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    Upsc Short Notes

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    1. First five year plan (1951 -56) SIPCOT S - Social Service | - Industry P - Power Co - Communication T - Transport 2. Fis 16-61 M - Mahalanobis Model A - Atomic Energy Commission D - Durgapur Steel Company, Tata Inst Of Fundamental Research R - Rourkela Steel Company, Rapid Industrialisation A - Agriculture S - Socialistic Pattern Of Society 3. Third Five Year Plan (1961-66) SAD S - Self Reliance A- Agriculture D - Development Of Industry 4 5. Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-79) PSTM P - Poverty Eradication S - Self Reliance T - Twenty Point Programme M - Minimum Need Programme 6. Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-85) MAIL M - Management A- Agriculture Production | - Industry Production L- Local Development Schemes 7. Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90) EFGH E - Employment Generation F - Food grain Production Was Doubled G - Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (1989) H - Hindu Rate Of Growth 8. Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97) LPG L- Liberalization P - Privatization G- Globalization (1997-2002) ESPN E- Employment For Women, SC's And ST's S - Seven Basic Minimum Service P - Panchayat Raj Institutions, Primary Education, Public Distribution System N - Nutrition Security 10. 11, Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007 2012) TEACHERS T - Telecommunications (2G) E - Electricity, Environment Science A- Anemia C - Clean Water H - Health Education E - Environment Science R - Rapid Growth | S - Skill Development UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN INDIA CHANDIGARH DELHI HIMACHAL PRADESH The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier (© Humoyun's Tomb Ou hirer crate "© Mountain Railways of India ‘Monuments © Great Himolayon Notional Pork BIHAR masta Red Fort Complex © Nohabodhi Tomple Kooladeo National Pork ‘© Complex ot Bodh Gaye Fhe jondoralesibredaipe? ® Archoeclogice ito of 1¢ Jantar Montar, Joipu SIKKIM. Nolonda Nahovihore * Khangchendzonga {kangchenjunga) National Pork ASSAM © Kazirange National Pork 5 Manas Wildlife Sanctuary WEST BENGAL {© Sundarbans National Park © Mouniain Railways of India ODISHA Hil Forts of Rajasthan (Chittorgarh; Kumbhalgath, Ranthambhore, Amber ‘Sub-Cluster, Jaisalmer and Gogren). Joipur GUJARAT Chapmaner-Pavogadh Archaeological Park, Rani ki vov Historie City of Ahmedabad ‘@ Sun Temple, Konarok Dholavira - Telangana MADHYA PRADESH ‘© Kokatiye Rudreswara MAHARASHTRA ~ ,SOA, = © Khajuraho Group of Monuments Temple (ls fnown Ajonta Covos Ta © Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi 95 the Remoppo Ellora Caves Coneants of G50 © Rock Shlters of Bhimbetka Temple) Elephanta Caves NATAKA FAMIL NADU aN ‘e Group of Monuments at Mahabelipuram Chhatrapati Shivafi Terminus. Group of Monument (Formerly Vietori Terminus) * a Hampi Wostern Ghats Group of Monuments The Victotion and Art Deco potjadakal KERALA, © Western Ghats Ensemble of Mumbal Wester Ghots © Western Ghats 2 ‘e Groat Living Chola Temples ‘@ Mountain Roilwoys of Indio “@ CULTURAL SITES (22) © NATURAL SITES (7), + MIXED SITES (I) ‘ Presidential Election @ Who conducts the election to the Office of President of India? Under Article 324 of the Constitution of India, the authority to conduct elections to the Office of President is vested in the Election Commission of India. @ What electoral system/process is followed for the election to the office of the President? Q As per Article 55(3) of the Constitution of India, the election of the President shall be held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote and the voting at such election shall be by secret ballot. @ What are the Qualifications required by a candidate to contest the election to the Office of the President of India? Q Under Article 58, a candidate should fulfill the following eligibility conditions to contest the election to the Office of President: - 1. Must be a citizen of India, 2. Must have completed 35 years of age, 3. Must be eligible to be a member of the Lok Sabha, 4. Should not be holding any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State or under any local or other authority subject to the control of any of the said Governments.&However, the candidate may be holding the office of President or Vice-President or Governor of any State or Ministers of the Union or any State and shall be eligible to contest election. (eerie Committee on the Rules of Procedure Steering Committee Finance and Staff Committee Credential Committee (rele) Rajendra Prasad Rajendra Prasad Rajendra Prasad Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar House Committee B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya Order of Business Committee K.M. Munsi Ad hoc Committee on the National Flag Rajendra Prasad Committee on the Functions of the Constituent G.V. Mavalankar Assembly States Committee Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas Minorities Sub-Committee Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee North-East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Exluded & Partially Excluded Areas Sub- Committee Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (Other than those in Assam) Sub-Committee Union Powers Committee Union Constitution Committee Drafting Committee — ~ — Jawaharlal Nehru Vallabhbhai Patel H.C. Mookherjee J.B. Kripalani Gopinath Bardoloi A.V. Thakkar Jawaharlal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru B.R. Ambedkar Al ee < The union and it’s Transfer of a judge from territories one High court to another tic! “Article 225° < Citizenship Jurisdiction of existing High court “Article 12-35) “Article 230 < Fundamental rights Extension of jurisdiction of “Article 36-51! High Courts to U: gn ours to mnion Directive principles territories of state policy Article 234 SOME IMPORTANT], Establishment of a ARTICLES OF Article 510 common High Court for JINDIAN | Fundamental duties two or more States CONSTITUTION — \, Article 52-62 Article 280° The president of India Finance Commission \_» Article 63 — “Article 324 The Vice President of Election Commission India “L Article article 66 eae ial Election of vice- Hindi as official language president “Article 352. = ‘Article 75-78 Prime minister of India > Article 76 Attorney General for India National Emergency rticl Imposition of Presidents Rule in state } Financlal Emergency Duties of the chief minister winter solstice (December 21) e polar night (6 months of night) Arctic Circle (66.5° N) 24 hours of darkness / Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N) 13.5 hours of darkness Equator (0°) 12 hours of darkness yO Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S 10.5 hours of darkness s ———————————_- Antarctic Circle (66.5° S) polar day (6 months of day) Ohouits ofdarkness Source: Danadkarnya Left bank: Sheonath, Hasdo and Mand Right bank: Tel, Jonk, Ong Hirakund dam Olive Ridley Turtles: Gahirmatha beach, Orissa: Nesting turtles River flows through the states of Chhattisgarh and Odisha. River Ends in Bay of Bengal India | | | Manana + The Mahanadi basin extends over states of Chhattisgarh and O8 comparatively smaller portions of Jharkhand, Maharashtra and Pradesh, draining an area of 1.4 lakh Sq.km. ¢ It is bounded by the Central India hills on the north, by the Eastern Ghats on the south and east and by the Maikala range on the west. * The Mahanadi (“Great River”) follows a total course of 560 miles (900 km). * It has its source in the northern foothills of Dandakaranya in Raipur District of Chhattisgarh at an elevation of 442 m. * The Mahanadi is one of the major rivers of the peninsular rivers, in water potential and flood producing capacity, it ranks second to the Godavari. adhya * Other small streams between the Mahanadi and the Rushikulya draining directly into the Chilka Lake also forms the part of the basin. + After receiving the Seonath River, it turns east and enters Odisha state. + At Sambalpur the Hirakud Dam (one of the largest dams in India) on the river has formed a man-made lake 35 miles (55 km) long. + It enters the Odisha plains near Cuttack and enters the Bay of Bengal at False Point by several channels. » Puri, at one of its mouths, is a famous pilgrimage site. * Its upper course lies in the saucer-shaped basin called the ‘Chhattisgarh Plain’. + This basin is surrounded by hills on the north, west and south as a result of which a large number of tributaries join the main river from these sides, + Left bank Tributaries: The Seonath, the Hasdeo, the Mand and the Ib. * Right bank Tributaries: The Ong, the Tel and the Jonk | + Bhavani River, is a tributary of the River Cauvery originating’ South West Corner of the Nilgiri hills of the Western Ghats in Ta Nadu. ¢ It drains Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka. * It is the second longest river in Tamil Nadu. + It enters kerala through Palakkad district. + It passes through the Silent Valley National Park in Kerala. * Twelve major rivulets including West and East Varagar rivers join Bhavani draining the southern Nilgiri slopes. 7 Ate (Gamsioar he tinea ns ‘Only IAS Nothing Else Intme tt) J Tamil Nadu: 419 || Karnataka: 270 // Kerala: Puducherry: * The Subarnarekha originates from the Ranchi Plateau in Jharkhand forming the boundary between West Bengal and Odisha in its lower course. * It joins Bay of Bengal forming an estuary between the Ganga and Mahanadi deltas, + It flows through the Indian states of Jharkhand, West Bengal and Odisha. * Its total length is 395 km. > Tributaries * The prominent tributaries of the Subarnarekha are Kharkai, Roro, Kanchi, Harmu Nadi, Damra, Karru, Chinguru, Karakari, G: Garra, Singaduba, Kodia, Dulunga and Khaijori. = Cnty 1AS Noting Ese * The Kharkai meets the Subarnarekha at Sonari (Domuhani), a neighborhood of Jamshedpur ¢ Fishing at Subarnarekha river near Domohani (confluence of Subarnarekha and Kharkhai) > Hundru Falls ¢ Hundru Falls is created on the course of the Subarnarekha, where it falls from a height of 98 metres (322 ft) Sagoo sto (Only 1AS Nothing Ese (CEN MEMS EGA IATICY A) 1. Rowlatt Act - 1919 2. Khilafat Movement - 1920 3. Non-cooperation - 1920 4. Swaraj Party - 1923 5. Simon Commission - 1927 6. Dandi March - 1930 7. Gandhi Irwin Pact - 1931 8. August Offer - 1940 9. Individual Satyagraha - 1940 10. Cripps Mission - 1942 11. Quit India Movement - 1942 12. Mountbatten Plan - 1947 Trick: Remember Union Territories of India Chalo Dil De Do Aap Cha - Chandigarh Lo - Lakshadweep Dil - Delhi De -Daman and Diu Do - dadra nagar haveli Aa - Andaman and Nicobar P - Pondicherry COUNTRIES BORDERING BLACK SEA Trick : Tea & Burger T : Turkey B : Bulgaria U : Ukraine er (3) G : Geogrgia MDa Lil LAND LOCKED WW Dito) 9-1: ] oor = Rete CC Cc: Caspian Se Major Social Reform Organisations Tnstitute/Organisation | Founder Estd. | Place Objective 4 Atmlya Sabha Ram Mohan Roy ]1815_ | Kolkata | Emphasis on Manotheism, Attacked on evils of Hindu religion ¢ BrohmaSabha =| RamMobun Roy 11828. | Kolkata | + Denounced Idotatory and Polytheism, criticised easte system and disearded faith in divine avatars, Brabma Samaj 1830 + Purlflcation/reform of Iindu Religion. ‘¢ DharmSabha Radhakant Deb 1829. | Kolkata | * Believed inthe preservation of status quo and was basically opposed to Brahmo Samaj. ¢ Tattvabodhini Debendra Nath ]1839 | Kolkata | + Promoted Bengali literature in a systematic way to spread a Patrika outlook among Bengali intellectual thinkers. ¢ Poramhans Dargaran 1849, | Bombay | + Prenched monotheism. supported rights of women and Mandi Mehta, Dadoba advocated for widow remarriage. Pandura + Critived soctat inequalities owing to caste system. ¢ Bhartiya Brahma | Keshab Chandra [1866 | Kolkaia | + KLC Sen's minordaughter's marriage to minor Raja of Cooch ‘Samaj Sen Bihar, fed tothe splitin Brahmo Samaj with Sen's ifureation from original Samaj and forming Bhartiya Brahmo Samaj + Prarthana Atmaram 1867 | Gombay | + Disnpprovedeastesystem. Religious orthodoxy and meaningless Sabha Pandurane rituals, + Enmpluisized on monotheism and upliftment of women. # AryaSamaj Dayanand 1875 | Bombay | + Simplified orthodox rituals related to marriage and deat Saraswati + Corxlenmed eastesystem, polytheism & religious superstitions. ¢ Theosophical HP Blavatsky, 1875. |New |] + Aimed atreviving anetent religions of Hinduism, Zoroastians Society Henry Oleott york al Buddhism + Relieved in Karma, transmigration of soul ond rebirth. # Sadharan Shivnath Shastri [1878 | Kolkata | + Formed hy members of Brahmo Samaj who left K.C.Senon Brahma Samaj Ideological differences. ¢ IndianNational | MG.Ranade — [1887 | Bombay | + Emphasised onwomen welfare. Social Conference © Ramkrishna Vivekanand 1897 | Belle | + Concerned with Humanitarian works.education and health. Mission + Relief works during natural disasters. ¢ Servantsofindia | GK.Goklale {1905 | Bombay | + Humanitarian measures relief works in famines. Society + Uplifiment of depressed classes. PoonaSeva RamabaiRanade [1909 | Poona | + Established shelter homes. Sadan + Uplifiment of women and theirwelfare. © Social Service | N.M. Joshi 1911 | Bombay | + Opened eivictnstitutions. schools. libraries dispenaries League + Worked to improve standard of living of Indians. + Rabnumal Dadabhai Naoroji [1851 | Bombay | + Eovancipation of Parst Women. ‘Mandayasnan «+ Promatingeducatlon among Parsi Community Members. Sabha [Ravenent Anata Undine Gb core aaiiched al Palbnre fa TRR6 which tight a combination of classical modem st Study of Blood Study of Liver Study of Fungi Study of Algae Study of Virus Study of Kidney Study of Cancer Study of Universe - Study of Fruits Study of Birds Study of Bones Study of Eggs Study of Dream Study of Hairs Study of Eyes — Haematology Hepatology Mycology Phycology Virology Nephrology Oncology Cosmology Pomology Ornithology Osteology Oology Oneirology Trichology - Ophthalmology Moun = ' Land boundary = 18/900 kro Length 4 cenat Aine = VS 1686 king, Standasid Meddian - 2°30'EF Euxepean countiio ond oot Asian ceuntnts asiecs nothin mountainy prouldud pasagto Jo oneiunt Frou hbxe Roatss haut eoabubutid dn shu exchange of PAKISTAN! and PREGHANISTAN! Sin neeth useat CHINA NEPAL and BHUTAN Jn noxth NUMAR! and BANGLADESH in cost . ; Southun nughbouxs art two icland cous Fn 4 aS SRI LANKA, — separate Pd, —esanea SS fc CG MALDINES {a fh peer. GMAIL SHORTCUTS CTRL+N = Compose a New Email CTRL+D = Archive an Email CTRL+tEnter = Send an Email CTRL+S = Save a Draft CTRL+U = Refresh your Inbox Right Arrow = Open selected Conversation CTRL+A = Select All CTRL+M = Open the Side menu CTRL+~ = Open Settings CTRL+? = Open Help & Feedback CTRL+R = Reply all CTRL+I = Mark as read or unread CTRL+P = Print SMALLEST IN THE WORLD Smallest Continent Australia Smallest Ocean Arctic Smallest River The Roe Smallest Country Vatican City Least Populated Country Vatican City SMCS Lec Nauru Smallest Island Bishops Rock Smallest Desert Carcross Desert Sutra Ure Tardigrades Smallest Land Animal Etruscan shrew Smallest Bird Hummingbird ELECTRICITY GENERATED BY RENEWABLE ENERGY Punjab ....... 1766 MW 7... Haryana 1086 MW + Bihar Rajasthan 14546 MW i Jharkhand Gujarat 36 maw 15447 MW Maharashtra 10566 MW Karnataka ........ 15787 MW ‘a TamilNadu 15370 MW Note: Man I< far Granhical Pre Federal Schemes > The Office of Government » State & Joint Public Service CANADA USA » Federation with a strang centre > Judicial Review fundamental rights > Residual Power with centre » Independent Judiciary > Advisory Jurisdiction of the SC > Impeachment Procedure > Removal Of HC and SC Judges USSR South Africa > Fundamental Duties hia » Amendment of » Ideas of Justices / f \ the constitution (Procedure) (Social, Economic & Political) AES > The Election of members of oy the upper house Cet} — BRITISH GERMANY > Notional Emergency FRENCH Liberty, Equality, Fraternity AUSTRALIA > Concurrent list IRISH > Joint sitting of the »OPSP ‘Two House Of Parliament )The Nomination of members of Rajya Sabha Method of election of the president. JAPAN tunctions of Supreme court b Role of law } Parliamentary form of Government »Sinale Citizenship ‘Bicameralism Cabinet System Legislative Procedure IMPORTANT HILL RANGES IN INDIA GREAT HIMALAYA Jammus'Kashmirto: USaWiaTefolaleMidxele (Eu) 22.000 Inte MIDDLE HIMALAYA Himachal Pradesh s’ Rs, eel areal PURVANCHAL Arunachal Pradesh 9,845 in ft. yf 5,000 - 20,000 in ft. ARAVALLI SHIVALIK adnan fxedfetiialels) re ae eer d | Bolow5,000inft. EASTERN GHATS € Qdisha, Andhra\Pradesh, aicelanliiiCere (UE Over 3,280 in ft. — WESTERN GHATS | COM eiceineenreleallTerel 1,713 - 8,842 in ft. \ CROPPING SEASONS IN INDIA Sou 5 & Harvested October - December June - July March - July Hervested Harvested (Between Rabi April - June September = October and Kharif} Wheat, Barley, Peas, Rice, Maize, Jower, Seasonal fruits, Grom, Mustard. Urad, Cotton, Vegetables, Fodder Groundnut, Soybean crops Punjab, Haryana, Assam, West Bengal, Most of the Northern Himachal Prodesh, Coastal regions of and North-Western Jammu & Kashmir, Odisha, Andhra stctes Uttcrakhand, Pradesh, Telangana, Uttor Pradesh Temi! Nedu, Kerala & Moharashtra U NESCO — Wosld. Hotege ySites_in_ Mahasastra Trick, - E - CAVE E = Ellom Caves Co Chhatrapatl Shivoji Raminus A> Ajanta Caves Vi > Victorian gobic & Art DECO Enzembles Eo Elephanta Caves for Patd UPse Noten , Message 6n Ihatsapp 4184@08210 nnrAmoryt _ Official yan ba.ge UNO “Trick = FACERS — — — — _ =} F ven ch Pale Chinese Eng lish Russtan Spansish Tropic oo] Concer passes thou & slates “Tsick t- West Me bruarat Rovasthan Mathe Shasldand. “ chatye te We West Bengal Mo Madhya Pradesh G+ Gujarat R- Rajasthan M > Mizoram J Sharkhand. C> Chathiggarh T> Tripura Bharat Retna ,oeigiet in (992, Trick + ame § Ja SARD. Tata Ms Malina Abul Kalam Azad S Satyajit Ray THE MAKING OF INDIA’S CONSTITUTION Dec. 9, 1946 Aug. 29, 1947 First meeting Drafting of the Dec. 11, 1946 Committee Constituent DrRajendra & appointed, with Assembly Prasad elected gy Dr.B.R as its Ambedkar President as the chairman Jan. 24, 1950 26 The handwritten Poot Nov. 4, 1947 Constitution signed Drafting Draft, leted consitiution Ree submitted Jan. 26, 2 years 1950 11 months 18 days Time taken to prepare the final draft Constitution eyez LNG Know enforced 2000 = Amendments made | before it was finalised Important Articles related to President of India 52 - President of India 53 - Executive Power 54 - Election of Prez 55 - Manner of Election 56 - Term of Office 57 - Eligibility of Re-election 58 - Qualification for Election 59 - Conditions of Office Al - Procedure for Imneachment Coasting of ndia. * Length of Indian coastline = 7516.6 Km [6100 km of mainland coastline + coastline of 1197 Indian islands] * Touched 13 States and Union Territories (UTs). * Indian Coastal line divided in Two parts : * East Coast of India * West Coast of India Coastline of India. : * East Coast of India * Lies between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal. * It extends from the Ganga delta to Kanniyakumari. * It is marked by deltas of rivers like the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Cauvery. * Chilka lake and the Pulicat lake (lagoon) are the important geographical features of east coast. Coastline of India. >> — a ———— * West Coast of India * extends from the Gulf of Cambay (Gulf of Khambhat) in the north to Cape Comorin (Kanniyakumari). * Starting from north to south, it is divided into * (i) the Konkan coast * (ii) the Kamataka coast * (iii) the Kerala cost. * It is dotted with a large number of coves ,creeks ,and a few estuaries. * The estuaries. of the Narmada and the Tani are the maior ones. Explained: How is the President of India elected WHO ELECTS PRESIDENT OF INDIA? @ Members of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. ® Members of State Assemblies. © Legislatures from NCT of Delhi and Union Territory of Puducherry. t i HOW IS PRESIDENT ELECTED? VOTING ® Secret paper ballot system. © In2017, the ballot papers will be printed in two colours: ga gids, Ea Green For MPs ga gilts ao Pink For MLAs ws _upsc_notes SOURCES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION The Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution on November 26, 1949 and it came into effect on January 26, 1950. + Preamble Fundamental Rights (Articles 12 to 32) ‘ederal structure of government + Functions of President & Vice-President + Impeachment of the President + Judicial Review + Removal of Supreme court and High court Judges * United Kingdom + Parliamentary form of government ingle citizenship ule of Law ( Article 14) +Bicameralism 7 Canada + Quasi-federal form of government + Distribution of powers between the central government and state governments + Residual powers retained by the central government 7 Wreland + Directive Principles of State L) Policy (Part iV) a + Nomination of members to Rajya Sabha} +Election of President France + Republic and the ideals of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity in the Preamble Important Sources of Indian Constitution 7 United States of America - = { Government of India Act 1935 | + Federal Scheme «Provincial Autonomy | Public Service Commissions + Office of Governor 7 S “Cs I eae . 5 Germany (Weimar Constitution) + Emergency Provisions +Suspension ofFundamental =,” Rights during emergency —_—= | Soviet Union (USSR) + Fundamental Duties + Idea of Social, Economic, and Political Justice in Preamble Judiciary | «Administrative Details (enn = South Africa + Procedure for amendment of the constitution + Election of Rajya Sabha members \ | we a ( I japan =Procedure Established by Law |e) Australia + Freedom of trade and commerce within the country and between the states + Concurrent List + Language of the Preamble BO ola ty bs) Hormonal diseases Dietary deficiency diseases Hereditary diseases Congenital diseases Infectious diseases (VIRAL) Infectious diseases (BACTERIAL) Infectious diseases (FUNGAL) Infectious diseases (PROTOZOAN) Degenerative diseases Infectious diseases (worms) Immunological diseases Neoplastic diseases Sela) (cy Goltre, diabetes mellitus, acromegaly, dwarfism Scurvy, rickets, beri-beri, anaemia Haemophilia, albinism Hare lip, club foot, mongolism, spastic paraplegia AIDS, chicken pox, common cold, german measles, influenza, Jaundice, measles, mumps, poliomyelitis, rabies, dengue fever, lassa fever cholera, whooping cough, diptheria, gonorrhoea, leprosy, Pneumonia, syphilis, tetanus, typhoid, tuberculosis, plague | ringworm, atheletes’ foot, thrush malaria, amoebic dysentery, sleeping sickness, kala-azar Braying of hair, baldness, presbyopia, cataract, osteoarthritis, Parkinson’s disease, arteriosclerosis filaria, tapeworm, pinworm hay fever, asthma, rheumatoid, arthritis, nettle rash warts, moles, cancer Layers of the Atmosphere ~—SExosphere a al 960 to 6,200 miles «a - Upto 2,700°F S, Thermosphere 86 to 372 miles ray ° é Vy) 982°F to 3,632°F ter space) ‘ 4 of OU grat a Mesosphere 32 to 85 miles 32°F to -130°F Stratosphere 11 to 31 miles -60°F to 5°F Meteors SA ¢ Troposphere 0 to 10 miles Hot air balloon Research Centres of India + Agricultural - New Delhi * Rice - Cuttack * Fuel - Dhanbad * Potato - Shimla * Tobacco - Rajamundry * Forest - Dehradun * Sugar - Kanpur * Dairy - Karnal * Leather - Chennai * Geophysical - Hyderabad * Drug - Lucknow * Textile - Anmedabad MAJOR CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS THAT CHANGED THE COURSE OF INDIA 1951 (1° AMENDMENT) 1956 (7" 1976 (42° AMENDMENT) | Introduced 9th AMENDMENT) _ ‘Socialist’ and ‘Secular’ Schedule to keep States added in the Preamble; certainlaws beyond —_reorganised fundamental duties the scope of judicial by language; prescribed review . Union 5 Territories 4 1978 (44" ; f AMENDMENT ero 3985 (62° AMENDMENT Defection becomes Right to t Property illegal knocked off from the list of fundamental rights | aL . oes 1992 (73 AND 74™ \ t AMENDMENT) Voting age a Direct election for ae Vout Panchayats and urban local bodies RAMSAR SITES IN INDIA Wolar Lake. Hokera Wetland Surinsar Mansar — Tsomoriri Feng a Chandertal Wetland Renuka Wetland Sambhar Lake — Ie oa allent Features or tne © Lengthiest known © as + Ithas provisions for both Union & Stal + Itaddresses diversity / regions / religions languages, etc to address mistrust if any among special classes and regions. + It has detailed provisions to address Centre-State relations. - It contains many administrative details as well (Like UPSC, other bodies details) Borrowed Constitution as “A Beautiful Patchwork!" + Provisions have been sourced from other ®. + Basis is Gol Act, 1935 (UK). Written © Flexible as well as Rigid Is flexible so that it does not become obsolete/invalid. Under A368, parliament can amend the © & has done so around 104 times. Is Rigid so that its essence is preserved and is not easily amendable. SC’s Basic structure doctrine under which basic structure of the © cannot be amended even under A368. In fact, Indian © is more flexible than rigid. Establishes Parliamentary System (p)) + Provision for nominal and real head. All the decisions/actions are taken by the Head of the Gov, {PM) in the name of Head of the State (Prez) + PM rules the State, takes decision for executive orders. For its election we use “First Past the Post ‘System’, the candidate achieved maximum votes, wins. [which needn't be absolute majority]. + The representation is far better in PRS/STV. + Majority party rule - The party which takes majority in Lok Sabha (50% + 1) forms the Gov. + Council of Ministers coll ‘Sabha (ui) - A75(3). (Question hours, ete, if majority losses, gov losses) (In other words, executive remains responsible to the legislature (11)) - Most defining feature of Parliamentary system. + Executive is integral part of legislature (ministers have to be MP), - Thus in parliamentary form of Gov we practise dilute form of separation of powers, ie. there is diffusion of powers. Thus executive becomes driver of Parliament. . . 5 . ‘periodic accountability, Guarantees FR's with remedies in case of their violation FR are so imp. That their remedy itself is a FR under 32, Establishes Independent Judiciary with power of Judicial Review Needed for Rule of Law. SC is called as Guardian of the Const. In india, Judicial Review implies [UPSC 2017] (b) the power of the Judiciary to question the wisdom of the laws enacted by the Legislatures. (Wrong as parliament has full competence to make laws) + JR belongs to higher judiciary, SC/HC. + This function arises from the fact that a system based on a written Constitution can hardly be effective without an impartial & independent arbiter, + JRis necessary to restrain the governmental organs from exercising those powers which have not been sanctioned by the Constitution. + The responsibilities which a court carries in a country with written Constitution are much more than that of courts of the countries which do not have written Constitution. + JRis not explicitly mentioned, but inherent in various provisions of the Constitution, like under Art 13, Art 32, Art 141, Art 142, Art 226. Establishes balance b/w Parliamentary Sovereignty & Judicial supremacy Checks and balanced b/w both. We have taken middle path bw UK & US. Establishes a secular state Country has no religion but countrymen have religion. Establishes a Quasi-Federal system What is Federal Principle? +A method of dividing powers bw the Union and the States in such a way that beth work in coordination with each other. |t is not that states are in subordination to Union. States are constitutional independent entities sphere, getting their powers from ©. + It seeks to reconcile Unity with Diver Nationalism with Regionalism, Centraliz hy Decentralization. Essential elements of Federal System + Existence of Dual Polity + Itis based on distribution of powers bhw Union & States. + Ina model federal system, states have more powers than Union, yet Union does not remain weak (ie. States don't have centrifugal tendency). + Insuch a system, UL < SL. + There is a Written © » Itis well codified in order to avoid any confusion ‘or ambiguity in the distribution of powers. + Supremacy of the © » All organs draw powers from the ©. None is above it. + Rigidity + Provisions related to distribution of powers should not be easily amendable, certainly not without the concurrence of states + Authority of Courts * In order to resolve any disputes between the units of federation, there should be some authority to resolve such disputes, an authority which is accepted by both union & state. (SC in our case}. Indian Federal System Federal Features + Distribution of powers in the from of Union list, State list & concurrent list. {In India, All the State Govare independent on all matters of state list} + Written constitution, Rigid constitution, ‘Supremacy of the ©, Authority of courts. Non Federal Features + Uniformity; A federal system being dual polity is based on divided authority with separate legislative and executive and judicial powers. Obviously, this is bound to produce diversity in laws, in administration and judicial protection. But, if this diversity goes beyond a certain point it may produce chaos. Hence, the © has adopted some provisions to maintain unity in these areas like: » Single Citizenship * Single Constitution SOME OF THE WELL-KNOWN TIGER RESERVES IN INDIA: > Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve zc ae) Uttarakhand | A J Manas National Pa J 6 Assam Ranthambore Tiger Reserve Rajasthan Dudhwa Tiger Reserve Uttar Pradesh Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve Madhya Pradesh < \, Sunderban Tige A Tadoba Andhari Reserve Tiger Reserve West Benga Maharashtra Similipal Tiger Reserve . Bandipur Tiger Reserve Odisha - Karnataka Indravati Tiger Reservg, : ; - Chattisgarh Periyar Tiger Reserve Kerala Anamalai Tiger Reserve Tamil Nadu be Fett Of es pears Sa cy ts oe Sane a megs eA Pe ets Cl Fee ? Nl Pail,of India SLO Tey) ofFive River - ig El q ref Le EAS) LL Country - Kérala City of Deven Islands - Mumbai Queen of Arabian Sea-- Cochin »- 9. The Equator, the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, all the three pass through a continent named —Africa Strait of Hormuz lies between —Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman Which city of Turkey is referred to as the Gateway to the West ? —Istanbul Veer Savarkar International Air-port is located in —Port Blair Which canal is called the Gateway to the Pacific ? —Panama Canal ‘Belgrade’ and ‘Budapest’ are located on the bank of —The Danube river The Indian sub-continent was originally part of a huge land-mass called —Gondwana Continent “Saddle Peak’, the highest peak of Andaman and Nicobar islands is located in —North Andaman ‘Khetri’ is famous for —Copper mines 10. ‘Jarva’ tribe is mainly found in —Nicobar island Supplement 4. Banihal: Between Jammu and Kashmir Valley, located _in. ni inge. Jawahar tunnel passes through it 2. Zoji La: Between Kashmir Valley and arg connects Se wiih Leh via 3. Burzail: Connects Gilgit_with rinagar through Deosai Finns 4, Pensi La: Situated in Greater Himalayas, connects Zaskar Valley to Suruvall 5. Pir Panjal: Connects Jammu to ‘Srinagar _— 6. Khardung La: In Leh of Ladakh, gateway to Shyok and Nubra Valleys. highest_motorable pass, which carries Supplies to Siachen 7. Chang La: In_Great Himalayas, connects Ladakh with Tibet ns) 8. Bara-Lacha: In © | Sammu and Kashmir connects “ ManatiandLeh 17. Bhor Ghat: In Maharashtra, situated in_crest_of Western Ghat 18. Thal Ghat: In Maharashtra, connects Mumbai and Nashik 19. Pal Ghat: in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, passes through Nil Anaimalai hills eine 20. Haldi Ghati Rajasthan 21. Asirgarh: In Satpura Pradesh leer rangi of Madhya ~PossesInindia 9, Fotu-La: In Zaskar range of Himalayas “Srinagar-Leh highway passes throughit 40, Shipki La: In Himachal Pradesh which connects to Tibet(China)_ 44, Kunzum Pass: In Lahul and Spi Vatey of Himachal i 42. Rohtang Pas: Kulluto Lahuland Sp! 13, Niti Pass: In Uttarakhand join (China) 44, Mana Pass: In Ultarakhand_connects Tibet (China), Passes through Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve 45. Traill's Pass: In Uttarakhand, situatedat the end of Pi 416. Lipulekh Pass: In _Utfarakhand, connects India with Tibet (China), on trjunction of India China_and Nepal, pass to Kailash China In Sikkim, connects Lhasa (Tibet) 24. Bomdila: In Arunachal P, £ ) Arunachal Pr cts Uhasa (Tibet) Tawangaree phu: In Arunachal, tri Junction of indis pel china and Myani 26. Sela Pass: In Arunach; \ withBomdiavia NH 13, / connects Tawar Union Leg (Parliament) Indian Legislature yoy WV Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha | Unicameral | Bicameral [7 Upper House I> Also known as council of states |—>Total members-250 238 12 Indirectly Nominated elected [> Permanent Body |-> Term of individual member - 6 years |-> 1/3 members retires at expiration of every 2nd year: |-> Presiding officers Chairman Deputy Chairman L> Qualification Citizen of Lower House House of People y Legislative Assembly a Maximum Strength - 5$2 Leg, Assembly or| Leg. Council or Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad r- | 530 20 2 (Nominated (States) (UTs)_ members from ‘Anglo-Indian Community) Members are directly elected Term - 5 years Presiding Officers Deputy Speaker Speaker Qualification Citizen Notless of India than 25 years. Notless than Lower House H Upper House Maximum Maximum Strength - 500 Strength - 1/3" Minimum ftotal strength oftotal strength Strength - 60 of Assembly. Minimum Strength - 40 Members are indirectly elected Permanent body 1/3" of its members retire every second year. Members are directly elected by people Term 5 years Term - 6 years — Uttarakhand Katarmal Surya Temple Jammu & Kashmir ‘Martand Sun Temple Madhya Pradesh Brohmanya Dev temple Gujarat Modhera Sun Temple Assam Surya Pahar Temple © @ Tamil Nadu Suryaner Kovil Andhra Pradesh Arasavalli Surya Narayan Temple K2 8611 The highest peak in the Indian subcontinent metres | lies between Baltistan and Xinjiang. Itis the highest peak in the Karakoram Kangchenjunga 8586 |The third highest summit in the World. metres | Also known as the ‘five treasures of snow. Lies in Himalayan Mountain Range Nanda Devi 7816 Ranked the 23rd highest peak across the metres | world. The Nanda Devi National Prak, located in the vicinity to the peak, consists of the best high-altitude flora and fauna. This is the highest peak located entirely within India. It is a part of Himalayan mountain ranges (Garhwal) Kamet 7156 It is located near the Tibetan Plateau. metres | It is located in the Garhwal region WHATSAPP GROUP: 9121 (erusvias) Saltoro Kangri 7742 It is located near the Siachen metres {The Saltoro Kangri is ranked the 31st highest independent peak in the world. It lies in the Saltoro range (a part of the Karakoram Mountain range) Saser Kangri 7672 Located in Ladakh, metres | This mountain peak is the 35th highest mountain peak in the __ world, It lies in the Saser Muztagh range (an easternmost subrange of Karakoram Range.) Mamostong 7516 It is located near Siachen Glacier, Kangri/Mamostang metres | It is the 48th independent peak in India. Kangri Itis the highest peak of the Rimo Muztagh Tange (a subrange of the Karakoram range) Rimol 7385 | The Rimo Tis a part of Rimo Muztagh, a metres | subrange of Great Karakoram range. Itis the 71st highest peak in the world. Hardeol 7151 | This peak is also known as the ‘Temple of metres God’. ‘WHATSAPP GROUP: 9121 Gereviam It is one of the oldest summi Kumaon Himalaya Chaukhamba I 7138 It is located in the Garhwal district of metres | Uttrakhand. It is a part of the Gangotri Group of Garhwal Himalaya ranges Trisul I 7120 The name of this mountain peak is taken metres | from the weapon of Lord Shiva. Itis one of three mountain peaks located in the Kumaon Himalaya in Uttrakhand. Nanga Parbat: Ninth highest peak of the world located in the PoK, just near the Indus Gorge (8126m) Forms western terminus of the Himalayas First climbed by Austrian climber Hermann Buhl on 3 July 1953 Godwin Austin (K2): + 2° highest peak of the world located in the central part of the Karakoram Range Known as the Savage Mountain due to the difficulty of ascent, second highest fatality rate after the Annapurna Never been climbed in the winter Kamet: Second highest peak of Uttarakhand located north of the Gangotri Glacier, near the border with Tibet. Lies in the Chamoli district. A nasi af tha Grast Himalauae naar tha Mana Dace Nanda Devi: + Highest peak of Uttarakhand between the Milam Glacier and the Pindar Glacier + Part of the Nanda Devi National Park + Second highest peak of India (excluding PoK ) Satopanth: + Lies in the Gangotri region of Garhwal. Himalayas (Uttarakhand). + Itis located in the Gangotri National Park. » The River Alaknanda originates in this peak. Dunagiri: + Situated in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand. + It is one among the peaks which surround the Nanda Devi peak. Kangtoh: » It lies in India-China border (Arunachal Pradesh). + Itis also known as Kanggardo Rize, wy ‘WHATSAPP GROUP: 912041 « Located on the Eastern Himalayas along the borders of the Autonomous region of China, Tibet and India. + Itis the source of the Pachuk river which is a tributary of the River Kameng. Guru Shikhar: + Highest peak of the Aravallis and Rajasthan. + Located at a distance of Skm from Mount Abu. + Home to the temple of Dattatreya, an incarnation of the Lord Vishnu. + Adjacent to the temple is the Mt. Abu Observatory Dhupgarh: + Highest peak of the Satpura Range located in the Mahadeo Hills near Pachmarhi (1350m.) + Rock structure is basaltic with abundance of slate, schist and granite deposits + Animportant tourist spot Malaygiri: + Located in the southeastern part of the Garhjat Hills, is the highest peak of the hills + Located between the Brahmani and Baitarni rivers +» Rich in metallic minerals Mahendragiri: + Peak of the Eastern Ghats located near Behrampur in the district of Gajapati, Orissa + Highest peak of Orissalocated near the border with Andhra Pradesh Doddabetta: + Highest peak of the Nilgiri Hills in the Nilgiri district of Tamil Nadu + 35km north of Otty + A popular tourist attraction with road access up to the summit + There is an observatory at the top with two telescopes + Shola forests over its slopes Anai Mudi: WHATSAPP GROUP: 9120404g@ + Located in the state of Kerala, it is the highest peak of t! Western Ghats as well as of the South India, also highest outside the Himalayas in India + It literally means ‘Elephant Forehead’ + Located at the junction of the Palni Cardamom and Annamalai hills, in the southern part of the Eravikulam National Park Kalsubai: + Highest peak of the Sahyadris in Maharashtra + To reach the summit there are various trekking routes and animal tracks + Atthe summit a small temple of Kalsubai is located Mahabaleshwar: + Largest hill station in the Sahyadri Range of Maharashtra + Located in the Satara district,with the height of 1438m. « Due to its high altitude it has cool climate Namcha Barwa: GENERAL STUDIES FOR EXAM Ancient History Notes For UPSC JAINISM . Jainism is a very ancient religion. As per some traditions, it is as old as the Vedic religion. The Jain tradition has a succession of great teachers or Tirthankaras. - There were 24 Tirthankaras the last of which was Vardhaman Mahavira. - The first Tirthankara is believed to be Rishabhanath or Rishabhadev. - The 23rd Tirthankara was Parshvanatha who was born in Varanasi. He may have lived in the 8th or 7th century BC. - All the Tirthankaras were Kshatriyas by birth. ardhaman Mahavira (539-9467 B1C.) - Considered the last Tirthankara. - He was born at Kundagrama near Vaisali. . His parents were Kshatriyas. Father - Siddhartha (Head of Jnatrika Clan); Mother - Trishala (Sister of Lichchhavi chief Chetaka). (Chetaka’s daughter married Haryanka ota ‘or + He was married to Yasoda and had a daughter -_ Priyadarsana. + At the age of 30, Vardhaman renounced his home and became a wandering ascetic. - He also observed self-mortification. - After 13 years of penance, he attained the highest spiritual knowledge called Kevala Jnan. He attained this at Jimbhikagrama village under a sal tree aged 42. This is called Kaivalya. Thereafter, he was called Mahavira, Jina, Jitendriya (one who conquered his senses), Nigrantha (free from all bonds) and Kevalin. + He preached his teachings for 30 years and died at Pava (near Rajagriha) aged 72. CUS a ett) Ee - Vedic religion had become highly ritualistic. Jainism was taught in Pali and Prakrit thus was more accessible to the common man as compared to Sanskrit. + It was accessible to people of all castes. - Varna system had rigidified and people of the lower castes led miserable lives. Jainism offered them an honourable place. - About 200 years after the death of Mahavira, a great famine in the Ganga valley prompted Chandragupta Maurya and Bhadrabahu (last Acharya of the undivided Jain sangha) to migrate to Karnataka. Jainism spread to Southern India after that. Eat eee Tiss) - Mahavira rejected Vedic principles. « He did not believe in God's existence. According to him, the universe is a product of the natural phenomenon of cause and effect. . He believed in Karma and transmigration of the soul. The body dies but the soul does not. One will be punished or rewarded as per one's karma. - Advocated a life of austerity and non-violence. Stressed on equality but did not reject the caste system, unlike Buddhism. But he also said that man may be ‘good’ or ‘bad’ as per his actions and not birth. . Asceticism was taken to a great length. Starvation, nudity and self-mortification were expounded. + Two elements of the world: Jiva (conscious) and Atma (unconscious). + Triratnas of Jainism: L 1 Right faith 2 Right knowledge 3. Right conduct (observance of five vows) 1. Ahimsa (non-violence) 2. Satya (truth) 3. Asteya (no stealing) 4. Parigraha (no acquiring property) s. Brahmacharya (abstinence) General studier ‘or exam @) » « When Bhadrabahu left for South India, Sthulabahu remained in the North with his followers. . Sthulabahu changed the code of conduct and said that white clothes could be worn. Thus, split Jainism into two sects: 1. Swetambaras: White-clad; Northerners 2. Digambaras: Sky-clad (naked); Southerners First council - Held at Pataliputra in the 3rd century BC. . Presided by Sthulabahu. Second Council + Held at Vallabhi in Gujarat in 512 CE. « Presided by Devardhigani. « 12 Angas were compiled here. Royall patrons of Jainism South India . Kadamba dynasty . Ganga dynasty « Amoghavarsha - Kumarapala (Chalukya dynasty) RBI: See ulac nT s * Commenced operations on 1 April, 1935 Sac e ace CE Ly * A Governor and (not more than four) Deputy Governors to be appointed by the Central Government * Independent apex monetary authority WE) viata ele) B S10 MoT LM (elke oe rome CLM rupee notes, which are issued by DTT om alm Tae “RE S ERVE on” * Banker to the Government — Manages Banking needs of Central and State Govt * Represents Govt of India as fuel eer S- 1 AL Monetary Policy 2/3 * RBI uses Quantitative and Qualitative measures to control Money Sree aad * Quantitative — General measures that Influence total volume of cy Smee ea ee Re eu een ad Tre} CoN Tae M Cet ory Oe eU-tldeml | meme nag * Liquidity Adjustment Facility — Repo, Reverse Repo, MSF Oe) cm ected Repo Rate Co ee Cee enn borrow funds from RBI ROMEO eA ees ys Sa amu ace aE) assurance to buy them back after ese ht Banks cannot use their SLR Quota aa Reverse Repo Rate Sea eC on ccd Cee RC Oar eet) — Cowman Sects Aroent Rare ie eter, [7 ommeria tk] 9. Subhash Chandra Bose defeated Patabhi Sitaramayya and became President of Indian National Congress at —Tripuri Ses R.C. Dutta blamed rogue policies of the British for the poor economic conditions of Indians and India in his book —Economic History of India (1901) What was the original name of Tantiya Tope, the hero of the 1857 Revolt ? —Ramchandra Pandurang Which great freedom fighter was associated with the murder of Michael O’Dwyer in London ? —Udham Singh Which two major provinces had totally non-Congress govern- ments after the 1937 elections ? —Punjab and Bengal The announcement of the annul-ment of Partition of Bengal came in the viceroyalty of —Lord Hardinge-II When did Mahatma Gandhi give the slogan of ‘Swaraj in a year’ ? —During Non-Cooperation Movement Gandhiji’s Champaran Movement was for —Solving the problems of Indigo Workers Who was the British Governor-General when the 1857 Revolt broke out ? —Lord Canning 10. Communal Award of 1932 is also known as —Ramsay McDonald Award Anoun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, or an idea. Averbis an action word that describes what the 1 An adverb’ An interjection isa «ge isa word word or a phrase that t. subject ‘s that is used to express 2] doing. describes an emotion. a verb, an adjective, s PARTS A i OF 3 | another preposition adverb, isaword | 7 ora full that SPEECH 4 sentence. connects An adjective nouns, pronouns, A conjunction is a word that joins two words, “y or phrases || is aword phrases, or clauses to the other that 5 in a sentence. wordsina || describes sentence. or modifies a} | 4 Pronoun Is a word that can be used instead of anoun. noun ora pronoun. Five mainitypes of Gupta Temples Type 1 "> Square building with flat roof and shallow pillared porch. "> The nucleus of the temple, the sanctum or cella (garbhagriha), with a . single entrance anda porch (Mandapa) appears for the first time here. > le examp > Notable examples are: Kankali Devi Temple (Tigawa) and Vishnu Varaha i ‘Temple (Eran). a » Addition of an ambulatory (paradakshina) around sanctum » Sometimes a second storey is also found > Notable examples are: Shiva Temple Bhumara (MP), Lad Khan Temple (Aihole), Parbati Temple at Nachnakuthara (MP) Type3 > Square Temple with low and Squat tower (Shikhiara) above: Pillared approach, a high platform at the base. » It isin the Panchayatna style of architecture where the main shrine is. built on a rectangular plinth with four smaller subsidiary shrines at the four comers (making it a total of five shrines, hence the name Panchayatna). » Most unique achievement of this stage was "Curvilinear Tower” i.e. Shikkhara. » Success of third stage led to “Nagara Style” temple making. > Notable examples are: Dasavatara Temple (Deogarh) and Brick Temple (Bhitargaon) Types » Rectangular temple with an apsidal back and barrel-vaulted roof above » Notable examples are: Kapoteswara Temple at Cezarla (Andhra Pradesh) > Circular temple with shallow rectangular projection at four cardinal faces. FABRIC MAP OF INDIA PASHMINA PHULKARI KULLU SHAWLS. APATANI PANJA WEAVE: : SHISHA Ry BHAGALPURI SILK ue sink ; “

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