HEALTH & LIFESTYLE

Search for COVID-19 Vaccine Includes Animal Tests

June 15, 2020

Scientists say they are carrying out tests on monkeys, ferrets and other animals in the search
for a vaccine for COVID-19.

The testing can help researchers learn about how the vaccine affects the immune system, the
body’s natural defense against disease. If a vaccine causes the immune system to react in the
wrong way, it could worsen existing disease.

Researchers have already been seeking tens of thousands of human subjects to take part in
large COVID-19 vaccine studies. Efforts to find a vaccine to prevent COVID-19 have quickly
increased as the disease continues spreading in a worldwide pandemic.

Scientists have also turned to animals to help answer important questions about the
development of a vaccine.

Ralph Baric is a coronavirus expert at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. His
laboratory is testing several possible vaccines in animals.

Animal testing lets scientists see how the body reacts to vaccines in ways studies involving
people never can, said Kate Broderick, chief of research at U.S.-based Inovio Pharmaceuticals.
With animals, “we’re able to perform autopsies and look specifically at their lung tissue and
get a really deep dive in looking at how their lungs have reacted,” Broderick told The
Associated Press.

Broderick has been awaiting results from mice, ferrets and monkeys that were given the virus
after receiving Inovio’s vaccine. Three species were chosen to expand research results.
Some progress has been reported involving vaccine safety. The first animal data from several
research teams has found no signs of a worrisome side effect called disease enhancement.

Disease enhancement happens when a vaccine causes a body to produce antibodies that
cannot fully block infection. The weak antibodies instead help strengthen the disease.

The first case of this happened in the 1960s, with a failed vaccine for respiratory syncytial
virus, or RSV. More recently, it has led to difficulties in vaccine development efforts for
dengue. And some attempted vaccines for SARS, which is similar to COVID-19, caused disease
enhancement in animal testing.

Such problems were not reported in three recently reported vaccine studies involving
monkeys tested using different methods. The studies used shots developed by Britain’s Oxford
University and the Chinese drug company Sinovac.

The three studies were small, but none of the monkeys showed evidence of immune-
enhanced disease when the scientists put the virus directly into their bodies.

Some of the best evidence yet that a vaccine might work comes from the monkey studies, in
which Oxford and Sinovac created very different kinds of COVID-19 vaccines. In separate
studies, each team reported vaccinated monkeys were protected from the dangerous lung
condition pneumonia. The researchers said the untreated monkeys in the studies got sick.

But protection against severe disease is just a first step. Could a vaccine also stop the spread of
the virus? The Oxford study raises some questions about that issue. The researchers found
just as much virus remained in the vaccinated monkeys’ noses as in the unvaccinated.

The kind of vaccine may make a difference. Researchers at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical
Center in Boston designed six versions of a COVID-19 vaccine. Some only partly protected
monkeys - but one fully protected eight monkeys from any sign of the virus.

Those results were reported by Dr. Dan Barouch, who is working with America’s Johnson &
Johnson company on developing a COVID-19 vaccine.

I’m Bryan Lynn.

The Associated Press reported on this story. Bryan Lynn adapted the report for VOA Learning
English. Caty Weaver was the editor.

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Words in This Story

pandemic – n. a contagious disease that crosses into many countries

autopsy – n. a medical examination of a dead body to discover the exact cause of death

specifically – adv. in a way that is exact and clear

enhancement – n. an improvement of something