ora Ee YOU LEARN IN Be TN at 0) rea and gas SUC Le eatea oro) a10.1 DENSITY WHAT IS DENSITY? Asstone sinks in water whil piece of wood? Is a st ne or the a piece of wood floats. Which is heavier — the sto » plank? ane heavier than a wooc Stone has a greater mass than wood, provided both have the same volume. In other words, stone has a higher density than wood, stone Figure 10.1 For the same size, a block of stone has a larger mass than a block of wood. The density of a substance is the mass of the substance per unit volume. For example, every cubic centimetre (cm?) of wood has a mass of 0.5 g. Thus, its density is 0.5 g/cm. Every cubic centimetre of water has a mass of 1 g. Thus, its density is 1 g/om' & ita) a ——, Bowling balls and soccer balls have similar sizes. Pick up a bowling ball. Then pick up a soccer ball. Which one feels heavier? Which ball has a higher density? Figure 10.2 Which is easier to plck up — a bowing ball ora soccer ball? Ea Chapter 10 OOties of some Common materials. ‘materials Platinum Aluminium Glass aS 1 oe | 0.92 Pinewood | 080 7 0.24 “ 136 4 18 mo Pure water (at 4 °O) 1.00 "Olive oll 0.92 = Turpentine can ‘and answer these questions. ‘matter has the lowest density? ‘matter generally has the highest density? the highest density? ‘a mass of 1 g has the smallest volume? volume of 1 cm* has the largest mass? Pure gold has a density of 19.3 g/cm’. If itis made into a crown, what will be the density of the ‘crown? How can ‘you find out if the ‘crown is indeed made of pure gold and nothing else? Figure 10.3 Can ou tell by looking {this gold crown is ‘made of pure gold? Density, Pressure and Moments, i‘The formula below can be used for calculating the density of a substance. The density equation can also be written as follows: ‘Since the S! unit of mass is kilogram (kg) and the SI unit of volume is cubic metre (m’), the Si unit of density is kilogram per cubic metre (kg/m’). Another common unit of density is gram per cubic centimetre (g/om’). Besides using the density equation to find density, we can use it to find volume as ‘shown in the example below. Example ‘Osmium, the densest metal known, has a density of 22.6 g/om®. The mi ‘2 block of osmium was found to be 113 g. Find its volume. Solution Density of osmium = 22.6 g/om* Mass of the block of osmium = 113g Volume of the block of osmium —— “Zeger =5com! {ne ire of helium gas has mass of 0.18 while one lie of nitrogen gus has a mass a a Determine the d| THE DENSITY OF A SUBSTANCE fof a substance, we can follow the steps as shown in Figure 10.6 Liquid Solid Remember to allow for mass of beaker glass piece and wants to measure its density. the volume of the rectangular glass piece and which does he need? tally drops the glass piece. It breaks into smaller pieces, and he However, he still wants to measure the density of the glass. the volume of the remaining smaller pieces of glass? the mass of the smaller glass pieces? the density of the glass? Density, Pressure and Moments,WHY DO SOME OBJECTS FLOAT AND _ SOME SINK? Look at Figure 10.7. Why does ice float on water but sink in corn oll? { | Corn oil | density = 0.9 g/cm Ice al ____| __ Water density = 1.0 g/om Honey density = 1.4 g/om Glass Figure 10.7 Different substances with different densities Did you notice that substances of lower densities float or rise above substances with higher densities? Com oil rises above water and honey, which are both denser than com oil. Cork floats on corn oil as its density is lower than that of corn cil Most types of wood float on water because they are less dense than water. Stones sink in water because they are denser than water. Have you tried swimming in the sea? Is it easier to float on seawater or on water in the swimming pool? Figure 10.8 The water in the Dead Sea has alot of salt dissolved in it ‘We float easily in the Dead Sea. Do you know why? me TC}raw egg carefully tall beaker half-filled with Figure 10.9 The 99 sinks in water. to the water, one ata time and stir gently. to the egg as Figure 10.10 Adding salt tothe water ladded to the water, its density increases. When the densities of the salt (become equal, the egg starts to float in the salt water. than fresh water. That is why you wil find it easier to float on the sea Figure 10.11 Wi a watermelon float on or sik in water? Coren, Presaze ans uorents EAIink in water, If this were the Case, ts a. common misconception that all heavy object all ships would sink because they are very heavy! its density relate to Whether an object floats on or sinks in a liquid or gas depends on its density the liquid or gas, and not just on how heavy it is. yolume of air, which has a very heavy ship floats on the sea because it contains a large NOLIN CT RE AT any : low density. The average density of the ship is therefore lower ct of seawater small pebble, however, is denser than water. That fs why it sinks imjwater, who & Much heavier ship stays afloat on the water Cad =o ig Key Points Mass Density = ——— Volume + Asubstance will float on a liquid or a gas if its density is less than that of the liquid‘Pressure’ to perform during an examination or when you are weight’, the word ‘pressure’ used in our daily conversations is tlic meaning jis defined as the perpendicular force acting on a unit area. tbeing at a right angle (90°) to a given plane or line. ‘The weight of a box 1 200 N It has a base of 0.4 m? What isthe e pressure exerted, by the box on the ground? Another box of be written as follows: | 0 en ‘on top of the first | box. What is the pressure exerted by the two boxes on the ground? isthe presare higher or lower is pascal (Pa) or N/m? where 1 Pa = 1 N/m’. A force of 1 N son an area of 1m? gives a pressure of 1 Pa) From the formula ithat pressure depends on the force exerted, and the area on than before is 100 N. It has a base area of 0.5 m?. | sdding te 900 8 sure that the box exerts on the ground when it is standing on rene ‘added to the box. The pressure increases to 300 Pa. | ce eae !weight of the box with the load? | Soe | O.2m?, whar Solution os force (N) _ 100N ann OY ae ° ‘box on the Area (m?) 0.5 mv bareaie = 200 N/m’ or 200 Pa | ite ‘or lower than Force = Pressure x Area ‘aapealwets with ioad = 300 Pax 0.5 m* Seasciing corks = 150N base? @ higher for a larger force or a smaller force? For the higher for a smaller area or a larger area”?Small area, high pressure A force can produce a high or a low pressure depending On the area that the force acts on. When a pin is pushed into @ board, the tip of the pin exerts a high pressure on ‘the board because the force. applied is concentrated on a ‘small area of the pin (Figure 10,13), Similarly, someone wearing stiletto heels (Figure 10.14) exerts @ high pressure on the ground since much of the Person's weight is concentrated on the small areas of the Stiletto heels. That is why you feel a lot of pain if someone BET OASES hgh essve Wearing stiletto-heeled shoes steps on you! of the pin causes it to go into the board Figure 10.14 Stiletto heels are long and thin with a very small area touching the ground High pressure is useful for cutting, sewing, and drivin, | ‘edges cut better than those with biunt edges (Figure 10.16). This is because sharp Soges have smaller surface areas. For the same amount of force, knives with sharp e09es exer greater pressure on the objects being cut. As sharp points have small areas, sewing needles and naiis have sharp pointed ends (Figure 10.16). Hence, the Pressure they exert is high even when a small force is used, 19 nails into wood. Knives with sharp Figure 10.16 Arnall has a sharp tip to-go into wood easily Figure 10.15 A sharp knife cuts better than a blunt nite, Eo Chapter 10y a stream of very large pre Figure 10.17 The strear of water from a g hose h ar Re Cae oa een DR Mah etn ello Cora asec ures) ects eta ee To enol g Rees aa re Mc Crete ede Bee heen 2°: = Pe Figure 10.19 The eggs under Corea De aC ei} 5Why do people put on huge, cumbersome skis when they go skiing on snow-covered slopes? It has to do with pressure. Pressure on the snow is reduced by the large surface ‘area of the skis in contact with the snow (Figure 10.21), This prevents the skier’s feet from sinking into the snow. ‘heavy man wearing a pair of skis will sink lower into the snow than a small boy wearing the same pair of skis. The heavy man has a larger weight than the small boy, and hence exerts a greater pressure on the snow. EI om Figure 10.20 Sq) ing a raw ogg using the pal I Figure 10.21 Theiaje surface area of the skis prevents the skier's feet © from sinking into the snow.Figure 10.22 How does a heavy vehicle such Mee nc an ex ‘find the pressure you exert on the ground, follow these @ Draw the outlines of your squares enclosed by the c feet, Remember to change @ Weigh yourself using a weigh (gmass in kg x 10) N @ Use the formula for pressure paper. Then count the num approxim line NN Pressure = to find the pressure the ground, in ps Pressure is the perpendicular force acting on a unit area, The SI unit of pressure is pascal (Pa) or N/m* For the same area, the larger the force, the gr arger the area, the smaller the presstCe Roatan Teed oie nurs Dee cages Human bein igh water pressure. — essure deeper down the water re is more liquid above pressing Gown. Deep-sea divers breathe from scuba tanks containing air which is a mixtur of oxygen ai pressure inside th However, when th: divers surface, the pressure returns to normal, and the iner gases become le soluble in blood and form bubbles. Th bubbles can block the divers’ blood and dam their body tissue This condition known as ¢ must surface slowh so that the pressure does not decrease t0 suddenly and many bubbles to fort quicklyfa liquid exerts the same pressure gy try the activity below, asic water bottle, Make three holes in s -aP ferent heights inthe bottle using sat ae ee fgpen using the nai ‘op hole the holes with tape, swith water Up to the top and place i Se texor ben middle Hole wether the water will spurt out furthest top, middle or bottom hole when the t lc apes Bi yet. Explain your prediction botom ole 4 sethetapes covering the holes and observe ee geiing on Figure 10.24 Plastic water bottle With three holes at diferent heights ut farthest from the bottom hole, demonstrates that liquid pressure ight. Do you think the liquid pressure ata certain) iquids with different densities, such as oil and exert pressure due to their wei ol at point A jure 10.25 s the liquid pressure in a same as the liquid pressure in water at point 8? due to their weight. Density, Pressure and Moments.10.4 GAS PRESSURE atmospheric pressure 1 atmosphere Figure 10.28 The Figure 10.27the metal canis " gas in the form of with some steam . @.can balances the When the hot metal can is fipped upside down and immersed in cold water, the steam inside the can cools and condenses rapidly ‘As a result, a partial vacuum is created. This causes the pressure inside to drop much lower than the pressure outside. The atmospheric pressure crushes the metal can causing it to crumple with a ‘pop’ sound. stb7 atrnaspherc : pressure atmospheric. ~ - an steam condenses rapidly into water mp - droplets ice water water pressure Fgme 1029 The anospherc pressure crushes theca as steam sie the can cos an cndenses rai by the atmospheric pressure like ‘above? This is because the pressure is about the same as the atmospheric J re inside our bodies balances the “outside and prevents our bodies from » ca ered, What would happen when a person fs in peat Tigh atitudes or travels to space? ‘ hy the suit greater than the external x zi ‘space but less than the pressure at sea > > sprovides air pressure at a level that helps an ™ the blood and other body fluids of the a a inthe liquid state. Otherwise, the fluids a F c lldue to the very low pressure in space. o § m pressure in the cabin of an airplane is low compared to the atmospheric Jevel. Airis pumped into the such low pressures. Ifthe cal ‘high altitudes, the occupants’ noses tart to bleed. They will soon lose a result of oxygen starvation. ) ee Figure 10.30. A person would feel squeezed if the external pressure is greater than the pressure inside the body, pa aeeaeaeeTo find ou if the , of surface af how firmly a rut tightly tor, face? Exp) Press the rubt.same number of gas particles eanorerser gas particles larger VOT —z smaller volume Jower number of . eu higher number molecules Per ig of molecules unit area per unit area Figure 10.34 For the same number Cf gas particles, as the volume decreases, the pressure increases, eines Bytes sciemist Robert Boyle (1627-1691) found that at constant temperature, the pres ste ixed amount of gas is inversely proportional to its volume. That is, the pressure of | of ix doubles i it volume s halved, The relationship between Pressite and volume iv ee at constant temperature can be represented by the pressure-volume graph | below Pressure Final pressure Initial pressure rf Volume Initial volume Figure 10.35 Pressure Final volume ‘against volume graph Another way to increase the pressure of a gas in a container, besides compressing it, is to raise te temperature. When a gas is heated, its temperature is raised and the a ee uae havo more energy. They collide with one another anid wit the we of the container more often and with greater force, i the volume of the gas is Kept constant. The inereased bomberdments of the gas molecules on the wall and with greater force give rise to an increase in pressure. What might happen to a tank of gas if the temperature of the gas is increased drastically? ‘The pressure exerted by the air around us is called the atmospheric pressure, ‘Atmospheric pressure increases below sea level and decreases above sea level. Dipacimes prsrre dunce bombartmens of the gas molecules on the wall of pees wan be raised by compressing the gas, with its temperature pocatamocan sing the temperature of the gas, with its volume