Lamvave of STRUCTURE Gtress Safe dexgras G2 N diagram” “The basis of He SSE Bale metnod as Hoe weblen 6F EN dengrom hich aba plot of alternating shess, g, versus cycles be failure, Ne There ave numerous testing procedures to gererede fhe Yetet ved dake fora peopen srt diegen? eon tot dade are Usually dapleryea or adoy Jog lot, with the actual SN dine vepsesenti og the men of the. date. yor covered ests : 5 a i ss = E S| egies i feagaeshengh GE! 8 fake i go ae ee cyeen ait Endurance Limth: A ereurarce, 06 gue hist \pelow whien the nakenial far 2 nanginre Lee nanranynste Lage aa well considered 0 bet mrithion Cyelee Endurence demi ws due +e andexsHittal elements Coach carbonor pitrogendn cron) thet pho deslocabions, thus preventing the Slip mechanism thal deada +0 4€ ormatien of mivyourceks. Factecs effackisy dndenerce bimet 1) Rewiodke. cote ooels Ne Btn onen geshocotions) >) Corrosive enviorn ments Cdneto fabgue corresionsndesachior? 3) Righ temperature Cushich mubilige dest ocorions) pinen actors offeckin endusence. Simi - 4) Susqace finish 3) myer’ | 3ystwess concentration ed cermin By sige OEnvivonmert “P nehiatiliry uch vigisenees ate. represented by veduchen factors. Orr] h Ge foranematesciad fo eblablian aor ng ondavence sven Beek Se bwhers Se = bebt Value endirence dint Se, ahnich har Stress evel fer engineeing PurpeteLifect oy doadieg on nauranee dim - Ln flor The endurance dimit of ofa matesunt as determined by the retaking boeam method ah for reversed bending Joad “There ave. inary machine .ahich ave Subjected 40 toad other than reven sect bending dood: Thus erdarence ieniae wil oe different fpr different aypes 4, Joading Grdmence imi fpr reversed bending aed, 62, Enducerce Sami foc vevenced arial Und, Tea = OF Ka enturence timid for xeverced Herstonal dood, gz ky Ge ke Kae load correction frets posh 1 bendiry dood! B " . emg auial doad ks now vm doxsionel ox cheat Sond re 5 Ae mmoheru | bard, Kez 056 7 auekle material 080 brittle malettal Effecrof Surface finish on Endurance emit - Surface firuith factor ~ When a machine membesn ux dubjedted to voriable Jioads, the endluracce Lanik f he madenial for shad member depends ups the Surface condition Endurerce, Limit y= Say Ku Joy poltthal Lager reversed. bendirglont wt a Ty = Seq Kyuce Ge Ke Ksur ey Le for vovauced asl loud se Ultimate. tensile Ssergth Moy Le (pe veveted dortional or shea load _Ehfeck of Sige on Endurance duimit- 94 the sige of Stondaved Speciment Ceksuy = ke Keo Ws sincreaned then the enduvence Limet wi Aderearec| "Thit th dive to fact that a dongen specimente will hove more, de-fécts han @ smaller one Endurence dimid k = Size factor Gens 05,% Kee 522 SI3¢ efectorPowe yeladionship'- taken plotted ona dinylog 26: Brant Sine a shoton dn be used 40 define Ane Sri relationship: wee NaS)” where bath the slope of the Line ,Sewetines % ale ,an SN cueve con be agprexionated by « gyre pies Laws equation Com hed ther ‘efernel to asthe Baapuin slope Ga} ~ ~ which & given by, tl b 2 —WogSi 409) fe = ew an, ot Lent 5 - dog ety ihe pooes elation ship ts ondy vata pe guhgue ties rat aie on he, design dine Fedigue radi® ( Relatig fatigue to densite proporrer) “The rahi of the, endeconee himit Ce 4o the ubtinds abrength Su of a pakeried oh called the fatque VANE: Gras values that ranges from 25 40 060, depending on the material Cor gee endusence LemitShrengih can be approximated by Sojsteel = OS Su HY SH C200 FSi Sud 1hoorhe) Se,sead & Woks for Su D200 Crores (Su7 Woot) ex vrougrt steels Hhe ahess devel (owvesreniog 4g leno cycles Gone tan be. aeeoximated by ahers Sm eel= 09S a ae 9s. is Tek Geral ged SN Gave . prorat det Mean ress ut Equal 4o Ae average wle-Boee 00 Goer ofthe maximum and minimum stesso dusting « foligue dosd Oye. & 3 Gn = Seaes Sein —_=“The alternating fives. da, ds the ameunt the stress deviated from the MEAN. F4 th Sometimes cabled as Bivess aanplirade, Ga= Stray — Soran Stress 10H 8, R us defined ab roof minimem stress vs maxims Secs Eon AR. & © Ginar 2 Plternaing vers oe A ge-\and 20 are 0 Conan ¥efevene Hest conditions used 40r obtain fatigue propertes. Ret as called” fully reverses)” Condéhon, ishere Grin te Snax geo rah called” pubiatig fenton” coher Sine 0 “The. mean IES Gi, Cam havea Substantial snfiuence on fabigue behavior “Teas ath Shoon ain {gure here aktemating yy Gc tmpesior dAvESS, 6 ud plotted against the member f of Cycle 4o foikive ng, for dnfferent — & Ineam AYTESS: Ot Ah Seem that, Jngenard.F Aenaile mean sAvesses ave. detrimental and Compressive mean SHresses are bene ficial, Neg Nyy & Nye representing dakgue bife er ec ero ord ae ‘mean poe Cycle $0 failure nie rosgeadively for a given abiornading Stress me Mernah I, Ste My Foca {ullyrevesecd aycle Gn=0,ahidhve — Gut Gai realy mek En engineering For move realithe | EO ond cog le¥ Jonding the ynean Shress will net = be gero. To dnclued the mean sess Obbed — Haushaupyye sin 4oatigue Lefe cateutation, Unree main appresch ave 1) obtaineal S-N data for mabiple stress vat p 2) Plot oldernading BAvess Vs mean Sress on a gaolman chiagrawy 9) Use. ae. goodman approach to Caleutate an effective abternading Sess.Fresh approceln ds best on df availadle LWsUAay BN dasa Yer yorious Bess TUNG does net exetHt Hence this Ls nol Preferable As asecond approach , Vaxiotts empestical relakion shes have been developed 4o generate, the ine defining the unfinite vtefedess gy, Yepion- This methads uke various Cunes 40 connech the endsvence Wimir on ane, alternaking stress aneth to either gielel atvenginy Sy or Whinate, shrengih Su or tte frechuce, Shee gon Fhe game mean Stress antes Feliowrng relakonships ase. Commonly, used andase Shown dn figure Soden bere 6 4 Gin oy Se Sy Coodenann | Gerber’ | + Mowows Oa Sin. Fy Su se Gg mean SESS, Sin Gocdman diyyrosn Goodman relation 48a Qquation uted 40 quent fy fe dthachon of mennand aernatirg SSS on the Juul Lite material “ rathmed cally. St I> sa\ Si L a where 6 ws the alternating dress, Gm LA Mean Bess, Thar athe takigue Memer for Complete % revere dad loading andes ste ane abide of material 3 “ sete Aiclual test date Lend 4o fall behoeen the, Govdimon and Gerber Curvesangus Basic stress analyysi? Calealabo ev @ Uniforin pecan and no iT faa ARAUME That the Components axe Snaoth, uaikes. 96 preckicat cirtealay at engineering compere ™s “have ab Mast minimal changes in Seehonand fy mai device cheft hale, Scee thread ote, such dixordin shape Such oF casera focal Enereare Gy Btress, refecred as Sreess foncerdention for « flawless makeniat which has no dibConnwuiy, Hress congendraior dpetor at 85 a dim ersionlers factor had a wel 40 sArvess concerarahon fpctow CKe), quent fo concentrated Ane shress din 6 mmakeseinl. 94 at defined as 4h nce Bree yakit of the Righest stress en ho clement fo aha £2" k= Sow Get gn serensef, endiaret ¥nduvance dimi Endurance Girmir with Styecs concentrabon ay Hives rather oF JAISS WSC nee, emir e Limit without stress concent yatio a, Kee Deternfinecion of Kt value’ 1. Gxpecimendal meted » opheal methed (phetoclatsicily), grid meth, brittle coating, britHe medel Strain qaige a: Pinabptical method :- theowy ef elawhicrty 3. Compatahional method: FEI techtiques Chavactsiahic. of, wstwess concentration facto ed a gpometyy of shape jbutoot wht Size of madenial > famekan of ype of Leedicg Crain! bending dorsion) <> funedion of qeamervic, stess raiser ( fillet, metchy hole) a> defined OFA nominal Strecs > “ppicelly assumed a inet elastic, Remagentous, dviropic. maheretel Method of Tedueing stress concentrahian:- aoe change.cin geometry by peovidhing Gradual chenge suchas ef Smal notches £ nar notched sathenthan cory & wide > UGS Shress- veliewing greo ves.+ ghees induced an PrAMAE Hate uct Norninal Stress “rtaleulatea {rove sor r er ok ickes wena) ke ESS, 3 Lead ebongriqronts donb alan} repo oe batt Sesscontendvedenregi ce Notch sensitiving + Notch sensitiviry ar ws defined by hac ualior eye Ky) kgs eeetve, secs “as EB re fork toes concertendnce roam sme ARE Sov eeersinns® “Tne values of «yore. beboeen gesvond unit. 9 overt hak af veo.tten Ket abt alls on Ane othes handle heyel, amd Aha, eabertal had no sensing to richer pete ental bat fllreeh senkihuity, Sr onnlyst er Ain ahen kyr ke ard work, find ey fist, 4s gpometyy of the ports Then saleck or speech tre mratese’ al, find ay, ond solve fer ke ffomane quan 4g Kyte Chet) nominal Stress & ws 1) load deni ded by Acta or Koes aveq (wt) _y yy doad dovided by net grea WANE a4 —y _Skeess neat a Circus Hole Grial Stress Ty & ronbvense Bees, OH Jd defied ar “| Se esl -15)" fe vnigharsy = nominal Sf yes distance from center of hole Xe Yad of fle“he theowdical SAvess Concentyedtion ficoe ky» ony a snaderiatad the notch voor vemains dade tie arena en Thee wimg be apnbed then the wnaeriat at Ane docat rant ut Sr rt unto the inelastic Vegion: He Plated that tne. theoveleal Srese “ Torcertredion factor uh Gal 40 the qeomebsio.mean of Ahe actual givess and BAvatn concentration fader va Kar (ke Ke) — Newber's rule s developed the. following. approximate formal yor the eubert's Shecs concenhrarion facto ye Tediak at dheratchwat gd chovachi she, Jengih which depends upon Ake meteuced good ap proximedions a Ret donding can Tetenson haschserved that somachak Stinilaw formula lat be. obteaned by UENG the ) Ke +a Vee TS pe v Yr rracteniamc Sangty, Where q ds crnad here material che Avess behavior onptonil ares Zh tmnifprn ae monotonis tenbion test G abummer Cross section scengineedog stress = iy 2: ongineenng Strains te 24 - ere oe os Layyortnen enpineesing vent dist to change 4.cross-sechon awe stress: Yn Fivnilocly und) necking occurs Ao tine apecimertt Avus Styain ts Sinalley Unan engineesing trait: True. ot neducal shrain ;baxécl onan snttordane age Lengan J, 48 defined as 2 30 £ “ 12 Dien «| Be Soe = @Tre and enginees ing. stress grain - TFeue Bhrese and Phyain con oe related to enyinccring atvess ond Bain: The enblern fonts . ergin 5 detoral Combining © 8D e:sv (eset) = dn (19 2h) e- dn(ise) ® bed. cz dnlne): tn Be ae ee sted Ge enginersiag Strecs ergineesing Set hess _Shrain veladion shib t- Linear elastic Shain: Thal porkion of Ahe Bkvain which gs yecovered upon unloading, E onkoadin, Plastic. Srain Gralinend): That portion which canne af be recovened 0” nlondiey ep Eh Sere priv Beas & true Byoin cue Ey2(EN” Ke strength coetti exponent, cient amd nuts Abe Strein herdensny + ee © ateymPaste. stress Concenhration ctor. Lp “Tre nokch Bvess Condraleg ae fobque (bik, ws nok the maximurm Sess on Ane susface of the notch ver! bukan avenge Bhress cching over 9 finde volume ef AE natestad abr He nckch ant, The ov: Adsess reas dower then the maxieouen Aueface iprvest, Calgulated {rer Ko —yiahen garal evacks reeveate Ae retch vot Hey Bie sind Tegront | howon stress dua Ae the, Bess qradient ve, docabige’ phe de) anakon and coich blanking effet ae , iyelaing at ae notch ooh edsieas-he, natch Took gress, Rerticula & gett Save? noach sensory groatoal oat ened GNI Curve Plastic. deformetion ences spye ofa tees Donkeriatonad shortes dye Thee ye. notch frctor secomes Amalles oo He uivestdecome, Shotk er Sp dune esas, Bhvess concent tion play only. ginal Se cin dake mining aie gral hrengih of the Struc one enforturade conseuehee this, is tha Bak, strength Jesh OY ofenpr ides irkte Gingprmat ch about she Likely 4eh ue ferformene ofa eomorea. Or Wi cunve May be obtained dividing gam, meds-ty plow MIE Cyeled by Ky and drawing a deve Ihe 0 af “Notched _S- N cucvedttaigh Diagion) The Ses oprreod {et se Comin effect of Ane rneem Brvess ana nokch uk bued nthe Wve «f annilabe or edi mated Ratgh diagroms Efonston uk fe dings 3 <> From Such dtagrom one poink of a9 SN Cure nao hb obtained” a 4 ne y — A second poink of the cenicurve LA ghaind // for Krowledge o¢ estimate of Re ‘Sheoes Corrospordlng ie very stor} = Life wsvally ciiber 1 ov Too cycle> Thepe BAALS Fe JOU MY UDLNAYLU dine co BUH Sa Coordinaks on Haigh clingyom: en ayy Conn nettion of, wean ont aleconhng sShiesses eudsde the. triangle: {7m “Sy 40 tod 40A Sy Cortesgorels AO GPs Yfelirg _> fing combination above the bine AS “i 3h Sy 4 Ta produce, oxmedinn {oboe bf fecsthon ie eycte for u Smaoth gost wo fora peek with a nctchy Ah& eBhmeted Haigh dicgsoan, £4 Shon bys ire FODE: > Tre fresence, of tensile mean gisess reduced the gonounct ofatternating Snes the canbe sole: vaked Makin alternating, Sires Co” Le tolerated with a sufficient Compressive mean ives point FD. _natifred ocd man ditagaam Epa tien Asimple approach or estan tre Jong. Aife fatigue 2rengih ith ante Stress idhich dees nok Teqare cendtwuchion of the hatgh dkograirn us Wye of the wHedified goodman equation <> fara notch -memberyane chong £5{2 smooth fob guethengih ot Somply ctevided by abe fatigue noich factor. Ke Sx 4 & 2) Ske Su ne ob TeVEKAMs fo failure “bial felgue cbife ef cempanentt Can be Considered johaue jean fark, Ave iniatation dite. and the frepagarion Jefe, as depictedl bekeo ak. nal §aibwre ogc! 7 eeLow cyele ond high cycle ue, LCE 9b as a domain custaiated with, gelatively high Lords that produces not onby elastic, Strain but abst come, flasve Sarai dering each oyle consenwently, fedgue frvesave relatively short oecavtat £288 than about 10" 4o oF cycle Lek haste furde wertal aagects A signi freon plate deformation cecudésth eacheyel@i 2, Playhicy ce nak ound fave, afinite endurcence fF anes aye of doodling Ler Application Lies mainly hoo field -y wige B dosage of componentin acronalah e4,2ners tp p roduchen ete co Lee vesuble allows uo aralgge the behavior of Arernaterdials 19 yrenten detailgand 40 bets undesired the complex mechonieal and mekallurgient phenomenen Such ok 24ysin concertvetvon , crot propagakion work, Rawening, wor: choftening ete? oq ne Ae Ft waa domain associated with Low Bess Devel wherin defprination Fe jokally class Song ex fives resales an catled tygh ayole frbgve eadruch as Telakively darye runes ef cycles ae rrequired 40. produce fatigue palace gt ds albocialed with fatigue liver qret srenabout to" Jo let cycles : che. S-Ni curve Hn Ahe hun eycle. region fommedimes descritoed ty The Bacqin equation gygh_c FACare emfoneel content General aspects’ . On LeF, faibe mostly begain at a Weal discontinntly and when tne Bress af the dixconftnuity exceeds clastic Remit there, st plastic Ato, The cyclic. baste Stal fei plastic. strain te veh pona ble for Crack prepagahon egretLow cy dle ehigue eh dnvcthigaded in Ferm’ of cyclo. #* soln Feo fquse-1, total Strain amplede o- can be Gven ws DE > dept eee A velakonship behoeen Shean amd a ursbes of Sess reversal con be givenat » t wy -@ Fig@ b—e- Typical 06 pet with camber of Stress vevencal -o c= OEM Eafe € E vores oj and Gq see the trae Stress and Grain cormespondiny 40 freduse én ont cycle, and a,b ave aystems constants “the 0, © kt Simplified a 06. BG- B56. + (Er! ew” @) ® Ato calgubate, oral Sten: Powerer, in Abe presence of notches and erecks Ee ecw determination of oka’ gratin ca cleffealt Ween a -< sevescal Fig: Pot of Strain ample er with fi et ~ “puign eyde fatigue Can be analy ged by sdealigg “so gar Stes reversal she $n cus Say, Steal, ab shown in fig@- we Be Tee ee De EB can bE UEE cae Liverbohween 16 and lobeyoke ts taken 4° seopresent HCP with finite Mage and Ards 08 6 . Cow be given PY Se Japs ANTE -@ sp é - gs veveral s4¥e55 Bb AC ose Const \ eh peikt@) baycota)-buoget +e - ee § © FG insehemakic Hat of reversed Stress dgains ect poind(B) dey oe = dubog TE — number of cycle 40 402" vy aavieg © 46 2 bF 463 086 and C> doy (0-864) rea weStrain Wefe_Aprroaches The. sivess: cife appronch jas described Js ap plicable envding primarily oleate defprnaiian, Undesrness conditonsane component wes expected 40 fave, 0 bong Lifetime For a situakons .inveluing fygh stvesses,-Aigh temp, oF rect concentrakens Such af nokche where. significiend plodinciiy Gan be emvolvedl,, Sivain ckife approach u's a pProprate Rathess than the Bhress amplitude a, the Loading 4 chovechorj ed boy the. plastic Grrainamplitude. 2Epl2 . Unde these Conditions sf « fot vip made of, clog (28 ) vensus deg (2 N) ARE {oliewirg. ineads behavier cs agenesally obsrwed for sibuahons “je represent the plane dyain bebo ds Aolrowing selakonship hasbeen broposedl eer = Gan - 9 DO Reversal tofulvee anf ne Gq. a known at coffin- (Santon equodion or ‘ toy ale) cok leek of a ep Coffin manson & : Gree? » PEras® Ane plastic Shin amplitete & 2 dabique duckibity, coefficient for most cased & & ede frectuceduch fase: © + fue exponent (05 40-0°F for mond welals) Geverabapprach' Geneva! approch u's Combination Bress die roach total Strain Ws composed § Strain Be approach. On Anis aPP ofan elasc ond Haske part +e eb. bee yee — ep? WRT Guqwnlaw Af = Fl2ne” dees 62 = Gi! ts SFE EE Ono -@pe ye we ger . 2E- & bat 2h FE ena end = eq (i aatenown od _morrow’s vel Fun oh, . 5 feasition yourt ano reversals o} fulere2Ng o> ronson Specter Ler) fuch that we have. significant Dh Abe ampbitude of Ane total Ateain ab splashy, ane Lfehine Sikely to be shock CLEP shun fearionh) gf the Messed ase low crough that the Streanl are clastieihe Lfetine UA Biel fo be long CHEE savess Life approach the tronsthon Qife Cat 2M), sh found by BEIM the plashe. Strain amplitude equat te the elastic Strain amp titide 4 wmd= & ONO a 2na = (ey _ @& At dong component “ifetines Cou >> Ne) 4h clathe iran ib mort dootinand and Shength wil coatrel hecfprmane. RF shut + component Wefetrmes (N ce Ng), plese siren dominants,and ddachSity. will control feafame Unfoctunately, din ™ost materialt improve ments in sbrengthrlerds +o eduction gon duct bid and vice-veygarSydlie SAvess- Strain benewon “Te vespone 9 material aubjeded de cyclic cnelaate( plastic) de Noading dr an Ahedeem ofa Aysterests boop BBShown cin $766), TheAotal width af the Loop DLs Ws BE oF Ahe seial Maia Torys The Aoral / hignk of dhe Joop SBS oF the poral Ssecsrmyge / | as The total Saaln i24re Suro of the elastic. and \ \ plasic strain vonges : pez beet Bep ox an term of, amples + ec. Ake 4 oes Figcey ie loo ae eG g@ Hyperesis nop pe + Bo 4 Of Began 28 ah * ub the energy Per “The area wsitnien tne Loop a3 ducrirga cycles He rpepresents a MELE of athe, plas pce on He material Bus Ba uschinge ef fect: sual observediin = nach moralsnthas effect ox desenioad graphionly rw un FAD: Show an *y Ga vsste matounl yesponde. of a bar doaded spast cthe wield shength, Sy Jo Some value, Fmax, 3° yo) Fe qmaterial as unktadad and then Joaded on 64/ Compression) Ao - Ginax- Notiee, that undest 7% compressive boas ng, unclastic (-plastie) Strains Aesop before - sy a veached. This behavior -— 4d knotwon ad the Bauschinges effect unit volume, ditstpated ie deform adi cn work The srnece- strain vesponce of Mekal ds __ often avaatcathy alttered dine to wepented ending Depending on Ae. Unidial Condidion FighB) (? b> of a -wietal (1e quenched aed Aaopesed oF annealed) Ans ‘he esr Condition jo-mmedal vay + 4. CyplLeally harden 2+ Cychically soften 3 cyclically stable Asvine srixed behaviour Csoften or hacden depencting on the SheunrerreY — (cS) endk Strrsnamplirude, 1SheEsseesponce Cem cen ty Cyclichardening @> C ui ghyoss ~ Sra esponse dareh) © cyclte ¢ Figte wish ong the. Bivers vesponde. of, ornatevial doaded £n Ry Bier shows the appteresia leop for the first two cycle As eo fhe mone 21€s6 Obaained increases with each Sycle of Strain “This uth Known ad Stein hardening . Covers ely, ff the Maxi mum iprrece dicrecdses With vatpech tepeated AAraining , Strain softening oceurg.d&shown dn figure(3) +E) “Thereason madetials Saften or frrden appensis to be welatel 4o the Nabure ond ability of the. dealoeedion substructure a ofthe matestin li: , Strain havering: Fie a Soft material, “mially thedaubacation density wstow | —e “he densiny smpidly dneecses dete Cychic Plaske straining contribubiog. 40 Significant Syehie Stain harderding Strain Soflering: - Fora herd maketh Subsea Strain sibeng eatin ‘rearrangement of Aisloeadion which offers (legs vesistane tp defprmation and the meterfal egeccadly softens. Manron obsesnied nat the. sahio- of rnorotonks Uldimate ej Breength, Sik 0 +e 0.974 offset yield Strength, Oy, aan be wel 40 predict whethen ane matetital el] soften ov borden, éf Brainy Conde! « Frayathe material will cyclically harden Sat SY % Ga Cyn Are merial ill yelieably Soften % fp daege charge én cyplic responde, SB narexgectedl Ge sedis behween 1-2 ned ba god peakoton tk abyA clk: Moavtarvie.irain Pacdening exponent, gti, used Ae fredcer ne mete Cael behaviour, scope. Use gq. gents A : nzozo wre rnatonal walleye faelen ty coo the makeselal 1H ic, Soften iso toad histor'es » Gonvice daadsae usally Yexishle omplitvde- fentasne vepresenahenof 220 Lonelsh Tq Suesion dm aunt akey ungredient te aa fotique > ~ analysis & design: wy i oN 108 te ensure Ahe doad fuistorg, trantdueeu® Corrain gages) ave adiechedl 40 Ane Critseal Paani ghye avennof tne component = EES ~ “Tre oxqussed cake Ysoo the tranédicent o ane wrralhy recorded and stored by a Breacket Vibrabion tompuder of by other davices 1 ours -tne retordéeldata axe then compressed | O] TTT me vin orden to by cyolt coursing method © simpdify Ae fehgucdanage Compulatin® Fig wo “The term" cumaladive damage refers tv Ane feliyue effects of backing evenst othen Anon Constant amplitude Cycles “The denn" spectrum’ as used Un fabigue, Bideratove afer meanta sehied 64, fabque loading events other than tnifprmly repeated DeleYn yeNeval Yona DY UHPUTUE UDA NA LOH DE SPAT MY aH re mnain categories: Single UA donde fwatories, lock, 8 and rordoen lend Restoried bekitiged hsiecics ee only pe Repreientadion Effet Randown doodling Specrrwn talon undefined plock dnd ow - hyp wa fetewdahion ah dow of accelayahior Jor -fijocnw cael chordation sipplelordioy single OL when vas ordabion cequene ef ous Nem eh pero quence onlvnrden ele accelovakion ef ol “ single UL my ace elevadhun Sequence of UL gay selardabon Perecic BeqUeNte acechuebfin oh ott oyyeyyen cece yatardahon OL-UL eo ‘cotecdelin af Femodie oUt wpe -rehavdaen an fern ee Pog hic UL-OL sselardalion % ole over daca UL= Under Load one approach de verable oad hisosies WO Abe Goreeph of daonge define} ab ane {oedion of Lee (ol? sefgred do ab Cle xeco) wheel up by ay event: “These frocirons ave added Jogether, hen these sum reaches 10 x yoo pencent we expect faileve. Ths wh dhe mast Covmen méenbure of dawwege.j rnd wa the quondif yoy measure we Use here -Cumulative Damage tneon es Pahngen -M\ine Linantt Damage Roles : “the donnage. caused by one. Cycle fa Le ined a O= Yoyy where Nz as the Mumider off yepeditions of ARs Same cycle that equal difote {allure “he damage, Jpeectucest by 1 Auch cycles 2h Aben ND= Da “he damaging effect off ny cycle ak So) Beress aampabitad e.4 afhumed to be 9,0, = Ne rwhile-the darnng erp effect of na cycle ak Soo Stes arnplitide, FT uts autumecl to be MDs = ON ¢, suwilarly, the Cyple ake oF damage Coured PyME Gyeler at Soc Brees ompbitude 8 NLOE= Ay Ne Failure £4 predicted hen ane doo of all weet gs become | or loony, gress & — eye Ss Sie. : : Seb ATS yaaa ante on) @) Contant amalitude Srvess Ne Na ‘block, fq ) S-Ni cuve “The {eltowiry relahion expresces the Linear damage we, peoposed by palm gsen and hater developed by miner: ZR + M+ m+ y =) Nyi Na Ne NA Sequerceand anheraction of events he influence on Life-tHoweer, Linear donge whe Lg roredatnese esheets but dit ues mop widely ured decade of vits SmpLAcihy and the {2ch that None of the pi hex proposed methecls achieves been agreement With date {rom roany ferent bedfNonbineess Damage Theosies: Thibmnedhed predicts Ane {pllowing relationship between dermage oor D: and cycle 1aK8 M/py = e » > -h) where. the exponent, f,ls.e funchion of toes A Pas considered 40 fall un ane range, Zero te igh Shess level - Heth Note nat when Pe! the me: arinen's THE ' Ane Use Of, ais netted ets shown um fig \2t@r- hich asa plot of damage had dnap verisut oiphit, rake for tbo stress slevels, bere 5,785. fp 4@) shoud & dow -high sheers Riedosy where. S> wrapped ff Ta Cycles and then Stress Sah applied for M, cycle {> AneValue Ny Azar veto faite © = eValue Ny AN are the difeslives to failve A oH cowospending 40S, BS. on SN cusve a Ne pote 0, OB ofcune 120) axe chemmaettel TB, py tr curkte 121). when Ae Stress Levef or OT ub changed, « Aronson 8 made 4o the ay\\\e Sy a A L damage Cuive Corvospondirg do the, Pee a Sho lasek Sr by plowing a honored §=— ge © Consdord Line. Thus procectuwe us Condi nied unit failuce at pseducted (D>1) Sf dhe Bares dlocks ave yeueseeel vin ff fea Aheve wht be an dncreare tothe total damage predicted on the dawnage plot C Hi] wd). Therefore Abid Method vineludes beth Bequence and sAsess Level of fect 94 fas ackawhack that Jhe family ef Stress eurver on +the damage ‘plo must be: developed expeounienssby fers given material Jeyel THe Value sept the value since Yad vs equal te 112 ©) Fiving o Aigh- dow:_Sycle Counhing + Te prckich Abe tie of tomponet sikjected 40. Voriabie dood fiison Jt es necelieny 40 reduce the compley “history endo amber of venta which &an be comparecl te the available conan omptivude ait. This procers of Teduclog comply Looe! Reaiory ante a pemmban of Constants arnpbiude events envolves pohat ar termed ad “ogee counking Gasic forique iboodiny farameten:- fase oe Pe K fees A corms ba ~ vattey, “Reversal ‘egeomatuie nehisg> Pr ahgue daatiog Jonding a which all of the TEAK doads are cqualiand all ofthe. valley loads are. equal Cyle Smfparque doadeng under constand ayn plitude Loong , Abe dead variation {row Abe. nfnimnum +o 4he maxTmum and Aen to the arin hood Meanerossing—> Io dptrgue, Loading ae rumben of dimes amet the sloe-tin i) CROSSES the mean ood Revel widh a pasitive. Shop dissing. given dengiy of the history mean dtosd > Pm= Fetes onfin z Peak.—aSmfatyue loading the fink at Whichhe first de ruative { she nad «Lime htatony chan ges from 9 pasivee 9 négehive. Sgr Aine poand of maximum load vn A>Const amplitude, Bea . Reversals Ie fabgve douding ane point at Whichthe first derivative ofthe. load -time. history changessign- Valley» 30 fatigue. cLoeching Ahe-foink atwhichthe first deriverkve ofthe od dime. history changer from 9 eee A Abe -pank ef minurumn: Load sin Cont loud alge .‘LUyehte. Counting, Veoceaurt.” Eeasily tounting Aeckwayae fe Level-crossing counticg 2 Rea Coursey 3. Siungle> Yang Courrhieg level crossing Counting = 4 Spats procedure the Brain arts of the a sprain Kime plot Ja divided Jndo a Stnie| purnber of Enerement& A counk ta then recorded Gach kime a positive sloped ortion ofthe Brvatn fustory CORA ay dnciement Aocated above the ceferente Bheato pense Se Gimilasly reach tiene o negatvdy slopecl postion of Ane drain Ruston ascett evecehh cusses ao vincrement decated! beloto the vefevente Strat a count US made. In addition, crossings al the reference Staln bya osisvely Sloped faction of he Strain Risers ave also Counted once, the Counts are determined Ahey must be Combined 4o form, Corapleded cycles The mest damaging combinak on of Counts, from {edie pink of view th obonec by fist fotny the davgest . {possible Cycle: Next be daxjest eycle, possible, uta shee fed by wing are ematntng Count available ona so om, untill atl Count hasbeen uredlYak Cow sasin | * teak | Users The {peat counting method Aye aye \ asbased on the Lidenificatin — 7 ahh of Socal rnedimom ome) minimus = me 12 iy ghraivelues "To begaenvthe Pe 4 “My “givain ma, diniaed Sito a2 Zslo ca cumnben Of, anesemneds « fre hesitionsof all doeat pmvascivrers (peared SHEL oie Values above the ference iphreuin ae tabulate asere > “ine. esissona of all Socal = wrinimumnCyalleg) Shel valua* belous the vefertnee Brain, As with the Level « troeging qnethedjence Counts have. been sblained, they must be combined jo-form Complete Cycles vin ordes, do eolgers & Ypdiquecanalyais: he rast anmging, Rasta nto teens Kigue, ab obtained by frst cummbining the Loxges’ speak with sine Dasgest valley The Second Larges! Cycle at then formes by connting CombiningAne Aargest peak. and vally of the rematry Couns, tx have been wreol, € aris peocess 4 continued until all cou: mpl coun woth ahis method Savain ronge behseen guceessive, yeversals Js retarded. Sp dedeceringng, Counts v4, both Hosisine vorger Cualleys followed by peaks and reqatve conger peak follow’ ng by valleys) ase dccludel, ach vane bs Considered Aofpem one half cycle Of Just positive ox negative vangesare recorded each IB considered-to fpr one full eyclea v each “nye, WS often Yecorded: When mem vale th vecurd ed : J wih vecurdedd yanks Cycle Counting. rpcedare us tnen calked dhe simple - rangermean ceuntirg-metfiod, Sequence. efiects- ALL Abree of the cxyele courectingy mebhodideseribed above. rake, no, considerction of the orden dn which cyclesareappiel cpus ro the renisgoswelhonship behosen SHS anal Bway Chlaakic, maetun pehaviow) Hre der sn which eydes ore apatied hase Signifiont effect fen ae, AbesS- Absain veazore’ ofa material +0 applied Jondiy € € Time f “Thine, in History B o, ristory B) 4 @ }— ay wb) “€ Figt) L ce wesgorte A ce wsponceb Feeoxanngle Consider Are Hoo shay Smo IH yor dine To cequerce effects +Hese Shain ime, hustories will gtd very défterent Brress- Grain FeSPONCed Qn the Caseof history fey Ahe C¢Curene ofa corn pressive, overload dmenediater preceding sheapplication of the gynallon sain Cypleaesults dn the development of ferbile ween frvessed> for hiBtory Bethe occusence of a tensile overload imncdiatty preceding the application of the smalley strain cycles esults cin the, development ay Aeanite racerrAtress Gowpressive mean gitess. Since mean preecseb have, 2 Significiert |ebgect onthe, fobgue Lite 9 material these +wo Ssain Aasdovies would expesdence very aif} erent irThus Bequence ef feck reeds Gheutdde conbidexed vin fabgue Jife +predichions.The {itst step Mn UID ps we THM presen ime history, otha abe dime anus ots oniendteed cart: One coutd now dmagin 4 pagoda Coops”, CycleRarethe wed 40 “dip” or Holt" ain -Hme history us Srsain Value of xin the Réstory Roionf ow Counting - yado dxaoate, Shain rh eenereasing dime down! vernealhy, we anak the Strain History pam « ube © defined by The manaen uly which rain da allo door Ane ef 4. To aleminaie, the countiog of hats cycles, the 2 drawn se ato tegaier begin and ‘ond atthe greatest magnitude: Cp flores rein 2 Ut ad each Brest, sreverset gn amaliowed fo continue te Joo unlext fe) Tre rain began ok 6 Lovet wari {point (peat and fash opps @ dotal maximure pankyater han heck fer which ut eames Came (by The rain beganat 4 Socal tay 1 minimum potnt cy alley) amet fpiscppasie ‘aq dovad minimum point q rater ognitee Shan Aha foro wohich wk Game dan 1 unkos & previous THY Nowe os ae ‘ Loadthess o¢ Shain ere we Le) Expengt! SeAQUHO, H shuld be note) =e — Arad every bat of the ood hestory ts ew Leow corned only once + The counter lf gels aleoarys occured aie sh equal magnitede, vesubting gully cycles. Bhevesubting xonge ard men Valucsave eM a e a \ A a {ae e pF as “83 a ene Ho 5 SS 2 16 -v a * tO * o) Far 2 5 hee. Fy i6The we of Aba aio io method of cycle courting a un veCogng ing, closed Ayrteresis Loops ats Cleasly geen Upon oxennt nation ofthe Sress-SAvein scedporce, of abe material from jhe given Shan stort: Fig 19 @) showeS the Strain sees a responce for ADE cuent examnple Stree “ spank h representing, degest shicin Magnitide an abe quen hastorg pin a Stress- shat Plot a wail be Rocedea ab Ihe dip ofa’hysteress Loop: furthermore, all Joadieg. from “hs / faink on will follow athe hysteresis / Quwve THs 2h Shelondo OoEUKE as OE caoved from oink Ao point B. After veachiry Pe cagy ont B aes a shen decrenseal Te Moatewal shess -stratavetpone Jo pointe, following. a Fath defined Oy th oer Given Stvain history. huysreresto Joop Shape. Upon reloading afters reaching. point P; she analevial continues -o pod Dalong the hysteralt path sha ctr free spont fy atshough event Cycle 6-e had meven occured, GS AHA behavior of the Thatekial of Yremembarng" ibs prior Mate of deformaion 4 Known as material memory, Sn Current exarrple, material memory us alk? wecogniged aA occuring at point & and G. Snape aurrent exarnple four avercts resem bling Corsi amplitude behavior ave Yecogniged These events, AD, 8-6) EF, and GrH, otcme as clasedd hysh eves doops. Rach Having JtSown strat vange, and neq grvess Value, Note Ahead these hysreresis Loops Comespund othe cylese obiainecl from the falaflow Count,