decir:
I like the white wine [Me gusta el vino blanco]. En este caso estamos
especificando el tipo de vino que nos gusta, por tanto, utilizamos “THE”.
ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS THAT ALWAYS NEED THE

DEFINITE ARTICLE “THE”
1. The air: El aire 25. The Milky Way: La vía láctea.
2. The earth: La Tierra 26. The house: La casa.
3. The sky: El cielo 27. The telephone: El teléfono.
4. The sun: El sol 28. The boss: El jefe
5. The poor: Los pobres 29. The doctor: El doctor.
6. The army: El ejército 30. The boys: Los chicos.
7. The crowd: La muchedumbre 31. The children: Los niños.
8. The police: La policía 32. The truth: La verdad.
9. The Queen Elizabeth: La reyna Elizabeth. 33. The floor: El piso.
10. The common market: El Mercado común 34. The wall: La pared.
11. The labor market: El Mercado laboral.
12. The treaty of Rome: El tratado de Roma
13. The United Nations: Las Naciones unidas
14. The Atlantic Ocean: El océano atlántico
15. The red sea: El mar rojo.
16. The first World War: La primera Guerra mundial.
17. The atmosphere: La atmósfera
18. The moon: La luna
19. The sea: El mar
20. The universe: El universo
21. The good: El bien
22. The armed forces: Las fuerzas armadas
23. The government: El gobierno
24. The pacific: El pacífico
18
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
 Definition: We use possessive adjectives to express possession of
something.
 Definición: Usamos adjetivos posesivos para expresar posesión de algo.
SUBJECT PRONOUS POSSESSIVE MEANING

ADJECTIVES
I My /mái/ Mi, mis
You Your /yór/ Tu, su
He His /jis/ Su, sus (de él)
She Her /jér/ Su, sus (de ella)
It Its Su, sus (animales o cosas)
We Our /ár, áur/ Nuestro (s), nuestra (s)
You Your /yór/ Sus (de ustedes)
They Their /déer/ Sus (de ellos, de ellas)
Los adjetivos posesivos normalmente se colocan después del verbo “TO BE

(am/is/are)” o antes del sustantivo en la oración.
Un sustantivo es el elemento que forma parte de la oración para designar seres

materiales e inmateriales y ejercer funciones de pronombre y sujeto en la
oración. Ejemplos de sustantivos: Sombrero, gorra, carro, niño, computadora,
nombre, etc.
Examples:
1. His name is Henry [Su nombre es Henry].

2. This is my new car [Este es mi nuevo coche].
3. My dog has its kennel [Mi perro tiene su perrera].
4. His mother is Mexican [Su madre es Mexicana].
These words sound similar:
 He`s and His

 It’s and Its
 They’re and Their
Be careful when you are listening to any of these words! Analyze the
sentence first! ¡Ten cuidado cuando escuches cualquiera de estas
palabras! ¡Primero analiza la oración!
19
UNIT II: EXPRESSING EXISTENCE
1. THERE IS AND THERE ARE
Definición: Las frases de existencia en presente “There is” and “There are”,
también se les conoce como “Frases verbales impersonales en presente”, y se
usan para expresar la existencia de algo en presente. El THERE IS/THERE ARE
provienen del THERE BE que significa: HABER, EXISTIR.
Se les denomina impersonales porque carecen de pronombre personal (I, you,

he, she, it, we you, they); también se les denomina verbales porque se utilizan
únicamente dos de las formas conjugadas del verbo TO BE (is/are).
 THERE IS: Hay (Se usa con sustantivos singulares contables e

incontables).
 THERE ARE: Hay (Se usa con sustantivos plurales contables e
incontables).
GRAMMATICAL FORMULAE: FORMULAS GRAMATICALES
 AFFIRMATIVE : THERE + IS/ARE + COMPLEMENT
Examples:
1. There is a book on the table. [Hay un libro sobre la mesa]

2. There are ten students in the classroom.
3. There are three trees on the street.
4. There is a small town called “DEATH”. [Hay un pequeño pueblo llamado
“MUERTE”]
La forma contractada de THERE + IS es: THERE’S. La contracción de THERE

+ ARE es: THERE’RE.
Examples:
1. There´s a book on the table.
20
2. There´re ten students in the classroom.
3. There´re three trees on the street.
4. There´s a small town called “DEATH”.
 NEGATIVE : THERE + IS/ARE + NOT + COMPLEMENT
Examples:
1. There is not a book on the table. [No hay un libro sobre la mesa]
2. There are not ten students in the classroom.
3. There are not three trees on the street.
Using contractions:
1. There´s not a book on the table.

2. There´re not ten students in the classroom.
3. There´re not three trees on the street.
La contracción negativa de THERE IS + NOT y THERE ARE + NOT es:
 THERE ISN’T
 THERE AREN’T
Examples:
1. There isn’t a book on the table.

2. There aren’t ten students in the classroom.
3. There aren’t three trees on the street.
 QUESTION : IS/ARE + THERE + COMPLEMENT + ?
Examples:
1. Is there a book on the table?

 Yes, there is.
 No, there is not.
 No, there´s not.
 No, there isn´t.
2. Are there ten students in the classroom?
 Yes, there are.
 No, there are not.
 No, there´re not.
 No, there aren´t.
21
INTERROGATIVE WORDS CLOSELY RELATED TO “THERE IS” &
“THERE ARE”: HOW MUCH? AND HOW MANY?
Las palabras estrechamente relacionadas con “THERE IS” y “THERE ARE” son
las siguientes:
 How much? : ¿Cuánto (s)?, ¿Cuánta (s)? (sustantivos incontables)

 How many? : ¿Cuánto (s)?, ¿Cuánta (s)? (sustantivos contables)
HOW MUCH/HOW MANY + SPECIFIC NOUN + IS/ARE + THERE + COMPLEMENT + ?
Examples:
1. How many books are there on the table? [¿Cuántos libros hay sobre la
mesa?]
 There are ten books.
2. How many students are there in the classroom?
 There are 25 students.
3. How much water is there in the glass?
 There´s not any water left. [No queda nada de agua]
4. How much sugar is there in the sugar bowl?
 There is a pound of sugar.
ENGLISH… The most

broadly spoken language
around the world and the
only one which opens to
you a lot of doors!
22
THE USE OF “SOME”, “ANY”, “NOT ANY” & “NO”
 SOME: Unos, unas, algunos, algunas, algo de, un poco de. Se utiliza en
oraciones afirmativas.
 ANY: Unos, unas, algunos, algunas, cualquier, cualquiera. Se utiliza en
oraciones negativas y preguntas. En la forma negativa podemos utilizar “not
any” o simplemente “no”.
 Study the following table:
AFFIRMATIVE SOME There’s some water in the glass.

There’re some trees in the garden.
NEGATIVE NOT ANY There’s not any water in the glass.
There aren’t any trees in the garden.
NO There’s no water in the glass.
There are no trees in the garden.
INTERROGATIVE ANY? Is there any water in the glass?
Nota: El “SOME” puede permanecer en oraciones negativas y preguntas,

cuando estas sean elaboradas para invitar o solicitar algo (en preguntas) o
cuando se niegue la existencia de un alimento para ingerir.
Examples:
1. May I have some water? [¿Me puede dar un poco de agua?]

2. Would you like some pie? [¿Le gustaría un pedazo de pastel?]
 NEGATIVE QUESTION : IS/ARE + THERE + NOT + COMPLEMENT + ?
Examples:
1. Is there not a book on the table?

 Yes, there is.
 No, there is not.
 No, there´s not.
 No, there isn´t.
2. Are there not ten students in the classroom?
 Yes, there are.
 No, there are not.
 No, there´re not.
 No, there aren´t.
23
EXERCISES:
I. Complete the gaps using THERE IS or THERE ARE according to the
sentence.
1. ________________________ some books on the shelf.
2. ________________________ only one student in the English lab now.
3. ________________________ no more milk in the jug.
4. ________________________ no time left.
II. Make the contraction.

1. There is a big box in the living room.
2. There are some candies on the desk.
3. There are four ambulances at the Red Cross.
4. There is not a specific usage.
5. There are not many students in the school.
6. There are many ways to die.
7. There are not three trees on the street.
III. Listen and write the sentences in the spaces below.

1. _____________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________
8. _____________________________________________________________
9. _____________________________________________________________
10. _____________________________________________________________
24
Read and listen to the following reading about Africa. Look up in a dictionary the
words you don’t know.
AFRICA
There are fifty-three countries in Africa and about nine hundred million people.
In the north, there are a big plain and a dessert called “THE KALAHARI”.
Africa is famous for wild animals. There are many national parks. There are also
a lot of natural resources in Africa including oil and minerals.
25
2. EXPRESSING EXISTENCE IN PAST TENSE: THERE WAS

AND THERE WERE
 THERE WAS: Había, hubo.

 THERE WERE: Habían. Hubieron.
GRAMMATICAL FORMULAS: FORMULAS GRAMATICALES
 AFFIRMATIVE : THERE + WAS/WERE + COMPLEMENT
Examples:
1. There was a book on the table.

2. There were three trees on the street.
3. There was a time when everybody thought that was the world´s end.
4. There were fifteen students in the classroom.
 NEGATIVE : THERE + WAS/WERE + NOT + COMPLEMENT
Examples:
1. There was not a book on the table.

2. There were not three trees on the street.
3. There was not a time when everybody thought that was the world´s end.
4. There were not fifteen students in the classroom.
La contracción negativa de THERE WAS/WERE + NOT es:
 THERE WASN`T
 THERE WEREN’T
Examples:
1. There wasn´t a book on the table.

2. There weren´t three trees on the street.
3. There wasn´t a time when everybody thought that was the world´s end.
4. There weren´t fifteen students in the classroom.
26
 QUESTION : WAS/WERE + THERE + COMPLEMENT + ?
Examples:
1. Was there a book on the table?

 Yes, there was.
 No, there was not.
 No, there wasn´t.
2. Were there three trees on the street?
 Yes, there were.
 No, there were not.
 No, there weren´t.
 NEGATIVE QUESTION : WAS/WERE + THERE + NOT + COMPLEMENT + ?
Examples:
1. Was there not a book on the table?

 Yes, there was.
 No, there was not.
 No, there wasn´t,
2. Were there not three trees on the street?
 Yes, there were.
 No, there were not.
 No, there weren´t.
 NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE : WASN´T/WEREN´T + THERE + COMPLEMENT + ?
Examples:
1. Wasn´t there a book on the table?

TIP BOX:
 Yes, there was.
 No, there was not. To connect your ideas you
 No, there wasn´t. can use “And”.
2. Weren´t there three trees on the street?
 Yes, there were. Example:
 No, there were not. There are one bathroom
 No, there weren´t. and two bedrooms.
27
LISTENING COMPREHENSION: Listen to your teacher carefully and write in the
gaps the sentences that he/she is going to dictate to you.
1. _____________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________
8. _____________________________________________________________
9. _____________________________________________________________
10. _____________________________________________________________
11. _____________________________________________________________
12. _____________________________________________________________
VOCABULARY
1. Boa constrictor: Boa constrictora. 23. Porcupine: Puercoespín
2. Beaver: Castor 24. Quail: Codorníz
3. Boar: Jabalí 25. Roadrunner: Corre camino
4. Caterpillar: Oruga 26. Raccoon: Mapache
5. Cricket: Grillo 27. Rattlesnake: Cascabel
6. Cheetah: Guepardo 28. Roach: Cucaracha.
7. Crayfish: Cangrejo de río 29. Swan: Cisne.
8. Crab: Cangrejo, punche. 30. Seal: Foca.
9. Elk: Alce. 31. Squirrel: Ardilla.
10. Firefly: Luciérnaga. 32. Tick: Garrapata.
11. Flea: Pulga 33. Turkey: Pavo.
12. Feather: Pluma 34. Tiger: Tigre
13. Grasshopper: Salta montes 35. Woodpecker: Pájaro
carpintero
14. Heron: Garza.
15. Hyena: Hiena.
16. Jellyfish: Medusa.
17. Killer whale: Orca.
18. Louse: Piojo  Lice: Piojos.
19. Lobster: Lanogosta.
20. Magpie: Hurraca.
21. Ostrich: Avestruz.
22. Pigeon: Paloma.
28
COUNTRIES AND NATIONALITIES

No COUNTRY NATIONALITY MEANING
1 Afghanistan Afghan Afgano
2 Algeria Algerian Argelino
3 Arabia Arabian, Arab Árabe
4 Argentina Argentinian Argentino
5 Australia Australian Australiano
6 Austria Austrian Austríaco
7 Belgium Belgian Belga
8 Bolivia Bolivian Boliviano
9 Brazil Brazilian Brasileño
10 Cambodia Cambodian Camboyano
11 Canada Canadian Canadiense
12 Chile Chilean Chileno
13 China Chinese Chino
14 Colombia Colombian Colombiano
15 Costa Rica Costa Rican Costarricense
16 Cuba Cuban Cubano
17 Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakian Checoslovaco
18 Denmark Danish Danés
19 Dominican Republic Dominican Dominicano
20 Ecuador Ecuadorian Ecuatoriano
21 Egypt Egyptian Egipcio
22 England English Inglés
23 El Salvador Salvadorian Salvadoreño
24 France French Francés
25 Finland Finnish Finlandés
26 Germany German Alemán
27 Greece Greek Griego
28 Greenland Greenlander Groenlandés
29 Guatemala Guatemalan Guatemalteco
30 Haiti Haitian Haitiano
31 Honduras Honduran Hondureño
32 Indonesia Indonesian Indonesio
33 Iraq Iraqi Iraquí
34 Ireland Irish Irlandés
35 Italy Italian Italiano
36 Jamaica Jamaican Jamaiquino
37 Japan Japanese Japonés
38 Korea Korean Coreano
39 Mexico Mexican Mexicano
40 Netherlands Dutch Holandés
41 Nicaragua Nicaraguan Nicaragüense
42 New Zealand New Zealander Neozelandés
43 Norway Norwegian Noruego
44 Panama Panamanian Panameño
45 Peru Peruvian Peruano
29
46 Poland Polish Polaco
47 Portugal Portuguese Portugués
48 Puerto Rico Puerto Rican Puertorriquense
49 Russia Russian Ruso
50 Scotland Scottish Escocés
51 Spain Spanish, Spaniard Español
52 Sweden Swedish Sueco
53 Switzerland Swiss Suizo
54 Thailand Thai Tailandés
55 Uruguay Uruguayan Uruguayo
56 United Kingdom British Británico
57 United States American Americano
58 Venezuela Venezuelan Venezolano
59 Vietnam Vietnamese Vietnamita
Tip Box:
Use CAPITAL LETTERS

in the first letter of countries
and nationalities when you
write in English!
Example: She’s Mexican.

They’re American
30
UNIT III: GETTING TO KNOW EACH OTHER
1. GRAMMAR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE: GRAMÁTICA DEL

IDIOMA INGLÉS
1.1. ¿Qué es la gramática?

La gramática es simplemente el conjunto de reglas que tenemos que conocer
para armar o crear oraciones a nuestro gusto. Un verbo es simplemente una
acción.
2. PRESENT INDICATIVE TENSE OR INDICATIVE MOOD IN

PRESENT TENSE
El presente indicativo o modo indicativo en presente es el que indica las
acciones que como seres humanos realizamos a diario.
 TO BE: Ser, Estar.
2.1. CONJUGACIÓN DEL VERBO “TO BE”

La conjugación de un verbo es una lista que muestra las formas diferentes que
un verbo puede tomar. Cuando se conjuga un verbo, normalmente está
acompañado por todos los pronombres personales los cuales pueden actuar
como sujetos del verbo.
Los pronombres personales en inglés son los siguientes:
PERSONAL PRONOUNS:
I : Yo
You : Tú, usted
He : Él
She : Ella
It : El, ella, ello (Para animales o cosas)
We : Nosotros (as)
You : Ustedes
They : Ellos (as)
31
GRAMMATICAL FORMULAS
 AFFIRMATIVE : P.P + To Be (am/is/are) + Complement
P.P: Personal Pronoun

C: Complement
I am : Yo soy, estoy.
You are : Tú eres, estás.
He is : Él es, está.
She is : Ella es, está.
It is : Lo es, está.
We are : Nosotros somos, estamos.
You are : Ustedes son, están.
They are : Ellos son, están.
Examples:
1. I am awake.
2. They are ready.
3. She is a doctor.
4. I am a teacher.
5. We are students.
6. Lisa is intelligent.
7. He is happy.
En inglés escrito, el apóstrofe “´” se utiliza en las contracciones para indicar que
una o más letras han sido omitidas.
La forma contractada del verbo “TO BE” es:
I’m /áim/
You’re /yór/
He’s /jís/
She’s /shís/
It’s /its/
We’re /wir/
You’re /yór/
They’re /déer/
32
Examples:
1. I’m awake.
2. They’re ready.
3. She’s a doctor.
4. I’m a Teacher.
5. We’re students.
6. Lisa’s intelligent.
7. He’s happy.
 NEGATIVE : P.P + To Be (am/is/are) + Not + Complement
I am not : No soy, no estoy.
You are not : No eres, no estás.
He is not : No es, no está.
She is not : No es, no está.
It is not : No es, no está.
We are not : No somos, no estamos.
You are not : No son, no están.
They are not : No son, no están.
Examples:
1. I am not awake.
2. They are not ready.
3. She is not a doctor.
4. I am not a teacher.
5. We are not students.
6. Lisa is not intelligent.
7. He is not happy.
33
Las contracciones negativas del verbo “TO BE” son las siguientes:
I’m not I´m not
You’re not You aren’t
He’s not He isn’t
She’s not She isn’t
It’s not It isn’t
We’re not We aren’t
You’re not You aren’t
They’re not They aren’t
Examples:
1. I’m not awake.

2. They’re not ready. // They aren’t ready.
3. She’s not a doctor. // She isn’t a doctor.
4. I’m not a teacher.
5. We’re not students. // We aren’t students.
6. Lisa’s not intelligent. // Lisa isn’t intelligent.
7. He’s not happy. // He isn’t happy.
34
To Be (am/is/are) + P.P + Complement + ?
 QUESTION :
Am I? : ¿Soy?, ¿Estoy?
Are you? : ¿Eres?, ¿Estás?
Is he? : ¿Es él?, ¿Está?
Is she? : ¿Es ella?, ¿Está?
Is it? : ¿Es?, ¿Está?
Are we? : ¿Somos?, ¿Estamos?
Are you? : ¿Son ustedes?, ¿Están?
Are they? : ¿Son ellos (as)?, ¿Están?
Examples:
1. Am I awake?
 Yes, you are.
 No, you are not.
 No, you’re not.
 No, you aren’t.
2. Are they ready?
 Yes, they are.
 No, they are not.
 No, they’re not.
 No, they aren’t.
3. Is she a doctor?
 Yes, she is.
 No, she is not.
 No, she’s not.
 No, she isn’t.
4. Is Lisa intelligent?
 Yes, she is.
 No, she is not.
35
La forma interrogativa-negativa es la siguiente:
Am I not? : ¿No soy yo?, ¿No estoy?
Are you not? : ¿No eres tú?, ¿No estás tú?
Is he not? : ¿No es él?, ¿No está?
Is she not? : ¿No es ella?, ¿No está?
Is it not? : ¿No es?, ¿No está?
Are we not? : ¿No somos?, ¿No estamos?
Are you not? : ¿No son ustedes?, ¿No están?
Are they not? : ¿No son ellos (as)?, ¿No están?
Examples:
1. Am I not awake?
2. Aren’t they ready?
3. Isn’t she a doctor?
4. Isn’t Lisa intelligent?
Tip Box:
It should be noted that there is no universally

accepted contraction for am not. In spoken English
am I not? Is often contracted to aren’t I?. However,
although the expression aren’t I? is considered
acceptable in informal English, it is not considered
to be grammatically correct in formal English. In
formal English no contraction should be used for
am I not.
36
NICARAGUAN BY THE GRACE OF GOD
The people of Nicaragua are warm, gracious, and welcoming which is surprising
to many. The Nicaraguan people are very friendly, hardworking and with family
values. That’s why I am so happy to be Nicaraguan by the grace of God!
Nicaragua… A country with heart!
- Gracious: Cortés, gentil.

- Warm: Caliente, caluroso; Cariñoso (a).
- Welcoming: Acogedor.
- Family values: Valores familiares.
- That´s why: Es por eso que.
37
MEETING NEW FRIENDS
Peter: Hi, I’m Peter! Are you Ana?
Lisa: No, I’m Lisa. That’s Ana. I’ll introduce you.
Lisa: Ana, this is Peter.
Ana: Hi, nice to meet you!
Peter: Nice to meet you, too.
IT´S A BIG CITY
Ericsson: Where do you come from, Carmen?
Carmen: I come from Juigalpa, Chontales.
Ericsson: Is Juigalpa a nice city?
Carmen: Yes, it is.
Ericsson: Are there any tourist places over there?
Carmen: Yes, there are some fantastic tourist places such as: Palo Solo Park
where you can find a restaurant with the same name; Santa Clara Tourist Center,
Punta Mayales Biological Reserve, among others.
Ericsson: Is it a big city?
Carmen: Yes, it’s a big city.
FURTHER VOCABULARY:
1. Among others: Entre otros.
2. Tourist: Turístico, turista.
3. Blood pressure: Presión arterial.
4. Blood test: Prueba/Examen de sangre.
5. Biological Reserve: Reserva biológica.
6. Plain: Llanura.
38
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
Los pronombres interrogativos o también conocidos como WH-Questions se

utilizan para hacer preguntas tanto directas como indirectas.
Los pronombres interrogativos en inglés son los siguientes:
 What?: ¿Qué?, ¿Cuál?

 Which?: ¿Cuál?, ¿Cuáles?
 Who?: ¿Quién?, ¿Quiénes?
 Whom?: ¿A quién?, ¿A quiénes?
 Where?: ¿Dónde?, ¿A dónde?
 Why?: ¿Por qué?
 How?: ¿Cómo?
 How come?: ¿Por qué?
 Whose?: ¿De quién?, ¿De quiénes?
USOS:
 WHAT se utiliza con sustantivos.
Example:
1. What is this? [¿Qué es esto?]

2. What’s that? [¿Qué es eso?]
WHICH se utiliza para identificar uno de los elementos dentro de un conjunto

determinado, elegir dentro de un conjunto de elementos conocidos y
determinados, neutros, masculinos o femeninos, en singular o plural. WHICH se
asocia con un sustantivo o con los pronombres indefinidos one/ones.
Examples:
1. Which is which? [¿Cuál es cuál?]

2. Which ones do you prefer? [¿Cuáles prefieres?]
 WHO se utiliza con personas.
Example:
Who is your best friend? [¿Quién es tu mejor amigo?]
39
 WHOM se utiliza con personas especialmente en el inglés formal, por tanto
en la lengua hablada casi nunca se emplea.
Example:
Whom I have to talk to? [¿Con quién tengo que hablar?]
 WHERE, se utiliza para hacer preguntas referentes a lugares.
Examples:
1. Where are you from?

2. Where do you live?
 WHY, se utiliza para pedir una explicación con respecto a algo. La pregunta
con WHY requiere una respuesta del tipo BECAUSE (Porque con idea de
causa).
Example:
1. Why are you here?

 Because I still love you.
2. Why did they stop? [¿Por qué se detuvieron?]
 Because it was too dark. [Porque estaba demasiado oscuro]
NOTA IMPORTANTE: No debe confundirse con la pregunta que plantea

WHAT FOR, a la cual puede contestarse con to, in order to, etc.
Example:
- What do they learn foreign languages for?

 To get jobs abroad
 HOW, se utiliza para preguntar sobre la salud de alguien, cómo se realiza

algo o en qué forma se realiza.
Examples:
1. How are you?

2. How is that?
3. How do you cook lobsters? [¿Cómo cocinas las langostas?]
4. How is Junior?
40
 HOW COME, es utilizado principalmente en inglés coloquial (inglés
callejero), tiene el equivalente de WHY.
Example:
- How come are you here?

 Because I still love you.
 WHOSE, se utiliza para preguntar sobre cosas de las que no sabemos

quién es el dueño.
Examples:
1. Whose coat is this? [¿De quién es este abrigo?]

2. Whose book is this? [¿De quién es este libro?]
3. Whose Passport is this? [¿De quién es este pasaporte?]
4. Whose cell pone is this? [¿De quién es este celular?]
FURTHER VOCABULARY
1. Early morning: Madrugada.

2. Sunrise: Amanecer.
3. Sunset: Atardecer.
4. Cliff: Acantilado.
5. Marsh: Pantano.
6. Peak: Pico, cima.
7. Plateau: Meseta.
8. Ravine: Barranco, quebrada.
9. Spring: Manantial, fuente; salto, resorte.
10. Stream: Arroyo.
11. Valley: Valle.
12. Light year: Año luz.
13. Outer space: Espacio Exterior.
14. Shooting star: Estrella fugáz.
15. Madonna: Virgen.
16. Cassava: Yuca.
17. As usual: Como de costumbre.
18. Never mind: No importa.
19. Natural reserve: Reserva natural.
20. Buddy: Amigo (a).
21. Hourglass: Reloj de arena.
41
PAST INDICATIVE TENSE OR INDICATIVE MOOD IN

PAST TENSE
El pasado indicativo o modo indicativo en pasado lo utilizamos para denotar

todas las actividades que realizamos como seres humanos en el pasado.
 WAS: Era, fue, estaba, estuvo.

 WERE: Eran, fueron, estaban, estuvieron.
 GRAMMATICAL FORMULAS:
 AFFIRMATIVE: P.P + WAS/WERE + C
I was : Yo era, yo estaba, fui.
You were : Tú eras, estabas, fuiste.
He was : Él era, estaba, fue.
She was : Ella era, estaba, fue.
It was : Era, estaba, fue.
We were : Nosotros éramos, estábamos, fuimos.
You were : Ustedes eran, estaban, fueron.
They were : Ellos eran, estaban, fueron.
42
Examples:
1. She was a doctor. [Ella era doctora]

2. He was happy. [Él fue feliz]
3. I was hungry. [Tenía hambre]
4. Antonio was a teacher. [Antonio era profesor]
 NEGATIVE : P.P + WAS/WERE + NOT + C
I was not : Yo no era, no estaba, no fui.
You were not : Tú no eras, no estabas, no fuiste.
He was not : Él no era, no estaba, no fue.
She was not : Ella no era, no estaba, no fue.
It was not : No era, no fue, no estaba.
We were not : Nosotros no éramos, no estábamos, no fuimos.
You were not : Ustedes no eran, no estaban, no fueron.
They were noy : Ellos no eran, no estaban, no fueron.
Examples:
1. You were not in class.

2. I was not there.
3. They were not happy.
4. Alexander was not bored.
5. Roman was not a math teacher.
6. You were not my friend.
7. She was not pregnant.
8. It was not a mistake.
9. I was not a doctor.
10. He was not a police officer.
11. Andy was not wealthy.
12. She was my girlfriend.
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La contracción de WAS/WERE + NOT es:
 WASN’T
 WEREN’T
Examples:
1. I wasn’t a doctor.
2. She wasn’t happy.
3. You weren’t in class.
4. It wasn’t a mistake.
 QUESTION: WAS/WERE + P.P + C +?
Was I? : ¿Era yo?, ¿Estaba?
Were you? : ¿Eras tú?, ¿Estabas?
Was he? : ¿Era él?, ¿Estaba?
Was she? : ¿Era ella?, ¿Estaba?
Was it? : ¿Era?, ¿Estaba?
Were we? : ¿Eramos?, ¿Estábamos?
Were you? : ¿Eran ustedes?, ¿Estaban?
Were they? : ¿Eran ellos (as)?, ¿Estaban?
Examples:
1. Was I a doctor?
 Yes, you were.
 No, you were not.
 No, you weren’t.
2. Was Andy wealthy?
 Yes, he was.
 No, he was not.
 No, he wasn’t.
44
 INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE: WASN’T/WEREN’T + P.P + C +?
Wasn`t I? : ¿No estaba?, ¿No era?, ¿No fui?
Weren’t you? : ¿No estabas?, ¿No eras?, ¿No fuiste?
Wasn’t he? : ¿No estaba?, ¿No era?, ¿No fue él?
Wasn’t she? : ¿No estaba?, ¿No era?, ¿No fue ella?
Wasn’t it? : ¿No estaba?, ¿No era?, ¿No fue?
Weren’t we? : ¿No estábamos?, ¿No éramos?, ¿No fuimos?
Weren’t you? : ¿No estaban?, ¿No eran?, ¿No fueron?
Weren’t they? : ¿No estaban?, ¿No eran?, ¿No fueron?
Examples:
1. Wasn`t I your teacher?

2. Wasn’t Andy wealthy?
3. Wasn’t I a doctor?
4. Weren’t you in class?
5. Wasn’t it a mistake?
6. Weren’t you happy?
7. Weren’t you hungry?
HE WAS A VERY BUSY MAN

Mr. Anderson when he was a young man, he was an English teacher throughout
the week at a bilingual school. Now, he’s old for that. He was a very busy man
forty-five years ago. Everybody says he was the best English teacher in that
school and in the whole city. Thanks a bunch Mr. Anderson for bequeathing us
your knowledge!
45
UNIT IV: SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
El presente simple se utiliza para denotar las acciones que realizamos

cotidianamente, y para eso utilizamos el modal auxiliar DO/DOES.
El DO/DOES se utiliza para responder, negar, contraer y enfatizar en presente.
El DO/DOES, funciona como verbo y como auxiliar, como verbo significa

“HACER” y como auxiliar no tiene ninguna traducción.
REGLA GRAMATICAL PARA LA TERCERA PERSONA DEL

SINGULAR: HE, SHE, IT
1. Se agrega “IES” cuando el verbo termina en “Y” precedido de una

consonante.
Example: Fly ---------------------------------- Flies
2. Se agrega “S” cuando el verbo termina en “Y” precedido de vocal.
Example: Play -------------------------------- Plays
Stay -------------------------------- Stays
3. Se agrega “ES” cuando el verbo tiene las terminaciones: C, CH, SH, X, Z,

O, S, SS.
Examples: Go ---------------------------- Goes
Finish ------------------------ Finishes
Catch ------------------------ Catches
4. Se agrega “S” en todas las terminaciones no antes mencionadas.
Examples: Answer ------------------------ Answers
Cut ----------------------------- Cuts
Smell -------------------------- Smells
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¿Qué es el infinitivo?
Es la forma del verbo que expresa la acción sin concretarla. En el diccionario la
forma infinitiva de cualquier verbo aparece sin la palabra “to”, a esto se le conoce
como “bare infinitive o forma base (base form)”; por tanto, cuando nos refiramos
al infinitivo de un verbo utilizaremos “to”, y cuando hablemos del “bare infinitive”
de un verbo lo utilizaremos sin la partícula “to”.
Example:
Infinitive Bare infinitive
To cut cut
To understand understand
To be be
To walk walk
AFFIRMATIVE: P.P + B.I + C

P.P: Personal pronoun
B.I: Bare infinitive
C: Complement
Example Conjugation of the verb “to work”:
I work : Yo trabajo
You work : Tú trabajas
He works : Él trabaja
She works : Ella trabaja
It works : Trabaja, funciona.
We work : Nosotros trabajamos
You work : Ustedes trabajan
They work : Ellos trabajan
47
Examples:
1. I feel happy. [Yo me siento feliz]

2. She dances very well. [Ella baila muy bién]
3. He watches TV at 5 o’clock in the afternoon. [Él ve television a las 5 PM]
4. It smells delicious. [Huele delicioso]
5. I work every day. [Trabajo todos los días]
6. She wants to buy a new camera. [Ella quiere comprar una nueva cámara]
7. He says he is happy. [Él dice que es feliz]
 EMPHATIC FORM: P.P + DO/DOES + B.I + C
I do make : Yo si hago
You do make : Tú si haces
He does do : Él si hace
She does do : Ella si hace
It does do : Si hace
We do make : Nosotros si hacemos
You do make : Ustedes si hacen
They do make : Ellos si hacen
EL ERROR DE CACOFONIA: Se produce cuando en la conjugación enfática

se repiten dos palabras que tienen el mismo sonido.
Example: I do do (Es incorrecto porque se produce el error de cacofonía)
La cacofonía se utiliza principalmente en los trabalenguas con el propósito de

mejorar la habilidad del habla de un idioma.
¿Qué es cacofonía?
Según la definición del diccionario práctico de Ediciones Larousse, la cacofonía
es la repetición de dos palabras que tienen un mismo sonido en una frase u
oración. Por tanto, se tiene que sustituir por un verbo que tenga un significado
similar a como lo es el “make” en el ejemplo antes descrito.
48
Example conjugation of the verb “to want” in present and emphatic form.
PRESENT EMPHATIC
I want I do want
You want You do want
He wants He does want
She wants She does want
It wants It does want
We want We do want
You want You do want
They want They do want
 NEGATIVE: P.P + DO/DOES + NOT + B.I + C
Example: Conjugate the verb “to feel” in the negative form.
I do not feel
You do not feel
He does not feel
She does not feel
It does not feel
We do not feel
You do not feel
They do not feel
La contracción de Do/Does + NOT es:
 Don’t
 Doesn’t
49
Example:
WITHOUT CONTRACTION WITH CONTRACTION
I do not feel I don’t feel
You do not feel You don’t feel
He does not feel He doesn’t feel
She does not feel She doesn’t feel
It does not feel It doesn’t feel
We do feel We don’t feel
You do not feel You don’t feel
They do not feel They don´t feel
Examples:
1. Brenda does not want to buy that type of car. //

Brenda doesn’t want to buy that type of car.
2. I do not want to study Medicine in Juigalpa Chontales. //
I don’t want to study Medicine in Juigalpa Chontales.
3. We do not want to go to the gym in the morning. //
We don’t want to go to the gym in the morning.
4. He does not want to admit that you are right. //
He doesn’t want to admit that you’re right.
5. Gael does not want to study English at UNAN-Managua. //
Gael doesn’t want to study English at UNAN-Managua.
6. She does not want to go to work today because she feels sick. //
She doesn’t want to go to work today because she feels sick.
7. He does not feel insecure. //
He doesn’t feel insecure.
8. We do not want to go to the cinema because it’s too boring. //
We don’t want to go to the cinema because it’s too boring.
9. He does not want to study Chinese in that institute. //
He doesn’t want to study Chinese in that institute.
50
 INTERROGATIVE: DO/DOES + P.P + B.I + C +?
Example: Conjugate the verb “to want” in the interrogative form.
Do I want?
Do you want?
Does he want?
Does she want?
Does it want?
Do we want?
Do you want?
Do they want?
Examples:
1. Do you want to eat apples?

 Yes, I do.
 No, I do not.
 No, I don’t.
2. Does she dance very well?
 Yes, she does.
 No, she does not.
 No, she doesn’t.
3. Do I want to study English?
 Yes, you do.
 No, you do not.
 No, you don’t.
4. Do you have boyfriend/girlfriend?
 Yes, I do.
 No, I do not.
 No, I don’t.
5. Does she understand?
 Yes, she does.
51
 INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE: DON’T/DOESN’T + P.P + B.I + C +?
Example: Conjugate the verb “to feel” in the interrogative-negative form.
Don’t I feel?
Don’t you feel?
Doesn’t he feel?
Doesn’t she feel?
Doesn’t it feel?
Don’t we feel?
Don’t you feel?
Don’t they feel?
Examples:
1. Don’t you want to eat apples?

 Yes, I do.
 No, I do not.
 No, I don’t.
2. Don’t you want help with that math exercise?
 Yes, I do.
 No, I do not.
 No, I don’t.
3. Don’t you want to study English?
 Yes, I do.
 No, I do not.
 No, I don’t.
4. Don’t you believe at first glance love?
 Yes, I do.
 No, I do not.
 No, I don’t.
52
FULL CONJUGATION: Conjugate the verb “to Need” in present simple tense.
AFFIRMATIVE EMPHATIC
I need I do need
You need You do need
He needs He does need
She needs She does need
It needs It does need
We need We do need
You need You do need
They need They do need
NEGATIVE NEGATIVE WITH CONTRACTION
I do not need I don’t need
You do not need You don’t need
He does not need He doesn’t need
She does not need She doesn’t need
It does not need It doesn’t need
We do not need We don’t need
You do not need You don`t need
They do not need They don’t need
53
INTERROGATIVE INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE
Do I need? Don’t I need?
Do you need? Don’t you need?
Does he need? Doesn’t he need?
Does she need? Doesn’t she need?
Does it need? Doesn’t it need?
Do we need? Don’t we need?
Do you need? Don’t you need?
Do they need? Don’t they need?
MY DAILY ROUTINES
Hi, everyone! My name’s Mauricio. I’m from Mexico and this is what I do every
day. I wake up at 6:15 in the morning, brush my teeth and take a shower at 6:30
AM. Then I get dressed and have milk and bread for breakfast. After that I take
the bus to school and I get to school at about a quarter to eight.
We have classes from eight to ten thirty. Next we have a break for half an hour.
After that we go back classes and we finish at 12:30. Later on, I get home and
have lunch with my mom. I go to bed at 10:00 PM.
54
MY FIRST DAY OF SCHOOL
Hi, my friends! My name’s Thomas and I just

want to share with you how I feel today because
it’s my first day of school. I want to meet new
friends, but at the same time I’m a little nervous.
My mom says this is normal in your first day of
school. I want to success and help all my friends
in this year. Well, I think it’s all for now, see you
next time guys!
CALLING A FRIEND
Mark’s mom: Hello, good morning!
Alex: Hello, I’m Alex. Is Mark in?
Mark’s mom: No, he’s not in. What do you want me to tell him when he comes
back?
Alex: Tell him that I need to talk to him as soon as possible because we don’t
have time to solve the one hundred exercises in Math.
Mark’s mom: OK. I’ll tell him.
Alex: Thanks a lot Mrs. Woods.
Mark’s mom: You’re welcome! Bye!
55
UNIT IV: PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
DEFINITION: We use the present progressive tense (or continuous) to talk about
things that are happening at the moment of speaking or writing.
ING is the particle that gives to all the verbs the continuing. In Spanish it is well-
known as the gerund.
ING: Ando, endo, yendo.
 GRAMMATICAL FORMULAE:
 AFFIRMATIVE: P.P + TO BE (am/is/are) + B.I + ING + C

Examples:
1. Matilde is playing tennis.

2. I am writing a letter to my girlfriend.
3. MA, O’Connor is talking to Miss Garcia.
4. My aunt Susana is washing the dishes.
 NEGATIVE: P.P + TO BE (am/is/are) + NOT + B.I + ING + C

Examples:
1. Matilde is not playing tennis.

2. I am not writing a letter to my girlfriend.
3. MA, O’Connor is not talking to Miss Garcia.
4. My aunt Susana is not washing the dishes.
 QUESTION: TO BE (am/is/are) + P.P + B.I + ING + C +?

Examples:
1. Is Matilde playing tennis?

 Yes, she is.
 No, she is not.
56
 INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE: AREN’T/ISN’T + P.P + B.I + ING + C +?
Examples:
1. Isn’t Matilde playing tennis?

 Yes, she is.
 No, she is not.
2. Aren’t you teaching English?
 Yes, I am.
 No, I am not.
 No, I’m not.
SPELLING RULES FOR THE FORMATION OF THE PRESENT

PARTICIPLE
Some verbs change their spelling when the ending “ing” is added to form the
present participle.
1. Verbs ending in a silent “e”.
When a verb ends in a silent e, the silent e is dropped before the ending “ing”
is added. For example:
Infinitive Present participle
To come coming
To close closing
To dine dining
To leave leaving
To move moving
However, when a verb ends in an “e” which is not silent, the final “e” is not
dropped before the ending “ing” is added. For example:
To be being
57
2. Verbs ending in “ie”
When a verb ends in “ie”, the “ie” is changed to “y” before the ending “ing” is
added. For example:
Infinitive Past participle
To die dying
To lie lying
When a verb ends in “y”, no change is made before the ending is added. For
example:
To pay paying
To play playing
3. Verbs with double consonants
When a verb ends in a single consonant preceded by one vowel, the final vowel
is double before the ending is added. When the verb ends in a single consonant
preceded by two vowels, the final consonant is not double before the ending is
added because two vowels together are generally pronounced long. For
example:
To nod nodding
To dig digging
To set setting
To clap clapping
To run running
To hit hitting
_________________________________________
To rain raining
To read reading
To meet meeting
58
4. Verbs of more than one syllable which end in a single consonant
preceded by a single vowel.
Cuando un verbo de más de una sílaba termina en consonante diferente de w, x

o, y precedido por una sóla vocal, la consonante final se duplica para formar el
presente participio (gerundio) solamente cuando la última sílaba del verbo es
pronunciada con mayor énfasis.
Por ejemplo, en los siguientes ejemplos, las últimas sílabas de los verbos tienen
el mayor énfasis, y las consonantes finales están duplicadas para formar los
presentes participios. En estos ejemplos, las sílabas pronunciadas con mayor
énfasis están subrayadas. Por ejemplo:
To expel expelling
To begin beginning
To occur occurring
To omit omitting
Debemos tomar en cuenta que las reglas de ortografía Británica y Americana se

difieren por los verbos que terminan en una sola “l” precedida de vocal. En la
ortografía Británica, la “l” siempre se duplica al agregar las terminaciones “ing” y
“ed”. Sin embargo, en la ortografía Americana, los verbos que terminan con una
sola “l” siguen las mismas reglas al igual que los demás verbos.; la “l” solamente
es duplicada cuando la última sílaba tiene el mayor énfasis. Por ejemplo:
Infinitive Present participle Present participle

British Spelling American Spelling
To signal signalling signaling
To travel travelling traveling
To compel compelling compelling
To propel propelling propelling
59
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE WITH FUTURE

CONNOTATION
The present progressive or continuous is also used to indicate future time. That
is why it’s called “present progressive with future connotation”.
 AFFIRMATIVE: P.P + TO BE (am/is/are) + B.I + ING + E.T

E.T: Expression of time.
Examples:
1. George is leaving for France tomorrow.

2. We are flying to Venezuela next month.
3. They are driving to school tomorrow.
4. I’m going to class next Saturday.
 NEGATIVE: P.P + TO BE (am/is/are) + NOT + B.I + ING + E.T

Examples:
1. George is not leaving for France tomorrow.

2. We’re not flying to Venezuela next month.
3. They aren’t leaving to school tomorrow.
4. I’m not going to class next Saturday.
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Some expressions of time:
 Next month: El próximo mes.

 Tomorrow: Mañana.
 The day after tomorrow: Pasado mañana.
 This very afternoon: Esta misma tarde.
 Tonight: Esta noche.
 Next week: La próxima semana.
 In two days: En dos días.
 QUESTION: TO BE (am/is/are) + P.P + B.I + ING + E.T +?

Examples:
1. Is George leaving for France tomorrow?

 Yes, he is.
 No, he is not.
 No, he’s not.
 No, he isn’t.
2. Are we flying to Venezuela next month?
 Yes, you are.
 No, you are not.
 No, you’re not.
 No, you aren’t.
 INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE: AREN’T/ISN’T + P.P + B.I + ING + E.T +?
Examples:
1. Isn’t George leaving for France tomorrow?

 Yes, he is.
 No, he is not.
 No, he’s not.
 No, he isn’t.
2. Aren’t they leaving to school tomorrow?
 Yes, they are.
 No, they are not.
 No, they’re not.
 No, they aren’t.
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FUTURE WITH “GOING TO” + VERB
The future with “going to” + verb is well-known as “immediate future” and this is
used to denote actions that we are going to do within 24 or 48 hours and in some
cases into an immediate way.
GOING TO is word for word translated: Yendo a, but professionally translated

is: Ir a…
 AFFIRMATIVE: P.P + TO BE (am/is/are) + GOING TO + B.I + C

Examples:
1. I am going to play tennis.

2. We are going to go to the gym tomorrow morning.
3. She’s going to go to the doctor.
 NEGATIVE: P.P + TO BE (am/is/are) + NOT + GOING TO + B.I + C
Examples:
1. I am not going to play tennis.

2. We’re not going to go to the gym tomorrow morning
3. She’s not going to go to the doctor.
 QUESTION: TO BE (am/is/are) + P.P + GOING TO + B.I + C +?
Examples:
1. Am I going to play tennis?

 Yes, you are going to.
 No, you are not going to.
 No, you`re not going to.
 No, you aren`t going to.
2. Is she going to go to the doctor?
 Yes, she is going to.
 No, she is not going to.
 No, she’s not going to.
 No, she isn’t going to.
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AT A PARTY
Mariana: Hey, Stephanie! How are you doing?
Stephanie: I’m doing fine! Thanks for the invitation!
Mariana: I’m glad you’re here! Come in…
Stephanie: So who are your parents?
Mariana: That’s my uncle. He’s wearing the brown pants and the blue shirt.
Stephanie: OK. What’s his name?
Mariana: Sergio… And that’s my aunt. She’s wearing pink T-shirt and white skirt.
Stephanie: And her name is…
Mariana: Lisa, she’s my uncle’s wife.
Stephanie: Right, I see.
Mariana: And those boys who are over there are my cousins. Andy is wearing a
yellow sweatshirt and black jeans. Antonio’s wearing a red jacket and gray pants.
Stephanie: Andy and Antonio… How old are they?
Mariana: Hey, are you a police or what? You’re asking a lot!
Stephanie: Not at all! It’s just curious!
Mariana: Andy is fifteen and Antonio is twenty.
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I´M GOING TO VISIT HER TOMORROW MORNING
Marissa: Hi Uncle Johnny! How are you doing?
Marissa’s uncle: I’m doing fine! And you?
Marissa: Amazing thank heaven! By the way, where’s my aunt Maggie?
Marissa’s uncle: She’s teaching English at the university.
Marissa: Damn! I need to go to the university and visit my aunt Maggie. Do you
know her schedule?
Marissa’s uncle: Yes. More or less.
Marissa: What time does she have a break?
Marissa’s uncle: Well, she has a break at 10:30 and at 12:30 when it’s time to
have lunch.
Marissa: What time does she finish teaching English?
Marissa’s uncle: She finishes teaching English at 3:45 in the afternoon.

English Linguistics is her last class to teach.
Marissa: Mmm… Maybe tomorrow. Does she have the day off tomorrow?
Marissa’s uncle: I’m not sure. But I know she has all the morning free.
Marissa: OK. I’m going to visit her tomorrow morning!
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I DON´T WANT TO GO TO THE GYM
Alex: Tyler, Tyler! It’s time to go to the gym!
Tyler: What the hell are you telling me?
Alex: What’s wrong with you buddy? It’s time to go and get us in shape!
Tyler: Stop bothering me! I feel tired today and I don’t feel like going to the gym.
Alex: It’s weird that you don’t want to go to the gym. Tell me what happened to
you last night? Is everything all right?
Tyler: Yeah! The fact is that I don’t want to go to the gym. That’s all!
Alex: Hey, I’m your best friend and I’m worried about you. If you don’t tell me
what’s wrong with you, I’m not going to get out of your bedroom!
Tyler: I said I don’t want to go to the gym! Period! Just leave me alone!
VOCABULARY:
1. Bicycle: Bicicleta.
2. Early: Temprano, pronto.
3. An explanation: Una explicación.
4. Just leave me alone: Sólo déjame en paz.
5. Roast beef: Carne asada.
6. Lucky breaks: Golpes de suerte
7. What’s next?: ¿Qué sigue?
8. What’s new?: ¿Qué hay de nuevo?
9. Long distance call: Llamada de larga distancia.
10. Area code: Código de área.
11. Phone booth: Caseta telefónica.
12. Contest: Competencia, juego.
13. Pen drive: Memoria USB.
14. Restroom: Baño.  Synonymous: Bathroom, shithouse.
15. Penis: Pene.  Synonymous: cock, dick, prick, dong.
65
UNIT VI: PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE
We form the past progressive tense or past continuous tense by using “was/were”
+ the –ing form of the main verb. This tense is used to describe a past action
which was happening when another action interrupted or took place.
 AFFIRMATIVE: P.P + WAS/WERE + B.I + ING + C + E.T.I.P

E.T.I.P: Expression of time in past.
Examples:
1. I was speaking.
2. I was playing tennis yesterday afternoon.
3. She was cooking cookies.
4. We were practicing soccer at the stadium.
 NEGATIVE: P.P + WAS/WERE + NOT + B.I + ING + C + E.T.I.P

Examples:
1. I was not speaking. // I wasn’t speaking.

2. I was not playing tennis yesterday afternoon. // I wasn’t playing tennis
yesterday afternoon.
3. She was not cooking cookies. // She wasn’t cooking cookies.
4. We were not practicing soccer at the stadium. // We weren’t practicing
soccer at the stadium.
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 QUESTION: WAS/WERE + P.P + B.I + ING + C + E.T +?
Examples:
1. Was I speaking?
 Yes, you were.
2. Was she cooking cookies?
 Yes, she was.
 No, she was not.
 No, she wasn’t.
3. Were we playing soccer at the stadium?
 Yes, you were.
 WASN’T/WEREN’T + P.P + B.I + ING + C + E.T +?

INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE:
Examples:
1. Wasn’t I speaking?
 Yes, you were.
2. Weren’t you eating a hamburger?
 Yes, I was.
 No, I was not.
 No, I wasn’t.
3. Wasn’t she playing tennis?
 Yes, she was.
 No, she was not.
 No, she wasn’t.
4. Weren’t he sleeping in her house?
 Yes, he was.
 No, he was not.
 No, he wasn’t.
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IMMEDIATE PAST “GOING TO” + VERB
The immediate past has the same use as the immediate future with the only
difference that this tense is in past.
 AFFIRMATIVE: P.P + WAS/WERE + GOING TO + B.I + C

Examples:
1. I was going to go to the concert. [Iba a ir al concierto]

2. We were going to play tennis at Jenny’s house.
3. Lady Gaga was going to give a concert.
4. My mom was going to travel to Cuba.
 NEGATIVE: P.P + WAS/WERE + NOT + GOING TO + B.I + C

Examples:
1. I was not going to go to the concert.

2. We were not going to play tennis at Jenny’s house.
3. Lady Gaga wasn’t going to give a concert.
4. My mom was not going to travel to Cuba.
 QUESTION: WAS/WERE + P.P + GOING TO + B.I + C +?

Example:
1. Was I going to go to the concert?

 Yes, you were going to.
 No, you were not going to.
 No, you weren’t going to.
2. Were you going to go to the church?
 Yes, I was going to.
 No, I was not going to.
 No, I wasn’t going to.
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 INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE: WASN’T/WEREN’T + P.P + GOING TO + B.I + C +?
Examples:
1. Wasn’t I going to go to the concert?

2. Weren’t you going to the gym?
HE WASN’T GOING TO GO TO THE CINEMA
Tania: Hi Sterling! How are you getting along?
Sterling: Not too bad! How have you been?
Tania: More or less.
Sterling: Did you know that at the cinema are releasing the movie of Dragon Ball
Z – Battle of Gods?
Tania: Yes, I did. It is said it has a lot of action.
Sterling: So say. I’m going to go to the cinema this afternoon to watch it! Do you
want to come with me?
Tania: I’d like to… But I’m going to go to a soccer match with my brother Roberto.
Sterling: Mmm… I prefer to watch the movie instead of going to see a soccer
match!
Tania: I wasn’t going to go to the soccer match but my brother was begging me
all day long!
Sterling: It’s a shame!
Tania: Why don’t you tell Annie and Jack?
Sterling: That’s a good idea!
Tania: Why don’t you call them right now?
Sterling: OK…. I’m going to call them.
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Annie: Hello, good morning!
Sterling: Hi Annie! It’s me Sterling!
Annie: Hi Sterling! How are you?
Sterling: I’m fine thanks. And you?
Annie: So-so for the time being.
Sterling: Listen! Today at the cinema are releasing the new movie of Dragon Ball
Z-Battle of Gods. Do you want to come to the cinema with me?
Annie: Sure!
Sterling: Why don’t you tell your brother Jack to see if he wants to come with us?
Annie: OK. I’m gonna ask him in this moment. Jack, don’t you want to come with
us this afternoon to watch the new movie of Dragon Ball Z-Battle of Gods?
Jack: No, I don’t. I’m bored and I don’t like watching that kind of movie.
Annie: But when you were a child that cartoon was your favorite.
Jack: But now it’s not!
Annie: OK. I’m going to tell Sterling you said NO!
Jack: Is Sterling inviting us?
Annie: Yes, he is.
Jack: In that case I’m going to go with you guys!
Annie: Sterling, Jack wasn’t going to go to the cinema at the first time, but when
he realized you were inviting us, he said YES.
Sterling: So, I’m going to pick you up at 4:00 PM.
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GRAMMAR REVIEW
I. Choose the simple present or present progressive tense in the

following sentences.
1. Something ____________ (smell) very good.
2. We ____________________ (eat) dinner tonight.
3. He ____________ (practice) the piano every day.
4. They ____________________ (drive) to school tomorrow.
5. I ____________ you.
6. Maria ____________ (have) a cold.
7. Jorge ____________ (swim) right now.
II. Make ten sentences using the immediate future “going to” + verb.
1. _____________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________
8. _____________________________________________________________
9. _____________________________________________________________
10. _____________________________________________________________
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III. Read and answer the following questions:
1. Do you smoke marijuana?
_____________________________________________________________
2. Do you have boyfriend/girlfriend?
_____________________________________________________________
3. What’s your address?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4. How many siblings do you have?
_____________________________________________________________
5. Do you love the earth planet?
_____________________________________________________________
6. Why are you studying English?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
7. Do you recognize your parents’ effort?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
8. Do you read the Bible?
_____________________________________________________________
9. What do you eat for breakfast?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
10. What type of clothes do you wear before going to bed?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
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UNIT VII: SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Los usos del pasado simple son similares a los del presente simple excepto que
el pasado expresa estados o acciones en pasado. Por ejemplo, el pasado simple
se puede utilizar para expresar acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado en
intervalos regulares; además, el pasado simple se puede utilizar para describir
situaciones que ocurrieron durante un periodo de tiempo en el pasado. Este
tiempo también es utilizado para expresar acciones no continuas que ocurrieron
en un momento definido del pasado.
 AFFIRMATIVE: P.P + V.P + C

V.P: Verb in past
Examples: Conjugate the verb “to be” and “to work” in past tense.
AFFIRMATIVE AFFIRMATIVE
“TO BE” “TO WORK”
I was I worked
You were You worked
He was He worked
She was She worked
It was It worked
We were We worked
You were You worked
They were They worked
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Debemos tomar en cuenta que existen tres tipos de categorias de verbos:
 Verbos regulares
 Verbos Irregulares
 Verbos Mixtos
Los verbos regulares son todos aquellos a los que su pasado simple y participio
pasado se le agrega “ED”.
Los verbos irregulares son todos aquellos que cambian su estructura. Por ello,
se deberá memorizar correctamente su pasado simple y su participio pasado.
Los verbos mixtos son una mezcla de verbos regulares e irregulares que pueden
tener más de dos pasados simples o dos pasados participios.
Ejemplos de verbos regulares, irregulares y mixtos:
Verbos Regulares Verbos Irregulares Verbos Mixtos
Work  Worked Do  Did Clothe  Clothed/Clad
Practice  Practiced Begin  Began Cleave 

Cleaved/Cleft/Clove
Wet  Wetted Fall  Fell Swell  Swelled/Swollen
Dentro de los tipos de verbos irregulares encontramos las categorías verbales,

es decir, como es la estructura del verbo en todos los tiempos gramaticales.
Las categorías verbales son:
 Cuando un verbo es puro

 Cuando un verbo es doble
 Cuando un verbo es único
- Verbo puro: Cuando el verbo no se repite en toda su estructura gramatical.
Ejemplo:
To do  Does  Did  Done  Doing
- Verbo doble: Un verbo es doble cuando en su estructura grammatical se

repite dos veces.
Ejemplo:
To come  Came  Come  Coming
- Verbo único: Un verbo es único cuando su estructura no cambia.
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Ejemplo:
To put  puts  put  put  putting
To hit  hits  hit  hitting
To cut  cuts  cut  cut  cutting
 NEGATIVE: P.P + DID + NOT + B.I + C

Examples:
1. John did not go to Spain last year.

2. Bob did not buy a new bicycle yesterday.
3. Maria did not do her homework last night.
4. Mark did not wash the dishes after dinner.
La contracción de DID + NOT es: DIDN’T. Por tanto, podemos decir:
1. John didn’t go to Spain last year.

2. Bob didn’t buy a new bicycle yesterday.
3. Maria didn’t do her homework last night.
4. Mark didn’t wash the dishes after dinner.
 EMPHATIC: P.P + DID + B.I +C

Examples:
1. I did go to Spain last year.

2. Bob did buy a new bicycle yesterday.
3. Maria did do her homework last night.
4. Mark did wash the dishes.
5. I did love you.
TIP BOX:
DID is also an auxiliary

used to make negative
sentences and questions
in the past tense in English
75
 QUESTION: DID + P.P + B.I +C +?
Examples:
1. Did you buy a bicycle?

 Yes, I did.
 No, I did not.
 No, I didn’t.
2. Did you go to the concert?
 Yes, I did.
 No, I did not.
 No, I didn’t.
3. Did he understand what she said?
 Yes, he did.
 No, he did not.
 No, he didn’t.
4. Did they catch the train?
 Yes, they did.
 No, they did not.
 No, they didn’t.
 INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE: DIDN’T + P.P + B.I + C +?

Example:
1. Didn’t you buy a bicycle?

 Yes, I did.
 No, I did not.
 No, I didn’t.
2. Didn’t you go to the concert?
 Yes, I did.
 No, I did not.
 No, I didn’t.
3. Didn’t he understand what she said?
 Yes, he did.
 No, he did not.
 No, he didn’t.
4. Didn’t you catch the train?
 Yes, I did.
 No, I did not.
 No, I didn’t.
76
WE PAINTED THE KITCHEN ON THE

WEEKEND
Erick: Hi, Oscar. How are you doing?
Oscar: Fine. Thanks. You?
Erick: OK. How was your week-end?
Oscar: It was good. On Saturday we went to see Gerardo and we played soccer
for an hour. Then we went to Gerardo’s house and watched TV and played video
games for a while. His mom ordered pizza but after that he needed to study. On
Sunday I cleaned my bedroom, washed my dad’s car and cleaned my bike. That’s
all. And you?
Erick: I stayed home on Saturday because my cousins visited us. Then I sent a
text message to Lisa and went to bed early. On Sunday my mom and I painted
the kitchen.
DID YOU WASH THE DISHES?
Milton’s mom: Milton, Milton!

Milton: Hi, mom.
Milton’s mom: What are you doing?
Milton: Eh… watching TV.
Milton’s mom: Very funny, listen to me and turn the TV off! Did you do your
homework?
Milton: Yes, I did.

Milton’s mom: Aha! Look at this mess! You didn’t clean the living room!
Milton: Well, I didn’t have time to finish but…
Milton’s mom: Did you wash the dishes?
Milton: No, I didn`t but when I finish to play video games I’m going to do it!
Milton’s mom: Did you tidy your room?
Milton: Yes, sure. Why not?
Milton’s mom: Aha! Let’s go upstairs to see.
Milton: No mom! Wait!
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SHE HATES YOU!
Stephanie: Hi, Mark. How is it going?
Mark: Hey! I’m ok just with a little cold. How’s your love life?
Stephanie: Terrible!
Mark: Why? What happened?
Stephanie: I realized your friend is dating another girl.
Mark: What a what? I didn’t know that!
Stephanie: So it is! I caught them kissing each other at the movie theater.
Mark: But he told me he’s really in loved with you last time.
Stephanie: He told me the same thing, but it’s not true. He`s always lying to me.
Mark: That’s too bad! He prefers to be with another girl just for fun! But he has to
be more serious with you. You are boyfriend and girlfriend! You are a nice girl.
Stephanie: All I can say is that I was his girlfriend. Now, I’m not his girlfriend
anymore.
(Two hours later)
Mark: You are an idiot Steven! You changed your girlfriend for a hooker.
Steven: Do you want to know why I changed her?
Mark: Yes, I do. I want you to tell me right now!
Steven: Stephanie never wanted to have sex with me. A relationship without
having sex is not a relationship. Now, this girl gets me crazy when we are having
sex! Let’s be honest… This girl has a nice fuck!
Mark: If you say so! Love is not only sex. It’s more than that!
Steven: You seem like a priest giving me advice! I don’t need them! Get out of
my way looser! If you are always acting like that you’ll never have as many girls
as I have.
78
UNIT VIII: OBJECT PRONOUNS AND

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
An object pronoun is a pronoun that is used as an object in the sentence. You

have to keep in mind that a personal pronoun does the action and goes before
the verb while the object pronoun goes after the verb.
Personal Pronoun Object Pronoun Meaning

I Me Me, mí, yo
You You Te, la , lo
He Him Lo, le, él
She Her Lo, la, le, ella
It It Lo, la, le
We Us Nos, Nosotros (as)
You You Los, las, ustedes
They Them Los, las, les, ellos, ellas
Examples:
1. I like you. [Me gustas]

2. Do you like me? [¿Te gusto?]
3. I love you. [Te amo/Te quiero]
4. I want to give you a kiss. [Quiero darte un beso]
5. She was with him all night long. [Ella estuvo con él toda la noche]
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME: IN, ON, AT, TO, DURING, THROUGH, FROM
Time: At, from, to Parts of the day, Days, week, weekend,

years: In, at months
 He gets up at 7  In the morning He gets up early …
O’clock in the  In the afternoon  On Mondays
morning.  In the evening  On Fridays
 She works from 8 to  In 1990  During the week
5.  At night
 He goes to class from
Monday through Friday.
 On November 21st.
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UNIT IX: THE USE OF “HOW MUCH” & “HOW

MANY”
 HOW MUCH?: ¿Cuánto?, ¿Cuántos (as)?

 HOW MANY?: ¿Cuánto?, ¿Cuántos (as)?
How much is used with uncountable nouns and how many is used with
countable nouns.
Examples:
1. How much money do you earn in your job?

 I earn 6,500 cordobas a month.
2. How much does your computer cost?
 It costs about 650 dollars.
3. How many hours do you study English a day?
 I study English two hours every day.
4. How many days do I have to wait for my luggage?
 Sorry, sir, but you have to wait a week longer.
5. How much does this smartphone cost?
 It costs 800 dollar tax included.
6. How many students are studying English at your school?
 There are in total 450 students studying English in this school.
7. How many classmates have you got?
 I’ve got 43 classmates.
8. How many brothers do you have?
 I have only two brothers.
9. How many sisters have you got?
 I’ve got twelve sisters.
10. How many days do you go to the gym?
 I go to the gym every day in the afternoon.
11. How much does your necklace cost?
 It costs 800 cordobas.
12. How much money do you need?
 I need 1200 cordobas (that is 25 dollars)
80
UNIT X: THE USE OF “MUCH”, “MANY”, “A

LITTLE”, “A FEW”, “VERY” & “TWO”
 MUCH: Mucho, mucha.

 MANY: Muchos, Muchas.
 A LITTLE: Un poco de.  Synonym: Some.
 A FEW: Algunos (as), Unos cuantos.
 VERY: Mismo, muy.
 TOO: Tambien.
MUCH, se utiliza cuando queremos hablar de cosas que son incontables, por
ejemplo, el dinero, el arroz, la arena, la mantequilla, el agua, el aceite, etc.
Examples:
1. She has much money. [Ella tiene mucho dinero]

2. I love you so much. [Te amo/Te quiero ,muchísimo]
MANY, se utitiza cuando queremos hablar de cosas que son contables, por
ejemplo, las personas, las botellas con agua, aceite, gaseosas, etc.
Examples:
1. Many people knew about this.[Muchas personas sabían de esto]

2. Many workers are being fired.
A LITTLE, se utiliza con los sustantivos incontables tanto singulares como

plurales.
Examples:
1. I know a little Portuguese.

2. There is a little wine left. [Queda un poco de vino]
3. This will hurt a little. [Esto dolerá un poco]
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A FEW, se utiliza con sustantivos contables tanto singulares como plurales.
Examples:
1. A few people complained.

2. We’ll stay a few weeks longer. [Nos quedaremos un par de semana más]
3. There are quite a few mistakes. [Hay bastantes errores]
4. You aren’t going to learn English in a few weeks.
VERY, se utiliza como adjetivo y como adverbio; como adjetivo significa

“mismo (a)”, y como adverbio “muy”.
Examples:
1. For that very reason. [Por esa misma razón]

2. At that very moment. [En ese mismo instante]
3. Right from the start. [Desde el principio]
4. Very God: Dios de Dios.
5. Today, I feel happy.
6. Nothing but the very best. [Sólo lo mejor de lo mejor]
TOO, es un adverbio que significa “también”; sus sinónimos son:

 As well as
 As well
 Furthermore
 Moreover
 In addition to
 Also
Examples:
1. I have to do my homework, too/as well.

2. I know how to speak English as well as French and Portuguese.
3. I have a dog, a cat, a parrot, also a horse.
4. Furthermore, we need to buy a car.
5. In addition to it, you can choose a microwave oven or a gas cooker.
6. Moreover, we need to know the correct use of these false cognates.
7. I want to study English degree, too.
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UNIT XI: WH-QUESTIONS AND RELATIVE

PRONOUNS
 WH-QUESTIONS
 What?: ¿Qué?, ¿Cuál? [Para obtener información acerca de algo]
 Which?: ¿Cuál?, ¿Cuáles? [Al hablar de opciones]
 Where?: ¿Dónde?, ¿A dónde? [Para ubicaciones]
 When?: ¿Cuándo?
 Who?: ¿Quién?, ¿Quienes?
 Whom?: ¿A quién?
 Whose?: ¿De quién?, ¿De quienes?
 What for?: ¿Por qué?, ¿Para qué?
 Why?: ¿Por qué?
 How?: ¿Cómo?
 How come?: ¿Por qué?
 How long?: ¿Cuánto tiempo?, ¿Qué tan largo?
 How tall?: ¿Qué tan alto?
 How wide?: ¿Qué tan ancho?
Examples:
1. What do you do? [¿A qué te dedicas?]

2. What do you mean?
3. What is your name?
4. Which car do you want to buy?
5. Which house do you like?
6. Where are you?
7. Where are you studying English?
8. Where do you live?
9. Whom do you want to see?
10. Whom should I call?
11. When was that?
12. When are you going to come with us?
13. Who is he?
14. Who are you?
15. Whose is this?
16. Whose is this passport?
17. What do you want them for? [¿Para qué los quieres?]
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 RELATIVE PRONOUNS: Se utilizan como conectores para enlazar
oraciones.
 What: Lo que. [used with people and things]
 Which: Que, la cual. [used only with things or animals]
 Who: Quien, quienes, que. [used only with people]
 Where: Donde. [used only with places]
 When: Cuando. [with time or hour]
 Why: Porque, por el que, por lo que. [with people or things to give an
explanation]
 Whose: Cuyo, cuyos. [used to indicate possession]
 That: Que. [It has a generalized use]
Examples:
1. That´s what I need!

2. The book which is on the table is mine.
3. The students who are playing soccer over there were my English students.
4. Ometepe Island is where I want to go this year.
5. Don’t feel frustrated yourself when you feel you’re not making much
progress.
6. I still don’t understand why I have to give you money.
7. Go and ask her why she doesn`t want to come with me.
8. The boy whose parents are rich has died in a car accident.
9. Please tell her that I need to talk to her as soon as possible.
OMETEPE ISLAND
Ometepe is an island formed by two volcanoes. Its names derives from the
Nahuatl words: OME (two) and TEPETL (mountain), meaning “two mountains”. It
is the largest island in Lake Nicaragua. This island participated in the competition
of the Seven Wonders of the World. Every year this wonderful island receives
more than 5000 visitors from all over the world.
The two volcanoes, Concepción and Maderas are joined by a low isthmus to form
one island in the shape of an hourglass.
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UNIT XII: RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS “EACH

OTHER” & “ONE ANOTHER”
 Each other: El uno al otro. [Intervienen dos personas]

 One another: Unos a otros, los unos con los otros. [más de dos personas]
Examples:
1. The two boys hate each other.

2. Mark and Lisa love each other.
3. We have to get along one another.
4. All of us in this classroom are very fond of one another.
 TO GET
Es uno de los verbos más utilizados en el idioma inglés, el cual tiene varios
significados, se une a sustantivos, adjetivos y preposiciones para formar nuevos
verbos.
Los significados de “GET” en su forma simple (infinitivo) son:
 Conseguir/Obtener
 Comprender/Entender
 Llegar
 Comprar
 Ganar (dinero)
 Coger, contagiar
 Hacer señas
Examples:
1. I want to get good results in the test.

2. I don’t get it!
3. How do I get to the bus terminal?
4. Look at my new cell phone! I got it at the mall.
5. I don’t get enough money. [No gano mucho dinero]
6. She got chickenpox from her sister. [La Hermana la contagió con varicela]
7. I was getting signals from Jenny to be quiet. [Jenny me estaba haciendo
señas de que me callara].
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 GET + ADJETIVO
1. To get better: Mejorarse
2. To get back: Regresar
3. To get caught: Quedar atrapado.
4. To get cold: Refrescar, empezar a hacer frio.
5. To get convinced: convencerse.
6. To get crazy: volverse loco, ponerse como loco.
7. To get angry: Enfurecerse, Enojarse.
8. To get mad: Enojarse.
9. To get nervous: Ponerse nervioso.
10. To get married: Casarse.
11. To get old: Envejecerse.
12. To get frustrated: Frustrar.
13. To get started: Empezar.
14. To get tired: Cansarse.
15. To get bored: Aburrirse.
Examples:
1. I hope you can get better soon.

2. Your house is going to be cleaned when you get back.
3. The robber got caught in the revolving door.
4. It’s getting cold.
5. You’re going to get convinced when you see it.
6. He gets crazy when he hears that song.
7. Alex got angry because his students were throwing papers one another.
8. Don’t get mad! It’s not worth it!
9. Don’t get nervous when you are on the stage.
10. Susan and Erick are going to get married this weekend.
11. I’m tired! I feel I’m getting old.
12. I was fishing with my brother but I didn’t catch any fish so I got bored.
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 TO GET + PREPOSICIÓN O POSPOSICIÓN
1. To get off: Bajarse de.
2. To get in: Entrar.
3. To get out: Salir.
4. To get up: Levantarse.
5. To get away from: Alejarse de.
6. To get home: Llegar a casa, volver a casa.
7. To get to be: Llegar a ser.  Synonym: To become.
Examples:
1. Get off the bus when you get at 10th street.

2. I’m not going to get in there!
3. If you are not doing anything here, please, get out!
4. I get up at 5 o’clock in the morning.
5. We’re getting away from the shore.
6. My mom Susana is getting home at 8:00PM.
7. Wendell wants to get to be a good internal medicine doctor.
Modern life is sometimes

chaotic! We don’t have time
for ourselves or others and we
sometimes forget the real
meaning of life:
The smell of flowers in your

garden…
The taste of your favorite

meal…
These are little miracles that

can happen everywhere!
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UNIT XIII: THE FORMATION OF PLURALS
Un sustantivo es una palabra utilizada como el nombre de una persona o cosa.
Los nombres propios de personas o cosas se refieren a sustantivos propios. En

inglés, los sustantivos propios deben de comenzar con letra mayúscula.
Examples:
1. My friend, George, is American.

2. The capital of England is London.
 REGLAS PARA LA FORMACIÓN DEL PLURAL

1. Los sustantivos acabados en c, ch, s, sh, o, x, z añaden “ES” para formar el
plural.
e.g:
tomato  tomatoes brush  brushes
2. Los sutantivos que terminan en “Y” forman su plural de dos maneras

diferentes:
a) Aquellos en que la “Y” va precedida de vocal, añaden una “S”.
e.g:
Toy  toys day  days
b) Aquellos en la que la “Y” va precedida de consonante, cambian la “Y” en

“IE” antes de añadir “S”.
e.g:
Lady  Ladies Puppy  Puppies
3. Hay doce sustantivos que cambian la “F” o “FE” del final en “V” o “VE” antes
de añadir la “S”.
e.g:
Life  Lives Wolf  Wolves
Knife  Knives Wife  Wives
Leaf  Leaves Self  Selves
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4. Sustantivos irregulares que cambian su forma al cambiar un sonido
vocálico:
Man  Men Mouse  Mice
Child  Children Louse  Lice
Woman  Women Half  Halves
5. Los sustantivos formados por preposiciones o adverbios sólo ponen en

plural el primer elemento.
e.g:
Brother in law  Bothers in law

Sister in law  Sisters in law
GREEK AND LATIN PLURAL NOUNS

1. Analysis ----------------------------------------------------- Analyses
2. Alumna [Ex-alumna]------------------------------------- Alumnae
3. Alumnus [Ex-alumno] ----------------------------------- Alumni
4. Appendix ----------------------------------------------------- Appendixes/Appendices
5. Basis [Base] -------------------------------------------- Bases
6. Bacterium -------------------------------------------- Bacteria
7. Criterion ----------------------------------------------------- Criteria
8. Crisis ----------------------------------------------------- Crises
9. Curriculum -------------------------------------------- Curricula
10. Cactus ----------------------------------------------------- Cacti/Cactuses
11. Datum [Dato] -------------------------------------------- Data
12. Formula ----------------------------------------------------- Formulae/Formulas
13. Fungus [Hongo] ----------------------------------- Fungi
14. Hypothesis [Hipótesis] -------------------------- Hypotheses
15. Index ----------------------------------------------------- Indexes/Indices
16. Medium [Medio] ----------------------------------- Media
17. Memorandum -------------------------------------------- Memoranda
18. Phenomenon ------------------------------------------ Phenomena/Phenomenons
19. Parenthesis ------------------------------------------ Parentheses
20. Papyrus ------------------------------------------------------------ Papyri
21. Radius ------------------------------------------------------------ Radii
22. Stimulus ------------------------------------------------------------ Stimuli
23. Syllabus ------------------------------------------------------------ Syllabi
24. Thesis ------------------------------------------------------------ Theses
25. Vertebra ------------------------------------------------------------ Vertebrae
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UNIT IX: MODAL VERBS
There are twelve modal verbs in English: can, could, may, might, shall, should,
will, would, must, have to, had to and ought to.
All of the modal verbs are used as auxiliaries, and all of them form conjugations
in the same way.
1. MODAL AUXILIARY “CAN” AND “COULD”

The modal auxiliary can is most often used in the simple conjugation. CAN is well-
known as the present potential and it’s used to denote all the actions that we are
able to do for capacity or ability.
 CAN: Poder, Saber (Capacity or ability)

 AFFIRMATIVE: P.P + CAN + B.I + C

Conjugation of the modal auxiliary CAN:
I can : Yo puedo, Yo sé.
You can : Tú puedes, Sabes.
He can : Él puede, él sabe.
She can : Ella puede, ella sabe.
It can : Puede, sabe
We can : Nosotros podemos, sabemos.
You can : Ustedes pueden, saben.
They can : Ellos pueden, saben.
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Examples:
1. He can walk thirty miles a day.

2. I can swim.
3. She can drive a car.
4. We can go to the party this coming Saturday.
 NEGATIVE: P.P + CAN + NOT + B.I + COMPLEMENT
I cannot
You cannot
Tip Box:
He cannot
It is considered incorrect
She cannot in formal English to write
CAN NOT instead of
It cannot CANNOT
We cannot
They cannot
Examples:
1. He cannot walk thirty miles a day.

2. She cannot cook cookies.
3. I cannot do that.
4. We cannot go to the party because I’m cold.
The contraction of CAN + NOT is: CAN’T. In spoken English we must use CAN’T
to sound more natural when we are speaking. So, in spoken English we must
say:
1. He can’t walk thirty miles a day.

2. She can’t cook cookies.
3. I can’t do that.
4. We can’t go to the party because I’m cold.
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 QUESTION: CAN + P.P + B.I +C +?
Examples:
1. Can he walk thirty miles a day?

 Yes, he can.
 No, he cannot. Tip Box:
 No, he can’t. CAN has a lot of meanings
2. Can she cook cookies? into Spanish. For example
 Yes, she can. as a verb means:
 No, she cannot.
 No, she can’t. TO CAN: Enlatar, Envasar
3. Can I have some more soup?
 Yes, you can.
 No, you cannot.
 No, you can’t.
4. Can we go to the party tonight?
 Yes, we can.
 No, we cannot.
 No, we can’t.
 INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE: CAN’T + P.P + B.I + C +?
Examples:
1. Can`t he walk thirty miles a day?

 Yes, he can.
 No, he cannot.
Tip Box:
 No, he can’t.
2. Can’t she cook cookies? CAN as a noun means: lata,
 Yes, she can. envase, cubo; cárcel,
 No, she cannot. cuchitril, trasero; cagadero.
 No, she can’t.
3. Can I have some more soup?
 Yes, you can.
 No, you cannot.
 No you can’t.
4. Can’t we go to the party tonight?
 Yes, we can.
 No, we cannot.
 No, we can’t.
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 COULD
The modal auxiliary could is known as the past potential tense and it has the
same use as the present potential tense.
Could can be used in polite requests and suggestions. This modal auxiliary is
sometimes used to indicate future. If the sentence has a time adverb, it’s going
to be easier to deduce if the sentence is in past or future tense. It’s not a common
future, but we have to be careful because sometimes can appear in a sentence.
 COULD: Pude, Pudo, Podría.
 AFFIRMATIVE: P.P + COULD + B.I + C

Example: Conjugate the verb “Dance” with Could.
I could dance Further examples:
1. I could do many things.

You could dance
2. She could go to the party.
He could dance 3. I could ride a bike when I was 3.
4. We could cook dinner.
She could dance 5. She could do it for you.
6. He could go to the party this coming Saturday.
It could dance 7. I could stay awake all night long.
8. James could help Ana to do her homework.
We could dance
9. They could do that for you.
You could dance 10. You could dance break dance when you were 15.
11. James and Jack could dance very well.
They could dance 12. I could give you the money if you wish.
 NEGATIVE: P.P + COULD + NOT + B.I + C

Examples:
1. I could not do many things.

2. She could not go to the party.
3. I could not ride a bike when I was 3.
4. We could not cook dinner.
5. She could not do it for you.
6. He could not go to the party this coming Saturday.
7. I could not stay awake all night long.
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The contraction of COULD + NOT is: COULDN’T. So we can say:
1. I couldn’t do many things.

2. She couldn’t go to the party.
3. I couldn’t ride a bike when I was 3.
4. We couldn’t cook dinner.
 QUESTION: COULD + P.P + B.I + C +?

Examples:
1. Could I do many things?

 Yes, you could.
 No, you could not.
 No, you couldn’t.
2. Could she go to the party?
 Yes, she could.
 No, she could not.
 No, she couldn’t.
 INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE: COULDN’T + P.P + B.I + C +?

Examples:
1. Couldn’t I do many things?

 Yes, you could.
 No, you could not.
 No, you couldn’t.
2. Couldn’t she go to the party?
 Yes, she could.
 No, she could not.
 No, she couldn’t.
3. Couldn’t they help you?
 Yes, they could.
 No, they could not.
 No, they couldn’t.
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3. MODAL AUXILIARY “MAY” AND “MIGHT”
The modal auxiliary “May” is used to express doubt, probability or permission.
 MAY: Poder.
 AFFIRMATIVE: P.P + MAY + B.I + C

Examples:
1. I may go to that concert.

2. She may help you.
 NEGATIVE: P.P + MAY + NOT + B.I + C

Examples:
1. I may not go to that concert.

2. She may not help you.
3. It may not rain.
The contraction of MAY + NOT is: MAYN’T. So, we can say:
1. I mayn’t go to that concert.

2. She mayn’t help you.
3. It mayn’t rain.
 QUESTION: MAY + P.P + B.I + C +?
Examples:
1. May I go to that concert?

 Yes, you may.
 No, you may not.
 No, you mayn’t.
2. May I come in?
 Yes, you may.
 No, you may not.
 No, you mayn’t.
3. May she help you?
 Yes, she may.
 No, she may not.
 No, she mayn’t.
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- MIGHT
This modal auxiliary is the past of “May”; it’s a little bit more informal than
“Could” and it has a 35% less probability than “COULD”.
For example:
1. I might play ---------------------------------------------- probability: 35%

2. I could play ---------------------------------------------- probability: 65%
 AFFIRMATIVE: P.P + MIGHT + B.I + C

Example:
1. I might go to that concert.

2. If I kiss you I might miss you babe.
3. It might be true.
4. She might sell all your English books.
 NEGATIVE: P.P + MIGHT + NOT + B.I +C

Examples:
1. I might not go to that concert.

2. If I kiss you I might not miss you babe.
3. It might not be true.
4. She might not sell all your books.
The contraction of MIGHT + NOT is: MIGHTN’T. So, we can say and write:
1. I mightn’t go to that concert.

2. If I kiss you I mightn’t miss you babe.
3. It mightn’t be true.
4. She mightn’t sell all your books.
96
 QUESTION: MIGHT + P.P + B.I + C +?
Examples:
1. Might I go to that concert?

 Yes, you might.
 No, you might not.
 No, you mightn’t.
2. Might she sell all your books?
 Yes, she might.
 No, she might not.
 No, she mightn’t.
 INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE: MIGHTN’T + P.P + B.I + C +?

Example:
1. Mightn’t I go to that concert?

 Yes, you might.
2. Mightn’t she sell all your books?
 Yes, she might.
3. Mightn’t I observe what you have?
 Yes, you might.
4. Mightn’t she offer you some advice?
 Yes, she might.
97
3. MODAL AUXILIARY “SHALL” AND “SHOULD”
- SHALL
This type of modal auxiliary is used to make suggestions or to ask for assent. The
meaning into Spanish has to be deduced by the context. This modal is only used
in questions. It is only used in affirmative, negative, question and interrogative-
negative to form the future tense.
 GRAMMATICAL FORMULA:
 QUESTION: SHALL + P.P + B.I + C +?

Examples:
1. Shall I open the window? [¿Abro la ventana?, ¿Quieres que abra la

ventana?]
2. Shall I close the door? [¿Cierro la puerta?, ¿Quieres que cierre la puerta?]
3. Shall we go out tonight? [¿Qué te parece si salimos esta noche?]
4. Shall we dance? [¿Bailamos?]
5. I’ll ask him, shall I? [Le pregunot, ¿sí?, ¿te parece?]
6. Whatever shall we do? [¿Qué podemos hacer?] (Used by British)
Tip Box:
The modal auxiliary

SHALL can only be used
with the personal
pronouns “I” and “WE”
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- SHOULD
This type of modal verb expresses suggestion.
 SHOULD: Debería.
 GRAMMATICAL FORMULA:
 AFFIRMATIVE: P.P + SHOULD + B.I + C

Examples:
1. You should see a doctor.

2. She should study a lot.
3. I should read this Book about English Linguistics.
4. They should buy a new car.
 NEGATIVE: P.P + SHOULD + NOT + B.I + C

Examples:
1. You should not see a doctor.

2. She should not study a lot.
3. I should not read this book about English Linguistics.
4. They should not buy a new car.
The contraction of SHOULD + NOT is: SHOULDN’T. So, we can say and write:
1. You shouldn’t see a doctor.

2. She shouldn’t study a lot.
3. I shouldn’t read this book about English Linguistics.
4. They shouldn’t buy a new car.
 QUESTION: SHOULD + P.P + B.I + C +?

Example:
1. Should you see a doctor?

 Yes, I should.
 No, I should not.
 No, I shouldn’t.
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4. MODAL AUXILIARY “WILL” AND “WOULD”
- WILL
This type of modal verb is used to express willingness, invitations or commands.

It doesn’t have a specific meaning into Spanish that’s why it has to be deduced
by the context. This modal auxiliary is only used in questions. In affirmative,
negative or question is used to form the future tense.
 GRAMMATICAL FORMULA: WILL + P.P + B.I + C +?

Examples:
1. Will you do me a favor? [¿Quieres hacerme un favor?, ¿Me haces un favor?]

2. Will you stop interrupting! [¡Quieres dejar de interrumpirme!]
3. Be quiet, will you! [Cállate, ¿quieres?, ¿quieres callarte?]
4. Will you have a drink? [¿Quieres tomar algo?]
- WOULD
Would is the past of WILL. Would, gives to all the verbs the termination “RIA”.
Would, expresses doubt.
 AFFIRMATIVE: P.P + WOULD + B.I + C

Examples:
1. I would go to the party.

2. She would like to go to the concert.
3. I would prefer not going.
The contraction of WOULD with all the personal pronouns, is:

I would I’d
You would You’d
He would He’d
She would She’d
It would It’d
We would We’d
You would You’d
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Therefore, we can say and write:
1. I’d go to that party.

2. She’d like to go to the concert.
3. I’d prefer not going.
 NEGATIVE: P.P + WOULD + NOT + B.I + C

Examples:
1. I would not go to that party.

2. She would not go to the concert.
3. I would not prefer going.
The contraction of WOULD + NOT is: WOULDN’T. So, we can say:
1. I’d not go to that party. // I wouldn’t go to that party.

2. She’d not go to the concert. // She wouldn’t go to the concert.
3. I’d not prefer going. // I wouldn’t prefer going.
 QUESTION: WOULD + P.P + B.I + C +?

Examples:
1. Would I go to that party?

 Yes, you would.
 No, you would not.
 No, you wouldn’t.
2. Would she go to the concert?
 Yes, she would.
 No, she would not.
 No, she wouldn’t.
3. Would you prefer going?
 Yes, I would.
 No, I would not.
 No, I wouldn’t.
4. Would you send her a text message?
 Yes, I would.
 No, I would not.
 No, I wouldn’t.
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Like could and might, would can be used in polite requests and suggestions. The
auxiliaries could, might and would can be used to express differing degrees of
politeness:
Degree of politeness Auxiliary
Somewhat polite could
Quite polite would
Very polite might
Thus, might expresses the highest degree of politeness.
e.g.: Might I observe what you are doing?
5. MODAL AUXILIARY “HAVE TO” AND “HAD TO”

- Have to: Tener que, deber de.
We use have to and the simple form of the verb to express necessity or
obligation.
 AFFIRMATIVE: P.P + HAVE TO + B.I + C

Examples:
1. I have to write a composition for tomorrow’s lesson.

2. Mr. Thomson has to go to Washington tonight.
3. She has to study very hard this week.
4. You have to admit it!
THE PRONUNCIATION OF “HAVE TO”

The following table illustrates how the pronunciation of the words have and has
in the expression “have to” differs from the usual pronunciation of the verb to
have. In the expression have to, the consonant preceding the t of to is unvoiced.
An imitated pronunciation of have and has is indicated in the right-hand column:
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USUAL PRONUNCIATION OF HAVE
Example Imitated Pronunciation
 She has two children “haz”
 We have two children “hav”
PRONUNCIATION OF “HAVE” IN THE EXPRESSION “HAVE TO”
Example Imitated Pronunciation
 She has to leave “hass”
 We have to leave “haff”
 NEGATIVE: P.P + DON’T/DOESN’T + HAVE TO + B.I + C

Examples:
1. I don’t have to write a composition for tomorrow’s lesson.

2. Mr. Thomson doesn’t have to travel to Washington tonight.
3. She doesn’t have to study very hard this week.
4. You don’t have to admit it!
 QUESTION: DO/DOES + P.P + HAVE TO + B.I + C +?

Examples:
1. Do I have to write a composition for tomorrow’s lesson?

 Yes, you do.
 No, you do not.
 No, you don’t.
2. Does Mr. Thomson have to travel to Washington tonight?
 Yes, he does.
 No, he does not.
 No, he doesn’t.
3. Does she have to study very hard this week?
 Yes, she does.
4. Do you have to admit it?
 Yes, I do.
 No, I do not.
 No, I don’t.
103
In British English this kind of modal verb has a little difference. That difference is
the past participle of GET  GOT which is put between HAVE and TO.
 HAVE GOT TO: Tener que, deber de. Be careful when you are using this type
of structure because you can get confused so easily. When you are using this
type of structure (BRITISH FORM) you don’t need to put the auxiliary
DO/DOES to make a negative sentence or question.
Look at the table below:
AMERICAN (HAVE TO) BRITISH (HAVE GOT TO)

 I have to take a taxi.  I have got to take a taxi.
 I don’t have to take a taxi.  I have not got to take a taxi.
 Do I have to take a taxi?  I haven`t got to take a taxi.
 Don’t I have to take a taxi?  Have I got to take a taxi?
 Yes, you do.  Haven’t I got to take a taxi?
 No, you do not.  Yes, you have got to.
 No, you don’t.  No, you have not got to.
 No, you haven’t got to.
In the colloquial form we can find only GOT instead of HAVE GOT TO and it has
the same meaning of HAVE TO. The only difference there exists is that HAVE
TO is used by Americans and HAVE GOT TO is used by British.
GOT is used both American and British.
Examples:
1. I got to go now = I have to go now = I have got to go now.

2. I got to do it = I have to do it = I have got to do it.
GOT + TO in the colloquial form (English pretty informal) is: GOTTA.
Examples:
1. I gotta go now.
2. I gotta do it!
3. I gotta take a little time.
Be careful when you are listening these two expressions: GOT A, GOTTA.
1. I got a feeling.
2. I gotta feel it.
Analyze the sentence first!
104
- HAD TO
The modal auxiliary “had to” is the past of “have to” and it means into Spanish:
TENIA QUE, DEBIA DE.
 AFFIRMATIVE: P.P + HAD TO + B.I + C

Examples:
1. I had to do it!
2. She had to leave.
3. I had to buy this car.
4. We had to buy candles because there was a power cut.
 NEGATIVE: P.P + DIDN’T + HAVE TO + B.I + C

Examples:
1. I didn’t have to do it!

2. She didn’t have to leave.
3. I didn’t have to buy this car.
4. We didn’t have to buy candles because of the power cut.
 QUESTION: DID + P.P + HAVE TO + B.I + C +?

Examples:
1. Did you have to do it?

 Yes, I did.
 No, I did not.
 No, I didn’t.
2. Did she have to leave?
 Yes, she did
 No, she did not.
 No, she didn’t.
3. Did I have to buy a car?
 Yes, you did
 No, you did not.
 No, you didn’t.
4. Did we have to buy candles because of the power cut?
 Yes, we did. / No, we did not. / No, we didn´t.
105
6. MODAL AUXILIARY “OUGHT TO” AND “MUST”
- OUGHT TO
The modal auxiliary verb “ought to” has more or less the same meaning as
“should” and can be used interchangeably. Ought to, is used to suggest
obligation or present necessity and is less strong in meaning than “must”. Ought
to, is rarely used in question form. Ought is said to be a defective verb, since it
has no infinitive, or present or past participle
 AFFIRMATIVE: P.P + OUGHT TO + B.I + C

Examples:
1. He ought to get up now.

2. You ought to take an umbrella with you.
3. She ought to stop smoking.
4. We ought to drive more carefully.
 NEGATIVE: P.P + OUGHT + NOT + TO + B.I + C

Examples:
1. He ought not to get up now.

2. You ought not to take an umbrella with you.
3. She ought not to stop smoking.
4. We ought not to drive more carefully.
The contraction of OUGHT TO + NOT is: OUGHTN’T TO. So, we can say and
write:
1. He oughtn’t to get up now.

2. You oughtn’t to take an umbrella with you.
3. She oughtn’t to stop smoking.
4. We oughtn’t to drive more carefully.
 QUESTION:
OUGHT + P.P + TO + B.I + C +?
Examples:
1. Ought he to get up now?

 Yes, he ought to.
 No, he ought not to.
 No, he oughtn’t to.
106
- MUST: TENER QUE, DEBER DE.
This modal auxiliary expresses obligation and more urgency tan HAVE TO.
 GRAMATICAL FORMULAS:
 AFFIRMATIVE: P.P + MUST + B.I + C

Examples:
1. You must study English otherwise live!

2. We must study for the final test.
3. You must buy some food for the party.
4. You must take care of your children.
 NEGATIVE: P.P + MUST + NOT + B.I + C

Examples:
1. You must not study English.

2. We must not study for the final test.
3. You must not buy any food for the party.
4. You must not take care of your children.
The contraction of MUST + NOT is: MUSTN’T. So we can say and write:
1. You mustn’t study English.

2. We mustn’t study for the final test.
3. You mustn’t buy any food for the party.
4. You mustn’t take care of your children.
 QUESTION: MUST + P.P + B.I + C +?
Examples:
1. Must you study English?

 Yes, I must.
 No, I must not.
 No, I mustn’t.
2. Must we study for the final test?
 Yes, we must.
 No, we must not.
 No, we mustn’t.
107
EXPRESSIONS WHICH ARE SYNONYMOUS WITH THE

MODAL AUXILIARIES
The modal verbs can be used only as auxiliaries; they cannot be used on their
own. They are defective, since they have no infinitive, or present or past
participle.
It should be noted that in addition to the modal auxiliaries will and can, there are
two other English verbs, to will and to can, which are conjugated regularly. The
verb to will has the meaning into Spanish: Querer, disponer, decretar, heredar
por medio de testamento. The verb to can means into Spanish: Enlatar, Envasar.
When it is desired to put the ideas expressed by the modal auxiliaries into the
future, synonymous expressions must be used. The following are the
synonymous expressions most often used:
Modal Auxiliary Synonymous Expressions
Can be able to
May be allowed to
Must have to // to be to
Examples:
PRESENT FUTURE
I can work I will be able to work
You may work You will be allowed to work
You must work You will have to work. // You’ll be to work.
108
EXERCISES:
I. Change the following affirmative statements into questions.
1. I may go.
2. I must leave at four o’clock.
3. We can solve the puzzle.
4. I shall go out now.
5. They can explain what happened.
6. It may be sunny tomorrow.
7. They can swim very well.
8. You have to do your homework.
9. She should take the bus.
10. Ericka should choose that nice of pair of shoes.
II. Change the following affirmative statements into negative

statements.
1. I can answer the question.
2. She can dance very well.
3. You are to choose the correct choice.
4. They should see the doctor.
5. You ought to bring your laptop.
6. We had to take a taxi because we were in a hurry.
7. She has to read that book.
8. When I was ten I could not go to the parties.
9. I might see her tomorrow.
10. She will marry me.
III. Listen to your teacher carefully and write the sentences that he/she
is going to dictate to you. Write the sentences on the gaps.
1. _____________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________
8. _____________________________________________________________
9. _____________________________________________________________
10. _____________________________________________________________
109
THE STAR OF THE SOCCER TEAM
Josh: Look! Andy is playing soccer. Let’s join in!
Adam: But… who’s that playing with Andy? Who is she?
Josh: I don’t know… but she can play soccer very well.
Lisa: Do you think so?
Josh: Look at her!
Brillyth: I can play soccer too.
Adam: Well, you’re not bad.
Lisa: What? Ana is the star of the soccer team!
Adam: Not for long!
Josh: Come on guys! She’s good. You have to admit it!
MAKING SUGGESTIONS
Kyle: Would you like to see a movie tonight or would you prefer to go to a bar?
Karol: I don’t know. Why don’t we call Rurick and Tania and see what they’d like
to do?
Kyle: Let’s do that, but I suspect Rurick would prefer to go to a bar.
Karol: I’m not sure! He may have something else to suggest. We have to call
them now it’s already six o’clock.
Kyle: Good idea!
110
WATCH OUT FOR CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
My name is Paul and I am 18 years old and I’m from Arizona in the US, but now
I live in Mexico. When I arrived I didn’t know anyone and I had no friends. But
after a few weeks I had a group of new friends.
One Friday my friend Roberto said, “We are going to have a party at your house
on Saturday at 8pm”. I said this was a good idea and I went home and told my
mom and dad.
On Saturday morning we went to the supermarket to buy some food and drinks
for the party. Then we returned home and prepared everything.
Then at 8 o’clock everything was ready and we waited for my new friends to
arrive, but they didn’t arrive. We waited and waited. After three hours we went to
bed.
The next morning one of my friends called me and asked me why I didn’t come
to the party. I said, “What do you mean?” You didn’t come to my party at my
house. Where were you? Then he apologized and laughed. He explained to me
that in Mexico they have the expression “my house is your house”, which means
that you are very welcome in a person’s home. So when Roberto said “your
house”, he really meant “my house”. He was inviting me to a party at his house!
We arranged to have a party at “his” house next weekend. I hope we can get it
right this time.
111
FORGET IT!
Karol: Hi Joe!
Joe: Hey… How are you?
Karol: Fine… and you? I called you yesterday afternoon, but…
Joe: Yeah… I wasn’t at home.
Karol: Were you with the guys?
Joe: The guys? No, I wasn’t.
Karol: So… were you with your dad?
Joe: No, I wasn’t. He was very busy at work.
Karol: So… were you with Paula?
Joe: Paula? No, of course not! Was Paula with the guys? Hey, why do you
want to know?
Karol: Well… I… I… Forget it!
WE ARE GOING TO CELEBRATE KAROL´S BIRTHDAY
Adam: It’s Karol’s birthday next week. What shall we do?
Vicky: Ummm… We could go to the movies.
Adam: Oh no! It’s too boring, we go there every week.
Vicky: Well, then. Why don’t we have a party?
Adam: That’s it! That’s what we have to do! Have a party! We have to get enough
food and drinks and invite all our friends.
Vicky: In that way we’ll have a good celebration. But we have to ask Karol first if
she agrees.
Karol: That’s fine by me especially if you’re going to make all the arrangements!
112
I THOUGHT YOU WERE GOING TO SAY YES
Andrew: Hey Jackeline! How are you doing?
Jackeline: Hi Andrew. I’m doing well. And you?
Andrew: Awesome! Can’t complain! By the way, I would like to ask you: what are
you going to do tonight?
Jackeline: Nothing in special! Why?
Andrew: Because I want to invite you to a special

place.
Jackeline: Can you tell me what kind of place is?
Andrew: It’s nothing bad! Remember that today is Valentine’s Day and we’re
friends. So I was thinking about inviting you and have a good time together like
friends.
Jackeline: I’d like to… but I don’t believe in love! So that type of party is not for
me!
Andrew: OK. I thought you were going to say yes because you consider me like
your best friend, but now I see that I was wrong because you were lying all the
time! Nowadays, we don’t have friends, only acquaintances!
113
TONG TWISTERS
Tongue twisters are part of popular culture in all the

countries of the world and languages and are used to
educate and entertain children and people in general.
By practicing tongue twisters we will be able to develop

our abilities in spoken English.
1. If you understand, say “understand”. If you don’t understand, say don’t

“understand”, but if you understand and say “don’t understand”. How do I
understand that you understand?
2. I thought a thought, but the thought I thought was not the thought I thought I
thought.
3. I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish, but if you wish the wish of a witch, I
won’t wish the wish you wish to wish.
4. I can can the can, but the can can’t can me.
114
115
I WANNA KNOW WHAT LOVE IS (Foreigner)

I gotta take a little time
A little time to think things over
I better read between the lines
In case I need it when I’m older
Ohhhh and this mountain I must climb
Feels like the world upon my shoulders
Through the clouds I see love shine
It keeps me warm as life grows colder
In my life there´s been heartache and pain
I don´t know if I can face it again
Can´t stop now
I´ve travelled so far to change this lonely life
Chorus:
I wanna know what love is

I want you to show me
I wanna feel what love is
I know you can show me
I´m gonna take a little time
A little time to look around me
I´ve got nowhere left to hide
Looks like love has finally found me
In my life there´s been heartache and pain
I don´t know if I can face it again
Can´t stop now
I´ve travelled so far to change this lonely life.
Repeat Chorus:
I wanna feel what love is
I know you can show me
I wanna feel what love is…
116
PIANO MAN (Billy Joel)

It’s nine o’clock on a Saturday
The regular crowd shuffles in
There’s an old man sitting next to me
Making love to his tonic and gin
He said son can you play me a memory
I’m not really sure how it goes
But it’s sad and sweet that I knew it complete
When I wore a younger man’s clothes
Sing us a song you’re the piano man
Sing us a song tonight
Well, we’re all in the mood for a melody
And you’ve got us feelings alright
Now John at the bar is a friend of mine
He gets me my drinks for free
And he’s quick with a joke or to light up your smoke
But there’s someplace that he’d rather be
He says Bill, I believe this is killing me
As his smile ran away from his face
Well I’m sure I could be a movie star
If I could get out of this place.
And you’ve got us feeling alright
Now Paul is a real estate novelist
Who never had time for a wife
And he’s talking with Davy who’s still in the navy
And probably will be for life
And the waitress is practicing politics
As the businessman slowly get stoned
Yes, they’re sharing a drink they call loneliness
But it’s better than drinking alone.
And you’ve got us feeling alright
It’s a pretty good crowd for a Saturday,
And the manager gives me a smile
`Cause he knows that it’s me
They’ve been coming to see
To forget about life for a while…
117
JUST GIVE ME A REASON (Pink)

Right from the star you were a thief
You stole my heart, and I your willing victim
I let you see the parts of me
That weren’t all that pretty and with every touch you fixed them
Now you’ve been talking in your sleep oh oh
Things you never say to me oh oh
Tell me that you’ve had enough of our love, our love
Just give me a reason, just a little bit’s enough
Just a second were not broke just bent
And we can learn to love again
It’s in the stars, it’s been written in the cars on our hearts
We’re not broken just bent and we can learn to love again
It’s in the stars, it’s been written in the scars on our hearts
We’re not broken just bent and we can learn to love again
I’m sorry I don’t understand where all this is coming from
I thought that we were fine (ohh we had everything)
Your head is running wild again
My dear we still have everything and it’s all in your mind
(Yeah, but this is happening)
You’ve been having real bad dreams oh oh
You used to lie so close to me oh oh
There’s not than empty sheets between our love, our love…
Just give me a reason just a little bit’s enough
Just a second were not broken just bent
And we can learn to love again
I never stopped you’re still written in the scars on my heart
You’re not broken just bent and we can learn to love again
Oh tear ducts and rust
I’ll fix it for us
We’re collecting dust but our love’s enough
You’re holding it in
You’re pouring a drink
No nothing is as bad as it seems
We’ll come clean…..
118
MORE THAN FRIENDS (Inna ft. Daddy Yankee)

DY, you Inna baby
Mano arriba let´s go now.
Wo-ah tonight, tonight we could be more than friends.
Wo-ah tonight, tonight we should be more than friends.
We`re in the corner of the crowded room
I want your lips, your body, boy, how soon?
And if you like what we doing,
why don´t we give in for the night?
This might just be the night of you and I,
if there is no distance, no hearts tonight,
and if you like what we doing,
why don`t give in for the night?
From the first time that I saw the look in your eyes,
I’ve been thinking about you for all of this time,
wo-ah tonight, tonight we could be more than friends.
Ain’t looking for someone to call my own,
but with you boy, we`re in the danger zone,
and if you like what we doing,
why don’t we give in for the night?
So here we are, I just dream of you
and all the things that I’m about to do to you,
and if you like what we`re doing,
why don’t give in for the night?
From the first time that I saw the look in your eyes,
I’ve been thinking about you for all of this time,
wo-ah tonight, tonight we could be more than friends.
[Daddy Yankee]
Baby, she rings my bell, and they rush the floor.
You mighta think that’s cool saw
Everybody in the club was hot
til I showed my watch and they cooled out .
Caliente, frío, todo eso que tu tienes es mío.
It’s forever, forever you could be mine.
It’s whatever, whatever, whatever you like….
119
MORE THAN WORDS (WESTLIFE)
Saying I love you it’s not the words

I want to hear from you
It’s not that I want you
Not to say but if you only knew
How easy it would be to show me
How you feel
More than words
It’s all you have to do to make it real
Then you wouldn’t have to say that you love me
Cause I already know
What would you do if my heart was turned in two?
More than words to show you feel
That your love for me is real
What would you say if I took those words away?
Then you couldn’t make things new
Just by saying I love you
It’s more than words it’s more than
What you say
It’s the thing you do
It’s more than words it’s more than
What you say
It’s the thing you do
Now that I’ve tried to talk to you
And make you understand
All you have to do is close your eyes
And just reach out your hands and touch me
Hold me close don’t ever let me go
More than words is all I ever needed you to show
Then you wouldn’t have to say that you love me
Cause I already know
What would you do if my heart was turned in two?
More than words to show you feel
That your love for me is real
What would you say if I took those words away?
Then you couldn’t make things new
Just by saying I love you!!!!!
120
ROAR (Katy Perry)

I used to bite my tongue
And hold my breath
Scared to rock the boat and make a mess
So I sat quietly, agreed politely
I guess that I forgot I had a choice
I let you push me past the breaking point
I stood for nothing, so I fell for everything
You held me down, but I got up
Already brushing off the dust
You hear my voice, you hear that sound
Like thunder, gonna shake your ground
Get ready cause I´ve had enough
I see it all, I see it now
I got the eye of the tiger, the fire
Dancing through the fire
Cause I am a champion and you´re gonna hear me roar
Louder, louder than a lion
Cause I am a champion and you´re gonna hear me roar…
Now I´m floating like a butterfly, stinging like a bee

I earned my stripes
I went from zero, to my own hero
Already brushing off the dust
You hear my voice, you hear that sound
Like thunder gonna shake your ground
Get ready cause I´ve had enough
I see it all, I see it now
I got the eye of the tiger, the fire
Dancing through the fire
Cause I am a champion and you´re gonna hear me roar
Louder, louder than a lion
Cause I am a champion and you´re gonna hear me roar…
121
DROWNING (Backstreet Boys)

Don’t pretend you’re sorry
I know you´re not
You know you got the power
To make me weak inside
Girl you leave me breathless
But it’s okay
Cause you are my survival
Now hear me say:
I can´t imagine life without your love
And ever forever don’t seem like long enough
Cause every time I breathe
I take you in
And my heart beats again
Baby I can’t help it
You keep me drowning in your love
Every time I try to rise above
I swept away by love
Baby I can’t help it
You keep me drowning in your love
Maybe I’m a drifter late at night
Cause I long for the safety of flowing freely
In your arms
I don’t need another lover it’s not for me
Cause only you can save me
Oh can’t you see
I can´t imagine life without your love
And even forever don´t seem like long enough
Cause every time I breathe
I take you in
And my heart beats again
Baby I can´t help it
You keep me drowning in your love……
122
CONGRATULATIONS!
123
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 English Grammar Handbook (Sarah McConkie Carretero)

 Second Book In English (Robert J. Dixon, Edition 2005)
 Communicative Grammar (Larousse Editions, 2007)
 TOEFL BOOK (Barron’s, 2012)
 Interchange (Susan Pructor, Third Edition)
 Teaching Grammar (Scrivener, Oxford Basics, Edition 2003)
Web sites:
 www.learnenglish.org.uk
 www.person.wannado.com
 www.seyfihoca.com
 www.oup.com/elt/teacher/englishfile
124
AUTHOR´S WORDS
It is a privilege and a blessing that you dear student of the English language
have had the opportunity and time to study this wonderful language with us.
This book has been compiled and designed by myself in order to have a good
methodology in English teaching. In it, I have put into practice what it has
been useful for me as a student and English teacher. The units, lessons,
exercises and other activities presented in the book contain grammatical
definitions very clearly and examples focused on real and daily life. With us,
you practice grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, American culture, listening
comprehension and then again we learn about our beloved country
Nicaragua.
I think that God and you as students of this humble center are the only people
who can judge my job about teaching English. As you know, this is a non-profit
organization created for all those people who want to learn English. Our goal
is to educate highly qualified English speakers who can acquit themselves
wherever they walk.
We love Nicaragua and our neighbor; that is why we seed in the students´
hearts the word of our Lord Jesus Christ and put into practice what the holy
Bible says: “Love your neighbor as yourself”. Never look back, forge ahead and
make your dreams come true in the name of Jesus Christ. To God be the glory!
Amen!
Sincerely,
BA, Jyuber Alvarez
125
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Are you ready to take the challenge?

First Level English Book

By. BA, Jyuber Alvarez

Copyright © 2013 by. Jyuber Alvarez

Printed in Nicaragua, Central America.

1. To assure a good and complete knowledge about the language principal

BA, Jyuber Alvarez

Para reaccionar contra esta vaguedad, esta carencia de claridad en los

1. Asegurar un conocimiento bueno y completo sobre las bases principales del

BA, Jyuber Alvarez

UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH LANGUAGE

THE ENGLISH ALPHABET

El alfabeto se utiliza para formar palabras, enumerar incisos, y enseñar un

 Spell the following words // Deletree las siguientes palabras:

1. Hello, Hi!: ¡Hola!

Exercise: Complete the gaps

THE DAYS OF THE WEEK

1. Sunday /sándei/ : Domingo

1. East /íst/ : Este 4. South /sáuz/ : Sur

THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR

 January /yániueri/ : Enero

PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY

The basic parts of the human body are the following:

 Head: Cabeza. Forehead: Frente.

1st First Primero

1. Air conditioning: Aire acondicionado 41. Picture: Foto, cuadro

En inglés los adjetivos demostrativos son usados para indicar artículos

 THIS /dís/: Este, esta, esto.

1. This is my house [Esta es mi casa].

1. This is my computer: _________________________________________.

We use “THIS” when

We use “THAT” when

TELLING THE TIME

 What time is it?: ¿Qué hora es?

Look at the examples below:

HOUR BRITISH WAY AMERICAN WAY MEANING

We use “NEARLY” in cases like

3:26 -> It’s nearly three thirty.

3:58 -> It´s nearly four o´clock.

Alex: Excuse me.

Alex: What’s the time, please?

Tourist: It’s half past four.

Alex: Thank you!

Tourist: You’re welcome.

Exercise: Write the time.

04:00 04:15 04:20

_________ ___________ __________

04:30 04:35 04:50

_________ ___________ ____________

04:45 04:55 03:15

_________ ___________ ___________

SEASONS OF THE YEAR

THE VOCABULARY OF JOBS AND PROFESSIONS IN ENGLISH

1. Architect: Arquitecto. 30. Journalist: Periodista

DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLE

 DEFINITE ARTICLE “A/AN”

1. Hablar de la profesión de alguien.

Example: Angelica is a doctor. [Angélica es médico]

2. Cuando vamos a decir algo de alguien o de alguna cosa.

Example: The monkey is a stinking animal [El mono es un animal asqueroso].

James is a nasty person [James es mala persona].

GRAMMATICAL RULES: REGLAS GRAMATICALES

___ _ ______

___ _ ________

___ _ _______