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Annak a nyelvtanulénak, aki a tanuléssa fottte hosed Grek utan iéltanérezhet gy, hogy a legtobb éethelyzetben immar szdban és ésban egyarént jl mega a he- yet 6s ware kimondhatja: Jl tudok angoll’ Ez nagy eredmény! Ugyanakkor most kead el csakigazin {egy Kinyy olvasésakor~ vagy amikor egy) flmet néz~ szrevenni,smagaisalkalmaniazokatastlusbell, ‘inomsagokat, a nyevkfelezés apro drnyalatal,amelyek az igazin magassaintdnyelvtudstellemzik U) kapukes mégottak gj tvlatokryinak meg! ‘AzEuroexam C1 szint visgija arr ad lehet6séget a nyelvtanulénak hogy ezta magas szintdtudst meg- a a: ao“ OOOO Oo s °° OOoOoCooooo » OOF Joood > Oooo ooooo al * DIOL 1Oooo IOOooo rites How to Protect Your Eyes from the Computer vanoue Hours spen staring at computer screen can put serious strain on our eyes partly because of ‘he blue light emitted by mast deviees. While n a way iis 0 natural Kind of ght because the sun also emits it the fat that we spend on average eight hours a day staring Into Ie makes ‘dangerous. However, you reduce the so-called “colour temperature’ of your display, you an decrease the amount of blue light emitted by your monitor. 1 Youmight also decide to get an app ora programme to automatically switch to night mode {or you, bth on your phone and your computer. Doing so will give your screen a warmer ~~ hue and create a more comfortable experience. The programme called flux isa terrfle ‘option as itis free, and installing iton your devices will provide a seamless transition from ‘morning to evening. [Nothing substitutes reminding yourself to take regular breaks, ofcourse, Obeying the famous 20-20-20 rule for example will do alot for your eyes estates that after every 20 ‘minutes on the computer, you should look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds. This ‘will not only alleviate eye strain but reduce stress in general. Don’ forget to monitor that your children ae also pausing and doing the exereise every 20 minutes as wel! One of the sure-fire symptoms of staring too Intensely at a computer without such “Intentional stops is that our eyes might dry out. The reason fr this is that when we use a computer, wetend to close them much less, often because we re transfixed by our work or studles. Blinking regularly usually helps keep the eyes moisturised and prevent irritation, but ifyou fee it's not enough, you can also ask your eye doctor about artifical tars. ‘You might also want to consider wearing some sort of special eyewear to fend off the harmful effects oflooking ata screen fo too long. Luckily there are numerous inexpensive ‘options that offer protection agalnst blue-light while including an antl-reflecting coating too. What you want Isto minimise any glare, and such ‘AR’ (ant-reflectve) lenses, which do just that 5 Itisalsoimportantto position your screen correctly You needto make sure you arelooking. Atyour device not only from the correct distance but from the proper postin. Its best to hhave your eyes looking either straight ahead or slightly dowwatds, about 60 centimetres (orabout arm's length) away from the screen. © Using proper natural lighting Is crucial when it comes to eye health. Not many people realise tis, buteye trai s often caused by excessively bright light from outdoor sunlight coming in through 2 window. When using a computer, therefore, one's ambient lighting should be about halfas bright as typically found in most offices. Maxima score: eacrice vest SER‘completed this taskin rintes Task Two: Extended Text (20 minutes) ~ Questions 7-14 ‘You will ead a text about witch-hunts inthe past and present. + Below are 4 questions about he text + ach ase requires several pieces of infrmation. + Answer each question with FEW words possible You do not need to write ull entences. + You canopy fom the ate, but do net write more than 15 words for each pice of information, Questions: What are some of the supematural sil which have historically been attributed o witches, based on thetext? Inthe two counties mentioned in the text where witch-hunting was signiicantin the 16 and 17" ‘centuries, which cies had witch trials and when? Why are women often labelled witches in Indi? what are the two periods mentioned inthe text when modern witch-hunts occurred in Tanzania, and how many victims di they have? {Maximum sore 8 Witch-Hunts Then and Now ‘Witch-Hunts: A Historical Overview A witeh-hunt isa search for individuals who have been labelled witches or a search for fevidence of witchcraft, The classical period ‘of witch-hunts in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America took place between about 1450 to 1750, spanning the upheavals of the Reformation, and resulting in thousands of ‘executions. Witches were believed to ride ‘through the alr at night to secret meetings and change shape from human to animal, among ‘many other magical abilities. Witeh-hunts have varied enormously in place and in time, butare ‘united by a common and coherent theological and legal world view. Local priests and judges, seldom experts In elther theology or law of course, had nonetheless formed part of a culture that believed in the existence of witches as much as most people believe in the reality of molecules or gravity today. What many people do not realise today, however, is that in various regions of the world, such as Sub-Saharan ‘Aria, South-Central Asia, Nepal, Papua New= Guinea and Saudi Arabia, there is stil official legislation against witcheraft. Besides the literal meaning, in current language the term ‘witehshunt also means an investigation that 's usually conducted with much publicity, allegedly to uncover some sort of subversive activity or disloyalty, but withthe real purpose of intimidating ones political opponents. Witeh-Hunts in the Past Witch-hunting had its heyday in the Middle Ages with the peak of the trials between 1560 and 1630, mostly in Europe, during Which time the largest number of fatalities seems to have occurred. Witch trials are foften associated with religions persecuting suspicious individuals, but concerning which religion and where varies widely. For example, {in Catholic Spain and Portugal there were not somany reported cases because the Inquisition preferred to focus on the crime ofheresy rather ‘than witeheraft, while Protestant Scotland had an intense witch-hunting period, In 1590, the North Berwick witch tals were of particular note as the King, James VI, became involved {in them as well He had developed a fear that witehes planned to kill him after he was ‘aught in storms while traveling to Denmark in order to claim his bride, Anne, earlier that year. Returning to Scotland, the King heard of trials that were occurring in North Berwick, and set up royal commissions to hunt down Witches in his realm, and ordered the suspects tobe brought to im. In 1597 he even wrote a book about the menace that witches posed to society, entitled ‘Daemonologie. Similarly, the ‘mass witch trials which took place in waves between the 1560s and the 1620s In Germany were infamous across Europe and resulted in hundreds of executions of ll genders, ages and classes, They included the Trier witeh trials in 1581-1598, the Fulda witch rials from 1603 to 1606, the Wiraburg witch trial (1626-1631), and the Bamberg witch trials (1626-1631). The more remote parts of Europe, as well as North ‘America were reached by the witch pani only later on in the 17° century and with much less fervour, with the Swedish Torsaker witch trials and, somewhat later, in 1692, the Salem witeh in New England, ‘Modern Cases ‘When we tale about witeh-hunts we tend to assume they are a thing ofthe past, but this is not the case, unfortunately. Witeh-hunts stl ‘cur today in societies where belle in magic s prevalent, Witcheraft is stil legally punishable by death in Saudi Arabia. No wonder, then, that witeh-hunts are continuously reported by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees of the United Nations as @ massive Violation of human rights. In most places the accused are women and children but can also be elderly people or other such marginalised ‘groups of a community, such as albinos. ‘These people are considered a burden to the ‘community for one reason ~ often made-up ‘or imaginary - or another, and are driven out, racnee rest ERSa CWT a however, labeling a women a witch 1s a common trick to grab land or settle any Interpersonal grievances. In the majority of ‘cates it is dificult for the accused to reach ‘out for help and most cases are not even ‘documented because itis dificult for poor land illiterate women to travel from isolated ‘egions toile police report. Besides the sual suspects of poverty, epidemics, social crises and a general lack of education responsible for most human misery, economic Jealousy sometimes also plays a part. For example, in Papua New Guinea in June 2013, foar women were accused of witchcraft becaise their family hada “permanent house" made of wood, \tsmembers had atertiary-level education and they hada higher socal standing ‘An Unexpected Turn of Events ‘Those accused of witchcraft have naw found 3 perhaps unlikely ally n their fight for Justice: the Catholic Church. More specifically 1 is the Missionary Society Mission, part of the slobal Pontifical Mission Societies under the Jurisdiction ofthe Pope that declared August 410 as World Day against Witch Huns, stating that in atleast 36 nations around the world, people continue to be persecuted as itches to "hisday. While the Catholic Church encouraged HE Pecrice rest witehchunts in Europe from the 154 to the 438° century tis now actively trying to stop them, perhaps partly because of a sense of historical obligation. The historian Wolfgang Behringer, 2 professor of early modern history at Saarland. University in. Saarbricken in Germany is well-versed in the history of the belie in witchcraft and he claims that in the 20% century alone, more people accused of witcheraft were murdered than during the three centuries when witeh-hunts were still practised in Europe. He bases his laim on the figures n places such as Tanzania, for example, ‘hich are now also being published by human. ‘ights organisations and where the victims of witcheraferelated killings number in the tens of thousands. For example, between 1960 and. 2000 alone about 40,000 people accused of practising witchcraft were murdered In the country, while according to even more recent data, more than 3,000 were killed by lynch ‘mobs between 2005 and 2011. While there are nolawsagainstwitcheraftassuchin Tanzanian law, village tribunals often decide about the fate ofthe accused, and due to the collective decision-making behind these tribunals, these cases are far from being arbitrary or isolated. Iecan therfore be concluded that witch-hunts are nota historical phenomenon but a burning humanitarian issue that still awaits to be tackled today. ‘completed this taskin inte Task Three: Multiple-Choice Reading (20 minutes) ~ Questions 15-20 Read the following two texts about being self-taught. + Answer the questions that follow ech text + Place aX inthe appropriate box after Tec To, ‘Text One: Being an Autodidact Being an ‘autodidact’ means getting yourself an education without the formal supervision and external structure often provided by schools and other institutions, Learners who opt fr this, way of studying have alot of freedom and they tend to choose the parameters of thelr learning for themselves, including the subjects they want to study, the material, the time and the speed, ‘Autodidacts may or may nothave formal education as well, thats to say thelr study may be ether Justa complement ora complete, comprehensive alternative to a formal education. Many notable contributions in multiple fields have been made by autodidacts, and there are a few common, features that characterize these’‘successful autodldacts First and foremost, tis clear that irrespective of thelr actual leds, they all sem to leverage their own experience somehow. They manage to organically incorporate what is happening to them into the general arch of theirlves, studies and careers, instead ofjust enduring any hardship Along the way tosome'other more gener goal-Ils as ifthey were more attuned to lifethan most land were flexibly turning their attention and talent to solving problems they themselves had at Some point orto themes that interest them, ‘What Keeps them agile meanwhile tends to be thelr propensity for what I call “just in time learning’. This means that they do not get bogged down trying to prepare for an imaginary personal or collective future but focus on acquiring any necessary new skills in more of an on demand” fashion, depending on what practical goal they happen to be working towards at any given moment, They know that the world is changing too fast today, 0 inorder to remain ‘competitive you typically ned to immediately process ay new information otherwise your feld Just moves on without you and you lose your opportunity | Perhaps not surprisingly, sucessful autodidacts are also more open-minded than your average learner. In fact, this kind of freshness about the way they see the world and thelr leds within it is exactly why they get selected in thei industries sometimes, The world-famous primatologst Fane Goodall was fist selected to study primates by her supervisor, anthropologist Lous Leaky precisely because of her lack of formal training, His line of thought was that thls way academic >las would not influence her research findings. practice test TNSS] uc ‘Text Two: Here's What I Got Wrong About Teaching Myself Stuff So, everybody Is talking about the importance of teaching yourself things nowadays. But what ‘doesnt get mentioned much Is that people who attempr this often fall because they don't organise ‘themselves properly. What do | mea by this? Alt of tings, and on multiple levels. (One is the mundane, technical sk of chunking your own learning into smaller, manageable sections, Benjamin Franklin style. The Founding Father knew not only how to identity what skills or “virtues” a he called them ~ he wanted to acquire, but how to dedicate his atention only tw the task in front of him, instead of thinking too much about the bigger goal ahead. This is key {or seltlearners, who seem to dislte linear choreographies and therefore may take too many liberties and get lost. SelFteaching s freer than traditional schooling, yes, but it doesnt mean you can be totaly undisciplined. Even ifyou're learning outsde of an institutional setting you'll Ihave to put in the work ta got to knew your discipline, That's only possible if you plan the steps, otherwise you get yourself confusedand demotivated. Having said that, I'm also a huge believer that you should be arrogant enough to believe that no matter how complex a subject, youl be able to cope with It Or as Bill Gates famously suggested "Dont get complexity top you", Thisis another eszental lesson | learnt on my autodidact journey. ‘That things will seem complicated and that that's @ good thing. It just means we dont live in the Middle Ages so explanations for phenomena in your led will in some cases probably seem Insanely complex or even impenetrable a first. But this shouldnt intimidate you. Embrace the ‘complexity and keep on bravely peeing the layers off of your chosen topic of interest at any one ‘And with that, we've arrived atthe greatest posible problem with an autodidact education: the lack ofa proper curriculum. Because while it's nice to use your own curiosity to create a learning plan of sorts as you go, to Keep asking the why behind things and see where your intellectual ‘explorations take you often arriving in adjacent subject areas ike you should, much of ths tends ‘tw be on what call "ideaclevel learning’. The benchmark for success Isnt whether you can keep upa conversation about your chose fed at a cocktail party, you also need deeper knowledge of the technical details ofthe field, Therefore, believe anysel-education attempt needs to defineits curriculum early on, which will serv as a map tothe territory and ensure that you dont get too lost during your explorations. ~ Oooo Questions for Task Three: Text One 15 According tothe author, sucessful autodidacts pay attention to.- [1 A. thelr own talents and weaknesses, [DB theevents in their own history [DC any possibilities for institutional learning. [1 D developments in other fields. 16 _‘Theauthor believes that justin time learning’ is erucial to help you.. 1A integrate new experiences into existing knowledge. 1B choose when you study. 1 C prepate for the future, 11D stayin the game. 17 According to the text, key advantage of not having a traditional education inthe job markets that it. 5A forces you to learn from your own experience. 5B allows you tobe chosen for unusual jobs. prevents the formation of certain limiting set belies. © D _helps you prediet the future of you field more accurately, Text Two 18 Theauthor uses the example of Benjamin Franklin to highlight the importance of. A paying attention to avoiding linear academic path [8 earning practical skills outside of traditional institutional settings. [2 € creatinga conscious study plan for yoursl. [2D _dentitying your virwes before making learning plan. 19 Theauthorbelieves that arrogance isa good thing because it. A makes you tackle dificult projects helps you stay motivated. C prevents you from getting lost. 1D intimidates others ata cocktail party. 20 The writer's intention is to convince the reader thatthe key to becoming a successful autodidactis to. follow the example of historical figures. adopt the teachings of historical periods Ignore any negative opinions. structure your learning properly oooo oooo one ‘Maxima sore practice rest ETI| completed hi kin ‘completed hii ae WRITING Tekacheemne Spun Tekan Seine overticr sn eee Sone : on ; 7 Gey Stone Task One: Sanmienoge mda Spans eee Semoncangsndacaney Spa Transactional Writing (30 minutes) “ssenaenicone fase Discursive Writing (30 minutes) ‘Satan cy ston ‘You tried to buy your groceries online bu there was a technical problem and you did not receive «nse Ohsthefoinng une 1208290 Nor sneeneehan one ion what you ordered, ite about 200 words. + Write an email of complaint the supemarketand describe what happened + Wite about 200 words ake sure you er toalthe points in your Notes. 1 Billions of peoples everyday routines changed significantiy withthe global pandemic. ‘Write an article fora national biog about wht you consider to be the biggest change people Aw rome {nour life had to adapt to, how it altered ther daily ives and why they are happy or unhappy ees, about the change San eateries oreo rien eee ete lt a a * seamless checkout process ond safe payment i ear ae soieimtness 2 You have lstened to a conversation online on your favourite podcast abouta social issue, and you eee rennet disagree with some of the points raised init. 1 Fal pot eon 247 al a potent Siirateaini sedges. eee \Wte anon comment which wl appear under the everson, ‘Supermarket by ordering your eth produce Give your opinion for or against the view expressed inthe material, and support your polnt. en Remember to structure your comment cleary and usea semi formal syle ‘3 "Where there's will, there isa way"-To what extent do you agree with this statement? Wiritean essay. Explain your points for and against and providea conclusion at the end. Make sure _you state your arguments n@ logical way. 7 Maan sor 30 7 Maximum score 30 GEMM rracrice rests pracrce vests ETIUE CT i — READING Task On Paragraph Headings (10 minutes) - Questions 1-6 ‘You will ead an article about the future of cies. ‘Match each paragraph tothe correct heading, + Place aX inthe appropriate box blow, + Thefestonehas been done or you + Therese two extra paragraph hesdngsthatyouDO NOT need ANEED FOR COMPREHENSIVE RESOLUTIONS INNOVATION AND CREATIVETY HUES NEW FORMS OF GOVERNANCE UTILITY MANAGEMENT: ATALLORDER [REASONABLY-PRICED ACCOMMODATION FOR ALL URGENT CLIMATE ACTION REQUIRED POVERTY: A COMPLEX URBAN ISSUE ‘TAKING CARE OF THE ELDERLY OurAND ABOUT 20 ‘Question Your Answer ol: Ge > a Rw owe DO OOOOOOD} + BoOoOoCooooO > Dooboooood * GoooooooO ‘ Boooogogoo > Donooocnoo * DoOobobo0boo} EEE reverie rest ite. ‘The Future of Cities exaypte_lelselear that ets at least as we know them are fst becoming unliveable places in many ‘ways. Urgent reforms of various types are needed, but to provide a safe and sustainable habit {for future populations i cao crucial that we learn to think beyond mere “soltioniem’. We ‘an no longer continue to focus on single problems atthe expense of other aspects, but instead Ihave to come up with more integrated solutions “The most insdemand cites have seen sharp increases in housing prices partly because of “the recent scale-up of foreign and corporat investments in residential urban property. ~~. Patternsofownership have been changing du tothe adventofshortterm rental platforms, "and prices are increasing much faster than local residents’ earings. All hese factors “contribute othe issue that in most lies theres currently not enough affordable housing _allabl, which willalso have to be tackled | While average ie expectancy will Keep Increasing in most places inthe word in some cites ~ especially in Europe ~ the overall population will also keep declining. This will puta strain on the welfare system because the growing costs of healthcare, pensions and cial benefits will need tobe covered by an ever smaller labour force. To cater to their sing populations, cies will have to adjust thee services in such areas as health areand socal policy, Besides the divide between generations, most cities wil also be forced to address the problem of the growing polarisation and social segregation in thelr most deprived ‘= elghbourhoods. Local governments will have to find creative ways to help the poorer parts ofa city catch up, which will require that multiple factors which come into pay will, hhave tobe taken into account, including the residents’ ethnic backgrounds, 14 Theway people get from point Ato Bin city wllalso have to be improved, When thinking bout mobility, the mostburning questions areto do with how we could reduce or eliminate ‘congestion, long commuting times and pollution. One way to achieve the required changes fs by decreasing the ownership of private vehicles in favour of efficient and connected public transport, as well as regulate the use of selfariving car. ‘The provision of such urban services as water, sewage and electricity will have to be reformedin numerous ways. Wehaveto start gradually shifting tomore efficient, co-usabe, + modular, personalised, reusable, sustainable, and data-driven methods when managing | these resources. These goals could be achieved, for example, by promoting compact urban | development and the mixed use of and 4 The environmental impact of cities is enormous, Cities generate approximately 70% of | all global greenhouse gas emissions and parallel to this are the most exposed to certain Aspects of changes In the weather, such as rising sea levels. Cities will ave to continue ‘working hard towards meeting, and where posible, even exceeding thelr green targets, ‘with support from regional and national governments, academia, civil society, and the private sector {Maximum scores6 eacrce vest? EZHcompleted thistaskin nutes Task Two: Extended Text (20 minutes) - Questions 7-14 You will ead a text about the history of aviation. ‘Below are questions abou the tex. + ach newer requ several pce of imation + Answer each question with as FEW wordas posible You do net need to wie ullsetences. + You canopy fom the atc, bu do nt write more than 15 words for each pce of infomation, Question: What rwo key scientific cscoveriesin the 18th century contributed tthe proliferation of balloons? ‘According tothe text, what two key inventions inthe 20” century were Invented in war? ‘cording othe author, what were the two main reasons forthe OC3's popularity? |What made the DC3 more comfortable for passengers than ealer passenger planes according to the text {Maximum scoe:8 EE revcriceresr2 Text: The History of Aviation Aviation Timeline ‘The history ofaviation spans across more than ‘two thousand years, If we take into account such early forms of aviation as attempts at tower-umping and kite-flying, which are ‘thought to be the eaiest examples of man made fight, and date back several hundred years BC in China. People seem to have always “Greamt of flying bu i tok humanity a while to gradually discover all the science needed ‘to make it happen. Leonardo da Vinci 159. century designs stil relied on poor science, ‘but by the 18% century, hydrogen gas had been iscovered, and ths led to the invention ofthe hydrogen balloon, parallel to the Montgotier brothers’ rediscovery ofthe hotairballoon and their first manned flights, Flying was starting to really “take off" because the new theories in ‘mechanies by physielsts during the time, such as Sir George Cayley’s modern aerodynamics, ‘based on fluid dynamics, and Newton's laws of ‘motion, made al his possible. Balloons ~ both free-lying and tethered ~ were starting to be used for military purposes from the end of the 18% century, Including during the French Revolution. Following this, experiments with sliders at the beginning of the 19% century Drovided the groundwork for heavier-than-alr craftas wel By the early 20* century, advances in engine technology and aerodynamics made controlled, powered flight possible, and on December 17, 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright rade their historic, 12-second flight at Kitty Faw, North Carolina effectively heralding the era of modern aviation. After this, the modern aeroplane with its characteristic tall was testablshed, and fom then on the history ofthe Aeroplane became tied to the development of Increasingly more powerful engines. Important Early Innovations ‘When the aviation industry started to come into being, the newly-founded airlines had to find a way to lure passengers away from the railways. To do this, they needed larger, faster And saer planes. Accidents scared people away, so aircraft manufacturers had todo something to respond to ths challenge, and respond they did. There were so many improvements to aircraft in the 1930s that this decade is often Considered the most innovative period in the history of aviation, Air-cooled engines replaced water-cooled. engines, which reduced the ‘weight ofa plane and made larger and faster planes possible. Cockpit instruments improved 00, including altimetes, airspeed indicators, rate-of-climb indicators and compasses. The introduction ofthe artificial horizon showed pilots the altitude of the aircraft relative to the ground, a crucial Invention to ease flying in reduced visibility. Another development ff enormous importance to aviation was the radio. The two new technologies were eveloping in lockstep as Marconi had just sent his first message across the Atlantic two years before the Wright Brothers’ first flight at Kitty Hawk, In the First World War, pilots started taking radios up inthe alr with them 0 that they could communicate with people back on the ground. The airlines followed their example afterwards as well, using radio to send weather information from the ground to the pllots so that they could avoid storms. Pertaps even more importantly, plots realised that radio could be used as ana to navigation when visibility was poor and visual navigation alds were not enough. The first air traffic ‘control tower was established in 1935 at what fs now Newark International Airport in New Jersey. Besides radio, another key technological development that was invented during war time was radar. By 1940, Britain had line of, transceivers ~ devices that are able both to transmit and receive information ~ along itsi LA OW east coast, set up to detect German alreraft ‘the moment they took off from the Continent. British eclentists also perfected the cathode ray. oscilloscope, which produced map-lke ‘outlines of surrounding countryside, showing ‘any aircraft as a pulsing light, and Americans ‘discovered how to distinguish between ‘enemy aireraft and allied planes by installing ‘transponders aboard. ‘The First Modern Airliners ‘The first modern passenger airlize was the Boeing 247 and it was unveiled in 1933. It accommodated. 10 passengers ard crulsed at about 250 kilometres per hour. featured fan insulated cabin that was intended to ‘reduce engine noise levels inside the plane. It also included such amenities as upholstered seats and 2 hot water heater to make flying more comfortable for passengers. Its main technological novelty were its. variable- pitch propeller, which reduced take-off fistances, increased the rate of climb, and boosted cruising speeds. The nest alreraft inthe line of passenger planes was the DC-1, ‘which incorporated Boeing's Innovations and Improved upon many of them. This plane had ‘a more powerful engine and accommodation for two. more passengers than the 247. Its airframe was designed so thatthe skin of the aieraft bore most of the strest of the plane during flight. This meant that there was no Interior skeleton of metal spars, which gave passengers more room, The DC also was fsasier to fly because it was equipped with ‘the first automatic pilot andthe first efficient ‘wing flaps, for added life during take-off. The plane that changed the word, however, was ts ‘descendant, the DC-3, introduced by American ‘Airlines in 1963. This was principally due to ‘two key factors. Firstly, twas the first alrerat to enable airlines to make money carrying passengers and had 50% greater passenger ‘capacity than the DC-2 (21 seats versus 14), Despite ths, it cost only 10%4 more to operate. Secondly, it was also considered a safer plane ‘because it was built of an aluminium alloy stronger than materials previously used in alteraft construction, Its engines were ‘more powerful (1,000 horsepower versus 710 horsepower for the DC2), and it could travel coast to coast in only 16 hours, which was regarded a fast rip atthe time. It used a hydraulic pump to lower and rase the landing gear, which freed plots from having to crank the gear up and dovn during take-off and landing, For greater passenger comfort, the ‘DC-3 had noise-deadening paste insulation IF this was not enough, however, it also featured seats set in rubber to minimise vibrations. It was a fantastically popular aeroplane, and it hhlped attract many new travellers to flying, effectively ushering in the era of large-scale passenger Mights completed this tskin inte Task Three: Multiple-Choice Reading (20 minutes) ~ Questions 15-20 Read the following two texts about the famous Latin American author Isabel Allende. + Answer the questions that follow each text + Place aX inthe appropiate box after Tet Two. ‘Text One: Isabel Allende: A Writer of Love Isabel Allende Is one of my favourite writers because I love how the theme of family somehow always intertwines wth the stories in her books. Infact, she conceived her first novel, The House ofthe Spirits, asa letter to her dying grandfather in Chile because she couldn't go back home to say goodbye. Eventually, he died without ever reading it, but Isabel kept on writing in her kitchen every night after work and, within ayear, the book was born "And itwoulda’tbe the last one she'd write about tragic los elther. She says that while The House ofthe Spirits was an attempt to recover the world she'd lost in exile ~ her grandfather, the rest. of her family, her home country and her past ~ Poula,a memoir about the death of her daughter, ‘was even harder to write I probably saved her life, however, because after her daughter passed ‘way, Isabel fell into a deep depression, Writing I reated a kindof contalner around the pain, And allowed her to compartmentalise what had happened in order for her to be able to reclaim the rest of her fe, beyond the book. When not writing t and processing her grief, she started to see through the pain and had more and more freedom to experience her husband's love or her arandchildren being born Perhaps the secrettoher artis her ability to feel comfortable when talking about her private life fn public. While she was writing Paul, het mother was worried, however, that she was exposing 00 much of her intimate life. To this she replied that she doesn't feel vulnerable because ofthe ‘ruth she tells, only because ofthe secrets she keeps. And indeed, at the core of Isabel Allende ‘work is this invitation to exchange stories and emotions by managing to seemingly effortlessly make her readers feel that her life isnt so different from anybody else's. "When I share, other people share with me’ she sa Her books have been translated into 40 languages and sold 75 million copies. When asked why she thinks her work resonates in so many different cultures, she says that while we focus on such differences as culture, gnder, language, nationality, or skin colour, we lose sight of the fact that people are actually very similar: Deep down we al fear thesame things, want the same things and have the same dreams, and a a result a story about any profoundly human topic, suchas aging that happens in San Francisco, wil resonate in Turkey 2s wel, acre vest? ETHte EUROEXAM Wize ‘Text Two: Feminism Throughout a Life ‘The Chilean American author Isabel Allende was already a feminist before she had even learnt the word. When she was only three years old, she witnessed her mother being abandoned with thelr three children, by her father and had to move back in with her father who also took control of he finances, Following the annulment of her marriage, Panchta- Isabel's mother ~ was also excommunicated by the church. Al this unfair disempowerment enraged Isabel and made her resent male authority so much that her mother decided to take her tothe doctor, believing she night be sick and have tapeworm Isabel was frustrated on her mather's behalf but also angry at her for refusing to stand up for herself Her mother’s reasoning was that you cannot change what God has made, and when she saw her daughter rally agains: these standards, she became worried that Isabel might be ‘banished by the community later, or worse, not beable to “catch” a husband and would remain a spinster. Seeing her mother a5 aici ke this made Isabel determined always to workto be able to supportherselt ‘Atte age of 25, Isabel co-founéed the feminist magazine Poul, to “channel that anger into action’, and wrote a series of columns on the patriarchy, but (twas only later, when her frst book, The House ofthe Spirits, becime a bestseller in 1962 that she was starting to be finally acknowledged as feminist voice ira male-dominated literary landscape ‘When asked about the word erinist, she expresses her understanding that some women do not want the label, fo which her retain has always been: "You don't ike the word dnt sei Change it It doesn't matter Just do the work ‘And by ‘the work’ she means helsing ather women, acknowledging one's privilege in terms of education, healthcare an technology the while being aware ofjusthow easly these things can Aisappear from one day tothe nex, and how they should therefore never be taken for granted. For example, she highlights the fact that “ina pandemic the ist people to lose their obs are the women”. They also tend tobe the ones who are stuck at home ralsing the children and assstng them with their online education Worse til, sometimes they are In situations in which there is an abuser in the house, and there are no resources available to help them in case they need it because everything i forked down. Questioning the status quo is always difficult, but Isabel Allende believes that things change and people have to adapt even fat thetime te alms may ‘seem exaggerated. MEE reverie rest Questions for Task Three: Text One 15 Abouther book Paula, Allende said that it. A saved her daughter's, 1B helped her mourning process. [1 caused her deep depression. [ D_ made her accepther grandfather’ death 16 Regarding secrets, Allende is convinced that they. A. areatthe centre of her writing, ‘make her feet too defenceless when telling story. demonstrate have different we ae fom one another Dooo cause more harm than telling the truth. 17 Allende believes the international popularity ofher work is due tothe fact that.. 5 A ourcommon humanity makes us relate tothe same topics. © 8 agingisa common subjectall over the world, 51 C theldea of keeping secrets frightens people everywhere. 51D every important fomale role appears in her books. Text Two 18 Isaber's mother took her to the doctor because she.. © A wanted to move to her father's © 8 hada dangerous disease 2 resisted going to church, © 0 behaved out of character. 19 According to the article, Isabel was angry. A. forbeinglabelieda spinster 8 _ather community in her twenties. [both about and with her mother DD about being discovered iat. 20 The writer's purpose inthis article isto explain... ‘A. why Allende had an unhappy childhood 8 what Allende did for her mother. © what experiences made Allende a feminist. Dhow Allende's writing carer took of, oooo ‘Maximum score:6 pracrice rest? ETI| | "completed tok a completed i tsa minus WRITING “Taskachievement S points Taskachievement ‘Spoints — im ioaae = = ines one feed Task One: ‘coheion Sains Task Two: Cconeson Spon rooney Edad Scrntiatmgeuancany Spot Transactional Writing (30minutes) selmi Ss Discursive Writing (30 minutes) ‘Steen pom ‘You ead an advertisement about Chinese teacher waning couse an decided to apply. ee ee + Write an email of aplication to the language school and ask them some questions about the couse + White about 200 words. + White about 200 words Make sure yourefrtoallthe points in your Notes. 11 You read a blog entry in which the author stated that, in thelr opinion, a woman should always ‘try tobe best riends with her mother-in-law. ‘Writean online comment which wil appear under the article. Give your opinion for oF against the view expressed inthe original text, and support your point. Remember to structure your comment cleary and use a semiformal syle Online Chinese TeocherTsining Course ot The ine ‘Geeo! Wall Language Schoo! + upo-dote methodology + oceredied rains + 100% ontine! «+ Cleeve Chinese required + some pir leeching experience sel + Sond us your bi bio sting hore you lsort Chinese prior teaching expariene[- of onyting) hy you wont f ake the course 2 You recently tried a new cosmetic product fora skin problem you have been suffering from. Writea review aboutit. Describe the produc, explain how you flt using it, and say if you recommend it Remember that your review willbe read by many Internet users, so make your points logically and clearly +3 "Multiple generation used to lve together andthe fact that they no longer do inthe modern age {sa depressing developmen” To what extent do you agree with this statement? ‘Write an essay. Explain your points for and against and provide a conclusion atthe end. Make sure _youstate your arguments ina logical way. Maximum sore: 30 7 Maxipum sore 30 ie ED Pecrce test pracrice rest? RETINS nll EUROEXAM READING Task One: Paragraph Headings (10 minutes) - Questions 1-6 ‘You will ead an article about holog-ams in the workplace. “+ Match each paragraph tothe correct hig, + face a nthe appropiate box below. + Thefestonehas been done for you + Therearetwo extra paragraph heading: that you DO NOT need. ‘\ANBED FOR HOLOGRAMS 15 HOLOGRAMS IN FRAUD PREVENTION (© EXAMPLES OF PAST USE IN ENTERTAINMENT © COPYING ASPECTS OF REAL-LIFE OFFLINE MEETINGS [START-UPS ALREADY POSITIONING THEMSELVES FOR COMPETITION FNONEED FOR 3D OFFICE GLASSES ALREADY EXISTING MARTIAL APELICATIONS BLENDING REALITIES BY THE NEXT DECADE | CONTEMPORARY EXAMPLE OF MEDICAL USE OOO HOOoOOoooo OOOo00 OoOpSooooo COO ] HEE rrccnice tests Holograms in the Workplace ‘There are several reasons why the next “ie the word of labour gong tobe holograms. To stare with, they are more engaging to work with than 2D tiles of faces on a computer screen. They wil allow us to read our colleagues’ body language and physical reactions live, which will foster greater communication and collaboration tn cyberspace. Companies wil continue innovating to create a “hybrid workplace’ awe Holograms are not a completely new invention in the professional space In the last few 1 years there have been successful experiments with musical events where the musicians ‘were projected onto stage. The projection software Is still too expensive forthe general public but companies, with their larger budgets, have started to engage with the new technology, and in December 2020, at an online innovation summit, which was broadcast live, an executive was “beamed” from Los Angeles to Singapore. 1k seems that the future of team work in these still-evolving workspaces is not going to resemble many ofthe features that we have got used to on Zoom. 3D conferences willbe a return to oder ways of interacting where there used tobe no mute buttons. The companies leading the holographic revolution have intentionally designed the technology to mimic a typical office environment where people ~o, in this case, their avatars - will freely walk around. | Wemightthink thatall hiss goingto occurin some faraway future, when In fatholograms “are currently being used in variety of ways already. For instance, the military uses them “for improved reconnaissance. Geographic Intelligence Is crucial to military strategy, and holographic maps created using computerised Image data let soldiers view three: dimensional terrain, peer around “corners" and train for missions, as wel as plan rescue "scenarios and disaster evacuations Besides the armed forces, doctors are also relying on holograms to visualise patient data, and even to get trained up. With the help of such advanced imaging technology ‘as MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), surgeons, for example, can view full-colour, “uninterrupted, three dimensional images of even complex organs and systems of the ‘ody, such asthe heart, lungs, ver, brain, nerves and muscles. 15 Holograms reatso very difficutto forge. As aresult they ae used in commercial security, ‘such as on credit cards and bank notes. famous example is the newest £5 banknoteinthe UK, which features an image of Big Ben and uses holography to produce a set of changing ‘colours when the note i ited, Furthermore, it also includes a 3D image of the coronation ‘crown loating” above the note when viewed at an angle. ‘There are several reasons why the diference between physical and digital reality Is ‘expected to continue becoming more and more blurred, nd even disappear by around 2030. Along with holographic technology, we are also going to See rapid advancements {in cloud computing, Al, 5G, Interconnectivity and faster processing, all of whlch will contribute to better virtual communication technologies as well Maximum scores pracrice rests ETNih OT NY OU iat completed his takin Task Two: Extended Text (20 minutes) - Questions 7-14 You will ead a text about plant breeding. + Below are 4 questions about the tent. + Each answer requires evel paces of formation + Answer each question wits FEW words s posible. You donot need to wate ful sentences. + You can copy fom the atc, but oot wit more than 15 words for ach piece fnfrmaton. Questions: Which two countries are mentioned inthe text that practised some eary form of plant breeding and what was 8? Which fruit and vegetable are menticned in Polla’s bok and what human need or desir are they sed to exemplify? How is resistance to pests and herbicdes achieved using genetic modification? ‘According tothe text, what ae hybrid crops resistant to? ‘Maximum score:8 WEE reecrice rests ‘Text: Plant Breeding ‘The science of changing the traits ofa plant so that ithas better characeristisis called plant breeding Thetraltsthataretypicallyaddressed areoften related tothe species'stresstolerance to such environmental pressures as the level of salinity in the sol, extreme temperatures, ought, pests or herbicides; or resistance (0 viruses, fungi and bacteria. Sometimes plants are modified fora better grain or biomass yield, for sch end-use features as nutritional value, beauty, taste or the concentrations of specific biological molecules including proteins, sugars, Uipid, vitamins and fibers; as well as ease of processing, including harvesting, milling, ‘baking, malting or blending The practice of plant breeding and the domestication ofthe first plants dates back to bout 10,000 years and started with sedentary ‘agriculture. The first farmers would select food plants with valuable characteristics and used these as_progenitors for subsequent generations, which led to the accumulation fof desirable tralts over time. Grating ~ the horticultural techniqueofoining tissues of wo plants so that they continue growing together was well established and practised in China by 500 B.C. People Intentionally started t0 Interbreed cultivated plants only as of the late seventeenth century, however, while scientific plant breeding started In the early 1900s in earnest in Austria after a monk called Gregor Mendel discovered the laws of inheritance by interbreeding pea plans. [eis typical of humans to think that they are {in control ofall thelr endeavours, including the cultivation of plants by choosing the best wild plants throughout various generations, but in his book, The Botany of Desire, Michael Pollan questions this. He examines the history of our ongoing artificial selection from the plant's point of view and argues that it has fot so much been the case that humans ‘outsmarted nature and bred better and better plants for themselves, but instead that the plants developed characteristics that are IW = S.C beneficial to people ~ such as good taste or a high level of carbohydrates ~ “on purpose’, ta be cultivated. Using the example of four plants ~ the apple, the tullp, marjuana, and ‘the potato ~ he demonstrates the reciprocal relationship between plant and human where 4 species “specialised” in meeting a human need or desire. Inthe case of his examples our yearning for sweetness, beauty, intoxication, ‘and control, respectively. Genetic modification of plants Is achieved by ‘adding or removing a specific gene or genes to ‘a plant, to create a more desirable phenotype, “anditis often preferred tas classical breeding because ican produce a plant withthe desired traitor traits faster, due to the fact thatthe majority ofthe plant's genome isnot altered. ‘The plants resulting from adding a gene are often referred tas transgenic” plants ‘Although the safety of eating GM ("genetically ‘modified foods is till questioned sometimes, its supporters have been highlighting the fact that classical breeding techniques can be ‘equally as dangerous. This sdueto the act that the breeder does not always know precisely ‘what genes have been introduced to the new cultivars, Some experts go so far a to say that plants produced by clasical breeding methods ‘should be submitted tothe same safety testing routines as genetically modified plants. They use the example of the varieties of potato that turned out to be unstable for human ‘consumption due to their unacceptably high solanine levels, which isa poison. Since then, ‘new potato varieties are now a least screened for solanine levels before being released into ‘the market ‘There are several ways the new gene or genes of interest can be introduced toa plant. I can ‘ther be inserted into the plant’s genome by {genetic recombination using bacteria, or by {irect methods such asthe so-called gene gun, ‘which is a device used to deliver exogenous DNA, RNA, or protein to cells. Certain plant racice vest > EINviruses analsobe called upontoinsert genetic constructs into plants, but thls technique |s limited because diferent viruses attack different species. For example, Cauliflower ‘mosaic virus (CaMV) only infects cauliflower and related specles ‘A soughtafter feature of many commercially released transgenic plants Is thek resistance to Insect pests and herbicides. To the former Its achieved through the incorporation of a ‘gene from bacteria that encode a toxic proteln ‘tm some Insects. To herbicides ite reached by preventing the inhibition of certain important plant enzymes. Genetically modifyinga plantcan so increase its yields by increasing its stress tolerance in a particular environment. Such stressors as changes In temperature are signalled to the plant using signalling molecules, which activateany transcription factors that regulate ene expression. Genetic modification is going to continue playing an important role nthe future as well, as It contributes to ensuring food security for a growing global population. some ofthe issues chat will have tobe addressed are to do ‘withthe lack of suitable farming land and the Increasingly extreme cropping conditions, as, ‘well as the need for producing plants that can provide the world population with sufiient Ylelds and nutritional value despite these problems. In the future, crops will need ta be able to ‘mature in multiple environments to allow for their cultivation worldwide, which Is only golngto be possible we make thesame plants Fesistant to a wider variety of circumstances, such as droughts and hurricanes at the same time. ‘The popularity of hybrid crops that are more resistant to environmental stressors has increased worldwide, Breeders have been focusing more and more on identifying crops that can perform under adverse conditions by finding strains of crops that are resistant to ‘drought and lack of nitrogen, Harsh winters ~ such as those experienced in Ieeland, Germany and other parts of Europe also require strong species that can survive frost, frostrought caused by desication from wind and solar radiation under frost, continuous snow-cover and the occasional hgh moisture levels inthe sollin winter. Yield will have to Increase as well, to be able to feed an increasing population. By 2050 ‘humanity will have to have increased is food production by 70% iitistomeetthestandards proposed at the United Nations’ World Summit fn Food Security in 2009. Because of the degradation in the quality of agricultural land, however, simply planting more crops is not ‘olng to be sufficient to meet this goal I we wantto increase yield without using more land area, we will have to develop new varieties of plants, as has been done in Asi, for example, ‘where food production per capita has already ‘been increased twofold with the help of special ‘rops that have been specifically designed for thearea, completed this takin ites, Task Three: Multiple-Choice Reading (20 minutes) - Questions 15-20 Read the following two texts about a training program for prison inmates. + Answer the questions that follow each text + Place ain the appropiate bx ater Tet ao, ‘Text One: The Enneagram Prison Project ‘The Enneagram Prison Projects California-based organisation that offers self-awareness group programmes for imprisoned men and women across the United States andincreasingly more ther Countries inthe world The courses are based onthe ancient but refurbished psychological system Called te Enneagram, which provides avery detaled, dynamic guldetothenine personality types tha distinguishes. The system was brought to Stanford University in the 1990s andi identifies the unconscious cognitive, emotional, and behavioural strategies which underli virtually everything we do. fis taught worlwide to individuals and couples, used incorporate 35 well as spiritual settings Becoming familiar withthe too allows the participants to neice unconscious strategies that ae predictable and tend to get acted out in healthy and unhealthy ways. “And this is exactly the main teaching of the Enneagram, namely that al personality structures have the potential of serving one's self and environment positively as well as sabotaging our ives. Ina way we become addicted to our own personalities ~ or ‘ego fixations’ ~ because we once unconsciously developed them to survive ou childhoods and are unvilingto let goof them. EPP's tain ea Is that we are all prisoners of our own making and the way out of these rigid coping mechanisms isto confront them to see whats driving our behaviours. Prisoners are Invited todo this withthe help of EPP trained, compassionate guides who rupport them in navigating the “inner terran’ by reflecting back to them what i right about them. 'EPP's philosophy is that all human behaviour Is an attempt to fel loved, but when our basic human needs and rights have been unmet or violated, our impulses and reactions get hijacked. By bringing understanding tothe motivations ofthese personality formations, we are able to ‘eventually change them as wel, orn EPP lingo help the learners fin thelr way back to their own innate intligence and wisdom, and to remember their best selves. ‘We cannot change what we do nt first understand, and such inuiry is made more bearable if ‘we approach it with slF-compassion.SS ise SCT Na oe SN Questions for Task Three: ‘Text Two: This Stuff Works! Text One | Las pretty Impressed when I talked to a rehabilitation officer about the Enneagram courses 115 The organisation described in the article provides courses, ‘offered in their institution tothe inmates, I must say, She started by telling me about the figures, aa which already blew my mind. | didn't know, for example, that the United States has the highest rate of imprisonment inthe world. mean, ithas 5% ofthe world’s population, yeti incarcerates 5B atstanford University. 258! Recidivism ~ the tendency of convicted eriminals to reoffend is a major issue too. EPP 1D € toprests (Enneagram Prison Project) has 2 novel approach, which isto highlight the idea that to a large DD foriumotes. part thisis due to learnt antisocial attitudes, values and belefs,low self-control, substance abuse and dysfunctional family backgreunds. Therefore, by earning about one’s personality type and 16 According tothe organisation's philosophy, asa result of our childhood, we all become ‘engaging in ‘the work’ of selfstudy and self-regulation, students can understand and change their dependenton.. fey behaviors Truly reveurary stuffer ourtmesyousskmes | CO A. usinga set of inflexible survival tactics. also told me about the popularity of their courses, and how none of the students who too the EPP programme more than once wile incarcerted recdvtea. Motivated yt sures, a they have opened their course up for a variety of other prison populations as wel, such as [FC sabotaging our own environment by excessively confronting it ‘minimum, medium, maximum security groups, and even those serving life sentences. The class [OD thinking that nothings right aboutus | sought aftr by al Incarcerated inmates, and there are lots of sucess stories of prisoners who embarked on a journey of recovery after breaking longterm patterns of recdivatin, thanks to theze courses, Infact alotofthem are now in EPPs ‘Ambassador Program; whichis fellowship‘of and forthe formerly incarcerated, created to support them on their life-long path of continued development. 1 got to speak to one of these individuals too, and they told me all about how the programmes ‘support their return to society by elping them transfer the skills talents, and resiliency that they had honed on the streets in gangs-and then behind bars ~ Into productive and meaningful ves, outside of prison, ‘These Ambassadors often also become spokespeople for the organisation, and many of them ‘even get trained up to become BFP Guides. When asked what they most liked about the course, the excinmate I met responded thtit teaches “both the what and the how’, other words that it includes lots of'embedded loop input where the participants learn not just about the personality | types, but all kinds of subtle practical techniques that need to be deployed wien working with people in prison, ‘Question Your Anwar ms Wel >| » D000 Ul JO Oooo Oooo noo i 17 EPPbelieves that personality is just. CIA atemporary thing that cn be hijacked. [1B sign that we have started healing ourselves 1D € hindrance on our path to selF-compassion 11D anindividua’s way of trying to get love. Text Two 18 ‘Thewriter was shocked to find out that.. 1A aquarter ofthe inmates reoffend. [2 8 therehabiltation officer likes the programmes. 2 C ysfunctional family backgrounds cause substance abuse, 51D their country imprisons so many people. 19 After thelr release from prison, EPP's Ambassadors often © A create their own support groups. 5 8 work with other prison populations. 2 € turminto teachers themselves. 5 D getinvolved with street gangs 20. Whatis the writer's attitude inthe article? [2 A They seem pessimisticat first but become gradually more curious. [2 B- They seem uniformly keen fom beginning tothe end. [2 € They seem enthusiastic first but end up being patronising. [3 _D-They seem abit jealous about the organisation's success. Maximum score:6 peacncevesr> ETIoT E WRITING Takacievment Soi every Spon coherence Spans Task One: Cohesion Soins Gormutilingesndaccincy Spins evel ange ana sciacy Spon Transactional Writing (30 minutes) ‘You are moving to another town for half ayear and your friend offered to cook fr your elderly mother. + Write an emallto your and thanklngthem for thelr ofr and gving them instruction for while you are aay + White about 200 words Make sure you refer tal the pals in your Notes Hey Pou, rn ‘Of couse Il oko care of your mums food while you're gone, don worry about Hl Ths the oor, Fan do afer al your family os helped us wih ‘over the yoo. Lat me know abit ebaut her ‘het, wll you? completed thitakin “kahve Spee Ierrricr Spon irene Spoms ee aera ce soe tose nge ard ceuaey Spon Discursive Writing (30 minutes) + Choose only ONE ofthe following questions {Whe about 200 words | 2083. DONOT answer more than one question. 1 There have been some important changes atthe company that you work for. ‘Write an article for the company’s blog about the changes and how they affect the employees. ‘Remember that your article wil be reed by many ofthe workers, o make your points logealy and clearly. 2 You have decided to write an online review about an object that you find very usefuland use ‘everyday. Deseribe what tis and why you recommend Itto others as well Write a review. Toke coat or Remember that your review wil be read by many Interne user, 0 mak your points lopclly and cn ler Cisne 3 “Homeschooling your cds a good dea To what extent do you agree with this Kea? Write an essay Explain your points or and against, nd arrive ata conclusion ate end Make sure you state your arguments na logical way. {Maxims 30 Mw sor 39 BE Pucrce rests eacnce rest ETNEUROEXAM iy = — READING Task One: Paragraph Headings (10 minutes) - Questions 1-6 ‘You will read an article about the process of tating a podcast + March each paragraph tothe correct hading, + Place inthe appropiate box blow. + Thefestonehas been done or you + Therese to extra paragraph headings that you DO NOT need. |§ SOYOUWANT'TO PODCAST ' SOLO ORGROUP CAST? (C WAIT BEFORE CREATING YOUR ARTWORK > DEVELOP A PODCAST CONCEPT ORGANIZE WHAT YOULL SAY YOU DECIDE ABOUT DURATION AND TIMETABLE G DONOT BECOME AN EDITING PRO H CONSIDER YOUR AREA AND IT SCOPE | FINDAGOODATITLE How to Start a Podcast [BAWPLE.Podeasts come in all shapes and forms, depending on their creators, the topic, the length, oF ‘heir format, to mention justafew of the typical distinguishing feature. The only limit co what _you can do withthe genre is your own imagination, and due to the fact that the number of ‘people listening stil keeps growing, its not too late to enter the field. Before you begin planning your show, however, itis crucial that you ask yourself the following question: Why you are starting It? The podcasts that never take off, despite the popularity ofthis new medium, fll because thelr creators are not lear about thelr ‘goal with the show, thats, whether itis to be recognised as an industry leader to share a ‘message about an Issue inthe world, orto generate leads for their business, Following this, tis time to consider the exact topic or theme. Itcan be as broad. a5 “baking” ‘ors narrow as “organic baking in an open-air oven’-The only recommended prerequisite Is that you are passionate about the subject and will be excited to research and discuss it regulary, Make sure you check what other shovts already exist on your chosen theme to, ‘When selecting a name fr your show, it is essential that you choose words that are catchy and memorable, because these will serve or the algorithm as keywords that will rankyour podeast. Your title's more important than your artwork! Your ‘metadata will include your title, your name and any description tags, and can affect how well your podcast shows up Inrelevant searches, and how many users are going to subscribe ‘The ext step is to choose the format for your content. Willyou podcast alone (‘single-host| podcasts"), or with others ("mult-host” format)? In the podcast sphere, there are many popular shows of monologues, interviews, round-table discussions, or documentary style episodes, some of which are scripted and some not. You should feel free to mix or even Invent novel ways to deliver your content ina way that sults your style and topic. Do not listen to anyone regarding length and schedule. Although some may swear by cappingan episode at 30 minutes, there is no such thing as an ideal podcast length. Follow the golden rule of making your show as long as it has to be, without making ita minute longer Choose a relaxed, realistic publishing tempo for most creators ths is one episode per week which will als allow for some basic editing. Since podcasting s such relatively new and free genre itis not worth taking advice from ‘anyone if you feel its too rigid, but there is onething you should consider, and thatis always to write an outline fr yourself. New podcasters are prone to digressing alot, and having a written rough plan, or at last list of key bullet points in advance ean help with that. Maximum sore6 eacncerest 4 EEN SSMAE CN completed thistaskin Task Two: Extended Text (20 minutes) ~ Questions 7-14 ‘You will ead a text about wolves. + Below are 4 questions about the text + Eachanswer requires several pieces of formation + Answer each question wth a FEW words as possible You donot ned to wrt ullsenences. * Youcan copy fom the article, but do nt write more than 15 weds for each piece of nfermation, Questions: [se ota ot et ‘According tor Paul Tacon and Dr Colin Pardoe's esearch, what did early humans lear from wolves? What two lessons do Towerys wolf seminars teach us about team work? What ae the author’ two favourite lessons they learnt from wolves? ‘Maia score:8 ‘Text: Learning from Wolves Humans are supposed tobe soctal animals, but ‘when it comes to teamwork, we have lotto Tearn from wolves. For them, every day is about ‘survival, and to function and thrive in the wld, ‘they rely on each other. They iv in structured amily units called packs, and their cooperative lifestyle gives wolf families various benefits sn hunting, pup rearing, or territorial defence just to mention some of the challenges they have to overcome daily, ‘Thankstotheworkofsuchavidconservationsts as Jim and Jamie Dutcher, we know more and ‘more about the habits and social structure of these animals. The couple published The Wisdom of Wolves: Lessons From The Sawtooth Pack in 2018, whichis a detailed and moving account of the six years they spent in the wilds of Idaho, observing what they called the Sawtooth Pack of wolves through many seasons. Their experiment was unique because all other studies of wolves previous to this one hhad been done in small enclosures, while theles was clase tothe size ofa wolf's natural habitat. Thisallowed for continuous close observations of the family and a much more. nuanced Understanding oftheir relationships. The social bonds they noticed among the members were so significant, thatthe couple organized the bookaround themes they realised ae inherent towolfsocety including compassion, curiosity, respect for elders and family in general, the Importance of friendship, Kindness, trust, and working together. They sound like the values ‘ecessful humans organise their communities around, However, when asked, the Dutchers are Careful to point out that thei intention with the book was not to “anthropomorphize wolves for imbue them with human morals’ bu simply to “celebrate their very wolFlike qualities through the lens of our own humanity” And indeed, while reading about the hurt Feelings among the animals that result from the power ‘dynamics of the pack, we can almost forget that we are reading about wild animals and not hhuman high school students. Overall, though, the book isthe Dutchers way ofrebutal ofthe ‘metaphor that focuses on comparing humanity to the canine species’ violent, aggressive and Iherarchical tendencies. They highlight how wolves take care oftheir young and seem to Understand and accept the responsibilities “the strong have towards the weak, the full to the hungry and the young othe ola”. ‘A much earlier publication, Twyman Towery, Phils Wisdom of Wolves: Leadership Lessons from Nature, that came out in 2009, had already written about the way wolves cooperate, albeit his parallels were more geared towards describing how a healthy Corporate environment should function ‘Towery a professional speaker and consultant, became interested in wolf behaviour after disappointing consulting project. where the corporation he was working with had a group of executives trying to outeompete one another by betraying one another to get ahead. He decided to study the lessons of leadership Jn nature and grew to the conclusion that wolvesin many ways are more social creatures than us, as within a wolf pack such things as ‘communication, loyalty and teamwork are the norm, rather than the exception. n his book, be draws parallels between the behaviours ofa wolf pack and human communities in business and family. With the publication of books lke these, fone might think that humans are only now discovering that there 1s alot to learn from wolves, but that is, in fact, far from true, ‘According to anthropologists, humans learned ‘many vital survival skils from wolves at an important stage in homo sapiens’ development. Dr William Lyna, Professor of human-animal studles at Tufts University, and the founder of Practical Ethies says that “Many early humans ‘modelled themselves on wolf packs, learning cultural and practical skills from a highly successful species’ He also cites hls Austr colleagues Dr Paul Tacon and Dr Colin Pardoe’s 2002 research in which they suggested thatthe relationship between our human ancestors andSN CN wolves was a key factor in the development of, Ihuman social co-operation. They base their claims on the fact that human learned to hhunt in groups around the time that wolves began to live around humans, and to this date there is no evidence that earlier human ancestors would have done so. Other habits that humans may have picked wp from theit ddog/wolf companions Include same-sex, non- kin friendships, which are not event in other primates, and which provide a grat survival advantage, for example by speeding up the ‘exchange of ideas between groups ‘The UK training company, Ingramde Havilland runs 2 twoday course titled Walking with Wolves, where delegates interact with real wolves 10 learn lessons about leadership and team dynamics. The training ~ aimed at female leaders and co-faciitated by Phil ‘Watson, chalrman and founder of the Anglia Wolf Society ~ seeks to highlight important aspects of leadership, assertiveness and team bullding, According to. Watson, wolf leaders are confident, socially independent and food at turning almost any situstion to their advantage. On top ofthat, they do so within a pack environment that is constantly changing [As he says, “The wolves buff anc rebuff each other all the time: there is constant social testing”. Managing boundaries well Is a key ‘characteristic of a successful leader, and this Is not the only similarity between our world nd the wolves’ that Is emphasised on the Programme ‘Towery, who also runs training seminars based on his wolf books and ides, points to various typical behaviours in 2 wolf pack Which human organisations could lear from. ‘Thefirst is that the attitude ofa wolf is always based upon the question, ‘What is best for my pack”. Every member understands his or her IRIE rracrice rests roleand whatthe packexpects ofthem. Towery believes that similarly, im the human world, “successful teams have the right perspective and right attitude", while maintaining a Gelicate balance between ‘pack mentality’ and allowing individual members to contribute ‘with what is needed in their own ways. These ‘unique contributions are then acknowledged and respected by the others. Second, they also Dounce back when they fall, for example ater fan unsuccessful hunt. They do not brood but Instead get on with the next hunt. Humans ‘should also learn from their mistakes quickly bbutwithout being dowahearted about them for ‘too long ata time, or worse, guarding any kind ‘ofresentment within the pack fort long. ‘The things | admire most about wolves are the ways they share. Wolves are exceptional at assuming leadership at any time to split ‘the work load. This does not mean that every ‘member of the pack would aspire to be the boss, just that each wolfstepsup toshareinthe leadership responsibilities when necessary. Duringahardjourneyinthe snow, forinstance, the pack leader starts as the trailblazer, but then other pack members take turns to lead, allowing the former to rest from time to time, Wolves also share knowledge - such a= hunting strategies - even across generations. A packthat was studied, fr example, would hunt Sheep on the rocky slopes of a mountain. The ‘wolves learntto climb the slopes toattacefrom above because the sheep could easily evade them by running uphill. Later, the wolves were observed ‘handing down’ this knowledge to thelr youngas wel ‘To sum up, we might need new parlance In everyday language when talking. about ‘wolves to overwrite such existing pejorative ‘expressions as'alone wolf and better describe ‘the social ature ofthe species. completed this taskin Task Three: Multipl “Choice Reading (20 minutes) ~ Questions 15-20 Read the following two texts about being a pastry chet + Answer the questions that fol each text + Placea Xin th appropriate boxafter Text Two. ‘Text One: Savoury or Pastry? ‘There are numerous differences between being a pastry chef and @ normal cook - or ‘savoury chef, as the job Is oficialy called in catering =, and they are well worth considering If you are planningto choose one or the other First ofall baking is less fast paced, partly because it is more science than art. They say in this sense It isthe opposite of cooking. As many components of desserts and pastries are made in advance, working 25a pastry che isnot as spontaneous as cooking, which also means that you will have tobe well-versed in how ingredients interact exactly. When sautéing tomatoes, for ‘example, an extra sprinkle of salt anda litle more heat under the pan will not necessarily ruin the dish, while the same cannot be said for baking. The combination of ingredients and conditions that make some pastries ris, such a sugar, temperature, water and yeast are often very precise, and itcan be essential that you understand the chemical interactions involved at each stage. You will also have to organise your workspace differently than a ‘norma cook would. Time works differently inthe two professions in that although a diner may not be hungrly waiting for your ereaton rightin the moment, phase inthe baking pracesemight indeed requirethat you act fast. Cooks also often have the luxury of pausinga sub-process and going fora missing ingredient, or sending a colleague fori, but a pastry chet often cannot turn the stove off at an Important stage, and there is usually nobody around in the kitchen at 3am anyway to help you out with the extra cinnamon syrup or whatever else is needed. Pastry chefs need tobe planners, and their workspace often reflects ths too Being such an early bird isnot everybody's cup of tea either, even if it means that you get to work in relative peace, compared with the chaotic kitchen environment savoury chefs have to cope with in theafternoon, While your rhythm will practically be the reverse in that your day will, be about 70% preparation and 30% service, ou need tobe justas physically fitas a cook. Both professions are about being on your fee for 10-12 hours a day at times soit is worth getting a _gym membership fyou are contemplating working in either profession. el‘Text Two: Secrets of Jack, the Pastry Chef {ran intoahigh schoo! classmate ofmine the other day We hadn't seen eachother in about twenty five years so there was quite some catching up todo, Actually, t had already got dark when we finally said goodbye, because as t turns out, Jack's a pastry chef! He let me in on some of the surprising secrets ofhis trade. Fst off, the job is repetitive. 1 mean, for the most part much more monotonous than most people realise. Yes, there are the mes when you're experimenting with new flavour combinations mustard ice cream, anyone? -, but besides that, Is mostly just doing the same thing over and over again, ts also logit manual labour. While baking might seem like this cute ttle relaxing activity one does with delicate delicacies, there's actually alot of heavy lifting, literally. Pastry chels carry heavy bags and other things, mast certainly isnt ike baking at home! ‘And to compensate fr this, they cant even dress down, to feel abit more comfortable. Tis is a bigger issu inthe summer, he says. Not being able to workin shorts, short sleeves or flipflops because of safety reasons can be annoying. Oh, and don't forget the hat and the apron.. ‘Aso, much like the proverbial shoemaker’s son who always foes barefot, chefs and pastry chefs don't spend ther time snacking on their own creations. Cooks often dont even take proper lunch break to sit down to eat ~taey will ust ‘pick around’ inthe kitchen. Similarly, pastry chefs usually crave savoury things ater they have finished culinary school or at latest after the frst ‘year on the job. ‘What surprised me the most, however, is when he told me about these ‘ghost kitchens’ that ‘they rent to work in these days. Apparently, these are commercial cooking spaces where delivery and takeout orders are made, a st lke the co-working office spaces were a few years ago for Solopreneurs who didn't want a have the recurring overheads ofa normal oie ‘Besides saving on rent, bakingin a ghost kitchen allows you to try multiple concepts for your ‘business at once. ack said for example, that he's running a French pu pastry shop and another ‘one specialised in birthday and wedding cakes both with entirely diferent marketing strategies and branding. think | wantto bea pastry che too. ‘Question YourAnewer a» Helo *« DIOL « OO0 vy FOO) » FOO » OOOO) HEIN rrscrce rest U0) Questions for Task Three: Text One 15 According to the text, compared to cooking, baking is. A. much easier 1 Bless planned. 12 more accurate 5) Bmore stressful 16 Organisation isimportant because... [1A colfeagues might not want to help out © B _ guests who are hungry cannot wait long, 3 € pastry chefs often are not surrounded by others. [5 D- colleagues may decide to use your ingredients, 17 Boing a savoury chef and a pastry chef are similar in that you... [A ean work in calm surroundings. [2 8 mustbeingood shape. 1 € have to workin the afternoon. 1 D-_cantake shore breaks between phases Text Two 18 The first two disadvantages of being a pastry chef mentioned are that you often have ton, 51 A dothe same thing many times and the job is physically strenuous, 1B wait decades to make i and you go home inthe dark. © € aveto wear protective clothing such as shorts and a hat. 5 Dworkin the summer months too and are notable to wear comfortable footwear: 19 Theauthor compares chefs and pastry chefs by highlighting that. [DA both of them yearn for salty foods [DB _bothof them have to wear special shoes. [neither ofthem take a seat when they eat. [1D nelther of them eat what they prepare. 20. Theauthor's friend works ina ghost kitchen so that he can. ‘A. avoid having an office. ‘work with other solopreneurs lke him. ‘operate two distinct businesses, focus on marketing and branding. Oooo ‘Maximum score:6 practice rest «CIS