CHAPTER 3 Computer-Mediated Communication on the Internet susan C. Hering Indiana University Introduction In his 1986 ARIST review of computeriediated communication (OMC) systems, Seinfeld (198A) identified a pumber of gaps inthe Ii con CMG that he hoped would be fil by Tutu research. Noting that most early CMC wor focused 0a experimental or erganirationol contexte (eg, leo, 1980, Stinil called for (1) sta: ‘hat pad clowr attention tothe effets of wstem disiga Feaures on sedis in ‘EMC, (2 empirical rssarch in real-world, rathor than laboratory set tings (3 research on CBEC use in nomtradtinal 2 impacts of CMC, and (6) atediu addressing the privacy implications of sloctrunic blletis bard, (8 longitudinal ‘using CMC as rseacth data, Inthe intervening years, reeaardhors have mode progress toward ing these pups a well a in analyzing new CMC-rolned phenomena, part ofan explosion in CMC research xggored by the popular expansion tf the Internet in the late 1960s and 49906, The internet is no tionod in Steines revow:) The Ine ‘online, ond what they did mostly was eammunicae in the process yen 1 broaght mons ofp ‘wage dal sn vanety of modes fem, email, Tsteervs, newagraups, chat, MUDs [Multi-User190 Annual Review af nformatin Science and Technolgy Dungoons/Dimensions)» and sacl os reereational,commersal, ete). Archivos of Internet—and warn, ARPANET ‘Advanced Researeh Pryerts Agency Network vents brated to discussion groupe are avallable fr the past wonky Fie year, ‘moking ongtudinal studies of Internet ute posible. And as more and rune researchers hase suecuisbia ta he lure of canly accesible Internet data, COC retoareh echis has became « tope of incresiogly In addition to providing test ed for earlier theories and observa: tions about CMC, the Taterse: increasingly defines CMC by providing the context within which rang. iF nat most, CMC applications operate ‘Over the past Anse years, th 1 has incorporated into its web of interconnected telvemmunicatins Toeal area networks (LANE) and introneis, ae wall wide area networks (WANs) that previously oper ated wum-indepondenls, such as ARPANET, Bitnet and Usonet. The ‘corporation same about not through imperialistic spread so much 06 ‘hrowgh groups, engunizaions, and institutions voluntaniy Tinking to ‘tho Inermot inorder tobe able o does its vat information ad com munication resources Thus ny discussion af CMIC today mut neat rarily reference the Internet Albeit reent phenomenon, CAC on the Intern has already ge ie ff which e beyond the ecope ofa single review chapter Par ather recent vated a vat, intedisiptinary research literature @eomplete ewe resis of MC, see Wellman etl. 2908), who survey roeearel on what they call "Computer Supported Social Networks” (SSNa1, and Rice Gattiker (2000), who take as their object “Computer Mediated CCormunieation and Information Systems" (CLS), Substantial review sections are aloe Ineladed in Walther (1990), of experimental and orgs nizational CMC research, cal lneret researc, and ertcal CME asholaeaip. 1 Soule (2000), of early reveare, exp ‘This review, m keeping with the deriderat oullied by Steinfeld (1986), foeuces on empirical resoareh on saturally eecuring online communication in neninatitutional and conorganizatonal contexts from the lato 1980s tothe pres, Such eommunieation arguably best fefleets the organic potential of the Interact itself, aa a large, 200 graphically dispersed, interconnected, aid relatively anstrocuured ‘medium, t© shape fuiman interaction, The general phenomens of Computer Mediated Communkation on the internet 19 interest within this perspective includes the eMeets of the Encerot or language and eommunieation, an interpersonal relations, and 1 group dynamies, as well a+ the emergence of social structures and rorms, and macro-cocictal impacts uf Internet communication, The rescarch methods commonly employed ta nddress those phenome aro drawn moslly frum languoge-rulated disciplines such oF sommes riction, inguistie, and Pheri, and fro the ssa weences Much of the available research on Intern communication canevr ext based CMC, in which sondar types & message that is ranemitiod ‘a networked compiters and read as text on the reins for rei nt’ computer ssreen(s), CMC of thie type which wae all thae was gon rally avilable uni the mid- 1900s i interactive and vipa, recipients can reply in the same manner in which the msige was sen ‘Als reviewed are interactive uses of multimodal CAMC—toxt combined wvith:twordioealonal or three onions] graphs video ‘ander judg communiesson via the World Wide Web, ovich com: bynes interaction with featares of broadest media, Naneeiprocaly sudo in interaction mass media and commercial uses ofthe Web, however, ae ‘cued from thi revit The by o the chapter Is ganized into thnveprinipal sections. The ‘rex cetion, flowing immediately bolo, ntrodaces a elaseseation of (CMC types in terms of made, snd roviws the history ad characoraten ‘fnine CMC modes gs the forme: eal Hstser, Us not epi acre os, dat, MUDs, the World Wide Web, audi on videos CMC, und graphical virtual reality VR) environments, Th second ec tion evaluates what Internet CNC rescareh can tell ws in relation 2 tale prot aims about CMC—mast focusing oo ts tacnologeally impose limita {Hona—made onthe hase pre-fnernet research The tht ection der ties new communicative phiocmun matled by the Internet and surveys research into tho eppurtunities and challenges they rig. The ‘chapter concludes by identiyingdivections for ature CMC renee Modes of CMC Perape the most spartan cumulative finding of Iter eseate aver the past file years i that emputersmdiated communication yes aecoeding tothe technologie om which (ia based, and according192. Arua Ree of fematn Soence ant Tecnolry to ts contents 0 abtime chan dif suse Thus synchronous CMC (ets fers systematically frum asyochronour CMC (eg, e-mail, in which sender and receiver need! net be lod on athe same ine) in message Teng, complet; formality, ond iteracusity—duc, in pare, 10 tempo ral constraints om nesnage production and processing \Condon fe Ceeb, forchowming; Ko, 996), Other system atures Usa inuence omni ‘ation include the granularity of message transmission (messy Imissoge, as opposed to character-by-character: Cheray, 1999), buffer sie, the svalabilty of mip chaomnel communication, and default, tettings regarding the quoting of provious messages (Sever Eklundh & Boederald, 19) 'M the seme time, contextual Fators associated with the etuation of ie cea aystem-basad yoneraizations to break down. Differences user demographics, including ge, gender, race, and lve of eduss tion, con roma diferent ommuniention styles and eontant, oven amiong utes of the saine CHC sy oy Uurkhalte, 1999; Herring, i press a Such differences mas aut aerosstecholgicl boundaries, 5 r example, gender differences in verbal agereasion, which are charae- teristic of both synchronous aad ayachronoas CMC (Bering. in prs by Aditicnaly, purpose and topic af eommusicaion cause recreational chat for instance, to der in eherence and tere (Fom pedagotesl chat ‘Herring & Nix, 1997), Other itutional variables found ta infacnee online communication include participant structure (eg, the number of Dovtiepants, and whether the communication is public or privat ym, 1995), scial network density «Patil, 2001; Wellman, 1997), Juice Pasi, 1380 ad Lana Theat findings sugget that CMC types could be Wentsed for the mes of study end companscn on the basis of individual techaieal contextual variables, eg avnchronous v8. aaynehronous, nero tional vs pedajagieal, male vs female, oF as combination af such ‘arias In fact, most ubaerestion bane Intervet reseatel ofthe sort reviewed in this shaptar (in cantrast to exporamental CMC resoare) oes ot asf its jet of study purely by abstracting aut ts variable ‘irnians ut rather (or adiionall) situates it within a popularly ecoanizabe (named) made, A ode isa gonte of CMC that combines ‘msagng pratocole and the socal and cultural proetios that have volved around thelr use Herring, in prose a; Murray, 1988), although Compusa-Medated Communication on the internet 183 the Yeutures of use" newer ENE tochaologics may be emergent or latent Thos social MUD ace rade distinc ror Interact Ray Chat in dhe each has i own history and norma (Cherny, 199) even though both are forms of syachronous CMC uscd predominanily by young poo ple for recreational purposes, CMC made thus provides a culural con {ext within which observations sbout online communication ean be interpreted. The felloving subsections review the major CMC moder wrens in use os the Intenet—their historical origins, their sytem tlesign features, their typical cantons of ui, anda representative som pling foros that have been researched in reason Wo ae. Examples tf communication sre provided for newer of lest common meds with which some readers may be unfair ‘he emergence of CMC modes is eloely vied to th Internet tell Pr the purposes ofthis review, the Internet ie defined ‘broadly o include ie precrsor the ARPANEIT ste hstrical overview sm torch and Preston, 1990) the Usenet (which developed alongside the ARPANET/Intemet hat was eventually subsumed by i; so Hauler and Honbon, 1997) ad the Worl Wide Web (ace Berners-Lee, 1996, for its eneaa and eubsoquont developmen. Iternet history has been chor lod in numerous books, articles and Web sites tht cus variously 09 {he development of sompsternotworking technology sd inastract Leiner etal, 1907, Sus 19), ts human taventors and she contexts {nwhigh they worked (Hlafoer & Lyon, 1996), and the rnesi of peste rrodea of CMC euch a8 allatin board systems (Rheingold, 1993) and MUDs (Reid, 1984). The Key event in thi etry au be situated along timeline 96 in Figure 2.1, Far a more dail tele of tha develop mont of th Internat, ae Dodge & Kitchin 2000, Tn what follows, eaeh medi present logical order in hich the technology on which te based ist appeared in the approximate chrono E-Mail In the 1960s, «computer professional sing o time-sharing system oul leave text messages on he sytem for another wee a ead when be later logs on (Liklder Taglar, & Herbert, 1968. The frst elec tronic mail or “email” message 1 be ansmitiod bebween two net \norked computers was sent in 1972, by egineor Ray Tomlinson aca est ff the SNDMISG protocol he was devoloping (Hater & Lyon, 1996,{14 Ar Review of infomation ence ana Ter.) Figure 3 Tos wvscion aha rat apd CHE 191), By 1979, email had become the mast papular use of the US, delense funded ARPANBT, 1o the surprise of its inventors, who hed sntende the network primary aba viele forthe tranomiasin of data sand computer prograrsRheiryold, 1995; but see Lickider et al, 1968, ‘sho lorem the potential of computer networks to enhance humane human communication) Peroe-toperson e-mail remains one of the ‘moat popular uses of CMC on the Internet day Baron, 2000; Hffnan Kalboek, & Noval, 1006), email i texbaned, maynchrononsy ae involv siege bye ayo tranemission,Aitintve feature of tho e-mail moseoge that dates back to the carly 1970s i its header, containing "Yo frm.” and “ub jee ines at wll a routing information (Hafner & Lyon, 1096). The rosence ofthe header eases an email message to resemble writen memorandum structurally although «comparative sy conducted by (Cho fortheoming| found that private email messages in an academic ‘workplace setting were syitclly diferent frm memoranda: more informal and nonstandard in their saw of mpelling ad prnctation E-moil mossoges alo share structural feature with lttrs: they often {ncade epistolary formule such ns greetings eg, "Hi, closings (eg Best”) ad alguatares (Cho, fortheomings Bering, 1986), and, lke lever, tend to dleplay a three-part structure (opening-messoze Indy-closing; Condon fe Cech, frtheoming; Herring, 19960). Those fs tures can reveal personal information about the sender and reoiver raking email lat anonymous than other (i. aynchronous) textual modes of CME (Dane, 1998, Dna, 1989) Computeredates Carmuniaton once eet 11S The anynchronins nase af mal allows uwers to take time to com pose and eit their mesa, a Uns cas! informality of woe wir ‘emails is counterbalasced iy the existence of eal messages that are carefully dita, f Aevnchronsityalse means thot users can communicate thei emo mal, and Hngulsteally complix (Herring, 19850, ral convenience, sithout the requirement thal message recipients loge on. Thee features, gether with s text-only interface that allows sors manago thoi lf prceantation toa greater extent than facet face oF telephone communication, acount in pot for eas enduring ‘and widespread popularity fr bath pertonal and profesional snmmuni cation (Sproul Kiel, 1001: Walther, 1096 Relatively few studies have Inen carried out om private e-ma sxchanges ue, perhaps, co the ethialiseuce involved in acreting and studying them, Sem exceptions are Che forthsoming on the informal ity of e-mail messages in comparison to meroranda a a workplace ting; Rowe (Gntheoming? on the evolution of « private email etle Detwoen adult. sisters, and verioaon-Ekundh forthoning SeverinomBklundh & Macdonald, 1904) on the practise of “quoting” rts of messages in e-mail espa Anecdotal evidence sugecsts that ‘women send longer and more frequent private coals than rea, ane ‘hat geographically dispersed family members who wse mail commu cate more frequently and more openly with cne ancther than they di before e-mail (Cohen, 2001), Listserv Discussion Lists Diceueion lictalio elle distrbution sts and malig lists tribe e-mail mestoges pte oa Bisacrver ir Fister toa ist of ub sevibers. One of the wlest veut lists, MegGroup, wa etartad is 175 by ARPA porounal ta share information about the development of electronic messaging protcals nd continued tet rmaloratr, Kinae Stefferud, wal 1986 (Hafner & Lyon, 196 Another ‘arly dicevsion it that atarted araund the seme time was af acence fe Lioniovers Hafner & Lyon, 1996) The ate 1950s an early 1980s 58 ‘an explosion of listeor discussion litta devoted to moreorles intllee tal tpie, raesing the interests of the pinay users o'the Inkernet ‘hac time, pople alfiated with universes. rhe mi-19908 the rage wih the wae496 Aono Review of tomaton Scene an eeo9g) of topes widened altho Hater its sl tend to attract an aeademic tnd professional readership, Discussion lists, tke e-ail ne textual and synchronas, Ue pe nary difference being hl inthe formu, messages ie ditto via steerer to multiple patiipants a Uh default. Aistserver also ma tains alist of subscribers and ean archive messoges and other toxtual resources and make them accessible tp subsenbers on demand (Nblen, 2000, Moderated dleussion sts, in which messages are filtered through a person (or persons] who approves them for distibation offer the possiblity Fr contol over mestge tone and content (Rorenmian & Wyatt, 1986) For abaerbers, electing seive 8 days worth of mes agos in a ingle message “digest” Le & means for managing the high rmossoge Volume generated on ame hist (Sproul & Kioser, 1991) ‘The culture ofdseasion lists on the Internet has been influenced by their professional and academe origins. Reseach hus found that dis ‘cissons tend a fase on formation exchange (quotes and response, although debate of isuis, including contentious debate, i nat neous tun (Herring, 1990; Hert, 1997; Mabrey, 1097). The tendency for group ssynshronovs discussione on tho teract to degenerate into polarized disagreement has been atsbuted variously to the dopersonalizing ffTacts of the text-only medium (Kiesler, Siegel & Mere, 1984 Kim & Raja, 1990), 29 male gendored communicative practices (Herring, ty ruling from the fact that, rast to private ermal, participants in Internet: dvewsion® are 1998), ns to reduced socal seeourtab ‘ten not previously sequsinted and may never mevt face to face risdnan, Kahn, & Hove, 2000), Despite ths tondensy toward eon enticusnes, discussion groupe ae sometimes characterized as “vital communities” expecially when thir mernbors have a reexiting basi for interacting, euch af geraphical proximity (ex. residence in the San Froneic Bay Area, im the ease hi al | I demand Fux SEX NOW! > cay as et ehannel tehaton 1 PyeudO! (xersteeat sevesas) has jolned. channel sehatzane -evulfrina> la ‘SAdueky> you wouldnt Kno what ses fe would sou 80K sacks fs lot chanel #chatrne PhoneSex- (Mowe rene axxo) hos jained channel rehatzone DellAhas let channel fchatzone AMARY:> Hell rod. artmineh (eX. 2x8) hee ined channel Figoe 23. fe example fe Ray Ca Herring, 1998, Raina, 1997; Soukp, 199), an sexual harassment Herring, 19990), Bigure 33 shows an example of Internet Relay Chat fiom the EFNet chanel Wchatzone Private Chat rom the outset, INC allowed sere to chat pata, They ould the nap” command far acasknal private comment, oF open & pon tonperion dc idirect cento-lion!) easnetion(Pieh, 1897), enabling backcharmel communication ta take place in poll th pule group chat Alternatively to more wers eal fatendsd, independent chat. Similar features are weilable on MUDe ate a pivate channel for ) under the command ames “whisper” and “page? MUD {scr canals ereate private wars Cherny, 1995, 1999) Homaver, tha versions of ehat popularized ox AOL and on some Web sites do mat preserve these private messaging features. To fill he EE, AGI, implemented “inant resaaging” IMD, a synchronous means of ‘changing hort text mestages with thers logged on to AOL at the some Conpuer hinted Communication onthe ere. $28 time, 1 a a feature, shared by ICQ. that makes it highly poplar 9 user can designate it of pele with ham she sp rally intrested jn earmunicating, and the system wil infor her when any of those po ple are Loged onto dhe system, ad henee potentially avaiable fr ioter sion IRC has this featare os wel, via the “rei” mand (Pre 1007. Instant messaging protocols have since been developed for ates ystems; one of the most wily weed is include with the Cudook mail software (Cybele, 2001, In 2000, TEM empoyecs sent vor one million instant mesangcs a day ta cach other (Deas, 2001), and the numbor of instant messaging users worldide x predicted tw reach 180 million hy 2008 (CyerAtla, 2001), Acorn, the eultae of pr ate chat has evolved from pritarily social uses among teenager, 10 ‘orkplass uae (Deer, 2000 Privay issues surround l th, art tnt rg e suds of person-to-person communi ‘5a celatvely recent phenomenon; ae acon sequence, litle research is avila that snvestigatee private chat, ‘Melis (1996) imerviowed participants on a social MUD about vrtsal ox, most of which takes ploce though private conversation, Coil Fandoreli, Kilboa, andl Wiliams (2001) captured text lags from the perspective of a sige user on an educational MUD, and analyze the interplay of private bockehanneling with public slassroom activities, According wo aneodutel report, instant messin ferred made of CMC in some workplaces (Dea, 2001) its purpored vantages over email being “wontaet managenie sand the ability to configure diffrent levels of avalasity”(Seova, 2001 cline) Multi-User Dimensions (MUDs) ‘MUDe are mult user vst reality environ ents in which userscan naviente a textual reprsentation of = spatial environment and engage tw synchronous chat with other participants lagued tothe NUD. In some userestunsble MUDs, users abe have che option to interac vith programmed objets, ereate now ebjcets, and extend the enviroment its, Tho fist MUD. created in 1929 nd 1980 by Hoy Trahan and Richard Bartle, students a the Universiy of Rasex in England, was 2 roleplaying ad cure game modeled om earior singleplayer online ames such aa “Rogue and the popular group facetoface ene "Dangowas and Dragons” (Chem, 1900; Reid, 1908; Rheingold, 12521124 bonus Reve of feton Sore aed Tecaogy ‘The acronym MUD originally meant “Multi-User Dungeons" but was teinterpreted te mean “Multi-User Dimensions” withthe rie in popu larity af seta MUDs i the late 2980 and carly 19805, MODs MUDs, ‘Objet Oriented date to 1991 snd eepresent an advance in MUD pre ramming, today most MUDs are technically MOD2 Cherny, 1990), Dees fe MUD ei tele or ne af & nummer of MUD cients eur rently downloadable Fr free frm the World Wide Web, Although sil Somewhat Timited ta dsces in the know, adventure MUDS such a FrerQuext and Uma Online enjoy a growing popularity en the Internet «Kolbort 200), alongside social MLDs such as Lambda MOO. Curtis, 199), and edueasfonal MDs sve a8 MediaBfOO (Buckman & Resnick, 1995) and LngaB{OO (Haynes & Holmesik, 1987 ‘MUD resumble {RC and other chat systems in their commaniesive fordanccs, making avllable a sini rye a textual communication fommands (Cherny, 1985, 1990), and often oxhibiting overlapping txchanges, abbyevation, and Innguage play (Cherny, 1980; Kendal, 1006). Ar tho same time, MUDs alo preserve ave yametike features from their origin as adventare role-playing games. By convention users take on preudonyins and describe their “characters” in noneealitic teem. They also navigate through a virtual playing feld defined in terme of ogoopraphical metaphor ea house university a fantany ondscape; Anders, 1998 Giese, 1908), and aesrue power and influence, eg isan statu, the anger they “pay” (Chem, 100 Rei, 2004), ‘Those featares which ate present to some extent in all three major MUD genras (educational MUD: genoraly do aot allow students cn wizard status, enorage playful Behavior (Chern, 1999; Dane, 1996, including the callanstive enactment of narrative fantasies {Kolko 1095) and experimentation with onder Heauty (Bruckman, 199, Dane, 1994; Meee, 1906). The geagraghical mexaphor elo sy bolicaly defines the boundaries interaction within’ MUD, leading to ‘4 pombly greater perrption of groupnoss of virtual commusity than in ‘ther text-based mode of group CMC (Cheray, 1999, Reid, 1984) Tix pereeption, combined with the uscrestensble nature of eoial MUD vironments, leads usors to commit time and energy to MUDs, rin forcing tho wear’ tence of belonging, and sometimes leading, them to resent the presence of otsidrawhase commitment 19 the MUD is pet= ‘ved toe weaker than theirs (Chern, 1990) ConuserMedate Communiatan on he nevet 125 ‘Aceass to MUDe my be limited frmally (one must havea registered enaracer" in order ta eaeryout a full rango of posible bohavions) and inforvlly (guests and neweomers moy be weated with cuspeion Despite these potential lntcles to participation, and despite or per hap besuune of ther relatively retriced, “exotic” tatu, MUDS have attract the attention of many Internet researchers wil interests in, faimong other opis, antisocial Bohavirs and sanctone aginst hm (Dbl, 1999; Reid, 19981 stem of MUD governance (Curtis, 1992; Kolko & Reid, 1998 power hierarchies (Cherny, 199; Red, 1998 go der awitehing Bruck, 1969; Dane, 1998; Mele, 1905); vetel sex Deus, 1996; MoR, 1996} community social vetvites, including ‘line weddings Jason, 1996; Turkle, 1095| end payeholosel sues such as escape and MUD addiction Turkle, 1995) Figure 8.4 displays sample ofa enon from » MUD (HoloMUCKO that inclades navigation ard the use af the “page” comand The “You in in 8 cefers to the uaor other players oo the name of his character, Kilian The World Wide Web ‘The World Wide Web, coneeptualized in 1989 by British scientist Tim Berners-Lee of tho CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) in Geneve, woe implemented on the Intrmot in. 2001 er | Youhead west Main Streat (20000) ‘This once-declave siction of Main Street ie Looking busier these day. ‘To the mort, st #00 W Main St, stands the Red Dragon ln [Obvious exit north, we age dec= are w ree morrow betwen 8 Your pager vibrates slight, and 10am? ‘ou page," are w fee tamorrow between 8 and 10.am?!" to 0) Dex pages “na, not til tomornw night ‘Time Tue Det 31 10:54:99 1095 Figs 34, arena of UD Comrise126 Arrual Review of tortion Science a Technalogy Berner: Lov goal, uenea by Bush's 1945) proposal forthe “memes” tachine and Nelsons (1967) ideas about “hypertet. was to create @ shared information space throwgh hich Inge numbers of pple and machines could communicate vin amacatve inks DarneneLae, 1096), However, i was not unt he intrcuction ofthe Mosate graphical Web ‘browsor in 1993 chat the Web become widely accesible, The cessation of [National Seine Foundation funding for the Internet backbone in 1895 sed the subsequent increase in commercial invulvement with the Internet, gave Tarter impotus to tbe development ofthe Web, primary 48.0 marketing medium (Cogein, 2000; MeChesne, 2000, Commercial ‘ses currently dominate the Web: ceording to a recent estimate, atthe nl of 1999 there were about five muillon Web ste, some costaining up te 100,000 pags, o whieh 5.7 percent were tn the em domino pared 19 ony 6.7 peresnt with the sd suffix (Cybermetrce, 20080) I responce, in part tothe number and heterageneity of com sites, i Nowerber 2000 sew domain names wery approved shat added cate fories such a8 nfo and biz (Aasosiated Prea, 2000), Web browsing is currently the “ler ap” of the Internet, rivaling e-mall in populaiy 2000, none sonse, the Web aubaumes and integrates al other CMC mad, making ta "meta” mode Soup, 2000, Wakeford, 2000), ca ink to hat interfaces, dicunsion Hats, Usenet newsgroups, and e-ail—in ‘dition to Web pages writen a HyperText Mark-up Language [HTL becauce of ite hyporioatual nature ihut sce acon, 1997, who argues chat the Wes ix not hyportxtul in wstret ses The Wal iso links diffrent communication media isnt, graphs, audio, and dco), thereby cubsuming multimedia CMC applications as well (O'Sullivan, 1090), Viewed from this perspective the range of character istics associoted with Web cummunication is very brad, Th another ‘ene, ws my’ consider the practies of writing HTML document, er ating links botween documents, and navigating the interconnected space defined by thoa inks to be unigue tothe Web ond describ them lang side other CMC mee, ‘Surprisingly, ven ie popularts; the Web has been relatively little ‘ued av an intrpercenal communication midi. There appear to be th easons fr this: 1) Webshase conimiation i es interactive than femal, discussion proups oF chat causing sone searchers iil at Cmputer Mest Conmuniation on the eet 127 to consider ita mode of GMC (Wakeford, 2000, and (2) the Web comm nicotesmeaningand structure through nontetusl mea for which CMC researchers traditionally lack mathids of anaieie ‘Souls, 2000 mre explicit addres the exten to shih the We issn intratio, as opposed to @braadoast oF ne, sn ‘Hotiman & Noval, 19; OSallivon, 1908 Authoring and reading Web age are asymmetrical setivites in which tho rader iterate with machine—the page is po acted by te eet of Being read, no dots i respond, At the same time, the reader has the option fo vat by erat his oun Web poe that erties or coments Cost, 20 or by proving feedock vin eiail or wher moana tthe auth, ho could chose to change his page in reeponce. Morsiver, Web ‘Shes may insorporate opportuni for direct interaction betwen users and sites, ranging fom information boxes to be filled in, tothe posits of entering content diecelly onto the sie, to Intelligent interaceo thot “Jara” ond “remember” visitors’ preferences from vt vit (Oliva 1998) In then respacts, the Web i aay mere interactive than tad ‘otis, A sceand theme isthe cminication siete ee tad bythe web of ks themselves, which, as Julson 1927) points ou, involves selection and hus can servo diferent agendas by focusing users lésnton in particular ways, Relat w this isthe nature of were a ston choices, and the meanings ented following difren path ‘ro « network of inks, Other topics researched includ the genre arn ertions of persanal ome pages (Chew, 2000), the characteristics uf We sites tht eae seiacion” (Smt, 2000, ofa” experiee for ‘ewe Goffman & Noval, 199), ne Wet commnities (Mallpragade, 2000; Pullen, 2000, Audio and Video The World Wide Wiss enabled the Ineorparatian of sound and moving images into Wob pages. fv a parallel development tothe Web, rane of the Connell University Information Techy Departien launched (CUseeMe, the First Internet aco sind video conferenelng software 1098 'Dorecy, 1895; Melann, 2605), CUaceMe combined tex-bused chat with one-way aiaio and video ranamisain, the latter eequiring only inexpensive videos placed atop each transitions computor. Because the CUseeMe prograrn was free and ed standard Internet bandwithVas Anni Kewew ot inormaban scence eno lechrology sovall black and white ids image was grainy and jer, the sound fre quently broke up and sound and video mere nt synchronized (Moan, 1996; Sloan, 1997), Since being taken over commercially in 1998 whe (long with Mieroolt NetMecting and other Internet confer enein programa) has taken advantage of the screosing bandwith of the Internet to imprive auto and video trnsmision (hich mem sication sharing, and white Arlated development wast va the Internet (wpe) As in the coe of ideo cha rodution in 1096 ore elephony net are of lover quality than eaditonal telephony being subject to delays, distortion, and break-up ofthe data esa, but ‘thoy are inexpensive. rguiting only standard aud sfeware ond 2 1. Mace, 1998) A number of praca ha Intemet p ‘Netspoak WbPhono, of whieh allow multiple eal to be enferen 1» developed, including Internet Phonw, Netscape CeoTalk, and While currently limited in war calls made over IPsased sete predicted to acct for 9 percent fal dleph Despite the fact that both involve point-to-point (one-to-one) tran sisson, vdeo-and audio based modes of CNC have gven rise to eo nities of users om the Internet, CUseeMe servers (or reflectors) Ist. names of persone interested in vidooshating with strangers (Sas, 997), and individuals maintain Web sites with sereen shots of CUaceMe friends with whom they videochat on a» reyular boss Wwarehernims com Aeconding to Sloan (1997), vida conferencing ridges distance and bull tionships, duc to the ereater he channel compared to plain text see also Nes), 1907; Walther, 1989 Similorly, Internet telepbo uslsts, sex groupa)—wwhare users ean initiate ond accept eonver= on. Aowording ta Hill, er, and Mee ( hone communities “resemble the rg chat sous” organize by tope detumble work of Usenet Because of their onetocne nature and lw degre of persistence, Lo information exists at present abut the nature of eammunieation in Candace chow Fawe 35 A video rage on CUseate (Crou 189) tudio and vido chot, apart snd (Yes €e Grado. om ancedctal ropons, One ou mipared CUseeMe, IRC, tlephene, ard und that CUseeMe users talked ma slot temas nd thir physica] appearance than dd enveraante in ny other mee Graphical Virtual Reality (VR) Environments ‘Genphical virtual rity environment, streduscd to the Intern in {he mid199%, trace thee genesis to developments in networked soul participant computer gaming—e-g., Goarge Lucas’ graphical Laitat 196 (Mau, 2000)—and oimumersive (dektop) virial reality sim lotion (aberteon, Cord, & Mackinlay, 1902 pandig the concept of roup chat procs nach a8 IRC and MUDs, the first graphical VR envi Aopsting physical backdrop or spe, nach 9 a Yom in hase oF An ronments wore designed to combine text-based chat with cutdbor seen. Ar early peste ofthe Palace, in ft, made use of an IRC elon: (Bumgardner, 1001), Uscrt~represente by graphical isor obetars—navigate through a virtual «pice using the moose or com puter keyboard. exploring, interacting with the environment, and, if they have permission, building in it. Two of the earliest and best-known, sich environments sre the Palace (¢xpdimensionalgraphies, devel: ‘pod by Jim Bumgardner for Time Warner eorporstion in 1008 and ‘opened to the public in November 1995, and AlphsWorld (later ActiveWorlds, using threedimensional praphion, developed by Ron Briwich for Knowledge Adventure Works tater Worlds, Ine) and released publily sm June 1098 Both enviconmients have atieected and riatained active counties of users up tothe present, despite dii- sults that have arian de internal struggles (Scannell, 1899; Sur, 1906), as well as ta change in oxnerabip and techneal support Hep 2000; Sule, 1096. The Pale is currently owed by Coramiten com sand Active Workl by ActiveWorl com ‘htc comavaniis uxpen ur aciveworldscom Graphical VR environments make the metaphor of physicality in tx-based MUD literal and explicit Members or eitizen,Yown prop cry” ancl neon of eritorality may arae in ntersetion a, or exam ple, when a kone of disruptive usere began vandalizing others buildings in the first year of AlphaWorlds existence AlphaWorld Report, hitp www geactien corsCapitolHiL2595 reakia humb, oF when asers of a different aystem, WorldsAwey, Bogan to soealze in thelr private apartments rather than hanging ou in disor erly publi places (Scannell, 1909) ‘The requirement shat users take on physleal representations of ba ice, of avatars has eommunisstive consequences aswell In the Palace, avatare and backdrops are brightly elored and deliberstlycartosish (the defiant avatar is disembadiel smiley fae (Burygsrdner, 19940, snd useey can ersato their own, giving ve to cxleetons af avatars ome humorous, same menacing, sme 2x9, that & user can “wear” rv of the interstion (Suet, 196) depending om her mod and the nal (The similarity srioons is reinfeed by the fet Ut user! worde sppear as typed cext over their avatar’ head, of well as in Tne line chat window (in the ease of ActiveWorlds) below the graphics fereen, In the Palace. user# words are farther enclosed in cartoon ‘syeech and thought bubbles.) Werldeswray avatar ean exchange heads with another avatar as 2 Way to exprise a personal relationship ‘Lomputertvedated Lormemurecaticr on Ue internet 431 ‘Scannell, 1999). In contrast, ActveWorlds avatars, a eatin the US. far realism: humanlike forma can perform automated movements such 8 dance or fight, and express erations such as anger and joy Atwough body movement (McClellan, 1096). According to the chairmen and founder of Worlds, Inc, Dave Gabel, Americans are ve “but taet-dowe” in tei ast for walls ia SD VR cham ae the Japanese, who prof fantasy (Steinhardt, nd. tn an experimental prt Vthjamsson {1897 has taken ealom sts login extreme by desig ing avatars with foil features that modulate to correspond to words typed, oF ta indicate oubtle sical meanings sich as *eeogition” uf another avatar, As embadied representations, avatars als have a field (of “personal apace," whieh ean be volated by having snwther avatar Toented ton close; Krikorian, Lae, Chack, and Flamm 2000) found that relative distanee botwevn evatar inthe Palace soresponds tillering dagroes of pervonal king. As Naper (2001 points out fara Norwegian ‘ActiveWorld, vinaal design, perspective, location, and movement ar seo that contribute meaning. and thas must be anslyeed ws part of compotersnediate communication, Most tadice to dato of graphics chat environmen traphie Slr (1996) provides Frstperan secant of Pace story in ite fist year, ineluding seal Lesions within the camuniy as on nowold mombor statu, witard-nonwizard stats nd probleme raised hy anonymity and sn inereasng user population. Scaell (1999 inter owed regular wsrs abst socal practises in the Palace, WorldsAway (Dreamscape) and Activerls, pointing out tensions between individ wal and group intereste that wore alan present in the 1Mh-cestry st Lemont of the American West Another fru is community and the ‘spontaneous social struetores that evolve as groups of strangers share ital epase over a period of time, These structures include a plc farce and a eormnity nemapaper in ActiveWorlds(MeClellan, 1996) lad ssl etent organising somite ot the Palace Sule 186 Ovecall, graphical VR environments appear to intamsty many of ‘same soial dymamiog that hae previeusly boon observed in ADs Figure 3.5 shows a sreen capture of an educations) 3D graphical envi ronment Ubst makes se ofthe Active Wor platform wed with per ‘alsin from Katy BornerJenke and Tecvology ‘Computer-Medated Comenucat.on on the Internet 133 again inthe foturel, and ho thus lack @ shared CMC cultural eancoxt. Other influential eorly CMC studies were specultie in nature, bos their claims on predictive studs of managers’ media cha 1900), on but see Hilts and Tuo (1978, who made nth the exception of Hite which CMC systems alleged restricted o imi tion relative to face-lnfan: communication, What does Intornet comm rico tll uo about tho ies vase i fboat UMC in general? Tie section considers the Ladings of ebse tional Internetsbased research sn relation to three earlier claims extending the claim ax generalizations Appropriate Uses An influential early model forth itcepretaton of CMC was th che information richness proposed by Daft and Lengo (298, 1986) strmghtforward,conorte tasks (eveh ae ecodling), wll veh, mu ple channel media such as face-to-face apeseh ae prefered for comix Lea. L002), making t beter ited for she rasan Early Claims About CMC Revisted ‘hoic erro (bu se the ethnographic resesrch of Murray, 1988 on cm puter profesional ot IBM; and Perry, Fruchter, and Spinal, 2001 ever, indirect evidence can be brought 19 bear from Iatzrne th. The overall veyed in the previous section investigated lized. Internet ‘odes. In entrast, much early CMC research hand ts ams on expe lrmertain what Walther (1996) all high frog sional communication, his was fist etd b Rice and Lave a study of coi etalon eotent fo medial ps ope discusion lst on Compuser. they rand that over 60 percent of es ple who have never interacted before (and aco unlikely to interact sages contained134 eral Resew fran Secs and erly pofissional and the tpie of the group wae serious, More extreme ‘unter evidenes car be added from the widespread popularity of rea tonal chat ensironments (discussed earn, friendships and matigys Inia Uarough CMC esbon, 1996: Lew Me Spears, 200% Paks & Floyd, 1096), and the peneived usfuines of CMC ky many people for maintaining contact with distant frends end family (Hampton & elimi, 10901 Bven academic discussion lists contain more opinion and emotional delate than fats (ring, 1996), Thus if Ue Enters has revealed ane thing clearly it tat CAIC i rat restsete to task ‘rented, factual exchangyathe aural trend is inthe oppo direction, Users are able wo adapt to the ert-aly nature of tho medion to express ‘sal and poteonal meanings, intimately and somtimes eloquently, as leter writes and nuthors of trary texts have dae for eenuries, sg ting ha typed tet i kina of el inherent ives “er seting that relational commnicstionceeare fequontly dese not clude the possiblity that such cammunication may te relatively more Aout or es susoeeful in UMC. Here eevee nn the Internet nnd Miseramunication has been aie tobe caminon in CMC, espe cially wth roar to th expression oft hence the allged need to ue mticon to expresn what ane “esl means” River, Conk, & Hah 1896). Nevertheless, some users fel more canfirtable axmmaniesting louimately via CMC, al peor o face-to-e ntretion, i whieh ey might noe hove eich conversation at all fr example, sth estranged family members. Thus the potential for misunderstanding eaused by reduced scil cues in CMC ix ft, or sore ars, hy the advantages the edlable extonly medium, which allows or greater refleton, dis tance, andl control over impression mansyement Walther; 196, L090, Conversely, stating that exchange of inkrman ix not the primary setivity on the Internet ix not the same a stating that information exchange sno facta by the medium. Inead, the evidence sunset ‘thatthe Internet promotes the exe of information. a i alea re feation (Burnett, 2000, Wellman tab 1906), At the same time, there x reas io queso, in general seme the quality ef information alae on the tito. Tho deat a yer iivingthe reliability o «source Donath, 999; Falls, 2000) and the lak quality castro on information pasted, for example, ona newsspaup oF the Worl Wide We means tha for some wers the ease and convene CompueeYedtd Canmurcation onthe tune, 135 the Interstmy be overniden by eoncenns about quality and rail 4. In short, while it ares intuitively coret that mem choice i n- istive 1 the nature of the task, other considerations ako play a role Irhere ENC is congerned, including those related to properties of the pei ther than text-only nature ‘One nich pperty is ternporal schon: Snchremons elme) (ONC fosters glean diferent smmunicaton beisirs fom as hronous CMC evnehronaus seas ted to be share, lst statin ‘ally complex, more limed in veeaular, more lay, nd cantain sore Phiie weil communication (Donel eta, 197; Ko, 1996: Wer 1798) than asynchronous menage, which td la be lryer, ate elite, ee mule! and more Kagulsiealy complex (Condon 8 Cech, fare toming: Hering, 19a In Kecpnt with theo diffe whieh ri trent of dileences in tempor] caneraits on message produtin in the two CMC typsynchtonois CMC appears to be beter suite for cial teraction an oaynidiranus CHC fo more complex discussion sm ‘problem slvng. (ned, hea rezpactivo stents are rfete in che ‘oa cm uses fsnehronons an synhronants CAC on the Internet Tw nat clea, however, how thi diflerence Teles information sch sons Jf all Arguing from the alnerved effets, information richness ‘oory seems 10 sot that synchronous CMC is “rier” than ayn hronous CMC, and las greater socal presente, bieauae ite beter ted for seatianal communicain, This characerention #8 eons teat, however, with the claim that preater mia presence enables more fomplex interactions, in at syochroaous CMC enables less complex nzractions than acynshroncts CMC. Tat, syneonaus CMC i bth mpl and highly eatin. Thus the synchronicity distinction reveals that tak complexity and the richeeeial presence of « wed ae ‘ot neces interrelated, contrary tothe lim ofnfirmation chest ‘hears. Overall, the iefermation rhe and seca presence mde, at least ak orcinllyfrmulated, appear to ake more ineorrest thin co ect predictions shout communication on the Internet. (See Rice & Gattker (20) far seuhat diferent perspetive on this topic: Social Effects Another highly infvential early CMC theory what is nie a8 the ‘uae fiteced-ol vit Kale eta, 196K: Kicser, Zabrow Mowe,126 fora Rein of ermstion Scene al latory Galle, 1085: Spoall & Kiesler, 1901), Ateording to this view, CMC ie characterized hy a eative lack of pesca and social es agin due wo ite textonly nature, and this has emnsequeness for social behavic. [ieser and her clleggus conducted number of experimental ties comparing CMC with fae-o fase itersction, and fund Usa subjects ‘ere more disinhibited and more plarved in arguments when usin EME, Thy interpreted ths to mean hat the lack oFenes a8 1 the ie: ‘ity ofthe address ha a depersonalizing effet causing users io Finget ‘that they ore communicating with other human beings. They lao p= psid that CMC is more anonyme, and theeefre more egalitarian, tan feet face communication, in that eves to peopl’ socal satan ender. ie, ace, physkeal aby et are absent (eo Baro, 1996, (Grol & Swan, 188) ‘On the face of, the frequent recurrence af faming and antisocial gurossive behaviors ingroup environments onthe Toternet appears to ‘support the claim that CMC eases dieinhbitian and polarization ‘Moreover, such behaviors tend to be ceparted mast Frequent in eon tert whore anonymity iv high and socal acrountaiiy slow, sch a8 fon Usenet ckimn & aia, 1900; Phinberger, 2096), MUDS (Dibbel, 118%; Rei, 194), ond the Pace in the early days before vistors were assigned eegisraion numbers Suey, 1996, va Tonetdinal std of fn early discussion ist, Herring (1998a) fauna increase i vsti of politeness over timo, ralsing the posible interpretation that the wedi wa to bla, However, the claim that the campater medium necessarily eouses Dorish behavior has ben challanged in Hater research, Le, Obes, Fung. ane Spears! 1902 and Rafts ad Suds 1997) Rd that a ings ota statstcally eedominant behavior in dieusoonsvoupe, ane indeed there are fnornet sovrecments in which iis almost completely absent, Moreover, Herring 2004, 19964 nda tha thet a ger cm ‘panel ling tn caved out matly by males, who ale expr more tlerant attitude toward i hao females I contrast female tend to be polite and supportive; Hall 196) syggests that agynchroncs (EMC exagzeaten thos havior ative t e-toc eomeranicti Te evefillereout rode! dacs not explain why anonymity a de. soni souk affect mates diferent fom males no inde why im ers behave lyon a ela asia White athers never do. Amore ‘Compaeeedate Conruricaton cathe latanet 157 ua view i required, ane that tales into consideration varinhles uch ax degre of anonymity, user demographics, lic, ad pores: of communication (Bayn, 1995; Hering in press "The claim that gender. ago, race, ote, ao invisible in CMC alco recvives prima facie support ror some Internet research, Cases of oveptian invlving aspects of deity are not uneoromon (Ball 8 La Rus, 2008; ruskman, 1993; Donach, 19895 Tarlo, 1995: vam Golder, 2). the same time, gender diferences have Been fund in parick pation and discourse style (Hall, 199% Herring, 1999, 1996, 10986; Soviet, Lingonfeer, & Kelley, 1997; for an queria, sue Bering, in press bl, end racial entity ole aignaled dlcuravaly (Burshaltor, 1804; JacobeHsey, forthcoming) In general, most people anteract in thie real-ife deotites online, ven f Use choote an anonyme ide {ifr ds in part to che aifieulty of onsincaaly maining aiden tity thats foreign to usetrral-hfe cxpereneas (Carte, 1982; Cherm, 1909; Herring, 1995). This is espeilly true in arynchronans discus sin Hist thor prope wishing to hance their reputatans a experts ‘ona piven tape mut ign the meazazes in order to reoive reeozition for their contributions (Danath, 1998), shot, the avilable evidence sgyeata that most sera do not take advantage of the potential for zonymiy thatthe Tnteret afford, withthe rere that some inform= ton sbout serenity i usually avalabo although the sepeunt of per ‘anal detail available vores aceording tothe cirumatances and CNC mode, or exaenpo, an email neesage typically convoys considerable Snfrmation nis Beader e-mail addrees, nam, organization, date and ‘ime, route the mestoge flowed, ee and may emtaiya aignatue fe mith fa, phone number, URLste senders We page, and other details as sell Donat, 1999). In contrast, IRC musasges real only waders (nickmamcs, although 9 command allows othors to vie thelr email res nd the names ofthe servers fram which the are logged on I Flows that if users ate not ancnymon,dilferemtint sti my attach to them, and comniation will not necessarily be egalitarian sid nonkiorachisal. In eaynehronous group dicueion minut of ‘ors tends to dominate in erunt ef posting (Hering. 1095, forthoom: Ing Hert, 1097 ih the majority lurking. or ending without contrib: Ing Neoneeke & Freer, 2000 a oe intriguing suc, Selle ad Meyer (900 fund tat the highest satus morhers of an ace deus$88 ona of lamation Scenes ecnlogy line male profesor contin te dominate the discussion even ding tummeek perad when identifiers were striped fiom messages 4 a ‘experiment in anny my This suggests that what encourages high rats of partiipation are factors such as sel sonidense and perceived entitle rent, rather than anonymity per se. Participation les are more bal Incedin synchronous CMC mode uch ax IRC and MUDs, where lurkers sre more visible, and the eos involve in sending 2 esse f lower Herring, 1998: Howove, such eystoms fen have bieraahy ble, the frm of roles eh an “operater” on IRC Pill, 2001) and “wire” co MUDs (Rei, 19; Ser, 1996, who have the power to init ther opis uso of the syst. Finally, vetual groupe sometimes empower Individuals from aman thor ran by electing them ta governance ps tions, hereby tnatintionaleing satan differences Kolko & Rei, 19 Mackinnon, 196) In action to sats differences wed om realeworkd rank, gender ard cle within the viral community, tatu ie alo asso lated with experinse in an online forum, with Inexperonsed ere “newbies” onjying fever right and somtimes receiving less renectl trontment than experienced users (Mager, 2001; ler, 190; Weber forthcoming [A tho sae sme, the Internet clearly proves greater opparanitioe Ir some pavple to be hoard than sould otherwise be the cae Individuals and groupe who would not otherwise have ness to pie rein oF be ken serionsly are able to express themselves on the Inorne, cling miportes ofall types, as wall ax antisoalelements led, itis ews to proven those with Inzenet aecza trom pasting inatever they ke, ahort of remving thei aeosk privilege, and ever then they usually have alternative ways ta gain scene (Dibell, 1958, ‘The question o whether this desirable or undesirable characteristic ‘ Inierne: communication is sontroveraial. (See “Frcedom of upreaion” th the neat seton | Effects on Language and Communication ‘Afinal early proditon is hat communicating via computers ofets ‘the natore of longnage and communication tet. Thas Baron (184 spect that EMC ould rede the expres prtentnl af human Tanguaee, long to « mare Homers fetes, structurally sin - Canpute-Madated Communication athe erat 139 ‘ew wo based in prt on the observation that text-hased CME Tacks the provodle and nonverbal cuss, nich a intonation, voice quality, and facil expression, which contribute to the expression of (eed sexi) meaning Baroits clam involves two parts, one having to do with Hngustc omplesity and she other with expresivncss. Sone writers have tered that emi language i structurally clmpler than traditional forme of writing, made up of shorter, grammatically less complex ser fences and contsning more sentence fragments and typgraphical crore (Halo, 1986, In partial support of this view, Cho (frtheaming? Turd e-mail messages to contain Fewer passive constructions (aueh as “he bok wax eitten by 3 young athe") and to rank higher than wnt ten memoranda on an ease of rdabilty scale, However, «mail mes: sages posted to professional discuaion lite tand to bo Hngustically sophisticated, making wse of complex grommar snd ontaining few rors (Herving, 198) This soggests that factors auch as level of user fuestion and purpose for communication condition Lnyuago ample iy in aaynchronous CNC, In contrast, eynshranous CMC 1 etructuraly limited: La study camapring snfrenal spoken conversation, formal writen document, sad communication ina xyachronous chat myterm, 0 (1996 found she CN tbe simpler cvon than spontaneous spec ia term of range of weablary uted and measure af werd and sentence length, Ws may dt thie the observation that chat exhibit aborevia ion toa groatercxtont than e-ilor speech, Unlike uses of e-mail, ‘hat usra are under pressure to type ata conversational poe; the cos. ‘of speed of production appears abe hnguisti complet. ‘There i mo evidence from Internet esearch that CMC ie stylistically Dome neous, On the contrary, a he above augers great del of ine suite variation exists, evo within single modo cuch as emai. Theeo 1% aleo variation aeruss modes: Cherny (1889) presents evidence that Tanguoge: sein x social MUD follows conventions that differ feo those for IRC, even though both re synedracous, recrestionl ebat modes. [Nanethcles, conventions do form auch asthe abbreviations "wend" for “you” and are and are Learned by ne! uacr, loading to the pass ‘ity tha. ovr Hime, seers converse ioward a cacmon usage nd ths, that tomething like w menlitie chat or ena style culd eventually emerge. Hore, again, there is evidence to suggest the contrary140 nd Rovew of nomston Scene an elegy Baperona core users end to diverge foe the norms of the grup |Herving, 19084; Paclll, 2001, perhaps to distinguish themselves fam the crowd. Atte came rma, ot eat for proeesiont e-mail, presripsive norms of se are starting to emerge, as attested by the growing number ‘femal tyoguidos eg, Boohor, 2001; Male, 1998), Nonetheless, given that users end em fora vartety of purposes eeoms ikely tha ty inte variety il ante to exis, ‘apreslity was touched on ble cle. the discussion of rela ‘onal communication, whore it was observed vat soeial meanince sppoar tobe conveyed eletively through CMC. Users nchieve this in part through creative wes of ang, such vel peli, peat punctuation, and ASCH gropisedongred Wo convey atitude, nonepeesh sminds, and ficial expremions (Cha, forthcoming: Livi, frtheoming ‘Wore, 1996), This is especaly common in synchronous chat, despite the fact that expresove Language often requires exten keyctrokce, and thersy oes agninat the principle of economy of efort tat otherwine endltions chat language. Overall, it appear that CMC isles expres: sve than faotoface communication, bat more expressive than stan- dara edited writen langage, Yates and Grad 1998) suggest that ‘speech ivan avery seh pedi that generates inappropriate meanings (ahrough gesture, foealexpresion, tone of von, et) that emact com tantly be canceled Viewed fron tis perspective, CMU allows sens to express more preity what they mead, without che interfere of ‘aintonded phsseal eve ese oo Walther 199). Bach of the sets of predictions conscerel above assumes Ut com smunieatve wasiquences fallow neesssel thom the properties of (MC syetuma, The evidence fra the past tach yous of Intcrnt rescareh hes nt upprt a strong technologically deterministic ew, at leat az garde the effets of tox only CMC systems, Sitastinal factors can ‘and rogulaly do) override the predispostons of the medium, and users om adapt the medium to thie commanseatie nced, just as with cm rurenton in cther media. Current Issues in CMC Research Incantrot with carly CMC rewarch that focused on Ue Hinitations of he redhat or aermpliehing traditional eommunicative end, resent - ba CorputerNedaiesCrmimcatan oth et Mat research tends to foes on ne forme of sommanication emshed by the Taiernet This tend corzesponds to mshi n thing about eompurer networking in terms fit intended estordenefets—e gn feiitate fhe tansfor of information among geographically dispersed partic ant=—to a growing recognition ote arzely unintended) econd order (Act, incline larger sackets nit, ass ao oceurd in the past with communication technologies such as the telephone (sce Sproull & Kicslor, 191) (The talaphone wae originally intended to transit liv sneer and poblieeetars to distant listeners, Only later wes its woesness for interpersonal communeation reconized (Sproul 4 Kier, 1991) The early days ofthe Internet were characterized hy considerable hype and prokilon, hath wopian ad dytopian, once Jing soeh notions ob deere, hierarehs ad socal behavior: This ox tian presents in overview same af the secondary ofects of Iateruct feonmunication currently represented inthe rescare htcratre dent {fing opportunities and challenges raised by each, Freedom of Expression istorsally, eb culture ofthe fatarnt has buon shaped by the hor tavian philowphy of the mostly young, white, uppermiddlestas [American males who crested stand whe made the protesle and oof ware io support CMC available for fee (atfenbenger, 19K Tok, 1988, Along widh (ree software, the crestor of the Internet placed & high valu on fee information exchange, which they bieved eld come ont only mith complete fcedam of spereh. Maraver. ths beloved that the Internet sircturlly ensonraged five apeech, by “rooting around consorsig” Barto, 1990, olin. Tho open mature of Internet communietin moan that individuals nd groups who might olberwise ‘ot have an opportunity to make themealves heard ean prosnt their ‘ews in pli foram, result in a diversity of viewpoints eine ep- reseated rtine Hoyeove, unconstrained space in Intrvet forums has broght with ‘i oumorous calles nsdng alo “skal maser", mone low-quality than high-quality exemenication| and the dicts of oom ‘roling antisocial CMC Behaviors wich 96 spamming (Maran, 1995), ening (Kim & Raja. MBO), hate speech (Glassman, 200%; Zickmund, 17), and sexta harassment (Hell & La Rar, 1905; Dibbel, 1903142. fal eof nent Some at Feces Fergenshiel Newfong, 1998; Hering, 19000), These behaviors not only horm individuals, but ean azo bo disruptive to online groupe «Rei, 1194; Sulr, 1996), Accordingly, seme propose cha Us right of the in ‘dual to may anything in an online frum should onder certain ercur= ances, be constrained in tho intrest of Ue aman gd (Ess, 196) Solutions that hove boen proposed in responce to the ehallongo+inhor fit im enforcing restrictions on line communion ined techn! Imes such a Fillers (Sperion, 1986, 2997) and social means seh a publ cousure (McLaughlin etal, 1985; Sports, 1996) Community "Toe 10008 sau the leeduction of the terms “iresl community” | dkseribe groupe of people who communicate grimarty-and in come canes exclasvaly—vin the Enennet hing, 1K; Wellman & Gb, 1900), Some Intervet observers sug that online grap eommumici sion fils vod lft by the deine of faseto ee communities in cn temporany urban socities (Barlow, 1905; Rheingold, 19%), altho thers Jones, 198, Wellman, 1907) eeuton agains romantieiing 8 ation of fae-tofae carimunity that may never actualy have existed In adaition, debate entry around the defiision af comity” tel Isany online group community, ri eammunity eamething that aris only under certain conditions? Most CMC scholars suppor the lazer ew pining to processes of community Formation invalving, fr exam le, key often deri? ineident leading a the artiewaton of corms saretons din aome aoe, the canstitution of eters of governance Diet, 1983; MaekGnnon, 1895; MeLahlin ea 2905: Reid, 1984) (Others se evidence of community in ingsticprotie for example. Inuider Large use Baym, 1985; Cher, 19693 Yee other researchers fea on the se-eports of poople who expesince a sense of engagement nd telonging i angele group (Rheingold, 1999; Seannel, 99), even when they themes do it participate Nonneeke & Preece, 2000) 1 cutest, others pnt ta the ophemerlty of Internet gromp nem Derchip and the lw degree of sommigmont neue to pastcipote ae evidence that exehaively computerndiated groups fer preloco munity abst unin 1987; Jones, $8851 Consistent with hi view 1 resin bay of eidenco points fine interaction ast rage for fasta online community Hannon & Willman, 1998, Viens ant Computed Communication one nent 443 [Marx 1007 label auc fore virtual extensions af el intermittent com: roanites|, Wellman and Guin 199) elim tha, euch ae in he “Teal ser" the Ne fotos multiple, partial, speialzed cominisies in which social ia are intenattent and varying in strength. Such hybrid comm its may combine the best ofboth worlds the interactive bnadcasig” cagabilis of CNC, withthe adrantagos of face 10-20 eoramuriaton for interpersonal identiiention, authentication, snd accwuntability (Eiaioi, 1989), Others, feusing on the similarities between the Ho, ‘lai thot both tho Net and the "rel word” eter rile, pari 2p inlined sommanitis in which sca ies are intermitent and varying im strength Wellman & Gul, 199) Personal impacts [More and more people are spending time online, and CMC is coming to replace her leisuretime activton (Dvr Internet and Amerienn Life Projet, 2000). Partsipation jn CMC has boon claimed tobe exchal cally beneficial allowing for selPexpression (Deut, 19965, experiment tion with entity Bruckrvan, 1983; Daniel, 1998), and meaning relationship frmution (Lea & Spears, 1095; Parks & Fld, 1996) Individuala who apend alot of tise entine general have mare, not fener, social eontsets, nd aml may Fister more open communication ‘mth fiers and family than wauld otherwise tako plas (Hampton & “Wollman, 1999; Wellman, 187). Generations should be sade with ‘auton, howver, since pereptions of the bene uF Internet communi ‘aon vary aeprding ago, cal lass and ethnie boelground (Kraut, Schertia Mulhopadhoae, Manning, & Kiesler, 1995) ‘AL thessime time, some wetors warm that heey nee af CMC am esd te addition, alienation from face-to-face relationships, and depression (Grits, 1995; Stall, 1995) These claims find nupport in a selEzeport dy of 109 subjects during the fst year cr G9 online (Krust, ‘ieser, Mukhopadhyaya, Scherlis, & Patersn, 1998) Hosmewry,ohers oygest that CMC oxerase ins ayn, ther than w exe, of these fonditions King, 19964; Turkle, 1995), and thst participation in CMC ‘has no negative pascal npets fr most user. Information ovo oad is another rick aeecated ith Lntaret use (C4, 1995, eed in ‘Wollman de Gali, 200: Sproul Kiesler. 1901),14 onus Ree cf fomatn Scene ant eet Trust and Deception On the Incermet, an ‘ndividual con connect exsily with multiple sours for information and interaction, Monsiver. pple are aan wil {ng to asset strangers online, perhaps bocaure the risks and csi of intervention ar porevivad tobe lower chan they are afin (Wellman & Gulia, 1099), However, in order to engage in sale, meaning inter tion, ane must trust Usa one interlocutor x generally rut and sin Deception i easy to earey out in 8 mediated environment such os ‘he Inzane, in that ard phyaial evidence te generally lacking to som frm that scone is who and what they claim tobe (Hell Ts Ru, 1985; Donath, 1998; van Gelder, 1990, Virtual reality environment, \whothor text-based or graphical, may farther iercase vulnerability Aecepton, im that they require wsers to suspend dselie in rd Interac with thei vet surrouoings |Andr, 1999), Even in CNC environments where identity play i common, participants may Fee ossved when they diserver that the “woman” they have befriended ix really man (Mekae, 1986), The adverse consequences of gully cus "rang form minor in the aso entity play ard tols Donat 1900) to potentially serous in the case af aca and slr DP Amico, 1997 Federal Trade Commission, 2000), ‘Trust may be enhanced in line Frans throxgh face-to-face contact ‘Dian, 2000. Olson and Olson 2000, 9.42) summarize the findings of experimental eseareh on trast and comronicatiom meio a lls “Inthe lab face-to-face interaction promotes the gratis ru, allowed hy thetlophone, then text-ehat, then mail unl with ema testa fects behave mostly in slF-srving way” Other means fr enhancing trust include having dkxown) partiipants vouch for unkown part pants us criterion Tor membership (Levin, 2000), and discouraging snonymoue cormunieation (Peete, 1991), However, anonymity eon ako bea legitimate means to protec a participant privacy (Donat 1990. Priedman, Kao, & Hows, 2000; « challnge fs to fer sil secountablity without sarifeing pivaey prtoctions, Privacy Many people reveal personal information in vnline interaction, a ‘uration saroasiy athted 1 the medium’ irene tendency 10 Compu Mode Commuiaton onthe meet 145 foster dsishibition Kiesler et a 1884), naive users’ purouptins that rosp CMC is private (King, 1996), ora enn that ars word wll not bo atid inthe vast data ow, expecially when posted to an ebseure newsoup of chat room, However the realty is thet most tx of computer-medista mee ogee leave porsinent tran, which enables them tole archived nd traced tack tothe system that mailed them. E-mail messages ean alsa be interopted or misdirected (Meeks, 1000), Moreover. most Internct rospe are tochnally acceable hy people other than the satended ‘member ofthe group, who may use them Fi purposes ranging, fom benign to malesolnt. Ths a user should consider when ti approp ato to ccf dicose and whon ita prodent tobe eautoas in online iter ation (Fredmon eta, 2000, "The persistence of lee rane communication, in cambination with the fesse with which it can be observed invisibly, ls cakes te Laernot overful vehicle for surveilanes ad traeking. Tho U.S. government's ‘Proposed CarmivoreDCS1000 system would monitor electronic come ication through Internet service providers for purpnes of la enfee- 1ment (Kerr, 2000), and earmerist We sts pcs “cookies” on user’ ‘computers to tack chelr Web usage patterns for marketing purposes ‘Beeghel, 2001, Ae aoraronces of those practices grows, Internet users Increasingly report feeling concerned aout threats ther privacy Pew Internet and American Life Prat, 2000, Internet Research Ethics ‘The Internet ix an unprecedented boon to the scientific study of communication and lated soci procceses, Data fron authentic Jnersetans ofa wide variry of types are available for analy with ‘ut the presence ofthe researcher biasing the dat cllection proses ‘Aferring, 196%). Moreover, the persistent natore of textual CMC snenurages reflection and study, such that xen people who wll not Ihave undertohen empirial rescarch before are new drawn to Internet research, At the came time, the very same of dats callecton en the Inet ‘es ethical concerns Parsipanta may net be aware tha thir words sate being collet and stadied. Morever even when tei Mertitos are ‘asked through Uke use of poeudoryn it may bo onal link their196 Aon eve of ferston Sere ard Tetmany sword 1) entities by searching arenes sue as Dajani in the case of postings to Usenet Further, inexperienced th their researchors may ongage in cthially dubious data collection practices, puting CMC users at risk of harm (Hronkol & Siang, 1899) Currently there is considerable debete about appropriate ethical practice in Ineruet CMC ressarch, For balanced exposition of the ‘aouse, eee Mann and Stewart (2000), Some researchers avoca bta= Ing informed eoncest frm eubjcets prior te eondoeing any CNC research (Frankel & Siong, 1990), regardless of whether researsher Fntervention ix involved. Others recommend asking permission to quote particular messages privet including them In preseztations or publ ‘ons haf, 190), andlor ang all dei nformationsboct the tsers ad the grup ing, 1990). However, ifiemed eosacnt pace Practical problems du tothe shilting membership of Intern eroups. nd could ae chili fect oneal research Herring, 1996). The thallengo ie to stmiko a talaneo betwaen allowing researchers to cry ‘wality EMC reseateh, and protecting woe rom potential harm. A further isue concerns whether sere have a ight to privacy when post ing to discussion groups aud chat rooms, even i the remarch places thom ot no ak of harm, Undorlving the dcbate are questions concer Ing the definition of harm.” and how the traditional publi pivat dis: ‘ineton should be applied to CME Herring, 10966: King, 19060), Very Large Scale Conversations Atotheraffodance ofthe tntoret is Une eaten to hich it mokee posible, on a heretafore unpreadanted scl, simultaneous converse ‘ons anton large numbers of people. Those “very larg eae converse tions Sack, 20) fer ready ese othe combined experice af ma ople, and enable efficent aesto-many at ell oa many-to-many com isniation ‘Sproul & Kioale, 1991) orgeseale online conversations also ralze new challenges Conrenee i dient to maintain. in that conversation mansyement (arn taking, exchange troeking, tpie maintenance) tor to be 8 mented in multigertipant groups Herring, 19a forhesming. In the ivence of tong mederaor cimpntermediated groups tend tose Aisagroement and polarization, making cnmensus among lenge numb of prscipante dificult to weve cSudvwrks & Rafaeli, 1996), excepto Corpse Conmuniatn onthe eet 447 ‘onconttevoraal, status quo maintaining tapes Dian, 2000), The con stevints on large online groupe—their optical size Jones & Rafac, 2000), their natural if eyes Lambiase, fortheoming)~also ned to be tundersttod inorder maximize group viability Finally, there ea need to analyze how reputation is aehiewed and inflence exerted in lance fomputer-medisied groups (Donath, 1989; MaeKsanen, 195), E-Democracy ‘From the beginning, enthusiasts have seen in Us Internal potential enna to increase the involvement of erdinary people in the demceatie proces. Asim (2001 distinguishes among this” democracy the elite ‘competing for citizne wots, eg. throch eapniging, “ack” dere acy (direc tren input ito desir mking, without the intermediary of eleced representative “strong” domberaey (an ative eitzemy inttemee hy public deliberation of issues), aserting that te Internet can, and shoul, feta each type. Others distinguish tat quo main taining fom novel or transformative politic communication on the Insert, valuing tho latter over the frm Merker, 2000 aa, 200), However: while examples of politcal uses af the Internet abound Knudson, 198; Lax, 2000; Ogan, 198; Stubs, 298), some roceorhes doubt is transformative power Dini (200) lit that online groups sro unlikely to generate sufcent trast to maivate radical sta ve ‘ments without extensive facoface ineracion. Amore serious rece ation is hat lite ruling evupe are betae pasitiened than ndinary People to exploit Intornet tcehnoley to further ter nt (Dan 200) thors question tho “trong denmeraey” promise that exchanging info ‘ation in pen debate will necessarily lead to a mare involved oF Informed etizenny etng the lack of interest ofthe ordinary citizen in Dalitcalprooeanes, ond the uneven accra of eng information ‘Astor, 2001; Lax, 200 this could be aed the ae dio qu 4 Of public online dlseusslne (seo eatierdisursion of feedar of ‘speech and very largo seal enversations. Globalization rom its origins in che United States the ntcrnet hos xin the 100s, own spreading to ther countries at aceringly rleritlow: pace148 nul Resin nomen Sone an Teo, Petron & Kibet, 19991 Globalization is weaned by humanists who embmice the potential of an interconnected “slbol village" 10 promot Information exchange and erosecalturel understanding (Es, 2001 wiser Self, 2000, 2 wel shy enptalists eager o asces eign markets Global Resch, ht glvach vm), However, while there fy ‘a general sence thatthe Interne vill bing abot important changes on {al cle, ie ikely spats arena yet ite understood ‘One question concerns the lent to mbich curent inequalities in secs ill eventually vel ot, Lams than percent af the wor pop lation now lot Internet asess, and fewer than 50 poreet have le hone access Gauntlet, 200Ua). Mrscver the majority of Internet ‘oie ail routed hrc North Arseriea(eteazsini & Kiba, 198 ‘ates, 1996), and in 2000, 87 porn ofall Web pages were writen English, even though native speakers of English aewunted for shout 7 perent of the wield» population ‘Cybermetries, 2000), Same scholars fer that Internet communication wll spread tho cultural va: Us and the Linguage of is damian, ard historically prior, group of sere North American English spedkers—at the expense of smaller poliinliy and economically weaker groups \Bueard-Welcer, 200, Maltelar, 1996, Nusberg, 20M); Yates 1H fn Ue menstime.epeak ee of denen language are coming increasingly i contact only ‘oncountering Web sites in foreign language), creating axing demand for automated, enfine translation (Silberman, 2000) Another challenge rxsed by glabalizatinn ts determining legal joi Jicton ovee information and communication on the Internet King 3909) prints out that local community standaeds (For exam, with respect to pornography and hate speech) tend to be supplanted bythe lowest common denominator 2. whatever i lgal anywere in the ‘word iv effctively available everywhere ough the Net). At the same timo, th resareh literoture contains growing number of examples of people, inslding minority groups adapting soa regtng Internet technolgy for their own purpuece Co, Armakd & Plymie, 21 Hegladarer, 2000) Commercialization Sinee the end of US. National Selenco Foondation funding of the Totcrnet backbone in 1995, the costs of operating the Leneenet have compu Medats Carentan onthe ret 149 loeroalindly ben taken wip by cminerial idea (fw eitqie, me MeChesney, 20001. Eommerve is now the dominant use ofthe Web (Cybermetrics, 2000), and aeons to CMC is inereasinly via commercial Internet service provider and Web brawacra, which intersperse email and chat interfaces with advertising (Goggin, 2000 The commerealizs tion ofthe Internet and specials the Webs ndonisly expanded ita reach and potential (Gage, 2000). Morsover,adwieates of commer alization argue that it encourages small business and fosters compe tion, making rw and bate praetsnvailable ta cansumers at lower prot in addition, oline shopping ofors eonvenenco. Falls the abi ity o handle business transactions cletroiclly such a purchasing altline tickets) eliminalee middlemen, renalling,dheoretialy in ere ings patecd on to conaumers (MeCheaney, 2000) Some see kn these developments the potential fr lure media and erporate monopaics to bo enushed.cansistent with the domeatie potential of the Internet Stal Barlow and Nofropnte, ited it MeCheses, 2000: "Mort Internet ecolars who have written on the topic, however son: sider commercalization a resrettatle (if incvtabe) development, one more ely to enforce the umersp and ctrl of mia by large co orate interests haa to promot paine denwcracy, MeCesney (2000) Pants oat that, rather than encouraging smpetition, carporations ‘engage in merzer and other activities to erste manopois. Monepoiee ‘end to distribute tninatenen, winan media content, resulting ina septation of valine euleur 90 oko Brown, 20001 Moreover, tha Druvaense cf vortaing on the Web leads to the development of sserar ‘naly manipulative technologies such a interaitive amers and pop-up fs. which potentially fterfere with CMC, espeilly when attached 2 fear engines and servers (Gauss, 2000), A major eallonge for the ture wil oto procrve a eommerse fee publi sphere onthe Internet, ‘lngside the growing numberof commer initiatives, Seeondardertechnalogy effects ar ke the ripple that xpread out ‘ard when a pebble i tossed nto a pond, continuing to spread for some ‘sme in ever widening eles ‘Sproul! & Keser, 1991. The Internet is ‘ull now enoush thats wider fmeact are oly stating be fel The ‘evidence available thas for sngzeet that nether utnpian nor rxtusvely atop xenarios wil ikely come about in the foreseeable fare Unternetcommanintion raises both pportnities and dangers, Rather$50 nua Review cl nermatin Seene a Teer, thon, “WI the Internet sltimately prove bene of detrimental 19 human scety the mast important question for he ature, Which cur reat search i ale fy taking to are, ae, “Who will ene, wh wil be harmed, in what wage” Directions for Future Study Invornet research is ail in its infancy: More questions have been ‘ised than have yot been definitively answered, and new CMC teche rologies are emerging faster than researchers can deserite them, et lane investigate their natoral use. Among the emergent technologies ‘that cry out for fuse study i wirlons Web access a mobile phones ‘and handheld devices, anes, 2000, Future rescareh also urxontly newds to addrens multimmdal CM telnolagiescSrukup, 2000), At the ly abandon the older fextcbased nodes, for textual CMC will eontinuo to be important (huler, 1998 “Te date, Intornot CMC roseare hae Nad 9 test bios. This wee appr priate in the eory caf the Interact, when mast CMC wa tes ol Sat he situation in expily changing a increased andwide makes Digh-qualty audi, video, and graphics easier to transmit and hence ore eamman. Method need tobe developed for analyzing the mean ing communicated ty visul lao and graphic design im Web pages (Sehmid-teler, 2000; Soukup, 2000). Video and graphical VR environ: ‘ments additionally require methods fr analysing dynamic spatial rela tions (Krikerian, Lee, Choe, Harms, 2000, perspective, grate, ond ome timo, rotearchere should not prem movement—not just as design iesues, but ax channels of eamamnica tion. Moreover the pheoamtenon of multimoaity ital hax yet to be systematically addressed: How do different channels of communication Interact toconstrct rich, multilevel mesninas? One of the goals of such study should he to identify the advantagee and lmiteions of differen: Chaniels for diferent wses Rombard & Ditton, 1907; Neal, 1097: Walther, 1990 Internet CMC research eusently al hos am interactive his that it frenses matty on CMC mis that enable reciprocal and sprametreat Jngoraction, Whlo ts eurrotly fachionable to tak aout she interac tivity ofthe World Wide Web se. eg, OSullvn, 1959), Web pages are orguce ested Conmuncaton onthe eet 151 ot nymmotrically Snteractiow Glackson, 1991). nemo, the Wels ‘nereosngly subramos other CMC modes this distinction ia becoming lured. Some researehers aro stating to foes onthe Web asa comm ication medium in its own right (Coste, 2000; Gauntlet, 20006; ‘Herman d Swiss, 2000 Mitra & Cohn, 1900), but much mare needs to done. This includes developing mets for analyzing (1) the malt ‘modal txt estucl dimension), 2) pattoms of avilable links dimension), (2) users navigational tectories temporal dimension, tial ‘and (4) he patterns of huma-humsa interaction grounded in Web sites (socal aime. Internet CMC research also ten oily group bias, Many stad tes have analyzed data fom discussion groups, chatrooms, and MUD foe the practical reavon that mich eta are easily acessile in this nee, the Internet provid us with an unprecedented opportunity wo study 1009 proeessos(Korenman & Wat, 15: Suaweeks & Hafal, 1996 However, we cannot xaine thatthe fndngs far large Inne gro Will noeecariy cele to small groups or ono-o-ane communigation esearch is nese thet systematically investigates the ects of rumiber of patcpants on communicative phenomena suchas amount of parte pation, 1urs taking. coherence, politenes, csibiliy influent, ond ower dynamics. Given theirenarmous poplar, ch more research is needed on one-to-ane email and inetant messaging and how cach ‘res according to characterines of ers and communicative purposes, AAs CMEC prac evolve ta rapid ess impure at we pee serve recrds oftheir evauton. Thiel beng doae by defaul for much rynchronos group CMC (and doubt some private email ellen), {nr which th technolo requires the user actively wo delete messages oF ‘le they wil main. Cpitalicing on this persistence asynchronous nes: sages have be cll sins 1975 in publle archives and database, ‘where with frwsight and oad managernet they wil remain for pupaaes sf ftare study: However, the station ie wey diferent far syria (EMC, which dnappenrs antes the ute aetvly interval I Only ‘parse corpora f chat exist fae he arly 1980, and no serous Loni inal study of chat hae yt oon atamted, Aa dal date sorage capac ities inernse, CMC researchers should make preserving and analyzing ‘escendi samples of prince CMC high pray152 Annual Revi al rman Seance Technolgy Finally, the Internet has often beer represented in CMC research o¢ \augh ner a elctained enronment “ira” aed apart fom ‘al if Pheromena such sk otinecammusnitos aed entity pay have sade i tempting to dots expecially tn the erly days when a rate ‘anal pereantge of the population had acs to the exotie “eybrspace realm, Such afiton ea no longer be maintained: today Interot seis increasingly a part of everyday routine for Inge names of people ‘around the world. How is CDEC integrate into the complex whole of oo Pies communicative wctiviie? When de they cease tocommoninte va ‘the Inert and hon Fae to fae, by telehane fan ete and how does ‘choice of madalty affect the commimication (uray. 10889 Compar- ative studies office toface conversation ane CMC, telephone cnverso~ tion and CMC, and Short Mcaage Servio (SMS? via call phones and [EMC over the Internet prefraly involving the sane iniviual—are eee to addess the ubvqitos elaims that “CH cause people todo ‘Xmoreess tht they would otherwise doin movlity "I al such tu ies of urs, diffrent wades of CMC olto ned tobe dtnuuishe Tn conelason, mach work reriains even thongh we roa great dol more about CB now than we did ach yest ag. [has bon said chet Intent year te ike dog oar—ane Interne years oguivalent to seve ‘pre Internet years in arr ofthe ammount of change al takes place. IF ‘hat nother weave aleady cxperincedin the ast ites year one than &-sontury’s worth of chsnge—onger han che nverage human ie spn. And many oft are nat yet ol, meaning that we can a rw {more change fand more earning) im the furore, One af the erat promis o£ EMC rscate, wth li intedcpliary diversity, that ‘twill eventually revel to ws the undering pnp, the sxstemstic dimensions ef aration, tha xn agent fr he relatonship eben ea ‘tre eommoniatin media ard human communication more nena Bibliography TENS on cma eh norms Inco ef computor medi cenwertion, IB. Herring (Ei Imad entrain m, i Conger ited Conmniation an the meet 158, Armld,A 1, & Phin, D.C. 20 The Chere Indians ond the nee TD Gaunlett a Mesa Rein me sts for he ata Teatro uve 18, 0, fn the World Wido Wal, hp wwencwncoms utr, J |Q001n Shocld democracy enne Be quick, strong, or Ua? Carmnictions fe ACM. 4 49-1 ‘aro F196 there thre reps?! Line Read BS. Retrieve ‘June U5, 2001 fom the World. Whe Wet tpuaeww lf ary Publeationtdoon_Pery-Herow I TLisne. munity el Basi. I8B5, Deletion tthe indspendenoe of extrepace. Rtreed Jae 15, 201 fran the Worl Wie Web: hsm ailing pobCerership Intra eosarship ilar 026 delaston Baran, N81) Compuler edined communication ax» Race in ange hone. Visible Lae 82), 18-13 Baron 3.010, Alpe rma Hoe rien Rg scale 2 bring, Lenco, Rate apm, N11, Tho umersuas uf community i canputcraedted common Recher Lora Ti From eBooks Ad>: Nishnome ay fod eniy om eter Relay Chat, Javrel of Computer edt ip ancnc reel ie Beckar, THUD) Hating the spac of new tach om democracy Com aions fhe ACM, sty 39-8, al, Vea deka toe, /51 Gender araament onthe Inert, Rete law pera “ Bening 31087 Perna eatinn oho mas mdi ad the otf sont Conmancatin everch 25-9 Bar 106, May, Sertng wat Intrnttlepors: ZDA%# Anchor Desk Terewd June 15, 201 tom the Wald Whe Web; Mipdnrwnatoe Berge Hc001 Cao cnt: Cammanicatins of the ACM, 4), 18-22 Bernese, The Work Wie Wee Prat prevelant Rete hun 15, 2001 fom the WorldWide Wb: hsp ww ring Preparer Lae! pof tnt a ba Wing 2c nlite nmin Nw Brown, 12900, August 251 What hapa to the wert Wi Selon, Teteved dm 1s BOLL fm the Word Wie Wek hymn154 Arnal eve af nematon Scene an Tecncagy Bracknan, AS. (LR Gendor swapping in erp, Preemie of INET "2 Restoved Sune 1a wa anonemos pom mada mie uber 00 papers gender Bracknin A 8, & Remi 16) Fh MedisOO prt Coneirtioian ‘nd prefenonal erat. Comer, 11), 1-109. Burgardae, 18031 A ile Plas etary Rested June 18, 2001 fre the orld Wale Wid hipsters Bacaier, B O800, Renting ras online to BL Sith & PF, Kalick ae Burtt G0, ntrmaton casa fn vital emma A splan Infortion Reach, 4, Retrieved ne e201 fn the Word Wie Webs hptenwchctacak’-epabheaios es agere Ines W 9) Ane yin Ado Moni 178 10-108 15. 2001 fram the World Wide Wel t/t potrmazmilang ny Referees. Camp, Lo 198 Weare res we aera ge The Sperling in ‘ea, 4905, Jate 301. Not le: The phones mare on, Toon Globe ae Mel» Al ‘enern L051, The ra empiesty of spec crea in a vodal UD Biztronic derma of Comma ntti La: tue dhctrnige de ‘hon Reto’ ane 15, 200 fmt Weld Wide Ws nec rgensignn4S8 Mn enemy. L. (10). Consration and comments: Chat in airtel ‘Stir, CA: Cente fr the ty of Lane il frat ‘Caen C200. 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