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Advanced Level History 5

Original Title: ADVANCED LEVEL HISTORY 5(0)

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@D_ZK\T KG QDILBLXF ^4266 / 6Y BJWBMOFJ EFWFE

OKISDEFJ LT I\ ZB_B\B K ^<327Y
_FOZDKM B
_KV\OF_ KG @D_ZK\T V_FJ DM \FOKWF\DMH QDILBLXF—_ S\F-OKEKMDBE @D_ZK\T
Z`frf brf t`rff ibakr skurofs usfj ly `dstkrdbms dm t`f rfokmstruotdkm kg prf-okekmdbe `dstkry kg
Qdilblwf. Z`fsf brf krbe trbjdtdkm, wrdttfm rfokrjs bmj bro`bfkekhy. Z`f kt`fr skurofs dmoeujf
edmhudstdos, bmt`rkpkekhy, lktbmy, rkon pbdmtdmhs bmj ft`mkhrbp`y.
^2Y Krbe Zrbjdtdkm
-Dt ds t`f dmgkribtdkm w`do` ds pbssfj grki hfmfrbtdkm tk hfmfrbtdkm ly t`f wkrj kg ikut`. Dt ds
t`f kejfst wby bmj pfr`bps t`f ikst pkpuebr dm rfokrjdmh Bgrdobm `dstkry. Krbe trbjdtdkm ds
skiftdifs obeefj umwrdttfm `dstkry. Krbe trbjdtdkm obm lf dm gkri kg prbdsf pkfis bmj skmhs
tfeedmh t`f `frkdo jffjs kg bm bmofstkr, b oebm kr b w`kef okiiumdty kg pfkpef. _kmhs bmj
pkfis brf gbdrey rfedblef skurofs kg krbe trbjdtdkm `fmof dt ds usfgue bet`kuh` dt obm lf jdstkrtfj,
gkrhkttfm kr fxbhhfrbtfj. Krbe trbjdtdkms brf vfrlbe tfstdikmdfs w`do` iby rfgfr tk ndmh edsts,
suoofssdkm, idhrbtdkms kg pfkpef, wbrs bmj sk km. Z`ds skurof kg `dstkry ds gumjbifmtbe dm t`f
rfokmstruotdkm kg prf`dstkry kg Qdilblwf bmj bssdst `dstkrdbms wdt` dmgkribtdkm t`fy wkuej mkt
kt`frwdsf lf blef tk boqudrf.
-Krbe trbjdtdkm wbs usfj jurdmh t`f prf-okekmdbe frb lfobusf ikst Bgrdobms wfrf mkt blef tk
wrdtf bmj wrdttfm rfokrjs `brjey fxdstfj. Krbe trbjdtdkm ds t`f kmey skurof w`do` obm lrdmh kmf
vfry oeksf tk prf-okekmdbe Qdilblwfbm `dstkry. Dt ds t`f lbonlkmf kg bee kt`fr skurofs. Kt`fr
skurofs jfpfmj km krbe trbjdtdkm. Krbe trbjdtdkm lfokifs t`f stbrtdmh pkdmt wdt`kut w`do`
ibnfs t`f rfokmstruotdkm kg t`f pbst vfry jdggdouet. Bro`bfkekhy bmj wrdttfm rfokrjs okif dm bs
okipefifmtbry skurofs. Bro`bfkekhy bmj wrdttfm rfokrjs prkvdjf b jffpfr bmbeysds kg t`f
Qdilblwfbm pbst.
Vsfguemfss kg Krbe Zrbjdtdkm dm rfokvfrdmh Qdilblwf—s prf-okekmdbe `dstkry
-Krbe trbjdtdkm `bs lffm fxtrfifey usfgue dm prkvdjdmh dmgkribtdkm blkut t`f gkumjbtdkm kg t`f
Hrfbt Qdilblwf stbtf. _`kmb trbjdtdkms spfbn kg t`f bmofstkrs kg t`f _`kmb bs t`f ludejfrs kg
stkmf wbees bt Hrfbt Qdilblwf bmj ibmy kt`fr sdtfs brkumj bmj kutsdjf prfsfmt jby
t` t`
Qdilblwf. Dt okrrfots t`f iyt`s sprfbj ly Furk-ofmtrdsts kg t`f 24   bmj <3  Ofmturdfs w`k
bttrdlutfj dts okmstruotdkm tk gkrfdhmfrs ednf Brbls bmj S`kfmdodbms. Z`f _`kmb oebdis ibjf
t`rkuh` krbe trbjdtdkm wfrf sulsfqufmtey vfrdgdfj ly bro`bfkekhdobe gdmjdmhs.

 Save -Krbe trbjdtdkm `bs besk lffm usfgue dm prkvdjdmh `dstkrdobe dmgkribtdkm km t`f Iutbpb stbtf, gkr
dmstbmof, dt prkvdjfs dmgkribtdkm blkut t`f krdhdms kg t`f Iutbpb stbtf. Bookrjdmh tk krbe
trbjdtdkm t`f stbtf wbs gkumjfj ly Mybtsdilb Iutktb w`k `bj idhrbtfj grki Hrfbt Qdilblwf
wdt` `ds gkeekwfrs tk t`f Jbmjf rfhdkm. Dt ds besk nmkwm grki krbe trbjdtdkm t`bt Iutbpb wbs bm
kggs`kkt kg Hrfbt Qdilblwf stbtf w`do` okeebpsfj juf tk s`krtbhf kg sbet bmj kt`fr rfskurofs.

Ir K Zbsbrb ^LB @dstkry bmj S`dekskp`yY 388?<46227 Sbhf 2

  

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Z`f mbifs kg skif kg t`f Iutbpb ruefrs brf nmkwm tk t`f prfsfmt hfmfrbtdkms t`rkuh` krbe
trbjdtdkms, gkr fxbipef, Iutktb bmj `ds suoofsskr Mybm`fwf Ibtkpf.
-Krbe trbjdtdkm besk prkvdjfs dmgkribtdkm blkut t`f \kzvd stbtf, gkr dmstbmof, t`f krdhdms kg t`f
\kzvd stbtf ds nmkwm t`rkuh` krbe trbjdtdkm. Ikrf sk, t`f mbifs kg fbrey \kzvd ruefrs ednf
O`bmhbidrf Jkilk brf wfee nmkwm t`rkuh` krbe trbjdtdkm. @fmof krbe trbjdtdkm `bs bm
bjvbmtbhf kvfr bro`bfkekhy lfobusf bro`bfkekhy obmmkt prkvdjf mbifs kg pfkpef bmj pebofs.
-Z`f 24t` O `dstkry kg t`f Mjflfef bmj _`kmb `bs lffm trbmsidttfj t`rkuh` krbe trbjdtdkms bmj
t`fsf `bvf lffm usfgue dm prkvdjdmh bm Bgrdobm pfrspfotdvf bmj okumtfrdmh skif kg t`f
t`
jdstkrtdkms kg t`f 24  O Furkpfbm wrdtfrs. Hkkj fxbipefs kg suo` jdstkrtdkms dmoeujf Furkpfbm
oebdis t`bt t`f Mjflfef-_`kmb rfebtdkms wfrf `kstdef. Dt `bs besk lffm oebdifj t`bt t`f _`kmb
wfrf `fepefss vdotdis kg pfrfmmdbe Mjflfef rbdjs. Dt wbs besk stbtfj t`bt t`f Mjflfef fokmkiy
wbs fmtdrfey lbsfj km rbdjdmh. Krbe trbjdtdkm grki lkt` hrkups okumtfrbotfj suo` oebdis bmj
bssfrtfj t`bt t`f rfebtdkms wfrf gkr t`f ikst pbrt lbsfj km pfbofgue ok-fxdstfmof, trbjf bmj
oueturbe fxo`bmhf. Xbrs bmj rbdjs jdj koour lut fvfm t`fm t`fy wfrf mkt bs fmjfido bmj
jfstruotdvf bs t`f Furkpfbm wrdtfrs `bvf suhhfstfj.
-Krbe trbjdtdkm hdvfs jftbdefj dmgkribtdkm km pfkpef—s skodbe bmj pkedtdobe krhbmdsbtdkm w`do`
obmmkt lf fbsdey jkmf ly bro`bfkekhy bmj edmhudstdos.
-Krbe trbjdtdkm ds vfry `fepgue ly ifmtdkmdmh mbifs kg pfkpef, pebofs bmj hfmfbekhdfs w`do`
bro`bfkekhy obmmkt jk.
-Krbe trbjdtdkm `feps tk gdee t`f hbps dm wrdttfm rfokrjs bmj bro`bfkekhy. A Wbmsdmb pkstuebtfj
t`bt krbe trbjdtdkm prkvdjfs oekt`dmh, okekur bmj gefs` km t`f lkmfs kg t`f pbst. @f gurt`fr
brhufs t`bt krbe trbjdtdkm prkvdjfs nfy tk t`f fxpebmbtdkm t`bt wdee lf idssdmh dm wrdttfm rfokrjs
bmj bro`bfkekhy. Krbe trbjdtdkm fxpebdms ikst dg mkt bee t`f qufstdkm s rbdsfj dm bro`bfkekhy—s
gdmjdmhs beekwdmh kmf tk jfvfekp b ifmtbe grbifwkrn kg w`bt `bppfmfj dm t`f pbst. Z`fsf twk
skurofs rfey km krbe trbjdtdkm gkr mbifs, fvfmts bmj pebofs. Gkr dmstbmof, t`f mbif O`bmhbidrf
obm kmey lf gueey umjfrstkkj bgtfr trbjdtdkms km w`k `f wbs bmj `ds rkef dm skodfty. Z`ds dipedfs
t`bt krbe trbjdtdkm ds bewbys mffjfj tk gurmds` ikjfrm ift`kjs. Z`us tk hk jffp dmtk dssufs kg
`dstkry, tk ibnf dt edvf bmj lrdmh kut b oefbr pdoturf kg t`f pbst, krbe trbjdtdkm ds mffjfj. Lrkkns
bmj kt`frs brhuf t`bt krbe fvdjfmof `bs deeuidmbtfj ^s`fj edh`t kmY ibmy brfbs kg edgf t`bt wfrf
prfvdkusey pkkrey jkouifmtfj. Z`us wdt`kut krbe trbjdtdkm, kmf wkuej nmkw vfry edttef blkut
t`f prf`dstkry kg Qdilblwf. @fmof krbe trbjdtdkm ds drrfpebofblef bs b skurof kg rfokvfrdmh
Qdilblwf—s prf-`dstkry.
Jdsbjvbmtbhfs / Edidtbtdkms / Xfbnmfssfs kg Krbe Zrbjdtdkm
-Krbe trbjdtdkm `bs b prklefi kg ifikry ebpsfs ^t`f gbeedldedty kg ifikryY.Sfkpef tfmj tk eksf
ifikry `fmof krbe trbjdtdkm ds sulafot tk jdstkrtdkm. A Wbmsdmb prkpkumjfj t`bt krbe trbjdtdkms
brf mkt rfedblef lfobusf t`frf ds b jbmhfr kg kidssdkm kg pfrtdmfmt dmgkribtdkm t`us orfbtdmh
skif `dstkrdobe hbps. J M Lfbo` hdvfs b okiikm sdtubtdkm w`frf skif dmgkribmts t`dmn t`fy
sbw t`dmhs `bppfmdmh w`fm t`fy wfrf ykumh w`fm dm gbot t`fy wfrf tkej t`fi ly t`fdr pbrfmts

Ir K Zbsbrb ^LB @dstkry bmj S`dekskp`yY 388?<46227 Sbhf <

jurdmh dmgbmoy. Dmgkribmts tfmj tk orfbtf mfw stkrdfs dm hbps t`fy `bj gkrhkttfm. Krbe trbjdtdkm
t`frfgkrf jfpfmjs km t`f fggdodfmoy kg kmf—s ifikry. @fmof t`f rfedbldedty kg krbe trbjdtdkm ds
`bipfrfj ly t`f tfmjfmoy tk gkrhft.
-Krbe trbjdtdkm `bs b prklefi kg ibmdpuebtdkm tk sudt t`f prfsfmt sdtubtdkm. A Wbmsdmb brhufs
t`bt ―ikst trbjdtdkms’ dg mkt bee bookumts, prfsfmt b `dstkry t`bt rfgefots okmsodkusmfss kg t`f
prfsfmt. Bs b rfsuet ibmy dmgkribmts `bj prkjuofj mfw djfbs bmj dmgusfj t`fi tk sudt t`fdr
fxdstfmt sdtubtdkm. Zwbjjef ^248:Y stbtfs t`bt ikst trbjdtdkms brf okmofrmfj wdt` ―rfgurlds`dmh
t`fdr trbjdtdkmbe `frdtbhf tk ifft ourrfmt pkedtdobe mffjs. Krbe trbjdtdkm `bs lffm bttbonfj ly
pkst ikjfrmdsts. Skst ikjfrmdsi ds b so`kke kg t`kuh`t t`bt lfobif pkpuebr grki t`f 2403s.
Dts ofmtrbe brhuifmt ds t`bt bee bookumts brf gkriuebtfj tk sudt prfsfmt kr ikjfrm okmofrms bmj
dmtfrfsts. Zrbjdtdkms brf krbe sdmof t`fy brf mkt rfokrjfj bmj t`fy obm fbsdey lf s`dgtfj.
-Krbe trbjdtdkm `bs b prklefi kg o`rkmkekhy. Dt jkfs mkt gkeekw b sfqufmof. Krbe skodftdfs `bj
mk obefmjbrs bmj ikst trbjdtdkms brf mkt prfodsfey jbtfj. Bookrjdmh tk @fmdhf ^2482Y, ―Sfr`bps
t`f wfbnfst bspfot kg krbe trbjdtdkm ds dts dmbldedty tk fstbleds` bmj ibdmtbdm bm boourbtf
bssfssifmt kg t`f efmht` kg t`f pbst dt purpkrts tk rfebtf’. Dm ikst obsfs, obtbstrkp`do fvfmts
ednf jrkuh`t, pebhufs, gkr fxbipef, pebhuf kg ekousts usubeey ibrn t`f lfhdmmdmh kg krbe `dstkry.
Z`f Lbmtu usubeey stbrt t`fdr `dstkry wdt` t`f tdif kg fxkjus bmj fxpbmsdkm. Krbe trbjdtdkm t`us
gbdefj tk prkvdjf spfodgdo jbtfs bmj spfodgdo yfbrs lfobusf kg rfgfrfmof tk mbturbe `dstkrdobe
fvfmts ednf yfbrs kg jrkuh`ts, ekousts, gekkjs, idhrbtdkms kr wbrs. Krbe trbjdtdkm ds t`frfgkrf
okmofrmfj wdt` ibakr fvfmts dm t`f jfvfekpifmt kg b pfkpef rbt`fr t`bm idmkr kmfs t`bt iby
`bvf koourrfj km t`f wby, t`us orfbtdmh skif `dstkrdobe hbps. Krbe trbjdtdkm skiftdifs
s`krtfms kr prkekmhs t`f jurbtdkm kg fvfmts.
-Krbe trbjdtdkm `bs b s`krt edgf spbm. Z`ds ds w`frf dt ds kutwfdh`fj ly kt`fr skurofs ednf wrdttfm
rfokrjs bmj bro`bfkekhy w`do` ebst gkr b ekmh tdif. _pfbr brhufj t`bt krbe trbjdtdkm obmmkt edvf
ikrf t`bm 633 yfbrs. Zdif jfpt` ds ordtdobe bs krbe trbjdtdkm dm Qdilblwf jkfs mkt hk lfykmj
:33 yfbrs ^: ofmturdfsY.
-Krbe trbjdtdkm prkvfj dmobpblef kg prkvdjdmh bjfqubtf dmgkribtdkm blkut t`f prf-okekmdbe
stbtfs. Gkr dmstbmof, t`frf ds mk boourbtf dmgkribtdkm blkut t`f mbifs kg t`f ruefrs kg Hrfbt
Qdilblwf w`k `bvf sdipey lffm rfgfrrfj tk bs ibilk dm ibmy bookumts. Z`bt ds b jymbstdo
tdtef w`do` umgkrtumbtfey jkfs mkt s`fj bmy edh`t km t`f dmjdvdjube djfmtdtdfs kg t`f ruefrs. Kmf
mbif t`bt ds wfee nmkwm dm t`f `dstkry kg Hrfbt Qdilblwf ds t`bt kg Mybtsdilb Iutktb w`k

 Save
jfsfrtfj dt wdt` `ds gkeekwfrs dm krjfr tk gdmj sbet bmj kt`fr rfskurofs dm t`f Jbmjf rfhdkm. Z`ds
`fepfj tk lrdmh blkut t`f jfidsf kg Hrfbt Qdilblwf bmj t`f rdsf kg Iutbpb stbtf.
<Y Bro`bfkekhy
Dt ds bmkt`fr skurof kg umwrdttfm `dstkry. Mk gkrfdhm wrdtfrs `bj vdsdtfj t`f dmtfrdkr kg
Qdilblwf bmj besk pfkpef jurdmh t`f prf-okekmdbe frb `bj mk nmkwefjhf kg wrdtdmh. @fmof
umwrdttfm `dstkry `bj lffm rfedfj km. Bro`bfkekhy ds t`f sodfmtdgdo stujy kg ibtfrdbe rfibdms ednf
tkkes, pkttfry, rfedhdkus brtdgbots usfj ly pfkpef kg ekmh bhk bmj lkmfs.

Ir K Zbsbrb ^LB @dstkry bmj S`dekskp`yY 388?<46227 Sbhf ?

  

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Vsfguemfss kg Bro`bfkekhy dm rfokvfrdmh Qdilblwf—s prf-okekmdbe `dstkry
-Bro`bfkekhy ds vfry `fepgue dm t`f rfokmstruotdkm kg Qdilblwf—s prf-`dstkry, gkr dmstbmof, dt `bs
lffm fxtrfifey dipkrtbmt dm hfmfrbtdmh nmkwefjhf blkut t`f _tkmf Bhf pfrdkj. Ly jdhhdmh up
sdtfs bmj fxbidmdmh rfibdms kg bmdibes, rkons bmj kt`fr rfibdms, bro`bfkekhdsts `bvf `fepfj tk
rfokmstruot Qdilblwf—s _tkmf Bhf prf-okekmdbe pbst t`bt wbs o`brbotfrdsfj ly t`f usf kg sdipef
stkmf bmj wkkjfm tkkes gkr `umtdmh sibee bmdibes bmj jdhhdmh up fjdlef rkkts.
-Z`f trbmsdtdkm grki Ebtf _tkmf bhf tk Fbrey Drkm bhf ds besk nmkwm t`rkuh` bro`bfkekhy. Z`f
jdsokvfry kg bmodfmt drkm wkrndmhs t`rkuh` bro`bfkekhdobe fxobvbtdkms `fepfj tk s`fj edh`t km
t`f prf-okekmdbe trbmsdtdkm grki Ebtf _tkmf bhf tk Fbrey Drkm bhf. Drkm tkkes `bvf lffm
jdsokvfrfj bmj t`fsf dmoeujf bxfs, spfbrs bmj `kfs w`do` `bvf fmblefj t`f Drkm Bhf tk lf
jdstdmhuds`fj bs bm frb w`do` wbs ibrnfj ly t`f bjvfmt kg bhrdoueturf rbt`fr t`bm `umtdmh bmj
hbt`frdmh kg t`f _tkmf Bhfrs. \fibdms kg drkm bt Drkm Bhf sdtfs ednf Hknkifrf, Qdwb bmj
Iblvfmd jdsokvfrfj ly bro`bfkekhdsts suhhfst t`f dipkrtbmof kg idmdmh bmj rfibdms kg pkttfry
suhhfst sfttefj okiiumdtdfs bmj t`bt t`fsf okiiumdtdfs ouetdvbtfj hrbdms bmj lfbms.
Bro`bfkekhdsts besk jdsokvfrfj sfb s`fees bt Nbjzd bmj Iblvfmd. Z`ds suhhfsts skif dmjdrfot
okmmfotdkm wdt` t`f Dmjdbm Kofbm trbjf jurdmh t`f gdrst `beg kg t`f gdrst ideefmmdui BJ. Z`ds ds
gurt`fr suppkrtfj ly t`f ekobtdkm kg sdtfs w`do` sffi tk gbvkur gfrtdef strfbis.
-Z`f `dstkry kg ebrhf sfttefifmts ednf Hrfbt Qdilblwf ds besk nmkwm t`rkuh` bro`bfkekhy. Dt
pebyfj bm dipkrtbmt rkef dm skevdmh t`f okmtrkvfrsy km t`f ludejfrs kg Hrfbt Qdilblwf. Dt
suppkrts t`f oebdis ibjf ly krbe trbjdtdkm t`bt Hrfbt Qdilblwf wbs ludet ly t`f _`kmb. Dt ds
besk nmkwm t`rkuh` bro`bfkekhy t`bt Hrfbt Qdilblwf pbrtdodpbtfj dm fxtfrmbe trbjf. Gkr
dmstbmof, t`f 243? gdmjdmhs bt Hrfbt Qdilblwf kg Sfrsdbm lkwes, O`dmfsf stkmf wbrfs, Mfbr
Fbstfrm hebssfs, drkm spkkm, okppfr rdmhs, okppfr lkx, hebss lfbjs, drkm ebip `kejfr, okppfr
o`bdms bmj sk km, suhhfst t`f prfsfmof kg ekmh jdstbmof trbjf bt Hrfbt Qdilblwf.
Edidtbtdkms / wfbnmfssfs kg Bro`bfkekhy dm rfokvfrdmh Qdilblwf—s prf-okekmdbe @dstkry
-Bro`bfkekhy `bs rfjuofj t`f stujy kg Qdilblwf—s prf -okekmdbe `dstkry tk t`f stujy kg lkmfs,
wbstf prkjuots, rkons bmj kt`fr rfibdms.
-Dt gbdefj tk suppey mbifs kg pfkpef, pebofs bmj jftbdes blkut t`f ebmhubhf spknfm ly t`f
skodftdfs. Gkr fxbipef, t`frf brf mk mbifs gkr bmy kg t`f _tkmf Bhf okiiumdtdfs, t`f Hrfbt
Qdilblwf pfkpef bmj ebmhubhf t`bt `bvf lffm rfokvfrfj t`rkuh` bro`bfkekhdobe rfsfbro`. Dt
jkfs mkt hdvf mbifs kg ruefrs umefss t`frf brf dmsordptdkms km bm brtdgbot. Gkr S`deedpskm ^2406Y,
t`ds wbs kmf kg dts o`dfg wfbnmfssfs. Dt t`us rfedfj km krbe trbjdtdkm gkr mbifs kg pfkpef bmj
pebofs.
-Dt obmmkt bookumt gkr pkpuebtdkm struoturf, t`f muilfr kg pfkpef bookrjdmh tk sfx ^hfmjfrY bs
wfee bs ft`mdodty kg b hdvfm skodbe hrkup.
-Dts okmtrdlutdkm ds wfdh`fj jkwm ly t`f gbot t`bt dt mfhefots t`f pkedtdobe bmj kt`fr oueturbe
bspfots. Gkr dmstbmof, dt jkfs mkt hdvf dmgkribtdkm km t`f `dfrbro`y kg jymbstdfs. Z`fsf iby
`kwfvfr, lf kltbdmfj grki krbe trbjdtdkm.

Ir K Zbsbrb ^LB @dstkry bmj S`dekskp`yY 388?<46227 Sbhf :

?Y Xrdttfm \fokrjs
-Z`fy okvfr ikst kg pfrdkj bgtfr pfkpef wfrf blef tk rfbj bmj wrdtf.
-Z`f fbredfst wrdttfm skurofs rfgfrrdmh tk t`f Qdilblwf pebtfbu ^t`f brfb lftwffm Qbilfzd bmj
EdipkpkY obif grki Brbl vdsdtkrs ^trbjfrsY. Z`f Skrtuhufsf w`k obif ebtfr tk trbjf wdt` t`f
_`kmb bmj t`ksf w`k vdsdtfj t`f Ikzbildobm okbst rfokrjfj bt sfokmj `bmj t`f
odrouistbmofs kg t`f dmtfrdkr. Z`f Skrtuhufsf hbt`frfj dmgkribtdkm grki fbredfst _wb`ded / Brbl
trbjfrs w`k `bj dmdtdbeey vfmturfj kr kt`frs w`k `bj fmokumtfrfj t`f okiiumdtdfs kg t`f
Qdilblwf pebtfbu pfrskmbeey, gkr dmstbmof, t`f ikst dipkrtbmt sbdedmh ibmube kg Dlm Ibjadj
wrdttfm skiftdif lftwffm 2:86 bmj 2:04.
*@kwfvfr, t`ds skurof ds vbhuf ^mkt oefbrY, rfpftdtdvf bmj okmgusdmh. Dt jkfs mkt spfodgdobeey
ifmtdkm Hrfbt Qdilblwf kr Iutbpb stbtf lut pfr`bps t`f ebmj kg Lutub gurt`fr wfst bmj
Fbstfrm rfhdkms kg t`f pebtfbu.
t`
-\fgfrfmof tk Hrfbt Qdilblwf ds gkumj dm Skrtuhufsf skurofs kg t`f sfokmj `beg kg t`f 27  O
lut t`fsf brf oefbrey sfokmj `bmj bookumts t`bt wfrf mbrrbtfj tk t`fi ly _wb`ded / Brbl
trbjfrs w`k rkbifj t`f Qdilblwfbm pebtfbu. Bm fxbipef ds t`f jfsordptdkm kg Hrfbt
Qdilblwf ly Akbk jf Lbrrks.
t`
-X`fm t`f Skrtuhufsf brrdvfj km t`f Qdilblwfbm pebtfbu dm t`f fbrey 27  O, t`fy jfsordlfj
skif kg t`f rkybe obpdtbes t`fy sbw dm t`f Iutbpb stbtf, gkr fxbipef, t`f bookumt kg Jdfhk jf
Bekbokvb. Dt ds grki t`fsf bookumts t`bt kmf efbrmt t`bt stbtf obpdtbes wfrf obeefj
Jzdilbjzbiblwf ^@kusfs kg _tkmfsY.
t`
-Gkeekwdmh t`f akurmfys kg Bmtkmdk Gfrmbmjfs dmtk t`f Iutbpb stbtf dm t`f fbrey 27 O,
Skrtuhufsf skurofs obrry vdvdj bookumts kg t`f rkybe okurts bs wfee bs t`f hkej trbjf jkidmbtfj
ly t`f _wb`ded.
*@kwfvfr, t`f skurofs brf edidtfj dm t`bt t`fy stdee rfey `fbvdey km dmgkribtdkm suppedfj
fesfw`frf kr ly Brbl ^IusediY trbjfrs. Z`ds suhhfsts t`bt t`f Skrtuhufsf rfokrjdmhs brf mkt
rfedblef wdt` rfhbrjs tk Qdilblwf—s prf`dstkry. Lfsdjfs t`bt, Skrtuhufsf wfrf mkt fstbleds`fj
dm t`f dmtfrdkr umtde t`f 27?3s bmj 27:3s. Z`ds ds w`y t`f wrdttfm skurofs brf ebrhfey sdefmt
lftwffm 26<3 bmj 2683. Z`fy kmey ibjf spkrbjdo rfgfrfmof tk fvfmts dm t`f Iutbpb stbtf.
-Xdt` t`f iurjfr kg Hkmobek jb _devfdrb dm 2672 t`frf wbs rfgfrfmof tk t`f Iutbpb stbtf,
efbjdmh tk t`f obipbdhms kg 2683-86.
t`
-Grki t`f ebtf 26   O kmwbrjs Skrtuhufsf bookumts `bvf lffm b ibakr skurof kg Iutbpb

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`dstkry gurmds`dmh mbifs kg Iutbpb ruefrs, jftbdes blkut trbjf wdt` t`f _wb`ded-Brbls bmj t`f
Skrtuhufsf t`fisfevfs. Mbifs suo` bs Ibvurb I`bmjf, Mybm`fwf Ibtkpf, Hbtsd \usfrf bmj
Myb`uib brf wfee nmkwm grki t`f Skrtuhufsf bookumts. Skrtuhufsf bookumts besk suppey
dmgkribtdkm km t`f Iutbpb—s pkedtdobe krhbmdsbtdkm okmsdstdmh kg kggdodbes suo` bs t`f Obptbdm kg
t`f hbtfs, stfwbrjs, o`bilfrebdm bmj t`f o`dfg prdfsts.
-Skrtuhufsf rfokrjs brf besk usfgue dm rfokvfrdmh t`f pkedtdobe, skodbe bmj fokmkido `dstkry kg
t`f \kzvd.

Ir K Zbsbrb ^LB @dstkry bmj S`dekskp`yY 388?<46227 Sbhf 6

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efssfr hkjs bekmh wdt` t`fdr wdvfs bmj o`dejrfm. Z`fy lfedfvfj t`bt bmy ikumtbdm, vbeefy, sprdmh,
pebdm, ekwebmj kr rdvfrs wbs dm`bldtfj ly b spdrdt kg skif ndmj.
Z@F N@KDN@KD / Z@F N@KD @F\JF\_
Z`f N`kdn`kd wfrf t`f kt`fr fbrey dm`bldtbmts kg _kut`frm Bgrdob. Z`fy wfrf _tkmf Bhf `umtfr
hbt`frfrs aust ednf t`f _bm, lut bjjfj pbstkrbedsi tk t`fdr wby kg edgf. Z`fy wfrf obeefj
‐@kttfmtkts— ly t`f fbrey Furkpfbms, ifbmdmh ‐_tbiifrfrs—. Z`fy bjkptfj t`f mbif N`kdn`kd,
w`do` ifbms ‐ifm kg ifm—, gkr t`fy okmsdjfrfj t`fdr wby kg edgf supfrdkr tk t`bt kg t`f _bm. 
Krdhdms kg t`f N`kdn`kd
-Z`f fxbot krdhdm kg t`f N`kdn`kd ds jflbtblef. Z`f kej t`fkry sbys t`bt t`f N`kdn`kd `bj
idhrbtfj grki Fbst Bgrdob wdt` t`fdr edvfstkon bmj sfttefj dm _kut`frm Bgrdob.
-Dm t`f okmtrbry, rfofmt `dstkrdobe fvdjfmof `bs s`kwm t`bt t`ds ds mkt truf. Dt ds lfdmh brhufj
t`bt t`f N`kdn`kd wfrf bikmh t`f krdhdmbe dm`bldtbmts kg t`f brfb. Dt ds besk brhufj t`bt skif kg
t`f _bm pfkpef bjbptfj tk o`bmhfs dm t`fdr fmvdrkmifmt bmj lfhbm tk rbdsf jkifstdo bmdibes,
prklbley blkut <333 yfbrs bhk.
Fokmkido _ystfi kg t`f N`kdn`kd
-Sbstkrbedsi wbs t`f ibakr fokmkido botdvdty kg t`f N`kdn`kd. Z`fy nfpt ekmh `krmfj obttef, gbt
tbdefj s`ffp bmj hkbts. Bmdibes wfrf nfpt gkr ifbt bmj iden. Obttef dm pbrtdouebr lfobif bm
dipkrtbmt syilke kg wfbet` bmj prfstdhf dm t`f okiiumdty. Z`f w`kef wby kg edgf kg t`f
N`kdn`kd wbs krhbmdsfj brkumj t`fdr edvfstkon `fmof t`f mbif N`kd `frjfrs. Z`fy ikvfj grki
pebof tk pebof jurdmh jdggfrfmt sfbskms ekkndmh gkr pbsturfs bmj wbtfr gkr t`fdr bmdibes
^trbms`uibmof systfiY. X`fm `umtdmh wbs mkt suoofssgue, t`fdr gbt tbdefj s`ffp bmj hkbts
prkvdjfj b rfbjy suppey kg ifbt. Obttef wfrf kmey ndeefj km spfodbe koobsdkms.
-Orkp ouetdvbtdkm wbs besk jkmf. Bs tdif wfmt km, brkumj t`f t`drj ofmtury BJ, skif N`kdsbm
pfkpef lfhbm tk hrkw orkps. Z`fy ouetdvbtfj b hrbdm obeefj Sfmmdsftui bmj b vbrdfty kg kt`fr
pebmts. 
-@umtdmh bmj hbt`frdmh wfrf jkmf. Ednf t`f _bm, lkt` sfxfs kg t`f N`kdn`kd wfrf dmvkevfj dm
t`f okiiumdty—s fokmkido botdvdtdfs.  Ifm `umtfj wdej bmdibes gkr ifbt bmj tk hft sndm gkr
oekt`dmh. Z`us t`fy stdee jfpfmjfj km `umtdmh gkr iuo` kg t`fdr ifbt. Xkifm hbt`frfj rkkts,
lfrrdfs, wdej grudts bmj sk km. 
-Z`fy jdj pkttfry. Z`fy ibjf pkts dm hrfbt muilfrs tk stkrf bmj obrry iden. Z`frf wbs b sibee
`bmjef mfbr t`f mfon kg t`f pkt sk t`bt dt okuej lf `umh grki b trff kr obrrdfj kvfr t`f

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s`kuejfr km b stdon. Skts wfrf besk usfj gkr stkrdmh t`f gbt grki t`f tbdes kg t`fdr s`ffp
-Z`f N`kdn`kd—s dmjustry bmj tfo`mkekhy wfrf ikrf jfvfekpfj t`bm t`ksf kg t`f _bm. Z`fy stdee
usfj wkkjfm jdhhdmh stdon, lbhs bmj kt`fr tkkes usfj ly t`f _bm lut t`fy dmtrkjuofj mfw
tfo`mkekhy, gkr fxbipef, sifetdmh bmj sidt`dmh kg drkm bmj okppfr bmj obrvdmh kg s`beekw
jds`fs.

Ir K Zbsbrb ^LB @dstkry bmj S`dekskp`yY 388?<46227 Sbhf 4

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