ALL-in-ONE Reference and Practice Book NEW A list of learning outcomes is given at the start of each topic to show the different areas of focus. Syllab us Notes & Worked Examples in each section, comprehensive notes with worked examples are included to familiarise pupils with the methods used in problem-solving. Thinking Questions Challenging questions which require pupils to think outofthe-box to solve problems are included. ‘Answers are provided for all the questions. aPrimary Maths Guide is a comprehensive study guide specially designed for pupils to gain an in-depth knowledge of the various topics taught in school. The guide adopts a creative yet systematic approach to the learning of Mathematics concepts. Itis written in accordance with the latest Primary Mathematics Syllabus issued by the Ministry of Education for an extensive coverage. This book emphasises the need for an easy yet thorough treatment of the prescribed Mathematics topics to facilitate understanding and hence, boosting pupils’ confidence and competency in their preparation for PSLE, Questioris with the symbol [fj] con be solved using a calculator. Special features in this guide help enrich pupils’ learning process by making the application of concepts identifiable and versatile. These features include: * Learning Outcomes A list of learning outcomes is given at the start of each topic to show the different areas of focus. Sections which belong to earlier primary levels are indicated as ‘revision’. + Notes and Worked Examples In each section, comprehensive notes with worked examples are included to familiarise pupils with the methods used in problem-solving, + Thinking Questions Challenging questions which require pupils to think out-of-the-box to solve problems are included. * Answers Provided Answers are provided for all the questions.Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Unit 7 Unit 8 Unit 9 Unit 10 Unit 11 Algebra... Answers to Unit 1 Angles in Geometric Figures Answers to Unit 2 Solid Figures and Nets .... Answers to Unit 3 ..... Ratio ... Answers to Unit 4 .... Percentage ... Answers to Unit 5 .... Time and Speed. Answers to Unit 6 166 194 Circles... Answers to Unit 7 .. Pie Charts. Answers to Unit 8 .... Area and Perimeter of Figures..... Answers to Unit 9 .... Volume . Answers to Unit 10 Fractions Answers to Unit 112 Algebra By the end of the unit, you should be able to: . Use a letter to represent an unknown number Write a simple algebraic expression in one variable for a given situation Find the value of a simple algebraic expression involving one, variable Simplify algebraic expressions Evaluate simple algebraic expressions by substitution Solve word problems involving algebraic expressions ~ EEE ETE ae i oR ST sta © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 1 8 ¢UNIT 1: Algebra Revision, Mi a ee" A.. Algebraic expressions In algebra, unknown numbers are represented by letters, These are called algebraic expressions. The letters are called variables. An example of an algebraic expression is 3x + 2. The value of an algebraic expression can vary depending on the values of the letter(s). They can be obtained by substituting the letter(s) with different values. This process is called substitution. For example, if x = 2, then the value of above expression is 8. We substitute x = 2 into the expression and work out the sum to get the value. Try substituting x with different values to get the corresponding values for the algebraic expression. Some points to note when writing algebraic expressions 1. In an algebraic expression which involves multiplication, we do not write the multiplication sign. For example, 3 x x is simply written as 3x. . In the product of a number and a letter, the number is written before the letter. For example, the product of 8 and y is written as 8y and not y8. In the product of 1 and a letter, the number 1 is not written. For example, 1 x z is written as z. 227 © Educational Publishing House Pte LidUNIT 1: Algebra os A shopkeeper sold 8 kg of sugar on Monday and 4y kg on Tuesday. Express the amount of sugar he sold in terms of y. Answer: Amount of sugar sold = (8 + 4y) kg i | | i L Ex A candle was 8z cm long. 3 cm was burnt away. Express the remaining length of the candle in terms of z. A man is 8b years old. His wife is 2 years younger. What is his wife's age? Give your answer in terms of b. nswer: Solution: b+b=34+3 ‘© Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 134UNIT 1: Algebro Find the value of 2k + 5 if k = 6. Solution: 2k+5 =2x6+5 Find the value of © +k, if k= 2. Solution: +k ss i sn + N " N NIN Lament ns a4 © Educational Publishing House Pre LidUNIT 1: Algebra fork out the following sums. 1. John is s cm tall. His sister is 8 cm shorter. What is his sister's height? Give your answer in terms of s. 2. 12 years’ ago, Lydia was 5m years old. How old is she now? Give your answer in terms of m. 3. Aman gave each of his 4 children $t. Express the amount of money he gave his children in terms of t. © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 756MIT 1: Algebra é i 4. There are 5 apples on a tray. How many apples are there if there are y trays? Give your answer in terms of y. 5. Express 2d hours in minutes. 6. If s = 3, find the value of 25.+ 4. | 9 6r © Educational Publishing House Pte LidUNIT1: Algebra 7. If b= 4, find the value of 66 + b?. 8. If m=5, find the value of 3m - 2. 9, If a= 2, find the value of 8(a + 2). © Educational Publishing House Pie Lid T7¢UMIT 1: Algebra 10. If p = 3, find the value of 3p — p. 11. If x = 6, what is the value of 18 - 2x. 12. If y=5, find the value of 5y + y3. asp © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd__UNIT1: Algebra B. Simplifying algebraic expressions Like terms are terms that have the exact same variables raised to the exact same exponents. Examples of like terms are: * 3y and 5y © 3x? and 2x * 4and6 To simplify algebraic expressions, first identify all the like terms. Then regroup and combine all the like terms. Note that unlike terms cannot be simplified. © Fducational Publishing House Pte Ltd 196UNIT 1: Algebra Simplify the following. (a) 4x + 5x (b) 7a - 3a () 2b=3 (a) xd (e) (2a + 7) +3 (f) (Se - 3) xt 2 Solutions: (a) 4xax4x4x4x SX =X4+X4X4X4X AX + SX =X 4K EXEKEXEXEXEKEX = 9x (bk) 7a-3a=a+a+a+a+a+a+a-a-a~-a = 4a () 2b+3= 2b («) 5 3 = 3d (d) nea (e) Qa+7) +3 = 227 = 5e-3 (f) (Se - 3) x 7 2 beens 9.10 [ © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid_UNIT1: Aigebra nnn | Simplify the following. (a) 2y x 3y | (b) 12a x 5 | | | | Solutions: (a) 24yx3y=2xyx3xy =2x3xyxy = 6y? I | (b) 12ax5 =12xax5 j =12x5xa | = 60a | Simplify the following. (a) 7a-9-a (b) 6p +3 -4p +6 () 2ux8 (d) yxyxy (e) 2x + 4x +6 Answers: (a) 64-9 (b) 2p +9 (c) 16u (d) > (e) 6x +6 © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 711 ¢UNIT 1; Algebra Simplify the following. 1. 12y-3+4y+6 2. 2x - x? + 5x? + 5x 3. 4x+7-7x + 13 4. 180? - 19a + 45a ~ 7a? +5 5. 5ux3 912 © Educational Publishing House Pte LtdUNIT 1: Algebra 6. 4m x 4m 7. 3xy+4y 8. 4n+7+6n 9. 7a + 3a 10. 49+3+7p+2 © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 71 13 ¢‘a UNIT 1: Algebra 11. 12, 14, 15. Td+5 3 x Bf 5 . (4y-1)x4 (4y Dx; (2-39) +7 5S+h)x i G+h)x = 9 4er © Educational Publishing House Pte LidUNIT 1: Algebra C. Word problems Draw models to represent the problem. The method of drawing model is similar to the models you have learnt prior to entering Primary Six. Meizhen. has x soft toys. Shuling has 4 more soft toys than Meizhen. How many soft toys does Shuling have? Solutiot Draw a bar to represent the number of soft toys Meizhen has, Label it x. Then draw a longer bar for Shuling. Label the difference 4, Meizhen Shuling 4 7 The letter ‘x’ represents the number of soft toys Meizhen has. So, Shuling has (x + 4) soft toys. © Educational Publishing House Ple Lid 115 ¢y! an Ramli and Aziz have $10 altogether. Aziz has $y. How much money does Ramli have? Solution: Ramli Aziz ? $y Ramli has $(10 - y). Samuel has 4 packets of sweets. There are 3 sweets in each packet. (a) How many sweets are there altogether? (b) How many sweets are there in n packets? Solution: 7s SS ? 1 packet —— 3 4 packets —> 4x3 = 12 There are 12 sweets altogether. (b) 1 packet —+3 n packets —>3xn =3n There are 3n sweets in n packets, eer © Educational Publishing House Pte LidUNIT1: Algebra 5 books cost a total of $20. (a) Find the average cost of each book, (b) If the total cost of the 5 books is $y, what is the average cost of each book in terms of y? Solutiot (a) 20+5=4 The average cost of each book is $4. 254 (b) y+5e5 The average cost of each book is a. A man's monthly salary is $20y. He spends $16y each month and saves the rest. How much does he save in 1 year. if he saves the same amount every month? Solution: $20y $16y = I ? 20y - 16y = 4y dy x 12 = 48y He saves $48y. © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 117 ¢UNIT 1: Algebra The entrance fee to the zoo for a child is $d and twice as much for an adult. How much must a family of 2 adults and 3 children pay to visit the z00? Children | $d adults | l 1unit —>d 7 units —»7xd =7d The family must pay-$7d. ernetennnientitenned Annie has $a and Benny has'$3. Callie has 3 times as much as the total of what Annie and Benny have. How much has Callie? Annie Benny Callie 3xa=3a 3x3=9 | Callie has $a + 9).UNIT 1: Algebra John spent $y and then bought 4 books of the same price. If he spent $40 altogether, how much did each book cost? ny Solution: $40 sy | 2? Books Cost of 4 books ——> $(40 - y) Cost of 1 book —> (24) Each book cost ("7 4), Solution: | | | Find the length of the rectangle if its breadth is 4 cm. | Area of square —>f x f =f cm? i Length of rectangle— P+ 4 2 =fom 4 ; | The length of the rectangle is £ cm. © Educational Publishing House Ple Lid 1196Work out the following sums. 1. Two coaches can carry 38n people altogether. If one coach can hold 21n people, how many people are there in the other coach? 2. Annie has $g. Ronnie has twice as much as Annie. Juliet has $3 more than Ronnie. How much money has Juliet? 3. Tommy had 6 bags of big balls and 9 bags.of small balls. There were x balls in each bag. In a game, he lost 4x balls. How many balls had he left? 9 207 © Educational Publishing House Pte LtdUNIT 1: Algebra 4. A table is q kg heavier than a chair. The chair has a mass of 3 kg. Find the mass of 2 such tables in terms of q. 5. There are x rows of children with 10 children in each row. If there are 2 boys in each row, how many girls are there altogether? 6. Weiling had $y. She gave $6 to her brother. The remainder was shared equally among her 3 sisters. How much did each of her sisters get? é © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 7 21¢UNIT 1: Algebra 7. The perimeter of the equilateral triangle shown below is equal to that of the rectangle. Find the length of the rectangle in terms of y. By cm 8. The perimeter of a square is 4q cm. What is its area? 9. John has $3p. Ben has $2 more than John. How much do they have altogether? e227 © Educational Publishing House Pte LidUNIT 1: Algebra 10. A Mathematics textbook contains 3y pages. A Science textbook contains 12 pages fewer than the Mathematics textbook. What is the total number of pages in both textbooks? 11. Mr Ong sold 6 cups of ice cream on Wednesday, 8 cups on Thursday and 7k cups on Friday. How many cups of ice cream did he sell altogether? . Jian Ming's daily allowance is $15n. If he spends $9n each day and saves the rest, how much does he save in 1 month, if he saves the same amount every day? (Take 1 month = 30 days.) © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 123.4UNIT 1: Algebro = [QUESTIONS Work out the following sums. i ! 1. Jack is now q years old. In 5 years’ time, he will be ; as old as his father. How old will his father be then? 2. Mr Singh had $84. He gave $y to each of his 2 sons and shared the remainder among his 7 daughters. (a) Express each daughter's share in terms of y. (b) If each son received $14, how much would each daughter get? 3. 3 rulers and 4 erasers cost $x altogether. If a ruler costs $2 more than an eraser, what is the cost of an eraser? eer © Educational Publishing House Pte Led38n-21n = 17n There are 17n people in the other coach. Each sister received —> 4 Each of her sisters received $ : anie [Ba : Ronnie 1. (s- 8) cm : Jaliot 2. (Sm + 12) years old 7 3 $4t : 4. 5y apples : 2x$g= $29 7 od aninutes 7 Juliet has $(29 + 3). Tad 3. Number of big balls ——> 6x 8. - . Number of small balls —s 9x one + Total number of balls —> 6x + 9x 1.6 fie nee 15x ~ 4x = Vx He had 11x balls left. Exercise 1.2 ig 1. 16y +3 2 Tx+ ax 7 jako] 3. 20-3x . 4. Va? + 260 +5 : 5. 15u : 6. 16m? . = r Iy . axr=2q 8 10n+7 7 les is (6 eid + Mass of 2 such tables is (6 + 2g) kg. pore EE 25. Number of children —> 10 x x woe : = 10x 5 7 2, fe . Number of boys =9—>xx2 oe = 2x 13. i Number of girls = 10x - 2x : = 8x 14. a oe + There ore &x girls altogether, 15, : é : + 6 by Exercise 1.3 : st? 1, 380 z 2 Remainder —> y-6 7 [ain : © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid. Perimeter of triangle —> 3x 8 7 Ppnintsg questi = 24cm Length of rectangle — (24 + 2)-3y 1. sce ETE =(12-3y)em 2 Father EC I i { | | | | | f 7 —XxE The length of the rectangle is * (12 - 3y) cm. ¢ 0 qx3=3q $ 5xBa15 Length of square — 4q + 4 7 =qan + His father will be (3q + 15) years old + by then. Area of square —3qxq _ = Gm? + 2. (0) Amount both sons received . —2xy The area of the square is q? em?. 7 = $2y : Amount 7 daughters received John [Sap 7 = 84-2y 7 7 ‘Amount each daughter received Ben 2] : 3 (84- 2y) +7 ' 3p +3p+2=6p+2 =5(*524) : ; ! They have $(6p + 2) altogether. 7 Each daughter received $| “*=2# Mothematias [—3y : Test be : scence re ) y= $14, By rt te By + By - 12 = Gy - 12 77 42x14) +7 =8 The total number of pages in both books is (6y ~ 12) pages. Each daughter would get $8, ruler [EE] S2 PRE 82 | etree ee Te Th cor REE] | 6484 7k= 14+ 7k 5 3x2=6 He sold (14 + 7k) cups of ice cream Tunits —>x-6 te i altogether. tunit —» #28 12, «$180 _,, . 7 [tan : An eraser costs $| Savings per day —> 15n - 9n : = $6n . Savings per month —> 6n x 30 = $180n He soves $180n in 1 month. e267 © Fducational Publishing House Pte Ud |Angles in Geometric Figures c E © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 41 ¢UNIT 2: Angles in Geometric Figures : ce Solution (a) Since FBD and BDC are identical isosceles triangles, and BC = CD = FB = FD. ZBFD = ZBCD (b) ZABD = 90° (angles in a rectangle) ZFBD = ae (base angles of an isosceles triangle) =72 ZABF = 90° - 72° = 18° Work out the following sums. | i I I i i In the figure, not drawn to scale, find 2k. iN L\ 2. In the figure, not drawn to scale, ABC is an isosceles triangle. Find ZABC. 8 C 9427 © Educational Publishing House Pe Ltd tUNIT 2: Angles in Geometric Figures 3. In the figure below, ABCD is a rectangle and ADE is an isosceles triangle. Find ZFDE. | 1 | | } | { { | i ' 4. The figure below is not drawn to scale. Find 4m. 58° [re mA © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 1B ¢UNIT 2: Angles in Geometric Figures (=a) 5. RTV and STU are straight lines. RT = ST. ZTRS = 70°. Find 944 © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid@ 7. In the figure, NMY and NLX are straight lines. Find 2m. | UNIT 2: Angles in Geometric Figures { I } p> 8. EFGH is a square. Find ZHEK. Li i © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 7 45 ¢UNIT 2: Angles in Geometric Figures 9. ABCD is a rectangle. Find Za. t>m 10. In the figure, ABC is an equilateral triangle and BCDE is a square. Calculate ZACD. 9 467 © Educational Publishing House Pee Ltd aUNIT 2: Angles in Geometric Figures 11. What is the value of 2m? Revision, Ze E. Properties of a parallelogram, rhombus and trapezium Parallelogram ABCD is a parallelogram. Opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal in length. AB = DC and AD = BC Opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel. AB // DC and BC // AD © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 747 ¢UNIT 2: Angles in Geometric Figures Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal. ZABC = ZADC and ZDAB = ZBCD Each pair of angles between 2 parallel sides add up to 180°. ZABC + ZDCB = 180° ZDAB + ZABC = 180° Rhombus WXYZ is a rhombus. All 4 sides of a rhombus are equal. WX = XY = YZ = ZW Opposite sides of a rhombus are parallel. WX // ZY and XY // WZ Opposite angles of a rhombus are equal. ZWXY = ZWZY and ZZWX = ZXYZ Each pair of angles between 2 parallel sides add up to 180°. ZWXY + ZXYZ = 180° ZXYZ + ZWZY = 180° ZWZY + ZZWX = 180° ZINVX + ZWXY= 180° | 948 r © Educational Publishing House Pte Lidi i UNIT 2: Angles in Geometric Figures Trapezium PQRS is a trapezium. s R A trapezium has a pair of parallel lines. PQ ISR Each pair of angles between 2 parallel sides add up to 180°. ZPQR + ZQRS = 180° ZQPS + ZPSR = 180° ABCD and CDEF are parallelograms. Find | @) 24 | | | | i | | | (b) 4a () Zc (d) Ld © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 149 ¢UNIT 2: Angles in Geometric Figures Solutions: (a) Zf = 180° - 130° = 50° (b) Za = 180° - 100° = 80° () Zc = 180° - 100° = 80° (d) 2d = 180° - 130° = 50° ion: ZDCE = 75° (vertically opposite angles) ZCED = 180° - 117 (angles on a straight line) = 63° Za = 180° ~ 75° - 63° (sum of angles in a triangle) = 42° a 507 © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd | |UNIT 2: Angles in Geometric Figures [ ABCD is a rhombus. Find ZECB. I i | | E | | | i L\ oN, D Solution: ZABC = ZADC (opposite angles of a rhombus) = 55° | | ZECB = 180° - 55° - 45° Work out the following sums. 1. In the figure, ABE is a straight line, BCD is an isosceles triangle and AB//CD. Find 2x. A B E 7 SV) 50 (\ c D © Educational Publishing House Pte Led 1516UNIT 2: ‘Angles in Geometric Figures 2. In the diagram, ABC is a triangle, DE // FG. Find Zz. 3. In the figure, ABCD is a trapezium. ABE is a straight line and BC = BE. Find ZBEC. D c XS a 527 © Educational Publishing House Pte LidUNIT 2: Angles in Geometric Figures 4, In the figure, ABCD is a parallelogram and BCE is an equilateral triangle. Find ZDAE. > In the figure, GCBA is a trapezium and GDBA is a parallelogram. EC is parallel to AB and AF is parallel to BD. BD = BC. Find 2x. © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 7B ¢6. ABCD isa parallelogram. ABF is a straight line. Find ZEBF. UNIT 2: Angles in Geometric Figures D Cc F NJ 75° / B 7. In the figure, AB // DC, AD 1 DC, ZABC = 80° and ZDAC = 60°. Find ZACB. A bP ao satel esa @ Fducational Publishing House Pte LidUNIT 2: Angles in Geometric Figures Gq] 8. PQRS is a trapezium. Find the value of Zy. 9. ABCD is a parallelogram. ADE is a straight line. Find Zx. A D E | a a ® Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 55 ¢unt 2: Angles in Geometric Figures 0. ABCD is a trapezium. AB // EC and AB = AC. Find zy. a 567 © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid___UNIT2: Angles in Geometric Figures Work out the following sums. 1. Find Za + Zb + 4c + Zd + Ze in the figure. A © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 57 ¢UNIT 2: Angles in Geometric Figures ABCD is a rhombus. Za = Zc and 4b is 3 times that of Za, DE = DF and ZEBF = 75°. (a) Find ZAED. (b) Find ZEFD. A_E B 4. ABCD is a parallelogram and BEFG is a rhombus. Find ZCDH given that ADH is a straight line. a 58 © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd pee ne RE7. ZMILN = 180° - 131° (angles ona straight line) °° Zm = 72 + 49° (exterior angle = 2 interior opposite angles) =121 8. ZHEK = 90° - 38° = 52° Exercise 2 9. ZEBF = ZABD (vertically opposite 118" (exterior angle = 2 interior : angles) | ‘opposite angles) : = 180" - 90° - 28° eae i ‘ triangle) 2. ZABC =2°— 20" (base angles of = 62" isosceles triangle) > 180° - 62" - 62" =30° Ft 56° A pepe att + 10. ZACB = 60" ZADE = ¥°= 9" (bose angles of + 4BCD = 90° ZACD = 90° + 60" isosceles triangle) 50° =45° ; DCE = ZACB (vertically opposite ZADE = 90" + 45° (exterior angle = ~ngles) 2 interior opposite = 180" ~ 38° ~ 65" (sum of angles) angles ino = 135 triangle) =I7 4. 4m = 180° - 58° - 65° (sum of angles 7 of a triangle) 4m = 180° ~ 77° - 78° (sum of ongles =57 in a triongle) = 25" i 5. Zy = ZRTS (vertically opposite angles) = 180°~ 70° ~ 70° av Exercise 2.3 1, 2x = 180° ~ 75° ~ 75° (interior angles) 6. ABE = ZDBC (vertically opposite = 30 angles) = 83° - 37' (exterior angle = 2 interior opposite angles) 2. ZACB = 180° - 110° (angles ona straight line) =70° = 46" Zz = 83 + 70° (exterior angle = 2 interior opposite angles) x= BER (base ongles of isosceles triangle) = 153° =67" © Educational Publishing House Pte tid 5963. ZCBA = 180° ~ 130’ (interior angles) 250" ZBEC = 50° + 2 (exterior angle = 2 interior opposite angles) 225 4, EAB = 180°~ 60° - 80° (interior angles) ° ZDAB = ZDCB (opposite angles of parallelogram) = 60° ZDAE = 60° - 40° 20° 5. 2e0c = 2° =" (base angles of isosceles triangle) 4GDB = 180" - 71° (angles ona straight line) = 109° x= ZOGA (vertically opposite angles) = 180° - 109° (interior angles) v 6. ZCBA = 40° (opposite angles of a parallelogram) ZEBF = 180° - 40° - 75° (angles on a straight line) = 65" 7. ZCAB = 90° - 60° (interior angles) = 30" ZAGB = 180° - 80" - 30" (sum of angles in a triangle) =70° 8B. 2PSQ = 180° - 153° (angles on a straight line) =27 Zy = 180" - 108° ~ 27° (interior ongles PQ USR) 245) 9. ZADC = 180°- 112" (interior angles) = 68" ZEDC = 180° ~ 68° (angles on a straight line) = 112° 180" ~ 112° ae (base angles of isosceles triangle) ZACD = 180° 78°-78' (interior angles) 224° 2y = 68° ~ 24° (exterior angle = 2 interior opposite angles) 4a Thinking Questions 1. Za + 2b = 90' (exterior angle = 2 interior opposite angles) Lo% Ld + Ze = 180" (sum of angles in a triangle) Zar Zb+Lct+ Zd+ le }0" + 180° = 270° 2, _ZACD = 180° ~ 45° (interior angles) = 135° ZEBD = 180° - 106" - 45° (sum of angles ino triangle) =29° ZABE = 135° - 38° - 29° (exterior angle = 2 interior opposite angles) = 68" 3. (@) S units — 75° Tunit —3 75°45 = 15° (Za, Zo) 3 units —> 3x 15" = 45° (2b) ZBAD = 180°~75" (interior angles) = 105" © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd© Educational Publishing House Pte Lid ZAED = 180° - 105° - 15° (sum of angles in a triangle) = 60° 180° — 45° (b) ZeFD = (base angles of isosceles triangle) = 675° Z8GF = ZBEF (opposite angles of thomlous) = 70° ZEBG = ZBFG (base angles of isosceles triangle) 180° ~ 70° 5s" ZCDA = ZABC (opposite angles of porallelogram) = 45° 4 55° = 100" ZCDH = 180° - 100° (angles on a straight line) = 80" 81 ¢Solid Figures and Nets By the end of the unit, you should be able to: * Identify nets of a cube * Identify nets of a cuboid * Identify nets of a prism * Identify nets of a pyramid * Identify solids which can be formed by a net from given nets * Recognise 2-D representation of prism and pyramid APPA AIA LIA PTA VS SP IIMN ae \. 9.62 [ © Educational Publishing House Pe LtdUNIT 3: Solid Figures ond Nets Revision y 2" A. — Solid figures Cube A cube has 6 square faces. Cuboid A cuboid also has 6 faces. It can have 6 rectangular faces or 2 square faces and 4 rectangular faces. SS ae © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 183 ¢| LUNIT‘3: Solid Figures and Nets The drawings of cuboids look like this: Prism A prism can have 5 or more faces. It has two parallel faces called the bases. All the other faces are parallelograms. The name of the prism is determined by the shape of its base. triangular prism rectangular prism Pyramid A pyramid has 3 or more triangular faces. Pyramids look like this: square pyramid triangular pyramid 964 © Educational Publishing House Pte LdUNIT 3: Solid Figures and Nets Cone and cylinder The cone and cylinder have curved surfaces. A cylinder is similar to a prism, except that its two bases are circles. Also, the sides of a cylinder are curved, not flat. [ cylinder drawing of a cylinder A cone has one circular base. A i Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks. Drawing of a cone 1. The prism has _______ faces. faces are rectangles. faces are triangles. © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 155 ¢UNIT 3: Solid Figures and Nets 2. The cylinder has ______ flat faces. It has a _______ surface. The shape of its flat faces are 3. The pyramid has _______ faces. has _______ square faces. It has ________ triangular faces. 4. The cuboid has ______ faces. It has rectangular faces and ________ square faces. 966 © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd_UNIT 3: Solid Figures ond Nets. B. 2-D representation of solid figures An example of a cube is a dice, as shown below. Oo 0 90/? ° 00 A2-D representation of the dice will consist of each separate face of the dice. This is shown below, in the 6 figures. [eo] [Bo] [Pa figure 1 figure 2 figure 3 OO 00 OO O 00 OO oOo OO figure 4 figure 5 figure 6 © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 7 87 ¢UNIT 3: Solid Figures and Nets Some possible 2-D views of a cuboid are shown below. TOP SIDE 1 SIDE 2 figure 7 figure 8 figure 9 Triangular Prism Some possible 2-D views of the faces of a triangular prism are shown below. \/ \/ figure 10 figure 11 figure 12 figure 13 » 68 © Educational Publishing House Pte LidUNIT 3: Solid Figures and Nets Rectangular Prism The rectangular prism will have 2 faces that are similar to face with ‘TOP’ on it, 2 faces that are similar to the face with ‘SIDE A’ on it and 2 faces that are similar to the face with “SIDE B’ On it. TOP SIDE A] SIDE B figure 14 figure 15 figure 16 Square Pyramid ie figure 17 figure 18 The 2-D views of a squre pyramid are Figure 17 and 4 triangles (Figure 18) that are similar. Triangular Pyramid The 2-D views a of triangular pyramid are the 4 triangular faces. © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 169 ¢UNIT 3: Solid Figures ond Nets Reulsion y = ZE %, C. Nets of solids Anet is the name given for flat shapes that can be folded to form a solid. A solid can have several different nets. When thinking about nets of shapes, imagine the folding and unfolding action. To practise and familiarise yourself with nets of solids, find empty boxes around your home. Try drawing what you think the net of each box would look like, then unfold each one and check your net. Example of solids and their nets are: a7or @ Educational Publishing House Pte LtdUNIT 3: Solid Figures and Nets © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 71¢UNIT 3: Solid Figures and Nets Some of the nets of a cuboid are: > p e727 © Educational Publishing House Pte LidUNIT 3: Solid Figures and Nets The nets of a triangular prism ar ZN yan © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 173¢UNIT 3: Solid Figures and Nets The nets of a pyramid with a square base are: amar © Educational Publishing House Pte LedUNIT 3: Solid Figures and Nets Work out the following sums. 1. The figure below is the net of a solid. Which of the solids can be formed by the net above? (1) (2) (3) (4) > (| a 2. The figure below shows the net of a solid. Which of the solids can be formed by the net above? (1) (2) @) © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 75 8UNIT 3: Solid Figures and Nets 3. SS Which of the following nets cannot be used to form the solid above? ea Galea] (4) amr © Educational Publishing House Pte LidUNIT 3: Solid Figures and Nets 4. This is a net of a solid. Which one of the following can be formed by the net? (1) 2) Q) (4) AS LPO © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 117 ¢UNIT 3: Solid Figures and Nets pS QUESTIONS 1. A cube has the shapes A. OV ona on each of its six faces. Here are 3 different views of the same cube. L=/) £o/ fe) fof What shape should be on the grey face? Draw the net of the cube in the space below. e7r © Educational Publishing House Pte LidUNIT 3: Solid Figures ond Nets 2. The solid below, not drawn to scale, is a triangular pyramid. The net of the pyramid is wrongly drawn with 1 extra face. Which of the following faces, A, B, C or D, is not part of the net? © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 779 ¢2 80 7 © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltdwe ¢ Unit 4 By the end of the unit, you should be able to: Write a ratio with two or three terms in its simplest form Express one value as a fraction of another given their ratio and vice versa ¢ Find how many times one value is as large as another given their ratio and vice versa Solve word problems involving 2 pairs of ratio Find an unknown quantity in a given ratio when the other quantity is known/given (revision) Find the whole/one part when a whole is divided into parts in agiven ratio Write one value as a fraction of another given the two valuesUNIT 4: Ratio Reutston y, “en ‘aa A. Ratio shows the sizes of two or three quantities For example, the ratio of the number of apples to the number of pears is 4: 1. That means, there are 4 units of apples to 1 unit of pears. We can reduce and write a ratio in its simplest, form by dividing each term of the ratio by a common factor. This is similar to reducing a fraction to its simplest form by dividing the humerator and denominator by a common factor. For example, 8:6 =4: 3 (Divide each term by a common factor 2.) For example, 4:3 is the same as ‘ 9 82 [ © Educational Publishing House Pte LedUNIT 4: Ratio For example, In a pencil case, the number of blue pens is ; the number of black pens. When this expressed as a ratio, it is written as: Number of blue pens : Number of black pens 1:2 The ratio of blue pens to black pens is 1: 2. In this same example, the number of black pens is twice the number of blue pens. © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd | 83 ¢UNIT 4: Ratio The ratio of Samy’s age to his father’s age is 1 : 3. Express Samy's age as a fraction of his father’s age. Solution samy Father Samy's age is ; of his father’s age. The amount of money Mr Tan has is 3 times the amount Mr Lim has. What is the ratio of Mr Lim’s amount to Mr Tan‘s amount? Solution: Mr Tan‘s amount is 2 times that of Mr Lim's. That is, Mr Tan has 5 units. Mr Lim has 2 units. Mr Tan L MrLim | The ratio is 2:5. 284 © Educational Publishing House Pte LtdUNIT 4: Ratio Or MrTan'samount _ 5 Mr Lim's amount. r) MrLim'somount _ 2 MrTan'samount 5 The ratio of Mr Lim‘s amount to Mr Tan’s amount is 2 : 5. Mrs Rahim is 1 ; times as heavy as her daughter. What is the ratio of her daughter's mass to her mass? Solution: 128 | 5rS Mrs Rahim’s ‘mass is : times that of her daughter's. That is, Mrs Rahim has 6 units. Her daughter has 5 units. Mrs Rahim Daughter The ratio is 5: 6. © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 7 85 ¢UNIT 4: Ratio Or Mrs Rahim'smass 6 Her daughter's mass ~ 5 Her daughter's mass _ 5 Mrs Rahim'smass 6 The ratio of her daughter’s mass to her mass is 5 : 6. Andy and his father played a game. Andy's score is 3 his father’s score. What is the ratio of his father’s score to Andy's score? Solution: Andy Father The ratio is 3: 2. Or Andy's score _ His father's score wins His father's score 3, Andy's score ~ 2 The ratio of his father’s score to his score is 3 : 2. 86 [ © Educational Publishing House Pte LedUNIT 4: Ratio B. Find an unknown quantity from a given ratio When 2 quantities are expressed as a ratio, the actual quantity of one part can be found if the quantity of the other part is given. The sum of the 2 quantities can be found if the quantity of one part is given. For example, The ratio of Angie’s savings to Melissa’s savings is 3: 5. Angie saves $18. (a) How much does Melissa save? (b) What is their total savings? Solution: (a) 3 units = $18 Tunit = SB. $6 5 units = $6 x 5 = $30 Melissa saves $30. (b) Their total savings is $30 + $18 = $48 (Method 1) or 1 unit = $6 (Method 2) 8 units = $6 x8 = $48 Their total savings is $48. Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 87 ¢UNIT 4: Ratio The ratio of Betty’s age to her mother’s age is 1 : 3. Their combined age is 48 years. How old is Betty? Solution: Betty : Mother ae. 4 units —— 48 years 1 unit —> 48+4 = 12 Betty is 12 years old. L. Ep Jim is 8 years old. In 7 years’ time, the ratio of his age to his uncle's age will be 1: 3. How old is his uncle now? Solution: Jim's age in 7 years’ time —>8+7 = 15 In 7 years’ time, Jim’s age : Uncle's age His uncle is 38 years old now. 9.88 © Educational Publishing House Pte LtdUNIT 4: Ratio The ratio of A’s mass to B’s mass is 2 : 3. The ratio of B‘s mass to C’s mass is 5: 7, What is the ratio of A’s mass to C’s mass? Solution: 2:3 Bic 5:7 Since B’s mass is the same for both sets of ratio, make B's share for both sets the same. Multiplying by 5 and 3 respectively, we get: A:B [22:3 = 10:15 | | p:c }=5 :7 | o=15 221 | ASB: 10:15:21 The ratio is 10 : 21. © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 7 89 ¢UNIT 4: Ratio = Work out the following sums. 1. Ahmad is 14 times as old as Mariam. What is the ratio of Ahmad's age to Mariam’s age? 2. The ratio of a length of white ribbon to a length of pink ribbon is 9 : 7. Express the ratio in terms of fraction of the white ribbon to the pink ribbon. 3. Simplify Z so 9 90 TF © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd_UNIT 4: Ratio 4. The ratio of Meifeng’s mass to Fengmei’s mass is 4: 5. If Meifeng’s mass is 32 kg, what is the total mass of the two girls? 5. 32 stickers are shared between Mary and Alice. Mary receives 4 stickers fewer than Alice. What is the ratio of the number of Mary's stickers to the number of Alice’s stickers? 6. The cost of a table is 24 times that of a chair. What is the ratio of the cost of the table to that of the chair? @ Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 1219meaner ne UNIT 4: Ratio HE 7. The sides of a triangle are in the ratio 2:4:5. Ifthe shortest side is 4 cm, what is the length of the longest side? @ 8. The ratio of the number of boys to girls at a concert is 3:4. The ratio of the number of girls to the number of adults is 3 : 2. What is the ratio of the number of boys to the number of adults? aor © Educational Publishing House Pte LtdUNIT 4: Ratio Revisi i 5 ES a C. Solve word problems on ratio and proportion Word problems on ratio can be solved using the unitary method. 3 of Peter's savings is equal to 2 of Ravi’s savings. Find the ratio of Ravi’s savings to Peter's savings. Solution: 7 | Ravi | 3-units of Peter's savings = 4 units of Ravi's The common‘multiple of 3 and 4 is 12. So we divide each unit of Peter’s into 4 equal parts and each unit of Ravi's into 3 equal parts. We get, Peter l | Ravi | The ratio is 15 : 16. © Educational Publishing House Pie Lid 1934UNIT 4: Ratio Tom and Alan have toy cars in the ratio 3: 1. Alan receives 8 more toy cars for his birthday. He now has half as many toy cars as Tom. How many toy cars does Alan have now? At first Tom : Alan 3: 1 After Alan gets 8 more cars Tom : Alan 2:1 Since Tom's number of toy cars remain unchanged, make Tom’s share for both sets the same by multiplying the first set by 2 and the second set by 3. At first Tom : Alan 3:1 6: 2 ww After Alan gets 8 more cars Tom : Alan 2 1 6: 3 3 units - 2 units = 1 unit 1unit —>8 3 units —> 3x8 = 24 Alan has 24 toy cars now. er © Educational Publishing House Pte LidUNIT 4: Ratio Ina camp, there are 48 boys. The ratio of the number of boys to girls is 3: 1. The ratio of the number of swimmers to A 7 . 1 ‘ non-swimmers in the camp is 7: 1. If a of the non-swimmers are girls, how many of the swimmers are boys? Solution: Boys : Girls 3:1 3 units —» 48 1 unit —> 48 +3 | = 16 girls | | Swimmers : Non-swimmers | Peete 1 / | 48+ 16=64 8 units —~ 64 ; lunit —>64+8 6 non-swimmers are boys. 48-6=42 42 boys are swimmers. © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 125 ¢3 grades of coffee costing $7, $5 and $8 per kg respectively are mixed in the ratio 2:4: 3. Find the cost of 18 kg of the mixture. Solution: 2+44+3=9 units 9 units —> 18 kg 1 unit —> 18+9 =2kg The ratio becomes 4: 8 : 6. (4 x $7) + (8 x $5) + (6 x $8) = $28 + $40 + $48 = $116 18 kg cost $116. Dern Liping and Mary share a packet of sugar in the ratio 3 : 2. If Liping gives 12 kg of sugar to Mary, they will have the same amount of sugar. How many kilograms of sugar do they have altogether? Solution: Liping : Mary See: To have equal amounts, each will have 24 units. 4 unit 12 q unit —> 24 5 units—— 5 x 24 = 120 They have 120 kg of sugar. 996 © Educational Publishing House Pte LidUNIT 4: Ratio Work out the following sums. 1. z of Wendy's savings is equal to - of Peggy's savings. Find the ratio of Wendy's savings to Peggy's savings. 2. Jim has 2 as many stamps as David. What is the ratio of Jim’s stamps to David's stamps? . The ratio of James’ money to Susan‘s money is 3 : 5. If James spends $12, he has $36 left. How much does Susan have? © Educational Publishing House Pie Lid 97 &UNIT 4: Ratio, 4. The number of goldfish to the number of guppies in an aquarium is in the ratio 2 : 5. 13 more goldfish were put in, bringing the total number of goldfish to 55. What is the new ratio of goldfish to guppies? é Acertain amount of paint is stored in 3 containers, A, B and C. ; of the amount is stored in container A. Container B holds half the amount of paint in container A. (a) Write the amount of paint in the ratio A: B: C. (b) How much paint is stored in container B if container C has 6.3 7 more than container A? 9 98 © Educational Publishing House Pte LidUNIT 4: Ratio 6. The ratio of the number of girls to the number of boys in the school band was 1 : 4. If an additional 12 girls joined the band, the new ratio of girls to boys became 5: 8. Find the number of boys in the band. . The ratio of the number of Betty's stamps to the number of Susan’s stamps is 3 : 7. Susan has 24 stamps more than Betty. If Susan gives Betty 6 stamps, what is the new ratio of the number of Betty's stamps to Susan‘s stamps? © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 99gUNIT 4: Ratio 8. There are white, blue and yellow beads in a box. The ratio of the number of white beads to the number of blue beads is 2: 1. The ratio of the number of white beads to the number of yellow beads is 6 : 1. What is the ratio of the number of white beads to the number of yellow and blue beads? |. The number of Johari’s stamps to the number of Mark’s stamps was in the ratio of 8 : 3. After Johari gave ; of his stamps to Mark, he had 42 stamps fewer than Mark. How many stamps did they have altogether? 9100 [ © Educational Publishing House Me itdUNIT 4: Ratio 10. Jenny and Simon had 240 stickers. After Jenny gave 60 stickers to Simon, the ratio of the number of Jenny’s stickers to the number of Simon’s stickers was 1 : 2, How many stickers did each of them have.at first? . The ratio of the number of pears to the number of mangoes in a box is 5: 2. If 21 more mangoes were put into the box, the number of mangoes would be equal to the number of pears. How many pears are there in the box? . Atan exhibition, the ratio of the number of men to the total number of people was 2 : 7. The ratio of the number of children to the number of women was 3 : 7. If there were 60 children, how many people were at the exhibition? © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 101 ¢UNIT 4: Ratio a 13. A library's collection of books is in the ratio 5: 2:1 for English, Chinese and Malay books respectively. If there are 600 Chinese books, (a) how many books are in English and Malay? (b) find the total number of books in the library. "4. The sides of a triangle are in the ratio 4: 5: 6. The longest side is 12 cm. Find the perimeter of the triangle. 15. Asum of money is shared among Jim, Joe and Jenny in the ratio 3:5: 7. If Joe gets $825, how much more than Jim does Jenny get? @ 102 7 © Educational Publishing House Ple LtdUNIT 4: Rotio fe '* 16. A drink seller sells mineral water and flavoured drinks. The ratio of the number of bottles of mineral water to the number of packets of flavoured drinks is 2.: 3. He sold half the number of flavoured drinks and had a total of 210 drinks left. How many packets of flavoured drinks did he have left? . Kim Seng and Mohan shared some marbles in the ratio 1: 2. When Mohan gave some marbles to Kim Seng, the ratio of the number of Kim Seng‘s marbles to the number of Mohan‘s marbles became 5 : 4. If Mohan had 36 marbles left, (a) how many marbles did the boys share? (b) how many marbles did Mohan give to Kim Seng? The ratio of the number of Malay books to the number of Chinese books in a cupboard was 3 : 5. If 12 Malay books were removed, the new ratio for the number of Malay books to the number of Chinese books was 7 : 15. How many books were in the cupboard at first? © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 103 ¢UNIT 4: Ratio ay QUESTIONS Work out the following sums. The cost of 3 similar towels is $18.90. A blouse costs twice as much as a towel. How much do 5 such towels and 2 such blouses cost? 1. The figure consists of 3 squares, X, Y and Z, whose areas are in the ratio 3 : 4 : 9 respectively. t of Y is shaded. What fraction of the figure is unshaded? Gh 3. For every book that Edwin sells, he is paid $2. He gets an extra $5 for every 20 books he sells. If he receives $893 altogether, how many books has he sold? 9 104 7 © Educational Publishing House Fte LtdExercise 4.1 Ahmod's age Moriom's age 2 2 The ratio is 3: 2. 2. White ribbon * “Red ribbon 2 el i The white ribbon is 13 times as ong as the pink ribbon. 3. 2:3 4. Aunits — 32 9units > 2x9 2 kg The total mass of the two girls is 72 kg. =} 32-428 28 +2 = 14 (Mary) 14+4 = 18 (Alice) Mary's stickers : Alice's stickers 14 18 7 : 9 The ratio is 7:9. 6g, Sestottble "Cost of chair The ratio is 9: 4. © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 105 ¢ 7. 2units 4 S units —> 4x5 = 10 The length of the longest side is 8. Girls : Adults eee ete so 12 8 Boys : Adults aoe The ratio is 9: 8. Exercise 4.2 1. wendy PTETEET ES] reso CODELEL ETE] The ratio is 9: 10. jim 23 2 Dovid = 5 The ratio is 3: 5. 3. $36 $12, James I suen FTE 36412 = 48 3 units — 48 Sunits —>» 3x5 = 80 ‘Susan has $80.5 2% 4units —s 24 i D0 Tunit 2444 of ail . =6 eee + Bunits 3x6 Co i = 18 (Betty) em I + Tunits 7x6 [ 3 = 42 (Susan) 55-13 = 42 : 18 + 6 = 24 (Betty) + 42-6 =36 (Susan) units —s 42 - L : 2 : Betty's stamps : Susan's stomps Sunits —> z* 5 . 24 - 36 = 105 : 2 : 3 E Goldfish : Guppy 1 The ratio is 2: 3. = 55: 105 : es Mia + 8. White beads : Blue beads = 6 3 | White beads : Yellow beads = 6: 1 (a) The ratio is 2 : The ratio is 6: 1: 3. (b) 3 units —> 6.3 : Vunit —>6.3+3 J % Before =24 Johar TTI 2.11 of paint is stored in Mork container B. 7 nt After 6. Before 7 Girls : Boys aetlee 17:4 ft aban mare TTT jatar 2 Bunits —5 a2 a : poe : units 9 Bat : = 154 5-223 7 They had 154 stamps altogether. 3 units —> 12 Bunits — 2x8 =32 The number of boys in the band was 32. @106 > © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd13. (a) 2 units —> 600 6 units —> 600 x 3 = 1800 10. Jenny 1800 books are in English and 3 units —> 240 Maloy. : 240 tunit —» 28 (b) 1800 + 600 = 2400 = 80 (Jenny) | 2 units —» 2x 80 The total number of books in = 160 (Simon) the library is 2400. 6 units —+ 12 1S units —> 2x15 Jenny had 140 stickers at first. =30 Simon hod 100 stickers ot first. The perimeter of the triangle is 30 cm. "1 eee eee ee rear [J C1 15. Sunits —> 825 wong [7] 9 4units —> ZB xa = 660 3 units —>21 Jenny gets $660 more than Jim. S units —> 2x5 =35 ‘There are 35 pears in the box. 12. Children : Women See tee Zunits —> 60 He had 90 packets of flovoured 10 units — 2 x 10 drinks left. = 200 (Women ond Children) Men : People Zee e: 7-225 Women and Children : People 5 HE 5 units ——» 200 Tunits — 22 x7 = 280 280 people were at the exhibition. © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 7107 ¢7. 18. (0) 4units —> 36 1 unit —>36+4 =o 9 units ——» 9 x9 =81 The boys shared 81 marbles. (b) Before Kim Seng : Mohan = 1 Bee = 3 Bee kim Seng : Mohan = 5 : 4 Junit —»9 2 units —> 2x9 =18 Mohan gave Kim Seng 18 marbles. Before Malay : Chinese Peta Hat 5 fae He Hate After Malay : Chinese pee 15 2units —> 12 24 units —> 12 x 12 = 144 144 books were in the cupboard at first. p 108 Thinking Questions 1. 318.90 ‘Towel C L Blouse [ 1 S| 3 units —> $18.90 9 units —» 3 x $18.90 = $56.70 5 towels and 2 blouses cost $56.70. Ratio of unshaded parts :¥:Z 2:3:8 Since Y is part of Z, unshaded parts of Y and Zis 8. Number of unshaded parts =2 +8 10 249 " Total number of parts + of the figure is unshaded. 20x2=40 40+5=45 893 + 45 = 19R 38 19 x 20 = 380 3B +2219 380 + 19 = 399 He has sold 399 books. © Educational Publishing House Pre Lid© Unit 5 Percentage By the end of the unit, you should be able to: Express a fraction as a percentage and vice versa (revision) Express o decimal as a percentage and vice versa (revision) Express one quantity as a percentage of another (revision) * Find the whole given a part and the percentage ¢ Solve word problems involving percentage Finding percentage increase * Finding percentage decrease © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid >| 109 ¢UNIT 5: Percentage Revision tZe% A. Writing a fraction or decimal as a percentage When a whole is divided into 100 equal parts, each part is 1% of the whole. To express a fraction as a percentage, we first change the denominator to 100. We can also multiply the fraction by 100% to change it into a percentage. Example, The shaded parts can be expressed in the following ways: 43 out of 100 squares are shaded. 43 7 , a00) of the figure is shaded. 0.43 of the figure is shaded. 43% of the figure is shaded. a 110 F © Educational Publishing House Pte LidExpress each of the following fractions as a percentage. 1 @ | 3 (b) 35 6 O 69 ) a9 Solutions: rm 20 | Sao = i00 = 20% Or + x 100% = 20% | a 15, () 35,, = 400 = 15% Or 2 100% = 15% 20 © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd UNIT 5: Percentage 7111 ¢UNIT 5: Percentage oe 12 © 02 * 100 = 12% Or isi % = 12% HX 100% = 12% aL = 699 (d) 700 * 100% = 69% (a) 0.3 (b) 0.62 (c) 1.946 Solutions: Express each of the following decimals as a percentage. (a) 0 3.9% 100% = 30% (b) 0 62, * 100% = 62% {) 1 448 x 100% = 194.6% nents air © Educational Publishing House Pte LtdUNIT 5: Percentage () (b) 1c) Solutions: (a) 35% + 100% = 0.35 ng pation 35% = Too 7: 20 (b) 91% + 100% = 0.91 91% = 2 100 (c) 204% + 100% = 2.04 204% = 204 100 1 28 9/ 7 (0) 35% z 0.35 (b) 91% a 0.91 © 204% 24 2.04 © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 7113 ¢UNIT 5: Percentage ‘omplete the table below. (a) 63% (b) 100% © i (d) 2 (e) 0.396 (f) 1.443 B. Expressing one quantity as a percentage When expressing one quantity as a percentage of another, the second quantity is the denominator. When writing it as a fraction, the second quantity is the denominator. 9114 [© Educational Publishing House Pe LdUNIT 5: Percentage Example, There are 4 apples and 10 pears. Express the number of apples as a percentage of the pears, Here we are comparing the number of apples to the number of pears. So, the number of pears is the denominator. We get, Written as a percentage, we have, 2x 100% What percentage of 20 kg is 5 kg? Solution: > x 100% = 25% 20 Note: 20 kg is the denominator. 5 kg is 25% of 20 kg. © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 115 ¢UNIT 5: Percentage Express 12 min as a percentage of 1h. Solution: 1h=60 min 2 x 100% = 20% 60 Note: 60 min is the denominator. 12 min is 20% of 1h. Express 0.8 km as a percentage of 400 m. Solution: 800 % = 2009 op * 100% = 200% Note: 400 is the denominator. 0.8 km is 200% of 400 m. 9116 F © Educational Publishing House Pte LtdUNIT 5: Percentage Candice scored 40 marks for a spelling test. The maximum score a pupil can have for the test is 50 marks. Express her score as a percentage of the total. Solution: ® x 100% = 80% 50 Note: 50 is the denominator. Her score is 80% of the total. | Avconfectionery bakes 500 cakes and 400 pies. (a) Express the number of cakes as a percentage of the | number of pies. | (b) Express the number of pies as a percentage of the number of cakes. Solutio! i Ht | i 500 Se aeg (a) pita 100% = 125% The percentage is 125%. (b) Sx 100% = 80% The percentage is 80%. Note: To work out percentage in (a), the denominator is the number of pies. To work out percentage in (b), the denominator is number of cakes. | | i | | | | © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 7117¢UNIT 5: Percentage Sree - Work out the following sums. aj’ If ; of a number is 60, what is 20% of the number? a 2. If 15% of a number is 33, what is the number? 3. 15% of a number is 18. What is 60% of the number? w 440 © Fdueational Publishing House Pte LidUNIT 5: Percentage 4. Express 1 1 as a percentage of 800 mi. @ 5. Express 600 g as a percentage of 2.4 kg. 6. Ina 2-hour paper, a pupil spent 42 minutes to complete Section A, What percentage of the time did he spend on Section A? © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 119 ¢UNIT 5: Percentage i’ Kenny's allowance is $80. He spends $48 and saves the rest. What percentage of his allowance does he save? i 8. Mr Yu went shopping with $200. He bought a shirt for $36 and a watch for $84. What percentage of his money had he left? a> After spending 90¢, Charlie had $2.70 left. What percentage of his money did he spend? 9 1207 © Educational Publishing House Pre LtdUNIT 5: Percentage fq '0. Out of 80 pupils who attended the annual Science Camp, 48 of them were boys. What percentage of the pupils were girls? Revision Me ae “6 C. Percentage increase To find percentage increase, Step 1: Find the difference between the 2 quantities that are given. The answer that is obtained is the actual increase in quantity. Actual increase in quantity x 100 Original quantity = percentage increase Step 2: Percentage decrease To find percentage decrease, Step 1: Find the difference between the 2 quantities that are given. The answer that is obtained is the actual decrease in quantity. Actual decreasein quantity, 199 Original quantity = percentage decrease Step 2: © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 71216UNIT 5: Percentage Mrs Chow spent $1200 in January and $1000 in February. What is the percentage decrease in her expenditure? Solution: Decrease in expenditure = $1200 - $1000 = $200 200 = —— x 100% Percentage decrease cot /h = 162% Note: $1200 is the denominator. The percentage decrease in expenditure is 162%. There are 50 red balls and 40 green balls in a basket. How many per cent more red balls than green balls are there? Solution: Note: 40 green balls is the denominator. The difference in number = 50 ~ 40 =10 Percentage = 2 x 100% = 25% a122 0 © Educational Publishing House Pe LidUNIT 5: Percentage Work out the following sums. . The enrolment in a school decreased by 22% in 2008 campared to 2007. There were 350 pupils in 2007. How many pupils enrolled in 2008? . Jia Ying’s height was 135 cm last year. She is 10% taller this year compared to last year. What is her height now? fal 3. There are 40 boys and 30 girls in a drama club. By what percentage is the girls less than the boys? . Amanda has $45. Alicia has 30% less than her. How much money does Alicia have? © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 123 ¢UNIT 5: Percentage 8 5. Miss Jang’s salary was decreased from $2500 to $2000. By what percentage was her salary decreased? E36. Decrease each of the following by 30%. What is the quantity after the decrease? (a) 600 (b) 250 Increase each of the following by 10%. What is the quantity ofter the increase? (a) 50 (b) 340 The amount of savings last year was $700. The amount of savings this year is $560. What is the percentage change over last year? Is it an an increase or decrease? aia © Educationat Publishing House Pte LidUNIT 5: Percentage 9. The number of cars on the road was 4500 in the month of January. In the month of June, the number of cars was 6000. What is the percentage change over January, Is it an increase or decrease? i Revision No, a D. Solving word problems on percentage Word problems can be solved using the unitary method. Jenny bought a box of pens. There were 150 pens in the box. 30 of the pens were spoilt. What percentage of the pens in the box were not spoilt? Solution: | | | 150 - 30 = 120 | 120 pens were good. | : | | i | | Note: 150 is the denominator. 29 100% = 80% 150 80% of the pens were not spoilt. © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 125 ¢UNIT 5: Percentage A table was priced at $700. At a sale, a discount of 20% was given. (a) | How much was the discount? (b) How much did Mr Tan pay if he bought the table during the sale? Solution: 20 (a) 20% of 700 = — x 700 100 = 140 The discount was $140. (b) 700 - 140 = $560 Mr Tan paid $560. Mrs Chee baked some cookies. She gave 30% of them to her neighbour and ate 50% of the remaining cookies. (a) What percentage of the cookies she baked was left? ({b) If Mrs Chee had 42 cookies left, how many cookies did she bake? Solution: (a) 100% ~ 30% = 70% (remainder) 50% of 70% = = x70 = 35% (eaten) 100% - 30% - 35% = 35% 35% of the cookies was left. 2126 [© Educitional Publishing House Re UdUNIT 5: Percentage | w) 2 : 42 | 35% 1 | 35% —> 42 / j 100% —> 2 x 100 = 120 She baked 120 cookies. Work out the following sums. At a sale, the price of o cupboard was reduced by 20% to $190. What was the original price of the cupboard? @ 2. A bookshop gave a 20% discount during a sale. David bought a book and paid $42 for it. How much was the discount for the book? © Educational Publishing House Pte td “L427UNIT 5; Percentoge a3 The price of a clock was $125 before GST. The GST was 7%. How much did Nurul pay for the clock? 4. Mrs Lee bought a bag at a discount of 20% during the Great Singapore Sale. What was the original price of the bag if she paid $48 for it at a sale? &)5. At a contest, Tom scored 70% of the total score. If he answered 9 of the questions wrongly, how many questions were there in the contest? 128 © Educational Publishing House Ple Lidi ___UNITS5: Percentage 6. Mrs Lin baked a number of pineapple tarts. She sold 40% ; of them and gave 80% of the remainder to her relatives. If she had 360 pineapple tarts left, how many pineapple tarts did she bake? During a sale, the price of a pair of jeans is reduced from $40 to $25. By what percentage has the price been reduced? . In July, the price of a motorcycle was $4800. In October, the price of the same motorcycle increased by 15%. (a) What was the price of the motorcycle in October? (b) If Mr Li bought the motorcycle in October at $5244 ofter a discount was given, what percentage discount of the new price was he given? © Fducational Publishing House Pte Ltd 7129 ¢UNIT 5: Percentage a Sa 9. Lily and Jenny shared $72 between themselves. When their mother gave them another $10 each, Jenny had 16% less money than Lily. (a) How much money did they each have after receiving $10? (b) What was the ratio of Jenny's money to Lily’s money at first? . Mr Lim spent 40% of his monthly salary. 60% of the expenditure was spent on food and 25% of the rest on books. If $120 was spent on books, how much did he earn in a month? . The cost of a jug is 40% of the cost of a vase. If the jug costs $24, what is the cost of the vase? 9 1307 © Educational Publishing House Pte LtdUNIT 5: Percentage 12. Ali's salary is 20% more than Aiwen’s. Xinlong’s salary is 15% less than Ali’s. If Ali earns $1500, how much do the three friends earn altogether? 13. Each month, Samy gives 65% of his salary to his parents. He spends 15% of his salary and saves the rest. He saves | $65 more than what he spends. How much is-his monthly salary? 4. There are 40% more boys than girls at a camp. If there are 30 more boys than girls, how many children are there altogether? © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 1319UNIT 5: Percentage | 15. Daisy bought a box of sweets and gave 30% to her sister. She had 35 sweets left. How many sweets did she give her sister? e 16. Jacqueline gives $640 to her father and 40% of the remainder to her mother. If 52% of her salary has been given away, how much has she for herself? 17. Ali and Bobby have $520.altogether. Bobby has 60% more than Ali. How much money has Bobby? e132 © Educational Publishing House Ple LidUNIT 5: Percentage ge" Ali bought 2 chicken pies and 1 curry puff with 40% of his money. The cost of a chicken pie was 50% more than the cost of a curry puff. (a) If a chicken pie cost $1.80, what was the cost of a curry puff? (b) What was Ali’s sum of money? a 19. There are 900 pupils in a school. The number of girls is 23 more than 45% of the total number of pupils. How many boys are there? 20. A sum of money was shared among Derrick, Jimmy and Michael in the ratio 4: 5: 7. After spending 40% of his money, Jimmy found that he had $80 less than Michael. (a) How much money did they receive altogether? (b) If Michael spent $77 of his share, how much had he left? © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 133 ¢UNIT: Percentage mo ]QUESTIONS Work out the following sums. In a class library, there are 180 Chinese books. If there are 20% fewer Chinese books than English books, how many English books are there? (Note: The denominator is the number of English books.) 2. Aman saves 20% of his income. If his income is decreased by 5%, his savings will be decreased by $12. Find his income. e134 © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid1 Exer eee +3 @ 63% s oes lt 4 ) 100% 1 1 7 5. 0 60% 7 06 (@ |_ 625% 3 0.625 te) 39.6% om 0396 |? o 144.3% a 1aa3_ |g. Exercise 5.2 7. 20% x 80 = 16 : 20% of the number is 16. : 2. 15% —> 33 3 100% —> 2 x 100 18 = 220 7 The number is 220. : 3, 15% —918 i 9. 60% —» 2x60 = 72 7 60% of the number is 72. : 4, 125% : 5. 25% : 6. 35% : 7. 40% . 8. 40% : 9. 25% 10. 40% . © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 4 135 ¢@ + Exercise 5.3, 273 pupils 148.5 cm 25% $31.50 500 Fp «100% = 20% Her salary was decreased 20%, (a) 30% = 180 600 - 180 = 420 (b) 30% = 22 x30 700 275 250 - 75 =175 (@ 10% =5 5045555 (b) 10% = 34 340 +34 = 374 $700 ~ $560 = $140 ¥2 x 100 = 20% 700 It is a 20% decrease. 6000 ~ 4500 = 1500 1500 x 100 = 33.1% “500 3 It is 0 33.3 % increase.Exercise 5.4 5 2.000%) 1. 2.900%) [ieee ores $190. 70% aie 30% —»9 80% —> 190 100% —» 22 x 100 = 237.50 The original price of the cupboard 100% —> x 100 =30 There were 30 questions in the contest. wos $237.50. 7 _— 2. 100% J sa a al Wo : [==> 80% —+ 42 ‘| a 20% — > 360 20% ae 7 100% —» 360 x 5 i : = 1800 The discount was $10.50. SH live nineties 3. 205% 5 100% —» 100 : % 4 2 She boked 3000 pineapple tarts. 100% —» 125 : + EEtOr 107% —» 223 «107 : = 133.75 2 100% - 40% = 60% Nurul poid $133.75 for the clock. He cues cain tere 1 12% —+ 360 4. 210048 : C= 1] : 100% —» 32 x 100 bras : = 3000 80% —» 48 {She baked 3000 pineapple tarts, 100% —» 3 x 100 atH7 $40 (100%) = 60 35 The original price of the bag was Peet $60. 9 136 15> x15 =375 The percentage is 37.5%. © Educational Publishing House Pie Lid8 @ $4900 100%), 2 10. 200%) eee we Pros : : 60% 100% —» 4800 tc 115% —> 8% x 415 3% cS $120) = 5520 The price of the motorcycle was 25% = —> 120 $5520 in October. 100% —» 1204 = 480 (b) 5520 ~ 5244 = 276 40% —+ 480 276 Y 9 2B «100-5 100% —» “x 100 = 1200 40% —» 1200 The percentage discount was 5%. Jenny ee } a CTI 16% ily 700% $72 + $10 + $10 = $92 184 —» 92 2 100 —> Sx 100 = 50 Lily had $50,” $92 - $50 = $42 1. Jenny had $42. (b) $50 - $10 = $40 $42 - $10 = $32 : Jenny : Lily =32 : 40 e435 © Fducational Publishing House Pie Ltd 7 137 ¢ 100% —» 3% x 100 = 3000 He earned $3000 in a month. Or 40% x 40 = 16% 25% x 16 = 4% 4% 9 120 100% —> 120.x 25 = 3000 He earned $3000 in a month, 100% 40% —»24 24 100% —> & x 100 = 60 The cost of the vase is $60.16, _Father Mother _ Herself al nom Aiwen 700% : 70 [| Xinlong | ‘ 10% ? : Se 3% ‘ 120% —» 1500 + Percentage left for herself a = 100% - 52% 100% ——> 2 x 100 = 48% = 1250 (Aiwen) 6 units —> 48% 85% x 1500 = 1275 (xinlong) to units —» & x10 6 1500 + 1250 + 1275 = 4025 = 80% The three friends earn $4025 Mother and herself have 80% of her altogether. solary So, father is given 100% ~ 80% ______21100%) = 20% of her salary, See i 20% —+ $640 ae yep 48% —> $52 x 48 20-1525 : = $1536 5% —>65 7 She hos $1536 for herself. 100% —» 65 x 20 : = 1300 ali [100% $520 His monthly salary is $1300. Bobby [100% 14. 100% : 260% —> $520 ins 40% : 520 . 1% $= Bous 30 - fae : 160% —» $22 x 48 40% —> 30 : cs $320 240% —»> %2 x 240 : Ena {Bobby hos $320. There are 180 children altogether. + 1 curyputt [7] 15. (10056) Pie oe =" $180 3180 Cs aoe 150% $1.80 70% —>35 fee 100% —» $422 x 100 30% —> % x30 = $1.20 70 215 9 138 7 © Educational Publishing House Ple Ltd 1.20. She gove her sister 15 sweets. Kile coeticcain(b) ($1.80 x 2) + $1.20 = $4.80 40% —> $480 100% —» $42 x 100 = $12 Ali's sum of money wos $12. 45 19. 45% of 900 = 4 x 900 Number of girls Number of boys There are 472 boys. 20. (0) Derrick : Jimmy : Michael 4: eee 7 Jimmy spent 40% = <2 x 5 units = 2 units He spent 2 units of his money. Michael hos 7 units. Jimmy has 5 ~ 2 = 3 units left. 7-3 =4.units 4units —> $80 unit —> $80+4 = $20 44547=16 1 unit —> $20 16 units ——» $20 x 16 = $320 They received $320 altogether. (b) Michael has $20 x 7 = $140 $140 ~ $77 = $63 He had $63 left. © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 1139 ¢ + Thinking Questions . When salary is 95%, Chinese 720 120%. Engiish [ | 7 (100%) 80% —> 180 100% —+ 2 x 100 = 225 There are 225 English books, Savings = 20% x 95% = 19% Decrease in savings = 20% ~ 19% = 1% 1% —>12 100% —> 12 x 100 = 1200 His income is $1200.Time and Speed : By the end of the unit, you should be able to: Interpret 24-hour clock (revision) * Calculate speed © Write speed in km/h, m/min, m/s and cm/s * Calculate average speed for a journey * Calculate distance * Calculate time * Solve word problems FILL LP LPI LILI LLC IOLA cr = ee RE 9140 - © Educational Publishing House Pte LidRowson yy Tee A. Time Y It is useful to learn to read the 24-hour clock when doing problems on speed. The 24-hour clock begins just after 12 midnight. Here are some examples of how time can be read using the 24-hour clock. 12 midnight 12.01 a.m. 12.30 a.m. 1am. 1.45 a.m. 2 a.m. 2.59 a.m. 12 noon 12.50 p.m. 1 p.m. 2 p.m. 2.30 p.m. 6 p.m. 6.40 p.m. 9 p.m. 9.15 p.m. 11.00 p.m. 11.50 p.m. 11.59 p.m. 2400 h 0001 h 0030 h 0100 h 0145h 0200 h 0259 h 1200 h 1250 h 1300 h 1400 h 1430 h 1800 h 1840 h 2100 h 2115h 2300 h 2350h 2359 h © Educational Publishing House Pte Lid 7 141 ¢ UNIT 6: Time and SpeedUNIT 6: Time and Speed ce rt | Mr Tan left his house at 0840 h and reached his office at 0912 h. How long did he take to travel from his house to his office? Solution: 20 min 12 min aS EE 8.40 9 9.12 20 + 12 = 32 He took 32 min to travel from his house to his office. Or 9h 12 min - 8h 40 min = 32 min He took 32 min to travel from his house to his office. An aeroplane left Hong Kong for Singapore, arriving at 1309 h. If the travel time was 2 h 43 min, what time did the aeroplane take off from Hong Kong? Solution: 13 h 09 min ~ 2 h 43 min = 10 h 26 min The aeroplane took off at 1026 h. 91427 © Educational Publishing House Pte LidUNIT 6: Time and Speed Revision Z Mg aL B. Speed Speed measures the amount of distance moved per unit of time. That is, it tells us how fast or how slowly an object is moving. If a vehicle travels at a uniform speed, this means that the speed of the vehicle is the same over an interval of time. The formula for calculating speed, given distance travelled and time taken is: Speed = Distance travelled + Time taken Note: If speed is in km/h, distance must be in km, time in hour. We can rewrite the formula to find distance travelled or time taken: Distance travelled = Speed x Time taken Time taken = Distance travelled + Speed ESL Ee | © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 7 143 ¢UNIT 6: Time and Speed A car travels 210 km in 3 h. What is its speed? Solution: 3 h— 210 km 1h— => 210+ 3 km = 70 km Its speed is 70 km/h. A train travels at a speed of 120 km/h. How far can it travel in 4 hours? Solution: Distance travelled = Speed x Time taken =120x4 = 480 km It can travel 480 km in 4 h. 9 144 © Educational Publishing House Ple LidUNIT 6: Time and Speed Nurul is swimming at a speed of 30 m/min. How long did she take to cover 240 m? Solution: Time = Distance + Speed 40 + 30 =8 She took 8 min to cover 240 m. Work out the following sums. A motorist travels a distance of 375 km in 7 h. Express his speed in km/h. (Express your answer rounded off to one } decimal place.) . John started painting the fence at 11.40 a.m. At what time did he finish if he took 2 h 35 min to complete the job? © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 7145 ¢UNIT 6: Time and Speed oe 3. Mr Tan drove from Town A to Town B at a uniform speed of 85 km/h. He took 3 h to arrive at his destination. What is the distance between Town A and Town B? 4. A millipede took 14s to move a distance of 35 cm. What is the speed of the millipede? 5. Eric started running at 5.45 p.m. By 6.30 p.m., he had run 9 km. At what speed was Eric running? (Give your answer in m/min.) 9146 © Educational Publishing House te tdUNIT 6: Time and Speed (=q) 6. An aeroplance travelled at a speed of 500 km/h. If it left | the airport at 1300 h, at what time would it reach its destination, 450 km away? 7. Agnes left her office at 1835 h and reached home at 1951 h. How long was her journey home? Mrs Lee ended her Mathematics lesson at 1020 h. The lesson was 57 min long. At what time did the lesson begin? © Educational Publishing touse Pte Lid 4147 ¢UNIT 6: Time and Speed 9. Town A and Town B are 640 km apart. A car leaves Town A, travelling at a constant speed of 80 km/h towards Town B. How long did the driver take to travel from Town A to Town B? 10. My watch shows 0655 h. It is 8 minutes behind the actual time, What is the actual time? C. Average speed During a journey, it is difficult for a vehicle to travel at a uniform speed. Hence, we will calculate its average speed. Average speed measures the total distance travelled with respect to the total time taken to travel that distance. ‘otal distance travelled + Total time taken Average speed 148 © Educational Publishing House Pee Ud eats 8