1st semester

CALAMBA DOCTORS’ COLLEGE

AY 2022 - 23

Immunology & Serology-2022

Definition of terms.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome- A life threatening disease caused by a virus & characterized by
breakdown of body’s immune system
Agammaglobulinemia- An almost total lack of immunoglobulins, or antibodies.
Allergen- any substance that causes allergy
Allergy- An inappropriate & harmful response of the body’s immune system to normally harmless
substance.
Anaphylactic shock- A life-threatening allergic reaction characterized by swelling of body tissues
including the throat, difficulty in breathing, and sudden fall in blood pressure.
Antibody- A soluble protein molecule produced and secreted by B-cells in response to an antigen which
is capable of binding to that specific antigen.
Antigen- any substance that, when introduced to the body, is recognized by the immune system.
Antigen-presenting cells- B-cells, cells of the monocyte lineage (including macrophages and dendritic
cells), and various other body cells that “present” antigen in a form that T cells can recognize.
Antinuclear antibody (ANA)- An autoantibody directed against a substance in the cell’s nucleus.
Antiserum- Serum that contains antibodies
Antitoxins- antibodies that interlock with and inactive toxins produce by certain bacteria
Appendix- Lymphoid organ in the intestine
Attenuated- Weakened; no longer infectious
Autoantibody- An antibody that reacts against person’s own tissue
Autoimmune disease- A disease that results when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s
own tissue. Rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus are autoimmune disease
Basophil- a white blood cell that contributes to inflammatory reactions. Along with mast cells, basophil
are responsible for the symptoms of allergy
B cells- Small white cells crucial to the immune defense. Also known as B lymphocytes, they are derived
from bone marrow and develop into plasma cells that are the source of antibodies.
Bone marrow- soft tissue located in cavities of the bones. The bone marrow the source of all blood cells
Chromosomes- Physical structures in the cell’s nucleus that the genes. Each human cell has 23 pair to
chromosomes
Complement- A complex series of blood proteins whose action “complements” the work of antibodies.
Complement destroys bacteria, produce inflammation, and regulates immune reactions.
Complement cascade- A precise sequence of events usually triggered by an antigen-antibody complex,
in which each component of the complement system is activated in turn.

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HYGINUS CHRISTIAN PAUL T. AGUILUZ
 1st semester
CALAMBA DOCTORS’ COLLEGE
AY 2022 - 23

Constant region- That part of an antibody’s structure that is characteristic for each antibody class.
Co-Stimulation- The delivery of a second signal from an antigen-presenting cell to a T cell. The second
signal rescues the activated T cell from anergy, allowing it to produce the lymphokines necessary for the
growth of additional T cells.
Cytokine- Powerful chemical substances secreted by cells. Cytokines include lymphokines produced by
lymphocytes and monokines produced by monocytes and macrophages
Cytotoxins T cells- A subset of T lymphocytes that can kill body cells infected by viruses or transformed
by cancer
Dendritic cells- White blood cells found in the splean and other lymphoid organs. Dendritic cells typically
use threadlike tentacles to enmesh antigen, which they present to T cells.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- Nucleic acid that is found in the ceil nucleus and that is the carrier of
genetic information
Enzyme- A protein produced by living cells, that promotes the chemical process of life without itself
being altered.
Eosinophil- A white blood cell that contains granules filled with chemical damaging to parasites, and
enzymes that damp down inflammatory reactions
Epitone- A unique shape or maker carried on an antigen’s surface, which triggers a corresponding
antibody response.
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)- A life-threatening reaction in which transplanted immunocompetent
cells attack the tissues of the recipient.
Granulocytes- White blood cells filled with granules containing potent chemicals that allow the cells to
digest microorganisms, or to produce inflammatory reactions. Neutrophils, eosinophil, and basophils are
examples of granulocytes.
Helper T cells- A subset to T cells that typically carry the T4 marker and are essential for tuming on
antibody production, activating cytotoxin T cells, and initiating many other immune responses
Hematopoiesis- The information and development of blood cells, usually takes place in the bone marrow
Histocompatibility testing- A method of matching the self antigens (HLA) on the tissue of a transplant
donor with those of the recipient. The closer the match, the better the chance that the transplant will
take
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)- The virus that causes AIDS
Human leukocyte antigens (HLA)-Protein in markers of self used histocompatibility testing. Some HLA
types also correiate with certain autoimmune deseases
Hybridoma- A hybrid cells created by fusing a B lymphocyte will a long-lived neoplastic plasma cell, or a
T lymphocyte with a lymphoma cell. A B-cell hybridoma secretes a single specific antibody.
Hypogammaglobulinemia- Abnormally low levels of immunoglobulins.
Idiotypes-The unique and characteristics parts of an antibody’s variable region, which can themselves
serve as antigens .

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HYGINUS CHRISTIAN PAUL T. AGUILUZ
 1st semester
CALAMBA DOCTORS’ COLLEGE
AY 2022 - 23

Immune complex- A clusters of interlocking antigens and antibodies

Immunoassay- A test using antibodies to identify and the quantify substances. Often the antibody is
linked to marker such as a fluorescent molecule, a radioactive molecule, or an enzyme
Immunocompetent- Capable of developing an immune response
Immunoglobulins- A family of large protein molecules, also known as antibodies.
Immunosuppression- reduction of the immune responses, for instance by giving drugs to prevent
transplant rejection
Immunotoxin- A monoclonal antibody linked to a natural toxin, a toxin drug, or a radioactive substance
Inflammatory response- Redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and loss of function produce in response to
infection, as the result of increased flood flow and an influx of immune cells and secretions.
Interleukins- A major group of lymphokines and monokines.
Langerhans cells- Dendritic cells in the skin that pick up antigen and transport it to lymph node
Leukocytes- all white blood cells
Lymph- a transparent, slightly yellow fluid that carries lymphocytes, bathes the body tissue, and drains
into the lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic vessels- A bodywide network of channels, similar to the blood vessels, which transport lymph
to the immune organs and into the bloodstream
Lymph nodes- Small bean-shaped organs of the immune system, distributed widely throughout the body
and the linked by lymphatic vessels. Lymph nodes are garrisons of B, T, and other immune cells
Lymphocytes- Small white blood cells produced in the lymphoid organs paramount in the immune
defense
Lymphoid organs- The organs of the immune system, where lymphocytes develop and congregate. They
include the bone marrow, thymus nodes, spleen, and various other cluster of lymphoid tissue, the blood
vessel and lymphatic vessels can also be considered lymphoid organs
Lymphokines- Powerful chemicals substances secreted by lymphocytes. These soluble molecules help
direct and regulate the immune responses
Macrophage- A larger and versatile immune cell that acts as a microbe-devouring phagocyte, an
antigen-presenting cell, and an important source of immune secretions
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)- A group of genes that controls several aspects of the immune
response. MHC genes code for self markers on all body cell
Mast cell- A granule-containing cell found in tissue. The contents of mast cells, along with those of
basophils, are responsible for the symptoms of allergy.
Monoclonal antibodies- Antibodies produced by a single cell or its identical progeny, specific for a given
antigen. as a tool for binding to specific protein molecules, monoclonal antibodies are invaluable in
research, medicine, and industry.
Monocyte- a large phagocytic white blood cell which, when it enters tissue, develops into a macrophage

Prepared by: 3
HYGINUS CHRISTIAN PAUL T. AGUILUZ
 1st semester
CALAMBA DOCTORS’ COLLEGE
AY 2022 - 23

Monokines- Powerful chemical substance secreted by monocytes and macrophages. These soluble
molecules help direct and regulate the immune responses.
Natural kiler (NK) cells- Large granule-filled lymphocytes that take on tumors cells and infected body
cells. They are known as “natural” killers because they attack without first having to recognize specific
antigens
Neutrophil- A white blood cell that is an abundant and important phagocyte
Nucleic acids- Large, natural occurring molecules composed of chemical blocks known as nucleotides.
There are two kinds of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA
OKT3- A monoclonal antibody that targets mature T cells
Opsonize- To coat an organism with antibodies or a complement protein so to make it palatable to
phagocytes
Organism- An individual living thing
Peyer’s patches- A collection of lymphoid tissues in the intestinal tract
Phagocytes- large white blood cells that contribute to the immune defenses by ingesting microbes or
other cells and foreign particles
Plasma cells- Large antibody-producing cells that develop from B cells
Platelets- Granule-containing cellular fragments critical for blood clotting and sealing of wounds.
Platelets also contribute to the immune response
Polymorphs- short for polymorphonuclear leukocytes or granulocytes
Proteins- Organic compounds made up of amino acid. Protein are one of the major constituents
Protozoa- A group of one-celled animals, a few of which cause human disease (including malaria and
sleeping sickness)
Rheumatoid tactor- An autoantibody found in the serum of most persons with rheumatoid arthritis
RNA (ribonucleic acid)- A nucleic acid that is found in the cytoplasm and also in the nucleus of some
cells. One function of RNA is to direct the synthesis of proteins
Serum- The clear liquid that separates from the blood when it is allowed to clot. This fluid retains any
antibodies that were present in the whole blood
Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)- A life-threatening condition in which infants are
born lacking major immune defense
Spleen- A lymphoid organ in the abdominal cavity that is an important center for system activities
Stem cells- Geils from which all blood cells derivive. The bone marrow is rich in stem cells.
Subunit vaccine- a vaccine that uses merely one component of an infectious agent, rather than the
whole to simulate an immune response
Super antigen- a class of antigens, including certain bacterial toxins, that unleash a massive and
damaging immune response.

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HYGINUS CHRISTIAN PAUL T. AGUILUZ
 1st semester
CALAMBA DOCTORS’ COLLEGE
AY 2022 - 23

Suppressor T cells- A subset of T cells that turn off antibody production and other immune responses
T cells- Small white blood cells that orchestrate and/or directly participate in the immune defenses. Also
known as T lymphocytes, they are processed in the thymus and secrete lymphokines
Thymus- A ordinary lymphoid organ, high in the chest, where T lymphocytes proliferate and mature
TIL- Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. These immune cells are extracted from the tumor tissue, treated in
laboratory, and reinjected into the cancer patient
Tissue typing- See histocompatibility testing
Tolerance- A state of nonresponsiveness to a particular antigen or group of antigens
Topsis and adenoids- Prominent oval masses of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat
Toxins- Agent produced by plants and bacteria, normally very damaging to mammalian cells, that can be
delivered directly to target cells by linking them to monoclonal antibodies or lymphokines
Vaccine- A substance that contains antigenic components from an infectious organism. By simulating an
immune response (but not disease), it protects against subquent infection by that organism

Immunology
● Study of the reactions of a host when foreign substance are introduced to the body
● Study of all aspects of body defenses, such as antigens and antibodies, allergy & hypersensitivity
NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (Turgeon)
YEAR SCIENTIST RESEARCH
1901 Emil Behring Serum antitoxins
1905 Robert Koch Cellular immunity in TB
1908 Elie Metchnikoff Phagocytosis
Paul Ehrlich Immunity
1913 Charles Richet Anaphylaxis
1919 Jules Bordet Complement
1930 Karl Landsteiner Human blood group antigens
1960 Macfarlane Burnet, Peter Medawar Discovery of immunologic
tolerance
1972 Gerald Edelman, Rodney Porter Structure of antibodies
1977 Rosalyn Yalow Radioimmunoassay
1980 George Snell, Jean Dausset, Baruj Benaceraf Major histocompatibility
complex

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HYGINUS CHRISTIAN PAUL T. AGUILUZ
 1st semester
CALAMBA DOCTORS’ COLLEGE
AY 2022 - 23

1984 Niels Jernem Immunoregulation

Georges Koehler, Cesar Milstein Monoclonal antibody
1987 Susumu Tonegawa Antibody diversity
1991 Edward Donnall Thomas, Joshep Murray Transplantation
1996 Peter Doherty, Rolf Zinkernagel Cytotoxic T cell recognition of
virally infected cells
2008 Francoise Barre-Sinoussi, Luc Montagnier Human immunodeficiency
virus
Date Scientist(s) Discovery
1798 Jenner Smallpox vaccination
1862 Haeckel Phagocytosis
1880-1881 Pasteur Live, attenuated chicken cholera
and anthrax vaccine
1883-1905 Metchnikoff Cellular theory of immunity
propoaad
1885 Pasteur Therapeutic vaccination First
report of liva “attenuated”
vaccine for rabies
1890 Von Bahring Kiatasata Humoral theory of immunity
proposed
1891 Koch Demonstration of cutaneous
(delayed-type) hypersensitivity
1900 Ehrlich Antibody formation theory
1902 Portier, Richet Immediate-hypersensitivity
anaphylaxis
1903 Arthus Arthus reaction of intermediate
hypersensitivity
1938 Marrack Hypothesis of antigen-antibody
binding
1944 Hypothesis of allograft rejection
1949 Salk, Sabin Development of polio vaccines
1951 Reed Vaccine against yellow fever
1953 Graft-versus-host reaction

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HYGINUS CHRISTIAN PAUL T. AGUILUZ
 1st semester
CALAMBA DOCTORS’ COLLEGE
AY 2022 - 23

1957 Burnet Clonel selection theory

1957 Interferon
1958-1962 Human leukocyte antigens
(HLAs)
1964-1968 T-call and b-call cooperation in
immune responce
1972 Identification of antibody
molecule
1975 Köhler First monoclonal antibodies
1985-1987 Identification og genes for T-cell
receptor
1986 Monoclonal hepatitis B vaccine
1986 Mosmann Th1 versus Th2 model of T
helper call function
1996-1998 Identification of toll-like
receptors
2001 FOXP3, the gene directing
regulatory T cell development
2005 Frazer Development of human
papillomavirus vaccine

Historical Perspectives (Stanley)

1798 Edward Jenner, an English countryside physician demonstrated that protection
from cowpox could be generated by the transfer of postural material from
cowpox lesion instead of the more hazardous smallpox lesion
1880 Louis Pasteur demonstrated that injection of killed microbes provided protection
upon subsequent exposure to live counterpart
1888 Eli Metchnikoff demonstrated that certain blood cells ingest foreign material
1894 Jules Bordet discovered complement
1897 Robert Kaus discovered precipitins
1901 Emil von Behring had the distinction of being awarded as the first
immunology-related Nobel Prize for his works on serum therapy
1984 Discovery of the T cell receptor gene

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HYGINUS CHRISTIAN PAUL T. AGUILUZ
 1st semester
CALAMBA DOCTORS’ COLLEGE
AY 2022 - 23

1987 Susumu Tonegawa was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the genetic
principles underlying the generation of antibodies with different specificities.

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HYGINUS CHRISTIAN PAUL T. AGUILUZ