1G;
>?N?LGCH;>;
?GJL?M;
I@?L?=?

=IGI
OG
>?
M?OM
<?H?@`=CIM
>ICM
=OLMIM
>?
=;J;=CN;]\I
J;L;
M?OM


@OH=CIHYLCIM
"IC
F?P;HN;>;
OG;
J?MKOCM;
J?F;
?GJL?M;
J;L;
M;<?L
KO;CM
=OLMIM
M?OM
@OH=CIHYLCIM
?MN;P;G

@L?KO?HN;H>I
JIL
G?CI
>?
OG
KO?MNCIHYLCI
@ILH?=C>I
+M
L?MOFN;>IM
@IL;G
IM
M?AOCHN?M

!M=IFB?H>I
;I
;=;MI
OG
@OH=CIHYLCI
>;
?GJL?M;
KO;F
^
;JLIRCG;>;G?HN?
;
JLI<;<CFC>;>?
>?
KO?
?F?
H\I

@L?KO?HNIO
H?HBOG
=OLMI
; 

< 

= 

> 

? 

3;

2;GIM
=IHMNLOCL
I
>C;AL;G;
>?
2?HH
ONCFCT;L
>I
=IH=?CNI
>;
0?ILC;
>IM
IHDOHNIM

(IAI
;= ¡ :B ¡ :; ¡  ¥ ?=
 ¥ B H\I
@L?KO?HN;G
H?HBOG
>IM
=OLMIM
w ¥ ?= ¥ ‡Î“Ï
K]6^ 
*?MN?
=;MI
‡ÎlÏ ¥ B O r ¥ ¥ § 9.:=:
K]T^ 


*OG
=IH=OLMI
=;>;
=;H>C>;NI
@?T
OG;
JLIP;
>?
,ILNOAO_M
?
OG;
>?
);N?GYNC=;
,;L;
M?L
;JLIP;>I
I
;FOHI

N?G
KO?
J;MM;L
H;M
>O;M
JLIP;M
/;<?
M?
KO?
I
HdG?LI
>?
=;H>C>;NIM
KO?
J;MM;L;G
?G
,ILNOAO_M
^
I
KOY>LOJFI
>I

HdG?LI
>?
;JLIP;>IM
HIM
=IH=OLMIM
>IM
KO?
J;MM;L;G
?G
);N?GYNC=;
^
I
NLCJFI
>I
HdG?LI
>?
=;H>C>;NIM

1
;JLIP;>IM
HI
=IH=OLMI
>IM
KO?
H\I
J;MM;L;G
H;M
>O;M
JLIP;M
^
;
G?N;>?
>I
HdG?LI
>?
;JLIP;>IM
HI
=IH=OLMI
?

>IM
KO?
@CT?L;G
I
=IH=OLMI
^
 
-O;HNIM
=;H>C>;NIM
@IL;G
L?JLIP;>IM
HI
=IH=OLMI
;  

<  

=  

>  

?  

3;

% IHMC>?L;H>I
 I
HdG?LI
>?
;FOHIM
;JLIP;>IM
HI
=IH=OLMI
?HN\I
I
HdG?LIM
 L?JL?M?HN;
;
CHN?LM?]\I
>IM

;FOHIM
KO?
J;MM;L;G
?G
);N?GYNC=;
?
,ILNOAO_M

%% (IAI
HI
>C;AL;G;
;<;CRI
N?GIM
>?
;=IL>I
=IGI
I
?HOH=C;>I

Q Q
%%%/;<?H>I
KO?

J?MMI;M
@CT?L;G
I
=IH=OLMI
N?GIM
< ¡  ¡ ; ¡ ¥ ;?9 M ? ¥ :?9 M :; ¡  ¥
 
>;9 M :< ¥ >;9 Y  ¥ =9 J?MMI;M

%2 (IAI
IM
;FOHIM
L?JLIP;>IM
M\I
;?9 ¢ =9 ¥ ;;9 ;FOHIM


!G
N?ILC;
>IM
=IHDOHNIM
JI>?GIM
L?JL?M?HNY
FIM
;NL;P^M
>I
>C;AL;G;
>?
2?HH
/?D;G
IM
=IHDOHNIM
;<;CRI

f 
=IHDOHNI
>;M
GOFB?L?M
<L;MCF?CL;M

f 
=IHDOHNI
>;M
GOFB?L?M
<L;MCF?CL;M
@OG;HN?M
%N?G

=IHDOHNI
>;M
GOFB?L?M
=IG
=ILIH;P`LOM

?M?HB;>I
I
>C;AL;G;
;<;CRI
KO?
L?JL?M?HN;
IM
NL_M
=IHDOHNIM
JI>?GIM
;@CLG;L
KO?
;
L?AC\I
MIG<L?;>;
CH>C=;

2
; GOFB?L?M
<L;MCF?CL;M
=IG
IPC>


< GOFB?L?M
?MNL;HA?CL;M
=IG
IPC>

?
@OG;HN?M

= GOFB?L?M
<L;MCF?CL;M
@OG;HN?M
?
=IG
IPC>


> GOFB?L?M
?MNL;HA?CL;M
=IG
IPC>


? GOFB?L?M
<L;MCF?CL;M
=IG
IPC>

?
H\I
@OG;HN?M

3;

/?D;G
IM
=IHDOHNIM
L?JL?M?HN;>IM
;<;CRI
HI
>C;AL;G;
>?
2?HH
+<M?LP?
KO?
i\h
­h W j ¦ R
iWj ¦R

,ILN;HNI
;
L?AC\I
MIG<L?;>;
=ILL?MJIH>?
;I
=IHDOHNI
>;M
GOFB?L?M
=IG
IPC>

J?LN?H=?G
;

<L;MCF?CL;M

J?LN?H=?G
;

?
H\I
@OG;HN?M
H\I
J?LN?H=?G
;



H;FCM?
I
>C;AL;G;
>?
2?HH
MI<L?
IM
>CPCMIL?M
>?
<9 ?
=9

*;
CHN?LM?=]\I
?HNL?
IM
>ICM
=`L=OFIM
?MN\I
IM
>CPCMIL?M
=IGOHM
>?
<9 ?
=9
-O;F
^
I
G>=
?HNL?
?MM?M
>ICM
HdG?LIM

; >

3
< :9

= <9

> =9

3;

) Î<9.=9Ï ¥ )YRCGI
>CPCMIL
=IGOG
IO
M?D;
I
G;CIL
>CPCMIL
KO?
M?D;
>CPCMIL
=IGOG
>?
<9 ?
=9
JILN;HNI
I

G;CIL
HdG?LI
KO?
?MN?D;
H;
CHN?LM?=]\I
:9


,?LAOHNIO
M?
;
=99 @;G`FC;M
>?
OG
<;CLLI
>;
=C>;>?
KO;F
?L;
I
NCJI
>?
NL;HMJILN?
ONCFCT;>I
?G
M?O
>C;
;
>C;

/?AOH>I
;M
L?MJIMN;M
;@> @;G`FC;M
@;T?G
OMI
>?
NL;HMJILN?
Jd<FC=I
:99 @;G`FC;M
ONCFCT;G
I
NL;HMJILN?
Jd<FC=I
?
I

NL;HMJILN?
J;LNC=OF;L
?
:9> OM;G
?R=FOMCP;G?HN?
I
NL;HMJILN?
J;LNC=OF;L
-O;HN;M
@;G`FC;M
H\I
OM;G
H?HBOG
NCJI

>?
NL;HMJILN?
; ;9

< A9

= :;9

> :;>

3;


";G`FC;M
KO?
H\I
OM;G
H?HBOG
NCJI
>?
NL;HMJILN?
^
=99 ¢ Î:@> ¡ :99 ¡ :9>Ï ¥ =99 ¢ <A9 ¥ ;9


;>;
;
L?N;
HOG^LC=;
;<;CRI
;
FI=;FCT;]\I
;JLIRCG;>;
>;
G:9 ^

4
; 

< 

= 

> 

3;


G:9 ^
;JLIRCG;>;G?HN?
CAO;F
;
 
FIAI
^
G?FBIL
L?JL?M?HN;>I
J?F;
F?NL;

H;
L?N;
HOG^LC=;


;>;
;
L?N;
;<;CRI
;
FI=;FCT;]\I
;JLIRCG;>;
>;
G>
^

; 

< 

= 

> 

3;


G> ^
;JLIRCG;>;G?HN?
 
IO
M?D;
JLaRCGI
;
F?NL;



!HKO;HNI
=LC;P;
I
JLID?NI
J;L;
OG;
JIHN?
I
?HA?HB?CLI
;LFIM
?H=IHNLIO
?G
M?OM
=YF=OFIM
I
M?AOCHN?
HdG?LI

:.@<;9>9A9@>?AA@@;B<>;@==?<1 11
+<M?LP;H>I
I
HdG?LI
?H=IHNL;>I
JI>?GIM
=F;MMC@C=Y
FI
=IGI
; CLL;=CIH;F
JICM
H\I
JIMMOC
J?L`I>I

< L;=CIH;F
=IG
>?=CG;F
CH@CHCNI
>?
J?L`I>I


= L;=CIH;F
?
?H=IHNL;
M?
H;
@ILG;
@L;=CIHYLC;

> CHN?CLI
JICM
H\I
JIMMOC
=;M;M
>?=CG;CM

3;


5
+
HdG?LI
;JL?M?HN;>I
^
CLL;=CIH;F
JICM
H\I
JI>?
M?L
?M=LCNI
?G
@ILG;
>?
@L;]\I
*\I
;JL?M?HN;
J?L`I>I


/?
h ¥ Џ S I 6  ^
>CPCMIL
>?
?9Ñ ?
i ¥ Џ S I 6 : ª  ª >Ñ
?HN\I
I
HdG?LI
>?
?F?G?HNIM
>I
=IHDOHNI
>;M

J;LN?M
>?
h W i ^
OG
HdG?LI
; GdFNCJFI
>?

G?HIL
KO?


< JLCGI
?HNL?

?


= >CPCMIL
>?


> J;L
GdFNCJFI
>?


? J?LN?H=?HN?
;I
=IHDOHNI
Џ S J 6 <; ¨  ª =9Ñ

3;


h ¥ Ð:.;.=.<.?.:;.>.:9.;9.:>.<9.?9Ñ
¬
i ¥ Ð:.;.<.=.>Ñ

2?D;
KO?
h W i ¥ i ¥ Ð:.;.<.=.>Ñ

(IAI
‡ÒrÎh W iÏÓ ¥ ; ¥ <; HdG?LI
>?
?F?G?HNIM
>I
MO<=IHDOHNI
>?
h W i

  +
M?AG?HNI

CH>C=;>I
H;
L?N;
HOG^LC=;
;<;CRI
?MNY
>CPC>C>I
?G
>?T
M?AG?HNIM
=IHALO?HN?M
J?FIM
JIHNIM





!
"
#
$
?
%


>GCN;
KO?

?

L?JL?M?HN?G
L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?
IM
HdG?LIM
?


 

6
+
JIHNI

L?JL?M?HN;
I
M?AOCHN?
HdG?LI



;







<








=








>







3;


/?H>I
 =  =
=  = 
M?AO?
KO?
 
=  + 
⇔ = + 

 

⇔
=


  
,ILN;HNI
I
JIHNI

L?JL?M?HN;
I
HdG?LI =
+  = + ⋅ =



  

 1G
JIHNI
FI=;FCT;>I
HI
M?AOH>I
KO;>L;HN?
JIMMOC
;
<M=CMM;
?
IL>?H;>;
JIMCNCP;M
<
<M=CMM;
JIMCNCP;
?
IL>?H;>;
H?A;NCP;
=
<M=CMM;
H?A;NCP;
?
IL>?H;>;
JIMCNCP;
>
<M=CMM;
?
IL>?H;>;
H?A;NCP;M
?
<M=CMM;
?
IL>?H;>;
HOF;M

3;


/?
I
JIHNI
?MNY
HI
e
KO;>L;HN?
?HN\I
?F?
?MNY
;
?MKO?L>;
>I
?CRI
 ?
;=CG;
>I
?CRI

FIAI
JIMMOC
 ¨ 9 ?
 © 9


+M
=IHDOHNIM

?

N_G
L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?

k
R
?
R ?F?G?HNIM
?

R
 N?G
R

 ?F?G?HNIM
!HN\I
M?
JI>?

;>GCNCL
=IGI
P?L>;>?CLI
KO?

;

N?G
=CH=I
?F?G?HNIM




<

N?G
KO;NLI
?F?G?HNIM




=

N?G
M?CM
?F?G?HNIM




>

N?G
G;CM
>?
M?CM
?F?G?HNIM




?

N?G
G?HIM
>?
NL_M
?F?G?HNIM

3;


/?H>I
 S I ?
M;<?H>I
KO?

 ×  = 
 ⋅ 
 P?G

+  =
 −
 ⋅ 
⇔ 
 − 
+  = 



⇒
= 
,ILN;HNI
M?AO?
KO? H






IGJF?N?
;
N;<?F;

7
"$)(


!MN;<?F?];
M?
=;>;
OG
>IM
?MKO?G;M
>;M
L?F;]c?M
;<;CRI
>?@CH?
IO
H\I
OG;
@OH]\I
>?
h ¥ Т:.9.:.;Ñ ?G
i ¥

Т;. ¢:.9.:Ñ
&OMNC@CKO?
;

<

=

"$)(
; #-+*-. ?@CH?
@OH]\I

#-*'/65* ?@CH?
OG;
@OH]\I
JICM
Q S h. T €ÎÏ S i

8
 F^G
>CMMI
=;>;
 JIMMOC
;J?H;M
OG
?KOCP;F?HN?
€ÎÏ HI
=IHDOHNI
i

< #-+*-. >?@CH?
@OH]\I

#-*'/65* QS h Î'Ï. T €ÎÏ S i ÎÏ F^G
>CMMI
=;>;
 JIMMOC
;J?H;M
OG
?KOCP;F?HN?
€ÎÏ

HI
=IHDOHNI
i

= #-+*-. *\I
>?@CH?
@OH]\I

#-*'/65* 
L?F;]\I
>?@CH?
€Î9Ï ¥ ¢:  €Î9Ï ¥ 9
FIAI
H\I
^
OG;
@OH]\I


-O;CM
>;M
L?F;]c?M
;<;CRI
>?
J ?G
J
=ODIM
ALY@C=IM
;J;L?=?G
;<;CRI
M\I
@OH]c?M
&OMNC@CKO?

;

<

=

>

9
"$)(

#-+*-. X
@OH]\I

#-*'/65* 0;G<^G
=IHB?=C>;
=IGI
@OH]\I
>?
i
AL;O
?F;
?MNY
>?@CHC>;
HI
>IG`HCI
>IM
J ?
M?O

=IHNL;>IG`HCI
M\I
IM
L?;CM
ÎJÏ


#-+*-. *\I
^
@OH]\I

#-*'/65* ,;L;
 © 9
 JIMMOC
>ICM
?F?G?HNIM
H;
CG;A?G
FIAI
H\I
^
@OH]\I
F^G
>CMMI
;
@OH]\I
H\I
?MNY

>?@CHC>;
J;L;
 ¨ 9

!
#-+*-. *\I
^
@OH]\I

#-*'/65* 
@OH]\I
H\I
?MNY
>?@CHC>;
HI
CHN?LP;FI
Ó ¢ :.:Ò
(IAI
;
L?F;]\I
H\I
^
@OH]\I
>?
J ?G
J

"
#-+*-. X
@OH]\I

#-*'/65* !MNY
>?@CHC>;
Q S J ?
MO;
CG;A?G
M\I
IM
HdG?LIM
L?;CM


/?D;
€ ;
@OH]\I
>?
J ?G
J >?@CHC>;
JIL
€ÎÏ ¥ < ¢ ;
;F=OF?

; €Î;Ï ¥

< €Î¢<Ï ¥

= €Î9Ï ¥

> € ÔÕ ¥

"$)(

#-+*-. €Î;Ï ¥ =

#-*'/65* €Î;Ï ¥ < ] ; ¢ ; ¥ ? ¢ ; ¥ =


#-+*-. €Î¢<Ï ¥ ¢::

#-*'/65* €Î¢<Ï ¥ <΢<Ï ¢ ; ¥ ¢B ¢ ; ¥ ¢::

!
#-+*-. €Î9Ï ¥ ¢;

#-*'/65* €Î9Ï ¥ < ] 9 ¢ ; ¥ ¢;

10
  
"
#-+*-. € ÔÕ ¥ 

    
#-*'/65* € ÔÕ ¥ < ]  ¢ ; ¥  ¢  ¥ 


-O;H>I
&I\I
@IC
PCMCN;L
;
=C>;>?
>?
OLCNC<;
?F?
=;F=OFIO
KO;HNI
A;MN;P;
>?
>CHB?CLI
=IG
I
NL;HMJILN?

;HIN;H>I
;
>CMN[H=C;
KO?
?F?
PC;D;P;
>?
NYRC
?
I
=OMNI
>I
J;MM?CI
?G
OG;
N;<?F;

!MN?M
>;>IM
JI>?LC;G
M?L
=ILL?N;G?HN?
L?JL?M?HN;>IM
JIL
; OG;
@OH]\I
>?
M?AOH>I
AL;O
>;
@ILG;
jÎ~Ï ¥ ;.> ] ~ ¡ ;.;> ] ~ ¡ :.>

< OG;
@OH]\I
JLIJIL=CIH;F
>;
@ILG;
jÎ~Ï ¥ ;.;> ] ~

= OG;
@OH]\I
FCH?;L
>;
@ILG;
jÎ~Ï ¥ ;.;> ] ~ ¡ :.>

> OG;
@OH]\I
?RJIH?H=C;F
>;
@ILG;
jÎ~Ï ¥ ;. ;>A ¡ :.>

? OG;
@OH]\I
FIA;L`NGC=;
>;
@ILG;
jÎ~Ï ¥  A Î;.;>Ï ¡ :.>

3;

0IG;H>I
;
L;T\I
:;.@> ¢ A.;> =.>
¥ ¥ ;.;>
> ¢ < ;
;?.;> ¢ :;.@> :<.>
¥ ¥ ;.;>
:: ¢ > ?
/;<?GIM
KO?
M?
NL;N;
>?
OG;
@OH]\I
FCH?;L
=ODI
=I?@C=C?HN?
;HAOF;L
^
{ ¥ ;.;>
?MN;
@ILG;
j ¢ ;?.;> ¢ ;.;> ] Î~ ¢ ::Ï
j ¥ ;?.;> ¥ ;.;>~ ¢ ;=.@>
Y j ¥ ;.;>~ ¡ :.>


/;<?H>I
KO?
{ ^
OG
HdG?LI
L?;F
=IHMC>?L?
;
@OH]\I
€ÎÏ ¥ { ¡ ;
>?@CHC>;
J;L;
NI>I
HdG?LI
L?;F

/?

€Î€Î:ÏÏ ¥ :
?HN\I

; { ¥ ¢:


< { ¥ ¢



= { ¥


11
> { ¥ :

3;


0?GIM
;
@OH]\I
FCH?;L
€ÎÏ ¥ { ¡ ;

/?
€Î€Î:ÏÏ ¥ :
N?GIM
€Î:Ï ¥ {Î:Ï ¡ ; ¥ { ¡ ;
€Î€Î:ÏÏ ¥ €Î{ ¡ ;Ï ¥ {Î{ ¡ ;Ï ¡ ; ¢

{ ¡ ;{ ¡ ;1

(IAI
{ ¡ ;{ ¡ ; ¥ : O { ¡ ;{ ¡ : ¥ 9 O

Î{ ¡ :Ï ¥ 9 O { ¥ ¢:


/?D;G
€ ?
 @OH]c?M
L?;CM
>?
OG;
P;LCYP?F
L?;F
?
;G<;M
>?@CHC>;M
?G
J
/?
€ÎÏ ¥ >  ¡ : ?
ÎÏ ¥ = ¡ @

?HN\I
 U €Î;Ï ^
CAO;F
;
; 

< 

= 

>  

? 

3;


€ÎÏ ¥ >  ¡ : O €Î;Ï ¥ >Î;Ï ¡ : ¥ ;:

IGI

ÎÏ ¥ = ¡ @ O ·€Î;Ϻ ¥ Î;:Ï ¥ =Î;:Ï ¡ @ ¥ A= ¡ @ ¥ B:

Q

+
>IG`HCI
>;
CHP?LM;
>;
@OH]\I
>?@CHC>;
JIL
€ÎÏ ¥ . Ώ ¦ ;Ï ^
Q

; t ¢ Ð<Ñ

< t ¢ Ð;Ñ

= t ¢ ØÙ

> t ¢ Ð=Ñ

? t ¢ ØÙ

12
3;


Q R
€ÎÏ ¥ O Î ¢ ;Ï ¥ < ¢ : IO
 ¢ ; ¥ < ¢ : O ΐ ¢ <Ϗ ¥ ; ¢ : IO
 ¥
Q R

Q
0LI=;H>I
;M
P;LCYP?CM
N?GIM
 ¥ €  ÎÏ ¥ Q

IG`HCI
>?
€  ÎÏ M?LY

¢ Ð<Ñ

 
IHMC>?L?
I
ALY@C=I
>;
@OH]\I
 ¥ €ÎÏ ?RC<C>I
H;
@CAOL;
;
M?AOCL

+
ALY@C=I
>;
@OH]\I
CHP?LM;
 ¥ €  ÎÏ ^
>;>I
JIL

;

<

=

13
>

3;


IGI
PCGIM
;KOC
H;
HIMM;
N?ILC;
;M
@OH]c?M
€ ?
€  N?G
IM
ALY@C=IM
MCG^NLC=IM
?HNL?
MC

14

/?
€ÎÏ ¥ ; ¡ : ?
ÎÏ ¥ < ¢ 
;
@OH]\I
‚ÎÏ L?JL?M?HN;>;
HI
>C;AL;G;
;<;CRI
^

Q
; ‚ÎÏ ¥


Q
< ‚ÎÏ ¥ Q
Q
= ‚ÎÏ ¥ Q
Q
> ‚ÎÏ ¥
Q

Q
? ‚ÎÏ ¥ Q

3;


,?FIM
>C;AL;G;M
P?GIM
KO?
‚ÎÏ ¥ ҁ U €ÎÏÓ

;F=OF?GIM
 U € ¥ Î€ÎÏÏ JLCG?CLI

Î€ÎÏÏ ¥ Î; ¡ :Ï ¥ < ¢ Î; ¡ :Ï ¥ < ¢ ; ¢ : ¥ ; ¢ ;

 U €ÎÏ ¥ ; ¢ ;

MMCG
M?H>I
 U €]Q^ ¥ E

E ¥ ; ¢ ;
E ¢ ; ¥ ¢;
¢E ¡ ;
¥
;
Q
(IAI
‚ÎÏ ¥ 

 
?GJL?M;
FJB;
>?>C=;
M?
?R=FOMCP;G?HN?
Z
>CACN;FCT;]\I
>?
>I=OG?HNIM
1G
@OH=CIHYLCI
F?P;

BIL;M
J;L;

>CACN;FCT;L
OG
>I=OG?HNI
;
?GJL?M;
IJ?L;
>OL;HN?

>C;M
JIL
;HI
?
H\I
BY
?MNIKO?
>?
>I=OG?HNIM
;HNCAIM
J;L;

>CACN;FCT;L
!G
 
IM
@OH=CIHYLCIM
N_G
OG;
DILH;>;
>?
NL;<;FBI
>?

BIL;M
>CYLC;M
G;M
N_G
?R;N;G?HN?

BIL;M

>?
I=CIMC>;>?
JIL
>C;
!G
L?F;]\I
;
 
I
HdG?LI
>?
HIPIM
>I=OG?HNIM
KO?
=B?A;G
J;L;
M?L?G
>CACN;FCT;>IM

;OG?HN;LY

 JIL
;HI
HIM
JLaRCGIM
NL_M
;HIM
/?G
HIP;M
=IHNL;N;]c?M
?G
 
IM
@OH=CIHYLCIM
JL?=CM;L\I

NL;<;FB;L

BIL;M
JIL
>C;
M?G
KO;FKO?L
N?GJI
I=CIMI
J;L;
=IHM?AOCL
JLI=?MM;L
NI>;
;
>?G;H>;
>?
 

;
-O;F
^
I
HdG?LI
;NO;F
>?
@OH=CIHYLCIM
>;
?GJL?M;

15
<
-O;HNIM
>I=OG?HNIM
>?P?L\I
M?L
>CACN;FCT;>IM
?G
 
=
.?JL?M?HN;H>I
I
;HI
>?
 
=IGI
 = 
 
=IGI
 = 
 
=IGI
 = 
?
;MMCG
JIL
>C;HN?
^
JIMM`P?F

?RJL?MM;L

>?G;H>;
>;
?GJL?M;
?G
HdG?LI
>?
>I=OG?HNIM
J;L;
>CACN;FCT;]\I
?G
@OH]\I
>?

J;L;
I
J?L`I>I
>?

 
;
 
=IGI

 =  +  *?MN;
?RJL?MM\I
 L?JL?M?HN;
I
HdG?LI
>?
>I=OG?HNIM
>CACN;FCT;>IM
?G
 

?N?LGCH?
I P;FIL
>?


*'/65*
;
/?D;

I
HdG?LI
;HO;F
>?
>I=OG?HNIM
KO?
M?L\I
>CACN;>IM
;HO;FG?HN?
?

I
HdG?LI
>?
@OH=CIHYLCIM
?
;=IL>I

=IG
;M
CH@ILG;]c?M
>I
N?RNI
JI>?GIM
?M=L?P?L

!G
 
 =
(  − ) ⋅ ⋅ 

⇒  =  ⋅
?KO;]\I


 ⋅  ⋅ 

!G
   + 



= ⇒  = 

⋅  − 



?KO;]\I


%AO;F;H>I
;M
?KO;]c?M

?

N?GIM 

⋅  − 



=  ⇒  ⋅  = 



⇒  = 

,ILN;HNI
;
?GJL?M;
N?G


@OH=CIHYLCIM

<
!G
 
I
HdG?LI
>?
>I=OG?HNIM
>CACN;>IM
@IC
>?
 =  ⋅ 
= 

(IAI
?G
 
N?L?GIM

 + 
 = 
 >I=OG?HNIM
>CACN;>IM

=
+
P;FIL
>?

^
;
N;R;
>?
P;LC;]\I
>;
@OH]\I
FCH?;L
=IGI
DY
@IC
>CNI
KO?
?MN;
P;LC;]\I
^
>?

 >I=OG?HNIM
;I

;HI
JI>?GIM
=IHMC>?L;L
KO?
 = 


  
@OH]\I

?MNY
>?@CHC>;
>;
M?AOCHN?
G;H?CL;
J;L;
=;>;
CHN?CLI
7(+,


⎧ − ( − )    −  ≤ ≤ 

 = ⎨
⎩  +  −    ≤ ≤  + 
;
!M<I=?
I
ALY@C=I
>?

J;L;
 ≤  ≤ 


<
!H=IHNL?
IM
P;FIL?M
>?


 ≤  ≤ 

N;CM
KO?

 = 




*'/65*
⎧ 


≤  ≤ 
;

=  ⇒  = ⎨
⎩ − 


≤  ≤ 

⎧  − 


≤  ≤ 

=  ⇒  = ⎨
⎩ − 


≤  ≤ 

⎧  − 


≤  ≤ 

=  ⇒  = ⎨
⎩  − 


≤  ≤ 

?
;=IL>I
=IG
;M
@OH]c?M
;=CG;
N?GIM
I
M?AOCHN?
ALY@C=I

16
 
<
IHMC>?L;H>I

 =  N?GIM

  


 = ⇒ −
= ⇒
=
  
  


 = ⇒
−  = ⇒
=
  
  


 = ⇒  −
= ⇒
=
  
  


 = ⇒
−  = ⇒
=
  
  


 = ⇒  −
= ⇒
=
  




 

,ILN;HNI
 = IO
 = IO
 = IO
 = IO
 = IO
 =


   




 
KO;HNC>;>?
>?
=aJC;M
P?H>C>;M
>?
=;>;
?>C]\I
>?
OG;
L?PCMN;
DOL`>C=;
^
@OH]\I
FCH?;L
>I
HdG?LI
>?
G;N^LC;M

KO?
;<IL>;G
DOFA;G?HNIM
>?
=;MIM
=IG
;GJF;
L?J?L=OMM\I
Jd<FC=;
1G;
?>C]\I
=IG
KO;NLI
G;N^LC;M
>?MM?
NCJI

P?H>?O

GCF
?R?GJF;L?M
?HKO;HNI
KO?
IONL;
=IHN?H>I
M?N?
G;N^LC;M
KO?
;<IL>;P;G
;KO?F?M
DOFA;G?HNIM
P?H>?O


GCF
?R?GJF;L?M

;
-O;HNIM
?R?GJF;L?M
>;
L?PCMN;
M?LC;G
P?H>C>IM
=;MI
@IMM?
JO<FC=;>;
OG;
?>C]\I
M?G
G;N^LC;
;FAOG;
KO?

;<IL>;MM?
DOFA;G?HNI
>?
=;MIM
=IG
;GJF;
L?J?L=OMM\I
Jd<FC=;

<
.?JL?M?HN?
AL;@C=;G?HN?
HI
JF;HI
=;LN?MC;HI
;
@OH]\I
>;
KO;HNC>;>?
5
>?
?R?GJF;L?M
P?H>C>IM
JIL
?>C]\I

J?FI
HdG?LI
4
>?
G;N^LC;M
KO?
;<IL>?G
DOFA;G?HNIM >?
=;MIM
=IG
;GJF;
L?J?L=OMM\I
Jd<FC=;

=
/OJIHB;
KO?
=;>;
?R?GJF;L
>;
L?PCMN;
M?D;
P?H>C>I
;
.
 
?N?LGCH?
KO;F
M?LY
I
@;NOL;G?HNI
JIL
?>C]\I

?G
@OH]\I
>I
HdG?LI
>?
G;N^LC;M
KO?
;<IL>?G
DOFA;G?HNIM
>?
=;MIM
=IG
;GJF;
L?J?L=OMM\I
Jd<FC=;

*'/65*
/?D;
€0 I M I ;
@OH]\I
;@CG
>?@CHC>;
JIL

 =  +  ?G
KO?

 ^
I
HdG?LI
>?
=aJC;M
P?H>C>;M
?

^
I
HdG?LI

>?
G;N^LC;M
KO?
;<IL>;G
DOFA;G?HNIM
>?
=;MIM
=IG
;GJF;
L?J?L=OMM\I
Jd<FC=; /;<?H>I
KO?
I
ALY@C=I
>?

J;MM;

 − 
J?FIM
JIHNIM

  ?

  N?G
M?
KO?  = = 



−
(IAI  =  ⋅  +  ⇔  = 

;
+
P;FIL
CHC=C;F
>;
@OH]\I

>?@CHC>;
;=CG;
^
CAO;F
;


<
+
ALY@C=I
J?>C>I
^

17
=
/?D;
0 I M I ;
@OH]\I
>?@CHC>;
JIL

 =  ⋅ 
 ?G
KO?

 ^
I
@;NOL;G?HNI
JIL
;>C]\I
?

 ^
I
HdG?LI

>?
=aJC;M
P?H>C>;M
=IH@ILG?
>?@CHC>I
?G
;

,ILN;HNI
M?AO?
M?
KO?

 =  ⋅

+  = 
+ 




 +
L?M?LP;NaLCI

J?L>?
YAO;
;
OG;
N;R;
=IHMN;HN?
>?

FCNLIM
JIL
BIL;
?HKO;HNI
I
L?M?LP;NaLCI

A;HB;
YAO;
;

OG;
N;R;
=IHMN;HN?
>?

FCNLIM
JIL
BIL;
*I
ALY@C=I
?MN\I
L?JL?M?HN;>IM
HI
?CRI
S
IM
PIFOG?M
?G
FCNLIM
>;
YAO;

=IHNC>;
?G
=;>;
OG
>IM
L?M?LP;NaLCIM
?G
@OH]\I
>I
N?GJI
?G
BIL;M L?JL?M?HN;>I
HI
?CRI
R

?N?LGCH?
I
N?GJI

?G
BIL;M
CH>C=;>I
HI
ALY@C=I

*'/65*


?
;=IL>I
=IG
;M
CH@ILG;]c?M
>I
JLI<F?G;
N?GIM   =   


 =  + 


+
P;FIL

CH>C=;>I
HI
ALY@C=I
^
I
P;FIL
>?
R
KO;H>I
S 
S

IO
M?D;

− 
 = 
+  ⇒ − = −
⇒  = 

(IAI
 =  

 
HOG?L;]\I
>IM
=;F];>IM
I<?>?=?
;
J;>Lc?M
>CMNCHNIM
=IH@ILG?
I
J;`M
*I
L;MCF
?MM;
HOG?L;]\I
P;LC;
>?
OG

?G
OG
?
P;C
>?

;

J;L;
;>OFNIM
*IM
!MN;>IM
1HC>IM
;
HOG?L;]\I
P;LC;
>?
G?CI
?G
G?CI
?
P;C
>?
 
;


J;L;
BIG?HM
?
>?

;
 
J;L;
GOFB?L?M

;
IHMC>?L?
;
N;<?F;
;<;CRI

OG?L;]\I
<L;MCF?CL;
# IGJLCG?HNI
>I
=;F];>I
'
  
=G
  
=G

/OJIHB;
KO?
;M
AL;H>?T;M
?MN\I
L?F;=CIH;>;M
JIL
@OH]c?M
;@CHM
#'

'


J;L;
;
HOG?L;]\I
<L;MCF?CL;
?
'#

#



J;L;
I
=IGJLCG?HNI
>I
=;F];>I
!H=IHNL?
IM
P;FIL?M
>IM
J;L[G?NLIM

?
 >;
?RJL?MM\I
KO?
J?LGCN?
I<N?L
;

18
HOG?L;]\I
>IM
=;F];>IM
<L;MCF?CLIM
?G
N?LGIM
>I
=IGJLCG?HNI
*/ IM
P;FIL?M
>IM
J;L[G?NLIM

?

>;
?RJL?MM\I
KO?

@ILH?=?
I
=IGJLCG?HNI
?G
N?LGIM
>;
HOG?L;]\I
<

HOG?L;]\I
>IM
=;F];>IM
@?GCHCHIM
HIM
!MN;>IM
1HC>IM
JI>?
M?L
?MN;<?F?=C>;
>?
G;H?CL;
;JLIRCG;>;
J?F;

@OH]\I
L?;F

>?@CHC>; JIL
'

'
k
 


?G
KO?
'
^
I
=IGJLCG?HNI
>I
=;F];>I
?G
=G
/;<?H>I
KO?
;
HOG?L;]\I

>IM
=;F];>IM
 @ILG;
OG;
JLIAL?MM\I
;LCNG^NC=;
>?
L;T\I

?
JLCG?CLI
N?LGI


 
?G
KO?

 

=IG


H;NOL;F
=;F=OF?
I
=IGJLCG?HNI


*'/65*
;
NR

;R

<

⎧
 +
= 
⎨
⎩
 +
= 

.?MIFP?H>I
I
MCMN?G;
N?GIM
;


?
<

k  (IAI
NR

R
k
  AIL;
?M=L?P?H>I
R
?G
@OH]\I
>?
N
N?GIM

RN

N

 
JILN;HNI
=


?
N

 

<

 = 
− 



H 

H 
 
H 

H 
 
?
H 




 − 
";T?H>I
=  N?GIM
 

k


 ⇒  


 ⇒ 

 
=G





2
 /?H>I
x1 ?
x 2 ;M
L;`T?M
>;
?KO;]\I x − x − 12 = 0, I
L?MOFN;>I
>;
MIG;
x1 + x 2 ^

;



<




=




>




? 

3;

1NCFCT;H>I
;
N^=HC=;
>?
MIG;
?
JLI>ONI
N?GIM
KO?
;
MIG;
>;M
L;`T?M
>?P?
M?L
−b x1 + x 2 −(−1)
= = = 1


a 1 1



 ,LI<F?G;M
KO?
L?=;?G
HOG;
?KO;]\I
>I
M?AOH>I
AL;O
DY
;J;L?=C;G
?G
N?RNIM
?M=LCNIM
J?FIM
<;<CFbHCIM
H;M

2
NY<O;M
=OH?C@ILG?M
+<M?LP?
;
?KO;]\I
x − 12x + p = 0. ?N?LGCH?
I
P;FIL
>?
p, J;L;
KO?
OG;
>;M
L;`T?M
M?D;
I

>I<LI
>;
IONL;

; 


<



= 


> 

3;

,?F;M
.?F;]c?M
>?
MIG;
?
JLI>ONI
JI>?
M?
?M=L?P?L
x1 = x e x2 = 2x ⇒ S = x1 + x2 = x + 2x = 3x e P = x1.x2 = x.(2x) = 2x 2 ⇒
b ⎛ −12 ⎞ c p


S=− ⇒ 3x = − ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ x = 4 e P = ⇒ 2x 2 = ⇒ p = 2.42 = 32
a ⎝ 1 ⎠ a 1

19
 
?KO;]\I
3 x 2 − 5x + c = 0 ;>GCN?
I
HdG?LI

=IGI
L;CT
?HN\I
I
P;FIL
>?

^
CAO;F
;

; 


<
k



=
k




>



?


3;

/O<MNCNOCH>I
I
P;FIL
>;
L;CT
>;>;
H;
?KO;]\I
N?G
M?
3 x 2 − 5x + c = 0 ⇒ 3 ⋅ 22 − 5 ⋅ 2 + c = 0 → 12 − 10 + c → c = −2





  
?KO;]\I
x 2 + 4x − 12 = 0 N?G
=IGI
L;`T?M
IM
HdG?LIM

;
−  − 



<
−  



=
  − 



>
  



?
−  

3;

−4 ± 64 ⎧x = 2
Δ = 4 2 − 4 ⋅1⋅(−12) = 64 ⇒ x = →⎨


2 ⋅1 ⎩ x = −6



2 1 1
 /?
;M
L;`T?M
>;
?KO;]\I
2x − 5x − 4 = 0 M\I

?

I
P;FIL
>?
+ ^
CAO;F
;


m n
5
;
−


4
3
<
−


2
3
=



4
7
>



4
5
?



2

+65*

/?H>I
a = 2, b = −5 ?
c = −4, >;M
L?F;]c?M
?HNL?
=I?@C=C?HN?M
?
L;`T?M
P?G
b
1 1 n+m −a b (−5) 5
+ = = =− =− = − .


m n mn c c −4 4
a

20
 *OG;
IJ?L;]\I
>?
M;FP;G?HNI
G;L`NCGI
@IC
F;H];>I
OG
@IAO?N?
MCH;FCT;>IL
KO?
J?LG;H?=?O
;=?MI
>OL;HN?

NI>;
MO;
NL;D?NaLC;
IHMC>?L?
KO?
;
;FNOL;
B
?G
G?NLIM
;F=;H];>;
JIL
?MN?
@IAO?N?
?G
L?F;]\I
;I
H`P?F
>I
G;L
^

>?M=LCN;
JIL
 = 
+  −  
?G
KO?
N
^
I
N?GJI
?G
M?AOH>IM
;JaM
M?O
F;H];G?HNI

FOT
?GCNC>;
J?FI
@IAO?N?
^

dNCF
;J?H;M
;
J;LNCL
>?

G
;=CG;
>I
H`P?F
>I
G;L +
CHN?LP;FI
>?
N?GJI
?G
M?AOH>IM
HI
KO;F
I
@IAO?N?
?GCN?
FOT

dNCF
^
CAO;F
;
;






<





=






>


3;


= 
+  −   =  ⇒   −  +  =
⇒  =
  =  
Δ  =  −
=  

 !G
OG;
@Y<LC=;
I
=OMNI
>?
JLI>O]\I
>?
R
JLI>ONIM
^
>;>I
JIL

 = −  +  +  
/;<?H>I

M?
KO? =;>;

JLI>ONI
^
P?H>C>I
JIL
.

I
HdG?LI
>?
JLI>ONIM
KO?
>?P?G
M?L
P?H>C>IM
J;L;
M?
N?L
OG
FO=LI
>?
.

^
;






<






=






>






? 

3;

OMNI
>?
R
OHC>;>?M

 = −  +  + 
2?H>;
>?

OHC>;>?

 ⇒ .?=?CN;
=IG
;
P?H>;
>?
R
OHC>;>?M

  =  

(O=LI
H;
P?H>;
>?
R
OHC>;>?M

 = 
 − 
 =  +  −  −  =  −  − 


 =  =  −  −  ⇒  −  −  =  ⇒  =

  = − 

 IHMC>?L?
;M
M?AOCHN?M
@OH]c?M
L?F;NCP;
;
OG;
HCHB;>;
>?
JYMM;LIM

 =  + 


=OMNI
G?HM;F
?G
L?;CM
J;L;
;
G;HON?H]\I
>?
H
JYM

 = −  + 

 − 


P;FIL
G?HM;F
;LL?=;>;>I
?G
L?;CM
=IG
;
P?H>;
>?

YMM;LIM
J;L;
 ≤  ≤


/;<?
M?
KO?
I
FO=LI
G?HM;F
I<NC>I
^
>;>I
J?F;
>C@?L?H];
?HNL?
IM
P;FIL?M
>?
P?H>;
2
?
=OMNI

;
?N?LGCH?
IM
JIMM`P?CM
P;FIL?M
>?
H
J;L;
KO?
B;D;
FO=LI
H;M
P?H>;M
<
;F=OF?
I
P;FIL
>?
H
KO?
JLIJIL=CIH;
I
G;CIL
FO=LI
JIMM`P?F
?
I
P;FIL
?G
L?;CM
>?MM?
FO=LI

3;
 =  + 
 ⇒  = −  + 

 − 

 ≤  ≤
 

;
(O=LI
 = −  + 

 − 
− ( + 
 ) = −
+ 

−  



.;`T?M
 =
IO
 =


 >
⇔  <  <  ⇒  ≤  ≤  

21
 −

<
+
GYRCGI
>;
@OH]\I
(
I=ILL?
J;L;
 = =  
=  ⇒  = − ×  + 
×  −  = 


(− )

 
L?N;
>?
?KO;]\I
 = −

^
N;HA?HN?
Z
J;LY<IF;
>?
?KO;]\I
 =  −  +

+
P;FIL
>;
=IHMN;HN?
G
^

;
k





<
k





=





>






?


3;


 >
  = − ⇒ −
(− )  −  ⋅  ⋅ = − ⇒
 − 
= 
⇒
=  



 .?MIFP?L
;M
M?AOCHN?M
CH?KO;]c?M
; <Î; ¢ >Ï © <Î< ¢ @Ï ¡ <<

< ¢=Ώ ¢ =Ï ¡ :9 ¨ ;Ò< ¢ <Ώ ¢ :ÏÓ

3;

;

<Î; ¢ >Ï © <Î< ¢ @Ï ¡ <<
? ¢ B © ¢;: ¡ << ¡ :>
¢< © ;@
< ¨ ¢;@
;@
¨¢
<
 ¨ ¢B
<

¢=Ώ ¢ =Ï ¡ :9 ¨ ;Ò< ¢ <Ώ ¢ :ÏÓ
¢= ¡ :? ¡ :9 ¨ ;Ò< ¢ < ¡ <Ó

¢= ¡ ;? ¨ ;Ò? ¢ <Ó

¢= ¡ ;? ¨ :; ¢ ?
¢= ¡ ? ¨ :; ¢ ;?
; ¨ ¢:=

22
 :=
¨¢
;
 ¨ ¢@


.?MIFP;
<Î= ¢ >Ï ¡ =Î< ¢ ;Ï ¨ @ÎB ¢ Ï
; ¬
>΢< ¢ =Ï ¨ <Î; ¢ Ï ¢ >Î; ¡ >Ï
<Î; ¢ >Ï ¨ ;Ώ ¡ <Ï
< ¬
?Ώ ¢ ;Ï ª AÎ; ¢ <Ï

3;
;

<Î= ¢ >Ï ¡ =Î< ¢ ;Ï ¨ @ÎB ¢ Ï
¬
>΢< ¢ =Ï ¨ <Î; ¢ Ï ¢ >Î; ¡ >Ï
:; ¢ :> ¡ :; ¢ A ¨ ?< ¢ @
Ø
¢:> ¢ ;9 ¨ ? ¢ < ¢ :9 ¢ ;>
= ¢ < ¨ ?< ¢ @
Ø
¢:> ¢ ;9 ¨ ¢:< ¢ :B
= ¡ @ ¨ ?< ¡ <
Ø
¢:> ¡ :< ¨ ;9 ¢ :B
:: ¨ ??
Ø
¢; ¨ :
¨?
­ :
©¢
;
:
u ¥ ¬ S K 5 ¢ ¨  ¨ ?¯
;
<

<Î; ¢ >Ï ¨ ;Ώ ¡ <Ï
¬
?Ώ ¢ ;Ï ª AÎ; ¢ <Ï
? ¢ :> ¨ ; ¡ ?
Ø
? ¢ :; ª :? ¢ ;=
? ¢ ; ¨ ? ¡ :>
Ø
? ¢ :? ª :; ¢ ;=
= ¨ ;:
Ø
¢:9 ª ¢:;
;:
¨
® =
:; ?
« ¥
:9 >
Џ S K 5 : ¨  ¨ ?Ñ

23

!G
=;>;
=;MI
>?N?LGCH?
IM
HdG?LIM
CHN?CLIM
KO?
M\I
MIFO]\I
>I
MCMN?G;
¢< ¢ =9 ª ¢= ¢ @
; Ø
> ¢ = © < ¡ A
<Ώ ¢ =Ï ¨ ;Î@ ¢ Ï
< ¬
:>Î; ¢ :Ï © <Î@ ¡ ;Ï
 Q  Q 
¢ ¡ ¢ ª ¢
= ßQ  Q Q  

¢:¡ ©  ¡


Q Q
¨ ; ¢
 
> ßQ Q
¨
 

3;
;

¢< ¢ =9 ª ¢= ¢ @
Ø
> ¢ = © < ¡ A
¢< ¡ @ ª ¢= ¡ =9
Ø
> ¢ < © A ¡ =
= ª <?
Ø
; © :;
<?
d ª
g =
e
g © :;
f ;
ªB
Ø
©?
/IFO]\I
M ÐB. A. @Ñ

<

<Ώ ¢ =Ï ¨ ;Î@ ¢ Ï
¬
:>Î; ¢ :Ï © <Î@ ¡ ;Ï
< ¢ :; ¨ := ¢ ;
Ø
<9 ¢ :> © ;: ¡ ?
< ¡ ; ¨ := ¡ :;
Ø
<9 ¢ ;: © ? ¡ :>
> ¨ ;?
Ø
B © ;:

24
 ;?
d ¨
g >
e
g © ;:
f B
 ¨ >.;
¬
 © ;.<<<1 1 1
/IFO]\I
Ð>. =. <Ñ

=

< :: = @ >
d¢ ¡ ¢ ª ¢
g ; :A < B ?
e  > <
g
f= ¢ : ¡ ? © ? ¡ ;
;@ :: ;= := :>
d¢ ¡ ¢ ª ¢
g :A :A :A :A :A
e< :; ; :9 :A
g
f:; ¢ :; ¡ :; © :; ¡ :;
¢;@ ¡ :: ¢ ;= ª := ¢ :>
Ø
< ¢ :; ¡ ; © :9 ¡ :A
:: ¢ := ª ¢:> ¡ ;@ ¡ ;=
Ø
> ¢ :9 © :A ¡ :;
¢< ª <?
Ø
¢> © <9
< « ¢<?
Ø
> ¨ ¢<9
<?
d « ¢
g <
e <9
g
f ¨ ¢ >
 « ¢:;
Ø
 ¨ ¢?
/IFO]\I
Т:;. ¢::. ¢:9. ¢B. ¢A. ¢@Ñ

>

< ¢ ? ;¡
d ¨ ; ¢
g ; >
e ¡ < ; ¢ 
g
f = ¨ <

25
 >Î< ¢ ?Ï ;9 ;Î; ¡ Ï
d ¨ ¢
g :9 :9 :9
e<Ώ ¡ <Ï =Î; ¢ Ï
g ¨
f :; :;
:> ¢ <9 ¨ ;9 ¢ = ¢ ;
Ø
< ¡ B ¨ A ¢ =
:> ¢ ;9 ¡ ; ¨ ¢= ¡ <9
Ø
< ¡ = ¨ A ¢ B
¢< ¨ ;?
Ø
@ ¨ ¢:
< © ¢;?
Ø
@ ¨ ¢:
;?
d © ¢
g <
e :
g
f ¨ ¢ @
 © ¢A.???1 1 1
Ø
 ¨ ¢9.:=;1 1 1
/IFO]\I
ТA. ¢@. ¢?. ¢>. ¢=. ¢<. ¢;. ¢:Ñ


IHMC>?L?
;M
@OH]c?M
L?;CM
€ÎÏ ¥   ¡ = ?
ÎÏ ¥ -O;F
^
I
G;CIL
CHN?CLI
J;L;
I
KO;F
P;F?
;
>?MCAO;F>;>?

€ÎÏ ¨ ÎÏ

;


<


=

> 

? 

3;


  ¡ = ¨  P   ¡ < ¨ 9 P ¢< ¨  ¨ 9

  ¡ < ¨ 9 O Î ¢ <Ï ¨ 9 L;`T?M
9  ¢ <

26
,ILN;HNI
I
CHN?CLI
¢: ^
I
G;CIL
?G
KO?
P;F?
;
>?MCAO;F>;>?

 

MIG;
>IM
P;FIL?M
CHN?CLIM
KO?
M;NCM@;T?G
;
>?MCAO;F>;>?
  ¡ ? ª ¢A ^
;


<


=

> 

? 

3;


  ¡ ? ¡ A ª 9
¢= ª  ª ¢;
 ¥ ¢=. ¢<. ¢;
 ¥ ¢B

 ?N?LGCH?
J;L;
KO;CM
P;FIL?M
L?;CM
>?
 P;F?
=;>;
OG;
>;M
>?MCAO;F>;>?M
;<;CRI

; Q Q
¨9

 
< ¨
Q Q 

3;

; ;MN;
@;T?LGIM
  ¢ A ¡ :> ¨ 9
JICM
I
HOG?L;>IL
^
M?GJL?
JIMCNCPI
0?GIM
?HN\I
KO?
< ¨  ¨ >

: : < ¢ Ώ  ¢ A ¡ :>Ï
¢ ¨9 P ¨9
  ¢ A ¡ :> <   ¢ A ¡ :>

27
 Î< ¢   ¡ A ¢ :>Ï ¢  ¡ A ¢ :; ¢Î ¢ ?ÏΏ ¢ ;Ï
¨ 9 P ¨9O ¨9

 ¢ A ¡ :> <Ώ ¢ A ¡ :>Ï
 <Ώ ¢ >ÏΏ ¢ <Ï
]Q^]Q^
)OFNCJFC=;H>I
JIL
΢:Ï IM
>ICM
F;>IM
N?GIM
]Q^]Q^ © 9

MMCG

Q
 IHMC>?L?
;
CH?KO;]\I
Q ª 9
=IG
 S J
-O;F
^
I
=IHDOHNI
MIFO]\I
>;
CH?KO;]\I

; ΢F. :Ó X Ò>. FÏ

< ΢F. ¢>Ï X Ò¢:. FÏ

= Ò9. FÏ

> Ò¢>. FÏ

? ΢:. FÏ

3;

2;GIM
;H;FCM;L
I
MCH;F
>?
=;>;
OG;
>;M
?KO;]c?M
>I
KOI=C?HN?
=IHMC>?L;H>I
;
L;`T
?
I
MCH;F
>?
{
I
=I?@C=C?HN?
>I

R
 ¡ : 
72  ¡ : ¥ 9 È  ¥ ¢:
&)' { ¥ : © 9 È & 

¢ ¢ > 
72 ¢ ¢ > ¥ 9 È  ¥ ¢>
&)' { ¥ ¢: ¨ 9 È & 














 ¡ :

6

¢



66


¢


6

¡



6

                                      

¢ ¢ >6


¡


66


¢


6

¢



6

                                      

 1 6


¢


66


¡


6

¢



6

                                     
N?H]\I
 ¦ ¢> JICM
I
>?HIGCH;>IL
^
¢ ¢ >
,ILN;HNI
I
KOI=C?HN?
M?LY
G?HIL
IO
CAO;F
;

HI
CHN?LP;FI
x ¥Ó ¢ F/ ¢>ÒX Ò¢:/ ¡FÒ

28
 < ¡ : ¨ ¢ ¡ < ª ¢; ¡ > ÎÏ
 ;>;M
;M
>?MCAO;F>;>?M
?G
nt
Þ Q
ª :1 ÎÏ
Q
+
G?HIL
CHN?LP;FI
KO?
=IHN^G
NI>IM
IM
P;FIL?M
>?
R
KO?
M;NCM@;T?G
MCGOFN;H?;G?HN?
ZM
>?MCAO;F>;>?M
%
?
%%
^
 
; × . ×
 


< ×¢;. ¢ ×


= ×¢F. ×

 
> Ö¢ . Ö
 

 
? Ö . Ö

3;

:
< ¡ : ¨ ¢ ¡ < O = ¨ ; O  ¨
;
¢ ¡ < ª ¢; ¡ > O  ª ;

,ILN;HNI
;
MIFO]\I
>?
%
^
 ¨ 



= ¢ : = ¢ :
ª:O ¢:ª9
¢; ¢;
= ¢ : ¢ Ώ ¢ ;Ï < ¡ :
ª9O ª9
¢; ¢;


,ILN;HNI
;
MIFO]\I
>?
%%
^
¢  ª  ¨ ;
 
+M
P;FIL?M
>?
 KO?
M;NCM@;T?G
%
?
%%
?MN\I
=IHNC>IM
HI
CHN?LP;FI
 ª  ¨ 

Q
 
MIG;
>;M
MIFO]c?M
>;
CH?KO;]\I
IH>?
 J?LN?H=?
;I
=IHDOHNI
>IM
HdG?LIM
H;NOL;CM
^
Q

29
; 

< 

= 

> 

? 

3;

0?GIM
¢ ¡ < © 9 ?
; ¢ : © 9 IO
¢ ¡ < ¨ 9 ?
; ¢ : ¨ 9


MMCG
 ¨ < ?
 ©
KO?
N?GIM
IM
H;NOL;CM
 ¥ : ?
 ¥ ;



IO
 © < ?
 ¨  KO?
H\I
?RCMN?
MIFO]\I

,ILN;HNI
;
MIG;
>;M
MIFO]c?M
CHN?CL;M
^
: ¡ ; ¥ <

 +M
ALY@C=IM
>?
>O;M
@OH]c?M
€ÎÏ ?
ÎÏ
>?@CHC>;M
>?
J ?G
J
?MN\I
L?JL?M?HN;>IM
HI
G?MGI
JF;HI

=;LN?MC;HI

*I
CHN?LP;FI
Ò¢=. >Ó
I
=IHDOHNI
MIFO]\I
>;
CH?KO;]\I
€ÎÏ ] ÎÏ ¨ 9 ^

; Џ S J6 ¢ : ¨  ¨ <Ñ

< Џ S J6 ¢ : ¨  ¨ 9





< ¨  ª >Ñ

= Џ S J6 ¢ = ª  ¨ ¢:



9 ¨  ¨ <Ñ

> Џ S J6 ¢ = ¨  ¨ 9Ñ

? Џ S J6 ¢ = ª  ¨ ¢:



< ¨  ¨ >Ñ

30
3;


 +
ALY@C=I
>?
€ GIMNL;
KO?

¢= ª  ¨ ¢: IO
< ¨  ª > O €ÎÏ © 9

 ¥ ¢:








 ¥ < O €ÎÏ ¥ 9

¢: ¨  ¨ < O €ÎÏ ¨ 9
 +
ALY@C=I
>?
 GIMNL;
KO?

¢= ª  ¨ 9 O ÎÏ ¨ 9
 ¥ 9 O ÎÏ ¥ 9
9 ¨  ª > O ÎÏ © 9
 MMCG
N?GIM
I
M?AOCHN?
KO;>LI
>?
MCH;CM

,ILN;HNI
€ÎÏ ] ÎÏ ¨ 9 O ¢= ª  ¨ ¢: 

9 ¨  ¨ <

 
MIG;
>;M
L;`T?M
KO?
;
?KO;]\I
GI>OF;L
 −
−  =  ^

;




<




=




>




?


31
3;

0?GIM
−  −  =  ⇔ −  −  = ±
(IAI
 −  =  ⇔  −  = ±⇔  = 

 = − IO

 −  =  ⇔  −  = ± ⇔  = 

 =  ,ILN;HNI
I
L?MOFN;>I
^
 +
− +  +  = 






 
?RJL?MM\I
 − 
<  N;G<^G
JI>?
M?L
L?JL?M?HN;>;
JIL

;
R
k
;





<
R

;





=
k
;
k


R

;





>
k


;

R

;





?
R
k
;

k

IO
R
k
;


3;

 − 
<  ⇒−

 <  −  <  ⇒ − +  <  <  + 

 
MIG;
>;M
L;`T?M
L?;CM
>CMNCHN;M
>;
?KO;]\I
 −
−
=
^
CAO;F
;

;





<





=





>





?


3;

 −  −  = 



 −  −  = −
 −  = 



 −  = 

 −  = 



 −  = −



 = 
 = 



 = −



 = 


+
=IHDOHNI
>?
NI>IM
IM
P;FIL?M
>?

J?LN?H=?HN?M
;IM
HdG?LIM
L?;CM
J;L;
IM
KO;CM
6< ¢ ;6 © 
^


; Ø ¨  ¨ :Ù



< ؏ ¨    © :Ù


= Ø ¨  ¨ :Ù


> ؏ ¨    © :Ù


? ؏ ¨ Ù

3;

6< ¢ ;6 © 
;
; < ¢ ;.   «
< ¢ ; ¥ 9 O  ¥ O 6< ¢ ;6 ¥ ® <
< ;
; ¢ <.  ¨
<
0?GIM
>O;M
JIMMC<CFC>;>?M

32
 
;
 « O < ¢ ; ©  O ; © ; O  © : O x> ¥  S J6 © :

  
<
 ¨ O ; ¢ < ©  O ; © = O  ¨ O x? ¥  S J6 ¨
  

:
x ¥ x> X x? O x ¥ ¬ S J6 ¨   © :¯
;

 
+
=IHDOHNI
MIFO]\I
>;
?KO;]\I
6  ¢ > 6 ¥ 6  ¢ > 6
=IG
 S J
^

; Т:. :. >Ñ

< Т:. :Ñ

= Ð:. >Ñ

> Т:. :. ¢ >Ñ

? Т:. >Ñ

3;


6  ¢ >6 ¥ 6 ¢ >6]^


!KO;]\I
GI>OF;L
JILN;HNI
  ¢ > ¥  ¢ > ÎnÏ
¬
  ¢ > ¥ ¢Î ¢ >Ï ÎnnÏ
.?MIFP?H>I
%
?
%%
ÎnÏ0

  ¢ > ¥  ¢ > O   ¢ ? ¡ > ¥ 9 M

M ’ ¥ ΢?Ï ¢ = ] Î:Ï ] Î>Ï ¥ :?

¢Î¢?Ï £ G:? ? £ =  ¥ >

¥ ¥ ½  %$ 0 Ð:. >Ñ
;]: ; ¥:
ÎnnÏ0

  ¢ > ¥ > ¢  O   ¢ = ¢ > ¥ 9

’ ¥ ΢=Ï ¢ = ] ΢>Ï ] : ¥ <?

¢Î¢=Ï £ G<? = £ ?  ¥ >

¥ ¥ ½  %$  ¥ Т:. >Ñ
;]: ;  ¥ ¢:
1HCH>I
;M
MIFO]c?M
J;L=C;CM
N?GIM
;
A?L;F
Т:. :. >Ñ

33

/?

^
I
ALY@C=I
>;
@OH]\I
€ >?@CHC>;
JIL
 ¥ €ÎÏ
?HN\I
>;M
;FN?LH;NCP;M
;<;CRI
;
KO?
JI>?
L?JL?M?HN;L
I
ALY@C=I
>;

@OH]\I
‘
>?@CHC>;
JIL
‘ ¥ 6€ÎÏ6
^
;

<

34
=

>

?

3;

+
ALY@C=I
>?
6€ÎÏ6 JI>?
M?L
=IHMNLO`>I
G?>C;HN?
;I
ALY@C=I
>?
€ÎÏ
;J?H;M
L?@F?NC>I
;J;LN?
H?A;NCP;
?G
L?F;]\I

;I
?CRI
R

35
 Q
¡ ;.   © 9
Q

IHMC>?L?
;
@OH]\I
€ >;>;
JIL
€ÎÏ ¥ ®Q¢ :.   ¨ 9
MMCH;F?
;
;FN?LH;NCP;
CH=ILL?N;
Q
9.   ¥ 9
; €Î>Ï ¥ <

< = ] €Î;Ï ¢ €Î¢<Ï ¥ :=

= €Î¢:Ï ¡ €Î<Ï ¥ :

> < ] €Î?Ï ¥ :A

? €Î¢<Ï ¥ ¢;

3;

66
d ¡ ;.   © 9 O €ÎÏ ¥ <
g 
g
€ÎÏ ¥ 66
e ¢ :. ‹  ¨ 9 O €ÎÏ ¥ ¢;

g
g
f9. ‹  ¥ 9






































66 ¥ . ‹  « 9
2?D;
KO?
¬
66 ¥ ¢. ‹  ¨ 9
(IAI
; €Î>Ï ¥ <

< =€Î;Ï ¢ €Î¢<Ï ¥ =Î<Ï ¢ ΢;Ï ¥ :=

= €Î¢:Ï ¡ €Î<Ï ¥ ¢; ¡ < ¥ :

> <€Î?Ï ¥ <Î<Ï ¥ B

? €Î¢<Ï ¥ ¢;


IHMC>?L?
;
@OH]\I
 ¥ €ÎÏ L?JL?M?HN;>;
HI
MCMN?G;
>?
=IIL>?H;>;M
=;LN?MC;H;M
;<;CRI

36
+
ALY@C=I
KO?
JI>?
L?JL?M?HN;L
;
@OH]\I
 ¥ 6€Î ¡ ;Ï6 ¡ :
^

;

<

=

37
>

?

3;


NL;HM@ILG;]\I
€ÎÏ M €Î ¡ ;Ï ?KOCP;F?
;
NL;HMF;>;L
BILCTIHN;FG?HN?
J;L;
?MKO?L>;
I
ALY@C=I
>?
@
>?
>O;M

OHC>;>?M

IJ?L;]\I
€Î ¡ ;Ï M 6€Î ¡ ;Ï6 =ILL?MJIH>?
?
?MJ?FB;L
H?A;NCPIM
?G
JIMCNCPIM
"CH;FG?HN?
;

IJ?L;]\I
6€Î ¡ :6 M 6€Î ¡ :6 ¡ : ?KOCP;F?
;
NL;HMF;>;L
P?LNC=;FG?HN?
OG;
OHC>;>? I
ALY@C=I
>?
6€Î ¡ :6

(IAI
I
ALY@C=I
KO?
G?FBIL
M?
?H=;CR;
HI
L?MOFN;>I
>?MM;
IJ?L;]\I
^
I
>;
F?NL;



-O;F
>IM
ALY@C=IM
;<;CRI
L?JL?M?HN;
;
@OH]\I
L?;F
€ÎÏ ¥ 6< ¢ :6

;

38
<

=

>

?

39
3;




@OH]\I
€ÎÏ ¥ 6< ¢ :6 N?G
I
=IHDOHNI
CG;A?G
 « 9
?
IM
JIHNIM
Î9.:Ï ?
Ô . 9Õ J?LN?H=?G
;I
ALY@C=I
>?
€ÎÏ




IHMC>?L?
;
@OH]\I
L?;F
€ÎÏ ¥ 6¢ ¡ :6 +
ALY@C=I
KO?
L?JL?M?HN;
;
@OH]\I
^

;

<

40
=

>

41
?

3;

¢ ¡ :. ‹  ¨ :
0?GIM
KO?
€ÎÏ ¥ Ø
 ¢ :. ‹  © :
(IAI
N?GIM
KO?

42

%>?HNC@CKO?
;
?KO;]\I
?RJIH?H=C;F
; ; ]  ¥ =

< ; ¡  ¥ =

=   ¥ =

>  Q = ¥ ;

? ;Q ¥ =

3;

B;G;
M?
?KO;]\I
?RJIH?H=C;F
NI>;
?KO;]\I
KO?
=IHN^G
CH=aAHCN;
HI
?RJI?HN?



MIG;
>;M
L;`T?M
>;
?KO;]\I
Î=Q ÏQ ¥ ?= ^
CAO;F
;


; ¢


< ¢:

=


> :

?


3;

Î=Q ÏQ ¥ = O Î; ¢ :Ï ¥ < M

;  ¢  ¢ < ¥ 9
 ¥ ¢:
: £ G;> 
¥ M
® <
=  ¥
;

43
  
(IAI
 ¡  ¥ ¢: ¡ ¥
 


-O;HNI
P;F?
;
MIG;
>?
NI>;M
;M
MIFO]c?M
L?;CM
>;
?KO;]\I
;<;CRI
Î>Q Ï ¢ ;? ] >Q ¡ ;> ¥ 9
;

< 

= 

> 

? 

3;

";T?H>I
>Q ¥ Œ
N?GIM
Œ  ¢ ;?Œ ¡ ;> ¥ 9 M?
?
MIG?HN?
M?
Œ ¥ ;> IO
Œ ¥ :
MMCG
 ¥ ;  ¥9
(IAI
;
MIG;
>;M
L;`T?M
^
CAO;F
;


Q

/;<?H>I
M?
KO?
R
^
OG
HdG?LI
L?;F
I
=IHDOHNI
MIFO]\I
>;
?KO;]\I
>Q ¥ :
^

; u ¥ Т:/ >Ñ

< u ¥ Ð9/ :Ñ

= u ¥ Ð:/ >Ñ

> u ¥ Т:/ ¢>Ñ

? u ¥ Ð Ñ

3;

Q
>Q ¥ : ¥ > O   ¢ > ¡ > ¥ 9

’ ¥ ΢?Ï ¢ = ] : ] > ¥ :?
?£=  ¥>
¥ ½
; ¥:

MIFO]\I
/
>I
JLI<F?G;
^
u ¥ ÐÎ:. >ÏÑ

44
 
.?MIFP?H>I
?G
J ;
?KO;]\I
=Q ¡ =Q ¥ :9=9
I
P;FIL
>?
 ?H=IHNL;>I
^
OG
HdG?LI
; *?A;NCPI

< );CIL
>I
KO?


= ,LCGI

> ,;L

? %LL;=CIH;F

3;

:9=9
=Q ¡ =Q ¥ :9=9 O =Q Î= ¡ :Ï ¥ :9=9 O =Q ¥ ¥ :? ¥ =
?>
¢:¥;O  ¥<

 0?H>I
?G
PCMN;
KO?
{ ?
| M\I
HdG?LIM
L?;CM
JIMCNCPIM
{ ¦ |
=IHMC>?L?
;
@OH]\I
€ÎÏ ¥ {| Q
>?@CHC>;
J;L;

NI>I
HdG?LI
L?;F

(IAI
€Î;Ï ^
CAO;F
;

; ¾€Î:πÎ<Ï

C]^
< C]^


= €Î9πÎ:Ï

> €Î9Ï

3;

0?GIM
;
@OH]\I
€ÎÏ ¥ { ] | Q
IGI
?F?
J?>?
€Î;Ï ?G
@OH]\I
>?
€Î<Ï ?IO
€Î:Ï IO
€Î9Ï
N?GIM
IM
KO;NLI
P;FIL?M
>;
@OH]\I

€Î;Ï ¥ {|
d
€Î<Ï ¥ {|
O
e€Î9Ï ¥ {| ¥ {
f€Î:Ï ¥ {|
H;FCM?GIM
;M
JIMMC<CFC>;>?M

; ¾€Î:Ï ] €Î<Ï ¥ G{| ] {|  ¥ G{ | ¥ {| ¥ €Î;Ï

C]^ >?

< ¥ ¥ | ¦ €Î;Ï
C]^ >

= €Î9Ï ] €Î:Ï ¥ { ] {| ¥ { | ¦ €Î;Ï

> ҀÎ9ÏÓ ¥ { ¦ €Î;Ï

45

IHMC>?L?
;M
@OH]c?M
€ÎÏ ¢ ;QH ?
ÎÏ ¥   ¡ †
=IG
… ?
† HdG?LIM
CHN?CLIM

/?
€Î:Ï ¥ ¢; ¡ Î;Ï ?
€Î9Ï ¥ Î9Ï
I
P;FIL
>?
€ÎÎ€Î¢:ÏÏÏ
^

; 

< 

= 

> 

3;


€ÎÏ ¥ ;QH M €Î9Ï ¥ ;H ¥ ;H

Þ
ÎÏ ¥   ¡ † M Î9Ï ¥ Î9Ï ¡ † ¥ †

IGI
€Î9Ï ¥ Î9Ï O † ¥ ;H

*I
?HN;HNI
N?GIM
€Î:Ï ¥ ¢; ¡ Î;Ï

H 
;Æ ¥ ¢; ¡ Î;Ï
ÉÌÌÊÌ¡ÌË
† O
C]^ D]^

ÅH ¥ ; ¡ † O ;† ¥ ; ¡ † O † ¥ ;
;] ;
J

(IAI
† ¥ ;H ¥ ; O … ¥ :

;F=OF?GIM
f €Î¢:Ï ¥ ; ¥ ; ¥ :

f Î€Î¢:ÏÏ ¥ Î:Ï ¥ : ¡ ; ¥ <

f €Î<Ï ¥ ; ¥ ; ¥ :?


!G
OG;
=IFbHC;
>?
@ILGCA;M
I<M?LPIO
M?
KO?
HI
CHMN;HN?
Œ ¥ 9
I
HdG?LI
>?
@ILGCA;M
?L;
>?
:1999 ?
KO?
I

P
=L?M=CG?HNI
>?MM?
@ILGCAO?CLI
^
>;>I
J?F;
@OH]\I
@
>?@CHC>;
JIL
€ÎŒÏ ¥ :1999 ] ;<
IH>?
Π^
I
N?GJI
>?=ILLC>I


?G
>C;M /OJIH>I
KO?
H\I
B;D;
GILN?
>? @ILGCA;M
H?MM?
@ILGCAO?CLI
?HN\I
?G
KO;HNIM
>C;M
HI
G`HCGI
?MM?

@ILGCAO?CLI
;NCHACLY
?=1999 @ILGCA;M
; :9 >C;M

< :; >C;M

= :< >C;M

> := >C;M

? :> >C;M

46
3;

+
HdG?LI
>?
@ILGCA;M
^
>;>I
J?F;
@OH]\I
P
qÎŒÏ ¥ :999 ] ; 
IGI
;
JIJOF;]\I
M?LY
>?
?=1999
?HN\I
P <Œ
?=1999 ¥ :999 ] ;  M Î?=Ï ¥ ] Î;Ï
>
%MIF;H>I
ΠI<N?GIM
> Î?=Ï
Œ¥ ] ¥ :9
< Î;Ï


+M
ALY@C=IM
>;M
@OH]c?M
€ÎÏ ¥ ;QH ?
ÎÏ ¥ {  ¡ |
=IG
…
{ ?
| HdG?LIM
CHN?CLIM
M?
CHN?LM?=N;G
HI

JIHNI
Î:.:Ï
/;<?H>I
KO?
Î;Ï ¥ 9
I
P;FIL
>?
Î€Î<ÏÏ
^

; ¢<

< :?

= ¢A

> A

? ¢:?

3;

IGI
Î:.:Ï J?LN?H=?
;
€ÎÏ
?HN\I

: ¥ ;H O ; ¥ ;H O … ¡ : ¥ 9 O … ¥ ¢:
,IL
IONL;
J;LN?
ÎÏ ¥ {  ¡ | ?
Î;Ï ¥ 9
?HN\I
Î;Ï ¥ 9 ¥ { ] ; ¡ ;| ¥ ={ ¡ ;| ={ ¡ ;| ¥ 9
¬ OØ

:¥{]: ¡|]:¥{¡| {¡| ¥:
.?MIFP?H>I
I
MCMN?G;
N?G
M?
={ ¡ ; ¢ ;{ ¥ 9 O { ¥ ¢:. | ¥ ;
MMCG
ÎÏ ¥ ¢  ¡ ; ?
€ÎÏ ¥ ;Q 
(IAI
€Î<Ï ¥ ; ¥ = O Î€Î<ÏÏ ¥ Î=Ï ¥ ¢= ¡ ; ] = ¥ ¢A

 IH@ILG?
OG
@YLG;=I
^
CHD?N;>I
;
J;LNCL
>I
CHMN;HN?
Œ ¥ 9
MO;
=IH=?HNL;]\I
HI
M;HAO?
;OG?HN;
;N^
;NCHACL
OG

GYRCGI
j ?G
Œ ¥ vJ 
IHMC>?L?
KO?
H;
M?KO_H=C;
I
LCG
CHC=C?
I
JLI=?MMI
>?
?R=L?]\I
>I
@YLG;=I
@;T?H>I
=IG

KO?
MO;
=IH=?HNL;]\I
HI
M;HAO?
=;C;
JLIAL?MMCP;G?HN?
/OJIHB;
KO?
;
@OH]\I
€0 J M J >?N?LGCH?
;

P 
=IH=?HNL;]\I
€ÎŒÏ >?MM?
@YLG;=I
HI
M;HAO?
?G
OG
CHMN;HN?
>?
N?GJI
Œ « 9
/;<?H>I
KO?
€ÎŒÏ ¥ j Ô Õ M?
Œ ¨
<
vJ
?
=IHMC>?L;H>I
KO?
€ÎŒÏ ¥ j;< ;P M?
Œ « vJ
=IG
vJ ?
j =IHMN;HN?M
JIMCNCP;M
;MMCH;F?
;
;FN?LH;NCP;
KO?

4
;JL?M?HN;
=ILL?N;G?HN?
IM
>ICM
CHMN;HN?M
>?
N?GJI
?G
KO?
;
=IH=?HNL;]\I
>?MM?
@YLG;=I
HI
M;HAO?
^



4
; vJ ?



47
 <
< 
?
j

= ;< ?
vJ

>  J
v ?
: ¡ vJ


? : ¢ vJ ?
 Ô vJ Õ


3;

?
;=IL>I
=IG
I
?HOH=C;>I
;
=IH=?HNL;]\I
€ÎŒÏ ^
>;>;
JIL
>O;M
L?AL;M
>CMNCHN;M
1G;
L?AL;
=;MI
Œ ¨ vJ ?
IONL;

4
L?AL;
=;MI
Œ « vJ 
!G
;G<IM
IM
=;MIM
N?GIM
KO?
C>?HNC@C=;L
IM
CHMN;HN?M
>?
N?GJI
?G
KO?
;
=IH=?HNL;]\I
^




P  4 P  
,;L;
I
=;MI
Œ ¨ vJ
JL?=CM;GIM
L?MIFP?L
j Ô Õ ¥ 
IGI
j ?
vJ M\I
=IHMN;HN?M
JIMCNCP;M
P;F?
KO?
Ô Õ ¥ 

<  < 
P 
IGI
Œ « 9
N?GIM
KO?
Œ ¥ v 
.;=CIH;FCT;H>I
M?AO?
KO?
Œ ¥ v 
&Y
J;L;
I
=;MI
Œ « vJ
JL?=CM;GIM

 J  J
4 
L?MIFP?L
;
?KO;]\I
j;< ;P ¥  
IGI
j ^
OG;
=IHMN;HN?
JIMCNCP;
P;F?
KO?
;  ; < P
¥ 
.??M=L?P?H>I
;M


JIN_H=C;M
>;
?KO;]\I
H;
G?MG;
<;M?
I<N?GIM
KO?
;< P ¥ ; 
,ILN;HNI
vJ ¢ Œ ¥ ¢:
I
KO?
CGJFC=;
KO?
Œ ¥
vJ ¡ :

 HNbHCI
@IC
;I
<;H=I
=IHP?LM;L
=IG
M?O
A?L?HN?
MI<L?
CHP?MNCG?HNIM
!F?
N?G
OG
=;JCN;F
CHC=C;F
>?


 ?
>?M?D;
M;<?L
>?JICM
>?
KO;HNI
N?GJI
>?
CHP?MNCG?HNI
?MM?
=;JCN;F
;JFC=;>I
;
DOLIM
=IGJIMNIM

>I<L;H>I
NI>I
;HI
J;MM;
;
M?L
G;CIL
KO?

 -O;F
;
L?MJIMN;
>;>;
JIL
M?O
A?L?HN?


;
 
;HIM



<

;HIM



=

;HIM



>

;HIM




?

;HIM






3;

/;<?H>I
KO?
OG
=;JCN;F

;JaM

;HIM
;JFC=;>I
;
OG;
N;R;
>?
DOLIM

JLI>OT
OG
GIHN;HN?

>;>I
JIL

 = 
 +   P?G
=9999 ¨ ;>991 ;P È ;P © :? È Œ © =

 /?
OG
;HCG;F
@IC
CH@?=N;>I
HI
N?GJI
 =
=IG
OG
HdG?LI
CHC=C;F
>?

 <;=N^LC;M
?MNCG;

M?
KO?

BIL;M

;JaM
;
CH@?=]\I
I
HdG?LI

>?
<;=N^LC;M
M?LY
>?

 =  ⋅  ,;L;
KO?
I
;HCG;F
MI<L?PCP;
;
P;=CH;
>?P?
M?L

;JFC=;>;
?HKO;HNI
I
HdG?LI
>?
<;=N^LC;M
^
HI
GYRCGI


MMCG
;JaM
;
CH@?=]\I
I
HdG?LI
GYRCGI
>?

BIL;M
J;L;
M?
;JFC=;L
;
P;=CH;
>?
GI>I
KO?
I
;HCG;F
MI<L?PCP;
^

;




<




=




>


3;

-O?L?GIM
=;F=OF;L
I
G;CIL
P;FIL
>?

J;L;
I
KO;F
M?
N?G

 ≤  (IAI
P?G
 ⋅  ≤  ⇔  ≤  ⇔  ≤ 

48
 JaM
OG
?MNO>I
?G
OG;
=IFG?C;
>?
;<?FB;M
P?LC@C=IO
M?
KO?
HI
CHMN;HN?
 =
I
HdG?LI
>?
;<?FB;M
?L;



?
KO?
I
=L?M=CG?HNI
JIJOF;=CIH;F
>;
=IFG?C;
^
>;>I
J?F;
@OH]\I

IH>?

^
>?@CHC>;
JIL

 =  ⋅    ?G
KO?


^
I
N?GJI
>?=ILLC>I
?G
>C;M
/OJIH>I
KO?
H\I
B;D;
GILN?M
H;
=IFG?C;
?G
KO;HNIM
>C;M
HI
G`HCGI
?MM;
=IFG?C;

;NCHACLY
OG;
JIJOF;]\I
>?

 ;<?FB;M


;






<




=




>




?







3;

-O?L?GIM
=;F=OF;L
I
G?HIL
P;FIL
>?

J;L;
I
KO;F
M?
N?G

 ≥  MMCG
P?G
KO?
 
 ⋅   ≥  ⇔  ≥  ⇔ ≥ 

 − 
 
>?MCAO;F>;>?
⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⎛
⎞


> ⎜ ⎟ N?G
=IGI
=IHDOHNI
MIFO]\I

⎝⎠ ⎝⎠
;
 =  ∈
  >



<
 =  ∈
  <



=
 =  ∈
  >



>
 =  ∈

<  < 





3;

  Q  Q  Q  Q 
/?H>I
 < < 
N?GIM
Ô Õ © Ô Õ È Ô Õ © Ô Õ


=IGI
9 ¨  ¨ : ?HN\I

    

: Q : Q
¸ » © ¸ » È < ¢ > ¨ ; È  ¨ >
; ;


  +M
P;FIL?M
>?


 ∈


KO?
M;NCM@;T?G
;M
=IH>C]c?M
⎛⎜ ⎞⎟


≤  − ?
 ≤ 
M\I

⎝⎠
;
 ≤ −
IO
 ≥



<
−
≤  ≤



=

≤  ≤ 


>
 ≤
IO
 ≥



?
−  ≤  ≤

3;

;F=OF;H>I
 ⎧ ≥ 
⎛ ⎞  ⎪

⎜ ⎟ ≤ − ⇒ − ≤ − ⇒ −  ≤ − ⇒  −  ≥  ⇒ ⎨
⎝⎠ ⎪ ≤ 
⎩

 ≤  ⇒ −  ≤ ≤ 
MMCG
−  ≤  ≤



+
MCMN?G;
>?
?KO;]c?M
;
M?AOCL
^
=IGJIMNI
JIL
OG;
?KO;]\I
FCH?;L
?
OG;
?KO;]\I
FIA;L`NGC=;
H;
<;M?
 

49
 ⎧  − = −
⎨
⎩
 +  = 
/?H>I

  ;
MIFO]\I
>I
MCMN?G;
I
P;FIL
>?
 ÷
^
CAO;F
;

;




<
 



=




>




?
 

3;

⎧  − = − ⎧  − = −
⎨ ⇔⎨
⎩

 +  =  ⎩ + = 
0?G
M?
KO?

⎧  = 
⇔⎨ 
⎩ = 
,ILN;HNI
M?H>I

  =
  JI>?GIM
=IH=FOCL
KO?
;
L?MJIMN;
^
 ÷  = 




 /?

=  ?
 = 
?HN\I

 ^

;
 + 



<
 + 



=




>
 + 



?
 − 

3;

0?G
M?
KO?
 =  ⋅ 
=  + 
=  ⋅  +  ⋅ 
=  + 





 /?D;G

 ?

HdG?LIM
L?;CM
JIMCNCPIM
=IG
 ≠ 
/?

 =  ?
M?
  = 
?HN\I

 ⋅  +  ⎛⎜
⎞
⎟
⎝⎠
^
CAO;F
;

;




<




=

+ 


>

 − 

3;

⎛⎞
 (  ⋅  ) +  ⎜ ⎟ =   +   +   −  
⎝⎠
⎛⎞
 (  ⋅  ) +  ⎜ ⎟ =
 
⎝⎠
IGI
  = 
 (  ⋅  ) +  ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ =


⎝⎠

 /\I
>;>IM
IM
HdG?LIM
L?;CM
JIMCNCPIM
;
<
?
R
N;CM
KO?
 ≠
?
 ≠

/;<?

M?
KO?
   =
?
   =


50
;F=OF?


 

*'/65*
  =
?
  =




  +  
   
+

   = = = 

    +  
+  
   

  = ⇒   = = 

    
 
!HN\I
  
= = 




+


 +
FIA;LCNGI
>?=CG;F
>I
HdG?LI
JIMCNCPI
R
^
L?JL?M?HN;>I
JIL

 
!HN\I
;
MIG;
>;M
L;`T?M
>?

  −    =
^
CAO;F
;
;






<
 





=






>
 

*'/65*
+J]\I

  −    =
⇒   −  ⋅   =
⇒
⇒   (  − ) =
⇒   =
   =  

  =
⇒  = 

= 
  =  ⇒  = 
 = 


/IG;
>;M
L;`T?M
= 
 


+
HdG?LI
?G
=?HN?H;M
>?
CH>CP`>OIM
>?
OG
>?N?LGCH;>I
ALOJI
>?
;HCG;CM
R
>C;M
;JaM
;
FC<?L;]\I
>?
OG

JL?>;>IL
HI
M?O
;G<C?HN?
^
?RJL?MMI
J?F;
M?AOCHN?
@OH]\I


 =  

 
 

JaM
=CH=I
>C;M
>;
FC<?L;]\I
>I
JL?>;>IL
I
HdG?LI
>?
CH>CP`>OIM
>?MM?
ALOJI
JL?M?HN?M
HI
;G<C?HN?
M?LY
CAO;F
;
;






<






=






>


3;




 =  
 
( ) =
⇒ (  )
 

=  ⇒   =  ⇒



=  ⇒  =
=?HN?H;M

 /?

 = 
 ?
 > 
?HN\I

  + 
 ^
CAO;F
;

;




<


51
=




>







3;

/?H>I
  = 
=IG
 > 
N?GIM
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
 ⎜ ⎟ + 
 =
 ⎜ ⎟ +


⎝⎠ ⎝⎠
⎛ ⎞
=
 ⎜ ⋅   ⎟
⎝ ⎠
=



= 

= 

 *;
@CAOL;
?MNY
L?JL?M?HN;>;
J;LN?
>I
ALY@C=I
>;
@OH]\I

>?@CHC>;
JIL

 =


 +  −  =IG
 ≠
?
I

JIHNI

 −  J?LN?H=?HN?
;I
ALY@C=I
>;
@OH]\I


+
P;FIL
>?

^

;




<




=
−



>
−



?

3;

/?

 −  J?LN?H=?
;I
ALY@C=I
>?

?HN\I − =

 ⋅  +  −  ⇔  +  =  ⇔  = −


.?MIFP?H>I
?G
J ;
CH?KO;]\I
Î< ¢ :Ï ª A
I<N^G

M?
=IGI
=IHDOHNI
MIFO]\I
; u ¥ Џ S J 6  ¨ <Ñ

< u ¥ ؏ S J 6  ª    « <Ù


= u ¥ ؏ S J 6 
¨  ª <Ù


> u ¥ ؏ S J 6 
ª  ª <Ù


? u ¥ ؏ S J 6  ¨    « <Ù

3;


52
 Î< ¢ :Ï ª A

O Î< ¢ :Ï ¢ A ª 9 O
< ¢ : < ¢ :
 ª9 O ª :9 O < ¢ : ª A O < ª B 

 ª <
A A
IGI
=IH>C]\I
>?
?RCMN_H=C;
>I
FIA;LCNGI

:
Î< ¢ :Ï

O < ¢ : © 9  < © :  ©
<

:
x ¥ ¬ S J 6 ¨  ª <¯
<

 
;F=OF?
I
G?HIL
P;FIL
CHN?CLI
>?
‡ N;F
KO?
;K © >
M;<?H>I
KO?
9.< ¨  ; ¨ 9.<9;

3;
0IG;H>I
FIA;LCNGIM
>?=CG;CM
?G
;G<IM
IM
G?G<LIM
>;
>?MCAO;F>;>?
>?M?D;>;
I<N?GIM

;K © > P  ;K ©  > P ‡ ]  ; © ;9 ]  >

P ‡ ]  ; © ;9Î: ¢  ;Ï
:
P ‡ © ;9 ¸ ¢ :»
 ;

1NCFCT;H>I
;M
?MNCG;NCP;M
>I
?HOH=C;>I
I<N?GIM
: : :9 :=9
;9 ¸ ¢ :» ¨ ;9 ¸ ¢ :» ¥ ;9 ¸ ¢ :» ¥ ¨ =@
 ; 9.< < <
   
?
;9 Ô*-( ¢ :Õ © ;9 Ô ¢ :Õ ¥ ;9 Ô ¢ :Õ ¥ © =?1
    
,ILN;HNI
I
G?HIL
P;FIL
JIMM`P?F
>?
‡ ^
=@


0?H>I
?G
PCMN;
;M
;JLIRCG;]c?M
 ; [ 9.<9
 < [ 9.=A
?HN\I
I
G;CIL
HdG?LI
CHN?CLI
‡
M;NCM@;T?H>I

:9K ª :;
^
CAO;F
;
; =;=

< =<@

= ==<

> =>:

? =?9

3;


53
 :9K ª :;
JFC=;H>I
I
FIA;LCNGI
H;
<;M?

>IM
>ICM
F;>IM

  :9K ª   :;

,?F;
JLIJLC?>;>?
>;
JIN_H=C;
>?
OG
FIA;LCNGI
‡ ]   :9 ª =:A ]   :;
‡ ] : ª =:A ]   Î; ] ; ] <Ï
,?F;
JLIJLC?>;>?
>I
JLI>ONI
>I
FIA;LCNGI
‡ ª =:A ] Î  ; ¡   ; ¡   <Ï
;M
;JLIRCG;]c?M
>;>;M
N?GIM
KO?
‡ ª =:A ] Î9.< ¡ 9.< ¡ 9.=AÏ
‡ ª =>:.==

,ILN;HNI
I
G;CIL
CHN?CLI
‡ KO?
M;NCM@;T
;
>?MCAO;F>;>?
^
‡ ¥ =>:


+
=IHDOHNI
>IM
HdG?LIM
L?;CM
 KO?
M;NCM@;T?G
;
CH?KO;]\I
  Î; ¡ >Ï ¢   Î< ¢ :Ï © : ^
I
CHN?LP;FI


; ×¢F. ¢ Ö


< × . FÖ


= ×¢  .

9Ö

 
> × .

Ö


? ×9.

Ö

3;

;
=IH>C]\I
>?
?RCMN_H=C;
>I
FIA;LCNGI
N?GIM
>
; ¡ > © 9 O  © ¢
;
:
< ¢ : © 9 O  ©
<

,ILN;HNI
 © 

 Q
MMCG
J;L;
 S J 5  ©
N?GIM
  © :
IO
M?D;
 Q

; ¡ > @
© ; P ; ¡ > © ? ¢ ; P = ¨ @ P  ¨
< ¢ : =
   
MMCG
I
CHN?LP;FI
MIFO]\I
M?LY ¨  ¨ 
+O
M?D;
× . Ö

   

54

/?D;
€ÎÏ ¥   Î< ¡ =Ï ¢   Î; ¢ :Ï
+M
P;FIL?M
>?

J;L;
IM
KO;CM
€ ?MNY
>?@CHC>;
?
M;NCM@;T
€ÎÏ © :

M\I

;  ¨ 


< ¨


 
= ¨¨
 


> ¢ ¨ 


 
? ¨¨
 

3;

,;L;
;M
=IH>C]c?M
>?
?RCMN_H=C;
>IM
FIA;LCNGIM
=
< ¡ = © 9 O < ¡ = © 9 O < © ¢= O  © ¢
® <
:
; ¢ : © 9 O ; ¢ : © 9 O  ©
;
;AIL;
J;L;
€ÎÏ © : O
< ¡ =
  Î< ¡ =Ï ¢   Î; ¢ :Ï © : O   ©  
; ¢ :
< ¡ = @
© < O < ¡ = © ? ¢ < O < ¨ @ O  ¨
; ¢ : <
 
,ILN;HNI
=IG
;
CHN?LM?=]\I
>IM CHN?LP;FIM
N?GIM
I
L?MOFN;>I  ¨  ¨ 

 M
C>;>?M
CHN?CL;M
>?
NL_M
CLG\IM
@ILG;G
OG;
,
?
;
MIG;
>?F;M
^
CAO;F
;

;HIM

C>;>?
GYRCG;
?G
;HIM

KO?
I
CLG\I
G;CM
P?FBI
JI>?
N?L
^
;






<






=






>






?



3;

%>;>?M
 − 

 +  

 −  +  +  +  =
 ⇒  =  

+
CLG\I
G;CM
HIPI
JI>?
N?L
G?HIM
>?

;HI
⇒  −  =
⇒  =  

!HN\I
 +  =  +  = 


 (?C;
=IG
;N?H]\I
;
BCMNaLC;
?G
KO;>LCHBIM

55
IHMC>?L?
KO?
I
F?\I
>;
BCMNaLC;
;=CG;
N?HB;
L?J?NC>I
I
=IHPCN?
JIL
PYLC;M
M?G;H;M
*;
JLCG?CL;
=IHPC>IO
;
(;H;

J;L;
M;CL

P?T?M
H;
M?AOH>;
M?G;H;
=IHPC>IO

P?T?M
H;
N?L=?CL;

P?T?M
?
;MMCG
MO=?MMCP;G?HN?
M?GJL?

;OG?HN;H>I
?G

OHC>;>?M
I
HdG?LI
>?
=IHPCN?M
@?CNIM
H;
M?G;H;
;HN?LCIL
%G?>C;N;G?HN?
;JaM
N?L
MC>I
@?CNI
I
dFNCGI
>IM

=IHPCN?M
I
HdG?LI
>?
M?G;H;M
DY
>?=ILLC>;M
>?M>?
I
JLCG?CLI

=IHPCN?
?L;
CAO;F
;
;






<






=





>


3;

,





 
 

 = ( +  ) =  ⇒ ( +  +
 −  ⋅  ) =  ⇒ (
 +  ) =  ⇒  =
 IO
 = −




  

 !G
OG
NL;<;FBI
?M=IF;L
&I\I
@IC
=IHPC>;>I
;
=;F=OF;L
;M
YL?;M
>?
PYLCIM
KO;>L;>IM
>C@?L?HN?M
>CMJIMNIM
?G

M?KO_H=C;
>;
?MKO?L>;
J;L;
;
>CL?CN;
=IGI
GIMNL;
;
@CAOL;

+
JLCG?CLI
KO;>L;>I
>;
M?KO_H=C;
N?G
F;>I
G?>CH>I

I
M?AOH>I
KO;>L;>I
N?G
F;>I
G?>CH>I
 
I
N?L=?CLI

 ?
;MMCG
JIL
>C;HN?
+
I<D?NCPI
>I
NL;<;FBI
^
C>?HNC@C=;L
?G
KO;HNI
;
YL?;
>?
=;>;
KO;>L;>I
>;
M?KO_H=C;

?R=?>?
;
YL?;
>I
KO;>L;>I
;HN?LCIL

YL?;
>I
KO;>L;>I
KO?
I=OJ;
;
JIMC]\I

H;
M?KO_H=C;
@IC
L?JL?M?HN;>;
JIL


,;L;
 ≥ 
I
P;FIL
>;
>C@?L?H];
 − −
?G
=?HN`G?NLI
KO;>L;>I
^
CAO;F
;

;
 −



<
 +



=
− +



>

− 


?
 −






3;

?M>?
KO?
 =  
N?GIM
 − − =  −
 −  =  −  J;L;
NI>I

H;NOL;F
=IG
 ≥ 


*OG;
M;F;
>?
;OF;
=;>;
OG
>IM

;FOHIM
L?=?<?
OG
HdG?LI
KO?
@;T
J;LN?
>?
OG;
M?KO_H=C;
KO?
?MNY
?G

JLIAL?MM\I
;LCNG^NC=;
/;<?H>I
M?
KO?
;
MIG;
>?
NI>IM
IM
HdG?LIM
^
 
?
KO?
;
>C@?L?H];
?HNL?
I
i
?
I
i
^


>?N?LGCH?
I
 i
HdG?LI

56
3;
,










 = 
 = ( +  ) ⇒ 
 = [
 +
 +  ] ⇒ 
 +  = 



 −

=
 ⇒

+  −

=
 ⇒  =  

!HN\I

 +  ×  = 
 ⇒
 =   ⇒


=  +  ×  =  

 
=;>;
>C;
KO?
J;MM;
OG
;FOHI
L?MIFP?

?R?L=`=CIM
;
G;CM
>I
KO?
L?MIFP?O
HI
>C;
;HN?LCIL
!F?
=IGJF?NIO
M?O

i
>C;
>?
?MNO>I
?
L?MIFP?O


?R?L=`=CIM
/?O
I<D?NCPI
^
L?MIFP?L
HI
NIN;F
J?FI
G?HIM


?R?L=`=CIM
);HN?H>I

M?O
J;>L\I
>?
?MNO>I
KO;HNIM
>C;M
?F?
;CH>;
JL?=CM;
J;L;
;NCHACL
MO;
G?N;

;




<




=




>




?


3;

+
HdG?LI
>?
?R?L=`=CIM
L?MIFPC>IM
;
=;>;
>C;
=IHMNCNOC
OG;
JLIAL?MM\I
;LCNG^NC=;

  >?
L;T\I
CAO;F
;

(IAI

 =  +  ⋅  ⇔  =  +  ⋅ 
M;<?H>I
KO?
 = 
N?GIM

⇔  = 

-O?L?GIM
=;F=OF;L

>?
N;F
MILN?
KO?
 ≥ 
=IG

 M?H>I
;
MIG;
>IM

JLCG?CLIM
N?LGIM
>;
JLIAL?MM\I

⎛
 −  ⋅  ⎞
;LCNG^NC=;

  ?MM?
GI>I
P?G
⎜  + ⎟ ⋅  ≥  ⇔  ⋅
 +  ≥  ,ILN;HNI
=IGI

?
 +
M\I
CHN?CLIM

⎝  ⎠
JIMCNCPIM
?
=IHM?=ONCPIM
JIL
CHMJ?]\I
N?GIM
 ≥ 
+
HdG?LI
G`HCGI
>?
>C;M
KO?
?F?
;CH>;
JL?=CM;
J;L;
;NCHACL

MO;
G?N;
^
 −  = 

 
MIG;
>I
M?RNI
;I
>^=CGI
JLCG?CLI
N?LGI
>?
OG;
JLIAL?MM\I
A?IG^NLC=;
^


MIG;
>I
>^=CGI
;I
>^=CGI

KOCHNI
P;F?
 

L;T\I
>?MM;
,#
^
;






<






=





>






?


+65*





 


 
 


 
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
   
 +  +
+ 
=  

 + 
+
+  = 
⇒
( )
⇒    +   +
+  
= 
⇒
⇒  ⋅  = 
⇒  =  =  ⇒  =  =  

 

  1G
P?`=OFI
=IG
P?FI=C>;>?
=IHMN;HN?
>?
 
 J?L=ILL?
/
EG
?G
OG
CHN?LP;FI
>?
N?GJI
>?
0
BIL;M
M?H>I

0
>C@?L?HN?
>?

IHMC>?L?
KO?
0
2
?
/
?MN?D;G
?G
JLIAL?MM\I
A?IG^NLC=;
H?MM;
IL>?G

;FN?LH;NCP;
KO?
CH>C=;
;
L?F;]\I
?HNL?
I
?MJ;]I
J?L=ILLC>I
/
?
;
P?FI=C>;>?
2
^
;

 = 

57
<

 = 


=

= 



>


 = 

+65*


,#


 ⇒   =  ⋅  ⇒  = 





2?FI=C>;>?
⇒  = ⇒  = 

 

  
!HN\I
= ⇒  = 
⇒  = 
⇒  =   

 

 
L?AC\I
@L;=N;F
"
=IHMNLO`>;
;
J;LNCL
>?
OG
KO;>L;>I
>?
F;>I

=G
^
=IHMNCNO`>;
JIL
OG;
CH@CHC>;>?
>?

KO;>L;>IM
?
=IHMNLO`>;
?G
OG;
CH@CHC>;>?
>?
?N;J;M

=;>;
HIP;
?N;J;
=IHMC>?L;G
M?
IM
KO;>L;>IM
>?
G?HIL
F;>I



;=L?M=?HN;>IM
H;
?N;J;
;HN?LCIL
?
;=L?M=?HN;G
M?
J;L;
=;>;
OG
>?MN?M
NL_M
HIPIM
KO;>L;>IM
>?
F;>I


M

NL_M
JLCG?CL;M
?N;J;M
>?
=IHMNLO]\I
>?
"
M\I
;JL?M?HN;>;M
;
M?AOCL

;F=OF?
;
YL?;
>?
"

/?H>I




;M
YL?;M
I<NC>;M
H;M
?N;J;M
MO=?MMCP;M
N?G

M?

=




 = 
+  ⋅ =
+
 




 =  +  ⋅ =
+ +
?N=
*I FCGCN?

 






 =
+ + + + +
= = 

   



−


 $Y
?R;N;G?HN?
OG
;HI
&IM^
CHC=CIO
OG;
=LC;]\I
>?
=I?FBIM
?
>OL;HN?
?MN?
J?L`I>I
I
HdG?LI
>?
=I?FBIM

>OJFC=IO
;
=;>;

G?M?M
$ID?
JL?I=OJ;>I
=IG
;
@;FN;
>?
?MJ;]I
J;L;
IM
=I?FBIM
&IM^
P;C
P?H>?L
J;LN?
>?MM;

=LC;]\I
>?
GI>I
KO?
;J?H;M
;
KO;HNC>;>?
CHC=C;F
@CKO?
=IG
?F?
/?

>?HIN;
;
KO;HNC>;>?
CHC=C;F
>?
=I?FBIM

?HN\I
;
KO;HNC>;>?
;
M?L
P?H>C>;
^
;
 



<
 



=
 



>

 



?

 

+65*

,#




 

,IJOF;]\I
BID?
 



P?H>?L

− 
= 


58
 *OG;
JLIAL?MM\I
A?IG^NLC=;
,#
>?=L?M=?HN?
I
JLCG?CLI
N?LGI
^
OG
HdG?LI
L?;F
JIMCNCPI
?
=;>;
N?LGI
;

J;LNCL
>I
N?L=?CLI
^
CAO;F
Z
M?RN;
J;LN?
>;
MIG;
>IM
>ICM
N?LGIM
CG?>C;N;G?HN?
;HN?LCIL?M
?N?LGCH?
;
L;T\I
>?MM;
,#

,#


 


 +  

  = ⇒   −  −  =
⇒  = − IO
 = 

  


 >
?
,#
>?=L?M=?HN?
⇒  = 




1G
ALOJI
>?
;FOHIM
>?
OG;
?M=IF;
?MN\I
ILA;HCT;H>I
OG;
PCMCN;
N^=HC=;
;
OG;
?GJL?M;
?HNL?
IM
;FOHIM

CHN?L?MM;>IM
H;
PC;A?G
?MN\I
M?CM
GOFB?L?M
?
NL_M
BIG?HM
KO?
JL?N?H>?G
I=OJ;L
OG
=;LLI
=IG
=CH=I
FOA;L?M

?MN;
@ILG;
BY
KO;HN;M
G;H?CL;M
JIMM`P?CM
J;L;
KO?
NI>IM
JIMM;G
PC;D;L
M?HN;>IM
>?M>?
KO?
;M
GOFB?L?M
M?HN;L\I

;J?H;M
HI
<;H=I
>?
NLYM
?
IM
BIG?HM
HIM
<;H=IM
>;
@L?HN?
; 

< 

= 

> 

? 

3;

1NCFCT;H>I
I
KO;>LI
L?MOGI


O;M
GI?>;M
?
>ICM
>;>IM
NI>IM
>C@?L?HN?M
?HNL?
MC
@IL;G
F;H];>IM
MCGOFN;H?;G?HN?
-O;F
^
I
HJOG?LI
>?

JIMMC<CFC>;>?M
>?
L?MOFN;>IM
J;L;
?MM?
?RJ?LCG?HNI
; 

< 

= 

> 

? 

3;

;>;
>;>I
N?G

JIMMC<CFC>;>?M
?
=;>;
GI?>;

JIMMC<CFC>;>?M
,?FI
JLCH=`JCI
@OH>;G?HN;F
>;
=IHN;A?G

59
 ? ? ; ;
¤ ¤ ¤ ¥ :==
ÉÌ






ÌÊÌÌË












ÉÌÌÊÌÌË







&$&-0 +-'&$0


1G;
L?>?
>?
"#
 I@?L?=?
M;H>OC=B?M
=IG
>CP?LM;M
IJ]c?M
+
=FC?HN?
>?P?
?M=IFB?L
M?GJL?
OG;
>?HNL?
;M

IJ]c?M
;
M?AOCL
f ,\I
>?
 A
,\I
*;NOL;F
,\I
"L;H=_M
IO
,\I
/?N?
#L\IM

f /;F;>;
0IG;N?
IO
F@;=?

f "LCIM
,L?MOHNI
IJ;
/;F;G?
;LH?
>?M@C;>;
)ILN;>?F;
IO
NOG

?
KO;HN;M
G;H?CL;M
>C@?L?HN?M
OG
=FC?HN?
JI>?
GIHN;L
M?O
M;H>OC=B?
; 

< 

= 

> 

? 

3;

,I>?
M?L
L?MIFPC>I
OM;H>I
I
JLCH=`JCI
GOFNCJFC=;NCPI
IO
I
?MKO?G;
>?
YLPIL?
(IAI -O;HNC>;>?
>?
M;H>OC=B?M
¥ J\I
¤ F?AOG?
¤ L?=B?CI
¥ < ¤ ; ¤ ? ¥ <?



G\?
>?
FC=?
KO?L
KO?
;M
@;=;M
@CKO?G
>I
F;>I
>CL?CNI
?
IM
A;L@IM
>I
F;>I
?MKO?L>I
>?
=;>;
JL;NI
,?FI

G?HIM
KO;HN;M
NLI=;M
>?
JIMC]c?M
>?
OG
A;L@I
?
OG;
@;=;
FC=?
N?LY
KO?
@;T?L
J;L;
M;NCM@;T?L
Z
MO;
G\?

; 

< 

= 

> 

? 

3;


60
IGI
BY
>ICM
A;L@IM
;I
F;>I
>CL?CNI
M?L\I
H?=?MMYLC;M
J?FI
G?HIM
>O;M
NLI=;M
>?
JIMC]\I
%MNI
<;MN;
JICM
IFB;H>I

>;
?MKO?L>;
J;L;
;
>CL?CN;
JI>?GIM
NLI=;L
>?
JIMC]\I
I
M?AOH>I
A;L@I
=IG
;
JLCG?CL;
@;=;
?
>?JICM
;
N?L=?CL;
@;=;

=IG
I
N?L=?CLI
A;L@I


!G
OG;
=F;MM?
BY

 ;FOHIM
,I>?GIM
;@CLG;L
=IG
=?LN?T;
KO?

;
FAOG
;FOHI
@;T
;HCP?LMYLCI
?G
D;H?CLI



<
!G
;FAOG
G_M
B;P?LY

;HCP?LMYLCIM



=
,?FI
G?HIM

;FOHIM
@;T?G
;HCP?LMYLCI
HI
G?MGI
G_M



>
,?FI
G?HIM

;FOHIM
;HCP?LM;LC;G
?G
>?T?G<LI




?
*I
GYRCGI

;FOHIM
@;T?G
;HCP?LMYLCI
?G
OG
G?MGI
G_M

3;

 −
⎤
/;<?GIM
J?FI
,LCH=`JCI
>;M
#;P?N;M
>?
CLC=BF?N
KO?
?G
J?FI
G?HIM
OG
G_M
BY
⎡⎢ ⎥ +
=  ;HCP?LM;LC;HN?M

⎣
 ⎦

 .IM?
H\I
;HINIO
I
HdG?LI
>?
=?FOF;L
KO?
M?O
HIPI
;GCAI
FB?
CH@ILGIO
AIL;
?F;
N?G
>dPC>;M
?G
L?F;]\I
;IM

dFNCGIM
KO;NLI
>`ACNIM
/;<?
KO;CM
M\I
IM
>`ACNIM
JIL^G
H\I
M;<?
;
IL>?G
?G
KO?
?F?M
;J;L?=?G
HI
HdG?LI
>I

N?F?@IH? -O;HN;M
M\I
;M
>C@?L?HN?M
JIMMC<CFC>;>?M
J;L;
;
IL>?G
>?MM?M
KO;NLIM
>`ACNIM

;





<





=





>





?








3;

+
HdG?LI
>?
JIMMC<CFC>;>?M
J;L;
;
IL>?G
>IM
KO;NLIM
>`ACNIM
^
>;>I
JIL
 = 
= 

 1G
ALOJI
>?
M?CM
;GCAIM
M?H>I
>ICM
G?HCHIM
?
KO;NLI
G?HCH;M
?MN\I
=IG?GIL;H>I
;
@ILG;NOL;
>I
!HMCHI

)^>CI
+
@INaAL;@I
MIFC=CNIO
;I
ALOJI
KO?
M?
M?HN;MM?
?G
OG
<;H=I
>?
M?CM
FOA;L?M
?
KO?
IM
G?HCHIM
M?
M?HN;MM?G

H;M
?RNL?GC>;>?M
>I
<;H=I
IG
?MM;
=IH@CAOL;]\I
I
HdG?LI
>?
G;H?CL;M
>CMNCHN;M
KO?
I
ALOJI
JI>?
M?
M?HN;L
^

>?


;







<








=








>











3;

!RCMN?G
>O;M
?M=IFB;M
J;L;
;
JLCG?CL;
?RNL?GC>;>?
?
OG;
?M=IFB;
J;L;
;
M?AOH>;
?RNL?GC>;>?
>?G;CM
;M

G?HCH;M
JI>?G
M?L
>CMJIMN;M
>?
 = 
=  G;H?CL;M

,ILN;HNI
J?FI
,LCH=`JCI
)OFNCJFC=;NCPI
M?AO?
KO?
;
L?MJIMN;
^
 ⋅ ⋅  = 

  ,;L;
=OC>;L
>;
M;d>?
GOCN;M
J?MMI;M
<OM=;G
;N?H>CG?HNI
?G
=C>;>?M
G;CIL?M
IH>?
BY
=?HNLIM
G^>C=IM

?MJ?=C;FCT;>IM
?
BIMJCN;CM
G;CM
?KOCJ;>IM
)OCN;M
P?T?M
I
NL;HMJILN?
;N^
?MM;M
=C>;>?M
^
@?CNI
JIL
%"

>CMJIHC<CFCT;>;M
J?F;M
JL?@?CNOL;M
!G
OG;
%
=IG

;MM?HNIM
PC;D;L\I

J;MM;A?CLIM
?
I
GINILCMN;
?
KO;HNIM

GI>IM
>CMNCHNIM
IM

J;MM;A?CLIM
JI>?G
I=OJ;L
MO;M
JIFNLIH;M
H;
%



;
 





<






=
  





>
 





?
  








3;

?P?GIM
>CMNLC<OCL

J?MMI;M
J;L;
HIP?
FOA;L?M
>CMNCHNIM
N?GIM
?HN\I
OG;
J?LGON;]\I
>?
HIP?
?F?G?HNIM
, 


⋅  ⋅  ⋅  ⋅  ⋅  ⋅  ⋅  ⋅
=  

61
  +CNI
;>OFNIM
?
OG
<?<_
CL\I
NCL;L
OG;
@INI
>?
@;G`FC;
+M
;>OFNIM
M?
M?HN;L\I
?G
ICNI
=;>?CL;M
OG
;>OFNI
JIL

=;>?CL;
KO?
?MN\I
>CMJIMN;M
F;>I
;
F;>I
?
I
<?<_
M?HN;LY
HI
=IFI
>?
OG
>IM
;>OFNIM
+
HdG?LI
>?
G;H?CL;M
>CMNCHN;M

>?
>CMJIL
?MM;M

J?MMI;M
J;L;
;
@INI
^

;
 ⋅ 





<






=
 ⋅






>









3;

!RCMN?G
 = 
G;H?CL;M
>?
;=IGI>;L
IM
;>OFNIM
?

G;H?CL;M
>?
?M=IFB?L
I
=IFI
?G
KO?
M?HN;LY
I
<?<_

,ILN;HNI
J?FI
,LCH=`JCI
)OFNCJFC=;NCPI
M?AO?
KO?
;
L?MJIMN;
^
 ⋅ 


  *?QNIH
JIMMOC

FCPLIM
>CMNCHNIM
M?H>I

>?
rFA?<L;

>?
YF=OFI
?

>?
#?IG?NLC;
+
HdG?LI
>?

G;H?CL;M
>C@?L?HN?M
KO?
*?QNIH
JI>?
ILA;HCT;L
?MM?M
FCPLIM
?G
OG;
?MN;HN?
>?
@ILG;
KO?
IM
FCPLIM
>?
OG
G?MGI

;MMOHNI
J?LG;H?];G
DOHNIM
^

;






<






=






>






?









3;

0?G
M?
 = 
G;H?CL;M
>?
>CMJIL
IM
NL_M
<FI=IM
>?
FCPLIM
 = 
GI>IM
>?
ILA;HCT;L
IM
FCPLIM
>?
rFA?<L;

 = 
G;H?CL;M
>?
>CMJIL
IM
FCPLIM
>?
YF=OFI
?
 = 
GI>IM
>?
>CMJIL
IM
FCPLIM
>?
#?IG?NLC;
!G

=IHM?KO_H=C;
J?FI
,LCH=`JCI
)OFNCJFC=;NCPI
;
L?MJIMN;
^

⋅ 
⋅ 
⋅ 
= 

 
(;H];H>I
M?

>;>IM
MO=?MMCP;G?HN?
I
HdG?LI
>?
G;H?CL;M
>?
M?
I<N?L
MIG;

^
;

<

=

>


+65*

+M
P;FIL?M
JIMM`P?CM
J;L;
M?
MIG;L

=IG

>;>IM
M\I












AIL;
JL?=CM;GIM

J?LGON;L
IM
P;FIL?M
>?
=;>;
=IHDOHNI
F?P;H>I
?G
=IHMC>?L;]\I
KO?
?RCMN?G
I<D?NIM
L?J?NC>IM
FIAI
J?LGON;]c?M

=IG
L?J?NC]\I









 = = =











 = = = 











 = = =



(IAI








 
+
HdG?LI
>?
;H;AL;G;M
>;
J;F;PL;
()! 
KO?
H\I
;JL?M?HN;
;M

PIA;CM
DOHN;M
^
;

<


62
=

>


+65*

*\I
JI>?GIM
;J?H;M
N?L
;M

PIA;CM
DOHN;M
I
KO?
MCAHC@C=;
KO?
JI>?GIM
N?L
;J?H;M

IO
G?MGI

DOHN;M
!HN\I

P;GIM
=;F=OF;L
I
NIN;F
>?
;H;AL;G;M
?
MO<NL;CL
>;
KO;HNC>;>?
KO?
JIMMOC
;M

PIA;CM
DOHN;M

0IN;F



!
(
)
?

JIMMOC
I<D?NIM
L?J?NC>IM





 = = =  = 




PIA;CM
DOHN;M
P;GIM
@ILG;L
OG
<FI=I
=IG
;M
PIA;CM

,;L;
J?LGON;L
;M
PIA;CM
>?HNLI
>I
<FI=I
N?L?GIM




 = = =



AIL;
J;L;
J?LGON;LGIM
;M
JIMC]c?M
>;M
F?NL;M
G;HN?H>I
;M
PIA;CM
DOHN;M
P;GIM
HIG?;L
I
<FI=I
!
>?
2

;MMCG
N?L?GIM

I<D?NIM
2
(
)
?


 = 
=  = 
2IA;CM
DOHN;M



0IN;F

k




  *;
@CAOL;
;
M?AOCL
;M
FCHB;M
BILCTIHN;CM
?
P?LNC=;CM
L?JL?M?HN;G
LO;M
?
IM
KO;>L;>IM
L?JL?M?HN;G
KO;LN?CLc?M


KO;HNC>;>?
>?
NL;D?NIM
>?
=IGJLCG?HNI
G`HCGI
FCA;H>I

;


^

;




<




=




>




?



3;





 = ⇒  = = 






 


 
,;L;
?PCN;L
KO?
&I\I
;=?MM?
MCN?M
H\I
L?=IG?H>;>IM
H;
%HN?LH?N
MO;
G\?
KO?L
=IFI=;L
OG;
M?HB;
HI

=IGJON;>IL
@ILG;>;
;J?H;M
JIL
G
F?NL;M

?
N;G<^G
G
F?NL;M

M?H>I
G
J;L
0;F
M?HB;
KO;H>I
FC>;
>;
?MKO?L>;

J;L;
;
>CL?CN;
IO
>;
>CL?CN;
J;L;
;
?MKO?L>;
H\I
>?P?LY
M?
;FN?L;L
!R

IG
?MM;M
=;L;=N?L`MNC=;M
I
HdG?LI

GYRCGI
>?
M?HB;M
>CMNCHN;M
KO?
?F;
JI>?LY
=LC;L
J;L;
>?JICM
?M=IFB?L
OG;
^
CAO;F
;



;

63
 
⎡ ⎤
⎢

⎥
<
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎛
⎞
⎛
⎞
⎥
⎢⎣ ⎜⎝  ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝  ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦
⎡ ⎤
⎢

⎥
=
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎛
⎞
⎛ 
⎞
⎥
⎢⎣ ⎜⎝  ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝  ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦
⎡ ⎤
⎢

⎥
>
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎛
⎞
⎛
⎞
⎥
⎢⎣ ⎜⎝  ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝  ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦

+65*

0?GIM
OG
NIN;F
>?
G
F?NL;M

?
G
F?NL;M

FIAI
G
F?NL;M
IGI
DY
@IC
@?CNI
H;
KO?MN\I

>;
"
?MN;
M?HB;
^
OG

*! I
?M=IFB?L
;
F?NL;
J;L;
OG;
JIMC]\I
;
JIMC]\I
MCG^NLC=;
Ma
N?G
OG;
JIMMC<CFC>;>?
KO?
^
L?J?NCL
;

J J
F?NL;
MMCG
N?GIM
G
F?NL;M
M?H>I
F?NL;M

?
F?NL;M

J;L;
M?L?G
J?LGON;>;M
/a
J?LGON;GIM
G
?MJ;]IM
JICM

 
=;>;
OG
>IM
G
?MJ;]IM
L?MN;HN?M
Ma
N?G
 JIMMC<CFC>;>?
=;>;
KO?
^
L?J?NCL
;
F?NL;
>I
?MJ;]I
KO?
^
I
M?O
MCG^NLC=I
 
 


 
 =
⎛⎞ ⎛⎞
⎜ ⎟
 ⎜ ⎟

⎝⎠ ⎝⎠
 
?T
P;A;M
>?
OG
?MN;=CIH;G?HNI
M?L\I
I=OJ;>;M
JIL
M?CM
=;LLIM
M?H>I

JL?NIM

P?LG?FBIM
?

<L;H=I
IHMC>?L;H>I
KO?
OG;
G;H?CL;
>?
CMMI
I=ILL?L
M?
>CMNCHAO?
>?
IONL;
N\I
MIG?HN?
J?F;
=IL
>IM
=;LLIM
I
NIN;F
>?

JIMMC<CFC>;>?M
>?
IM
M?CM
=;LLIM
I=OJ;L?G
;M
>?T
P;A;M
^
CAO;F
;

;






<






=






>



3;

IHMC>?L;H>I
KO?
;M
KO;NLI
P;A;M
>?MI=OJ;>;M
M\I
I<D?NIM
C>_HNC=IM
M?AO?
KO?
I
L?MOFN;>I
^
>;>I
JIL
 :93 :91B1A1@1?1>1=3
r ¥ ¥ ¥ :;?99
<3 1;3 1=3 ?1;1=3

 

KO;HNC>;>?
>?
HdG?LIM
>?
KO;NLI
;FA;LCMGIM
>CMNCHNIM
KO?
JI>?G
M?L
@ILG;>IM
=IG
IM
;FA;LCMGIM





?

^
;

<

=

>


3;


64
*\I
N?L?GIM
JLI<F?G;M
KO;HNI
;I
;FA;LCMGI
m n
JICM
N?GIM
;
>CMJIMC]\I
MIG?HN?

;FA;LCMGIM




?


!HN\I
N?GIM

?MJ;]IM
J;L;
>CMNLC<OCL

?F?G?HNIM
IH>?
;
IL>?G
CGJILN;
N?L?GIM
OG
;LL;HDI
>?

I<D?NIM
J;L;


FOA;L?M

 






= = = 
  = 
 −



+O
JI>?GIM
;J?H;M
OM;L
I
JLCH=`JCI
GOFNCJFC=;NCPI


 +J]\I


 
?M?D;
M?
=IFILCL
IM
M?CM
NLC[HAOFIM
>;
@CAOL;
=IG
=IL?M
>C@?L?HN?M

CMJIH>I
M?
>?
M?N?
=IL?M
I
HdG?LI
>?
G;H?CL;M
>C@?L?HN?M
>?
=IHM?AOCL
I
KO?
M?
>?M?D;
^
;

<

=
 
>
 

3;

IGI
H\I
BY
L?MNLC]\I
>?
=IL?M
;F^G
MIG?HN?
>?
M?L?G
>CMNCHN;M
!HN\I
N?GIM

=IL?M
>CMJIH`P?CM
J;L;

?MJ;]IM

JIL^G
IH>?
;
JIMC]\I
CGJILN;
N?GIM
OG
h
@3 @3
h ¥ ¥ ¥ @1?1>1=1<1;1: ¥ @1?1:;9 ¥ =;1:;9 ¥ >9=9
Î@ ¢ ?Ï3 :3
0;G<^G
JI>?L`;GIM
J?HM;L
?G
>CMNLC<OCL

I<D?NIM
?G

?MJ;]IM
IH>?
J?FI
JLCH=`JCI
GOFNCJFC=;NCPI


 



 
!G
;HYFCM?
=IG<CH;NaLC;
;
L;T\I
^
CAO;F
;

;

<

=

>


3;


IGI

   =

 =   N?L?GIM
 − 


  


  − 


   

= = = = =








   


?HNL?

=;H>C>;NIM

>?P?G
M?L
M?F?=CIH;>IM
J;L;
=IGJIL?G
OG;
=IGCMM\I
>?
@ILG;NOL;
+
HdG?LI
>?

@ILG;M
>CMNCHN;M
>?
M?
=IGJIL
?MM;
=IGCMM\I
^

;


<


=


>


65
3;

0I>;
?M=IFB;
^
OG;
=IG<CH;]\I
H\I
CGJILN;
;
IL>?G
>IM
I<D?NIM





 = = = =

 − 




1G;
=F;MM?
N?G

G?HCHIM
?

G?HCH;M
/?O
JLI@?MMIL
H?=?MMCN;
@ILG;L
=IGCMMc?M
>?

=LC;H];M
M?H>I


G?HCHIM
?

G?HCH;M
KO?
CH=FO;G
I<LCA;NILC;G?HN?
I
G?FBIL
;FOHI
>?HNL?
IM
G?HCHIM
?
;
G?FBIL
;FOH;
>?HNL?
;M

G?HCH;M
+
HdG?LI
JIMM`P?F
>?
=IGCMMc?M
^
;
CAO;F
;

<
G;CIL
KO?

=
G?HIL
KO?

>
CAO;F
;


3;

!HN\I
N?GIM
OG;
=IGCMM\I
=IHDOHN;M

P;A;M
J;L;
IM
G?HCHIM
>?HNL?

>CMJIH`P?CM
?
G;CM

P;A;M
J;L;
;M

G?HCH;M
>?HNL?
;M

>CMJIH`P?CM
,IL^G
IM
G?FBIL?M
G?HCHI
?
G?HCH;
>?P?G
?MN;L
H;
=IGCMM\I
>;`
N?L?GIM

MIG?HN?

P;A;M
J;L;
IM
G?HCHIM
?

P;A;M
J;L;
;M
G?HCH;M
?

G?HCHIM
KO?
JI>?L\I
M?L
>CMNLC<O`>IM
I
G?FBIL
D;

?MNY
H;
=IGCMM\I
?

G?HCH;M
J;L;
>CMNLC<OCL
JICM
;
G?FBIL
N;G<^G
DY
?MNY
H;
=IGCMM\I

IGI
M?
NL;N;
>?
OG;
?M=IFB;
@ILG;L
ALOJIM
?HN\I
;
IL>?G
H\I
CGJILN;
;MMCG
>?P?GIM
=IG<CH;L
;M

G?HCH;M

L?MN;HN?M
J;L;
;M

P;A;M
?
IM

G?HCHIM
L?MN;HN?M
J;L;
;M

P;A;M
L?MN;HN?M




 
  


 
 =  =  =  =   = 


 − 

 − 




 
 

 +
HdG?LI
>?
N?LHIM

   >?
HdG?LIM
CHN?CLIM
JIMCNCPIM
G;CIL?M
>I
KO?
=CH=I
KO?
=OGJL?G
;
=IH>C]\I

 +  +  = 
^

;




<




=




>


3;

0IG;H>I
 =  + 

 =  +

?
 =  + 
=IG


 ∈

P?G
+
+  =  ⇔  +  +  = 

(IAI
KO?L?GIM
=;F=OF;L
I
HdG?LI
>?
MIFO]c?M
CHN?CL;M
?
H\I
H?A;NCP;M
>;
?KO;]\I
;=CG;
0;F
L?MOFN;>I
^
>;>I

J?FI
HdG?LI
>?
=IG<CH;]c?M
=IGJF?N;M
>?

I<D?NIM
NIG;>IM

 ;

IO
M?D;
:= :=3 :=1:<1:;3
jt ¥ Ô Õ ¥ ¥ ¥ @1:< ¥ B:
:; :;3 1;3 :;3 1;1:

 IGI
JL_GCI
J?F;
PCNaLC;
?G
OG;
=IGJ?NC]\I
M?L\I
>CMNLC<O`>;M

 GI?>;M
>?
IOLI
C>_HNC=;M
?HNL?
;M
NL_M

J?MMI;M
>;
?KOCJ?
P?H=?>IL;
?
=;>;
OG;
>?P?LY
L?=?<?L
J?FI
G?HIM
>O;M
GI?>;M
+
HdG?LI
>?
G;H?CL;M

>CMNCHN;M
>?
?@?NO;LGIM
?MM;
>CMNLC<OC]\I
^

;




<




=




>




?


66
3;

IGI
=;>;
J?MMI;
L?=?<?LY
HI
G`HCGI
>O;M
GI?>;M
>?P?GIM
=;F=OF;L
I
HdG?LI
>?
G;H?CL;M
>?
>CMNLC<OCL


GI?>;M
J;L;

J?MMI;M
MMCG
I
L?MOFN;>I
J?>C>I
=ILL?MJIH>?
;I
HdG?LI
>?
MIFO]c?M
CHN?CL;M
?
H\I
H?A;NCP;M
>;

⎛⎞ 

?KO;]\I
 +  +  = 
CMNI
^
 = ⎜ ⎟ = = 


⎝  ⎠ 
⋅ 

‡ K

(?G<L;H>I
KO?
Ô‰Õ ¥

M]KM^

?
; ;F=OF?
Ô Õ

=

_ `

< /CGJFC@CKO?
;
@L;]\I

_ `


= ?N?LGCH?
IM
CHN?CLIM
‡ ?
‰ >?
GI>I
KO?

‡ ‡ ‡
ԉ Õ Ô‰ ¡ :Õ Ô‰ ¡ ;Õ
¥ ¥
: ; <

3;
?  
; Ô Õ ¥  ¥  ¥ < ] > ¥ :>
=
  
_ `      

<  ¥ 
  ¥ ] ¥ ] ¥>] ¥
_ `      
 

K K K
_M ` _M` _M`
=

¥ 
¥ 

‡3 ‡3
d ¥
· ¢ ‰Ï3 ‰3 · ¢ ‰ ¢ :Ï3 Ή ¡ :Ï3 ] ;
e ‡3 ‡3
¥
f· ¢ ‰ ¢ :Ï3 Ή ¡ :Ï3 ] ; · ¢ ‰ ¢ ;Ï3 Ή ¡ ;Ï3 ] <

d· ¢ ‰ ¢ :Ï3 ¥ ‰3
g · ¢ ‰Ï3 Ή ¡ :Ï3 ] ;
e· ¢ ‰ ¢ ;Ï3 ¥ Ή ¡ :Ï3 ] ;
g· ¢ ‰ ¢ :Ï3 Ή ¡ ;Ï3 ] <
f
: :
d ¥
‡ ¢ ‰ Ή ¡ :Ï ] ;
e : ;
¥
f ‡ ¢ ‰ ¢ : < ] Ή ¡ ;Ï
‡ ¢ ‰ ¥ ;‰ ¡ ;
¬
;‡ ¢ ;‰ ¢ ; ¥ <‰ ¡ ?
‡ ¥ <‰ ¡ ; ‡ ¥ :=
¬ M¬
;‡ ¥ >‰ ¡ A ‰¥=

67
 :99

+
P;FIL
>I
HdG?LI
<CHIGC;F
Ô Õ
^

BB
; 

< 

= 

> 

? 

3;


:99 :993 :99 ] BB3

Ö ×¥ ¥ ¥ :99
BB :3 ] BB3 BB3

::  ¡ <
Õ ?
¸
 »

+M
<CHIGC;CM
Ô M\I
=IGJF?G?HN;L?M
?
JIL
CMMI
M\I
CAO;CM
/?O
P;FIL
^
=
; 

<  

= 

> 

? 

3;

r r
*dG?LIM
<CHIGC;CM
=IGJF?G?HN;L?M
Ô Õ ¥ Ô Õ
{ r¢{
= ¡ :; ¥ ==
::  ¡ < :: ¥  ¡ < ¬
(IAI
Ô Õ ¥ ¸ » O ¬ O = ¡  ¥ ::
                 
=  = ¡  ¥ ::
¢ :: ¥ <<  ¥ <   ¥ ;
:: :: 
(IAI
Ô Õ ¥ Ô Õ ¥  ¥ :?>
A <

 ¡:

/CGJFC@C=;H>I
M?
;
?RJL?MM\I
=IG
HdG?LIM
<CHIGC;CM
Ô Õ ¡ Ô Õ
J;L;
 « 9
I<N^G
M?
; ;
;   ¢ :

<  ¢ :

=  

> ;

? ; ¢ :

68
3;


 ¡: Î ¢ :ÏΏ ¢ ;Ï3 Ώ ¡ :Ï ¤ Ώ ¢ :Ï3

Ô Õ¡Ô Õ¥ ¡ ¥
; ; Ώ ¢ ;Ï3 ;3 Ώ ¢ :Ï3 ;3
  ¢    ¡  ; 
¡ ¥ ¥ 
; ; ;


+
P;FIL
>;
MIG;
;<;CRI
^
;9:? ;9:@ ;9:A ;9:B ;9;9 ;9:?
Ô Õ¡Ô Õ¡Ô Õ¡Ô Õ¡Ô Õ¡Ô Õ
> > > > > ?
;9;9
; Ô Õ
?
;9;9
< Ô Õ
@
;9;:
= Ô Õ
>
;9;:
> Ô Õ
?
;9;;
? Ô Õ
>

3;

;9:? ;9:? ;9:@ ;9:A ;9:B ;9;9
Ô Õ¡Ô Õ¡Ô Õ¡Ô Õ¡Ô Õ¡Ô Õ
> ? > > > >
.?F;]\I
>?
/NC?@?F
;9:@ ;9:@ ;9:A ;9:B ;9;9
¥Ô Õ¡Ô Õ¡Ô Õ¡Ô Õ¡Ô Õ
? > > > >
*IP;G?HN?
;9:A ;9:A ;9:B ;9;9 ;9:B ;9:B ;9;9
¥Ô Õ¡Ô Õ¡Ô Õ¡Ô Õ¥Ô Õ¡Ô Õ¡Ô Õ
? > > > ? > >
;9;9 ;9;9 ;9;:
¥Ô Õ¡Ô Õ¥Ô Õ
? > ?


⎛  ⎞
 
+
N?LGI
CH>?J?H>?HN?
HI
>?M?HPIFPCG?HNI
>I
<CHbGCI
⎜

− ⎟ ^

⎝  ⎠
;
−



<
−



=




>




?


3;

1NCFCT;H>I
;
@aLGOF;
>I
N?LGI
A?L;F
N?GIM

69
 
⎛⎞ ⎛⎞ ⎛  ⎞
 + = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ − ⋅
 = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅
  − ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝  ⎠

⎛⎞ ⎛⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ − ⋅ − ⋅  ⋅ − = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅  ⋅  − ⋅
 −

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

%AO;F;H>I
I
?RJI?HN?
;
T?LI
JICM
JLI=OL;GIM
I
N?LGI
CH>?J?H>?HN?
>?

N?GIM

−  =
⇒  = 

(IAI
I
N?LGI
CH>?J?H>?HN?
^
I
N?L=?CLI
N?LGI
JICM
 +
= +
=  ?
>?MM;
G;H?CL;
⎛⎞
 = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅  ⋅ − ⋅
 =  ⋅
⋅ = 
⎝ ⎠

 

MMCH;F?
;
;FN?LH;NCP;
KO?
;JL?M?HN;
I
N?LGI
CH>?J?H>?HN?
>?
 H;
?RJ;HM\I
<CHIGC;F
ԏ  ¡ Q Õ

; 

< 

= 

> 

? 

3;



: 
¸ ¡  »

*I
>?M?HPIFPCG?HNI
<CHIGCH;F
>?
Ώ ¡ ÏK
N?GIM
I
N?LGI
A?L;F
‡
vM ¥ Ô‰Õ ]  KM ]  M

;F=OF;H>I
I
N?LGI
A?L;F
N?GIM
A A
vM ¥ ¸ » ] Ώ  ÏM ] Ώ  ÏM ¥ ¸ » ]  ]MM^ O
‰ ‰

A
vM ¥ ¸ » ]  ]M^
‰

,;L;
KO?
CH>?J?H>;
>?

^
H?=?MMYLCI
?RJI?HN?
>?
 M?D;
9

Y :? ¢ A‰ ¥ 9 O ‰ ¥ ;

A A3 A]@
v ¥ Ô Õ ¥ ¥ ¥ ;A
; ;3 ] ?3 ;

70
  

+
N?LGI
CH>?J?H>?HN?
>?
 HI
>?M?HPIFPCG?HNI
>?
ԏ  ¢ Õ ^
CAO;F
;
Q

; ::9

< ;:9

= <:9

> =:9

? >:9

3;


:  ‡
¸  ¢  » O vM ¥ Ô‰Õ  M ] {M

Ò    Ώ ¡ {ÏK Ó

‡  M
¢: M ‡ ‡
O vM ¥ Ô‰Õ Î Ï 1 ¸  » ¥ Ô‰Õ ]  MM ]Ï΢:ÏM O
Ô‰Õ  ]M^ ] ΢:ÏM

   0 <9 ¢ >‰ ¥ 9 O ‰ ¥ ?

:9 :9 ] B ] A ] @
O
Ô Õ Î¢:Ï ¥ ¥ ;:9
? =]<];

 

+
=I?@C=C?HN?
>?
  HI
>?M?HPIFPCG?HNI
>?
ÔQ ¡   Õ ^

; <9

< B9

= :;9

> ;@9

? >?9

3;

;F=OF;H>I
;
?RJ;HM\I
N?GIM
  G K
; @ ; @
¸ ¡   » ¥ À ¸ » ¸ » Ώ  ÏG ¥ À ¸ » ;G  G
 „  „
G G5

,;L;
I
=I?@C=C?HN?
>?
  

;: ¢ =„ ¥ > O :? ¥ =„ O „ ¥ =
?
;MMCG

@ @]?]>]=  
Ô Õ ;   ¥ ] ;  ¥ @ ] A ] :9  ¥ >?9 
= =]<];]:

71
 Q  

*I
>?M?HPIFPCG?HNI
>I
<CHbGCI
Ô ¡ Õ
=IG
 © 9
I
P;FIL
>I
N?LGI
CH>?J?H>?HN?
>?
 ^
 Q


; 

< A=

=


> ;:

?


3;


 : 
¸ ¡ »
; G

IGI
‡ ¥ B
N?GIM
· ¡ :Ï

/;<?GIM
KO?
I
N?LGIM
A?L;F
0
>?
IL>?G
Ή ¡ :Ï ^
?RJL?MMI
=IGI
M
 M 
B  M B   <‰
vM ¥ ¸ » M ¸  » ¥ ¸ » M O B ¢ ¥ 9



‰ ¥ ?
‰ ; ‰ ; ;
B   
+
N?LGI
CH>?J?H>?HN?
^
Ô Õ ] 
¥ 
¥
? 

 !G
OG;
M;F;
>?
;OF;
>I
=IG

?MNO>;HN?M
M?H>I

>I
M?RI
G;M=OFCHI
?

>I
M?RI
@?GCHCHI
@IC
MILN?;>I

;F?;NILC;G?HN?
OG
?MNO>;HN?
J;L;
M?L
I
L?JL?M?HN;HN?
>;
NOLG;
-O;F
;
JLI<;<CFC>;>?
>?
I
?MNO>;HN?
MILN?;>I
M?L
>I

M?RI
@?GCHCHI

;



<





=





>





?


3;

;F=OF;H>I
I
HdG?LI
>?
J?MMI;M
>I
M?RI
@?GCHCHI
>CPC>C>I
J?FI
HdG?LI
NIN;F
N?GIM

= =  = 



 +M
&IAIM
+F`GJC=IM
>?
 
KO?
M?L\I
L?;FCT;>IM
HI
L;MCF
=IHN;L\I
=IG
;
J;LNC=CJ;]\I
>?
 
;NF?N;M

IHMC>?L;H>I
KO?
>?MM?M
;NF?N;M

M\I
>I
M?RI
G;M=OFCHI
KO;F
;
JLI<;<CFC>;>?
>?
KO?
?G
M?
?M=IFB?H>I

;F?;NILC;G?HN?
OG
;NF?N;
?MN?
M?D;
>I
M?RI
@?GCHCHI

;
 


<
 


=
 


>
 


?
 

72
3;


=  = 

  → 

 



+
ALY@C=I
;<;CRI
;JL?M?HN;
CH@ILG;]c?M
MI<L?
IM
HdG?LIM
>?
FCPLIM
FC>IM
HI
G_M
J;MM;>I
J?FIM
;FOHIM
>?
OG;

>?N?LGCH;>;
NOLG;
/;<?H>I
M?
KO?
;
CH@ILG;]\I
>?
NI>IM
IM
;FOHIM
=IHMN;
H?MM?
ALY@C=I
?
KO?
H\I
BY
;FOHI
KO?
F?O

G;CM
>?

FCPLIM
ONCFCT?
I
J;L;
L?MJIH>?L
ZM
KO?MN\Ic?M
GI>C@C=;]\I
HI
ALY@C=I
J;L;
G?FBIL
L?JL?M?HN;L
;
C>?C;

?HPIFPC>;

!M=IFBC>I
;F?;NILC;G?HN?
OG
;FOHI
>?MM;
NOLG;
;
JLI<;<CFC>;>?
>?
I
;FOHI
?M=IFBC>I
H\I
N?L
FC>I
FCPLI
HI
G_M

J;MM;>I
^

; 


<
 


=
 


>
 


?
 

3;


NOLG;
JIMMOC
 + 
+  +  = 
;FOHIM
(IAI
=IGI

;FOHIM
H\I
F?L;G
H?HBOG
FCPLI
HI
G_M
J;MM;>I
M?AO?


KO?
;
JLI<;<CFC>;>?
J?>C>;
^
⋅ 
= 




+
?HNLI
,;OF;
/IOT;
;>GCHCMNL;
!M=IF;M
0^=HC=;M
!N?=M
?
";=OF>;>?M
>?
0?=HIFIAC;
";N?=M
?MN;>O;CM
?G


GOHC=`JCIM
HI
!MN;>I
>?
/\I
,;OFI
,;L;
J;LNC=CJ;L
>?
OG
MCGJaMCI
MI<L?
?>O=;]\I
;
>CMN[H=C;
;
";N?=
/\I

,;OFI
?HPCIO
=CH=I
;FOHIM
M?H>I
>ICM
BIG?HM
;
";N?=
/ILI=;<;
?HPCIO
NL_M
;FOHIM
M?H>I
OG;
GOFB?L
?
;
";N?=

>;
;CR;>;
/;HNCMN;
?HPCIO
KO;NLI
;FOHIM
M?H>I
>ICM
BIG?HM
,;L;
;
;<?LNOL;
>?MM?
MCGJaMCI
M?LY
M?F?=CIH;>;
;I

;=;MI
OG;
>?MM;M
";N?=M
?
>?F;
M?
?M=IFB?LY
N;G<^G
;I
;=;MI
OG
;FOHI
J;L;
L?JL?M?HN;L
I
?HNLI
,;OF;
/IOT;


JLI<;<CFC>;>?
>?
KO?
I
;FOHI
?M=IFBC>I
M?D;
OG;
GOFB?L
^



;






<








=






>








?






73
3;

)OFB?L
>?
/\I
,;OFI

 = 
  
  
)OFB?L
>?
/ILI=;<;

=
  
)OFB?L
>;
;CR;>;
/;HNCMN;

 = 
  
   
/IG;H>I
+ + = 



   

 IHMC>?L?
I
=IHDOHNI
/

U



V

/?D;
)
I
=IHDOHNI
>?
NI>IM
IM
HdG?LIM
>?
NL_M
;FA;LCMGIM
>CMNCHNIM
KO?
JI>?G
M?L
@ILG;>IM
=IG
IM
?F?G?HNIM
>?

/
;
?N?LGCH?
I
HdG?LI
>?
?F?G?HNIM
>?
)
<
!M=IFB?H>I
M?
;I
;=;MI
OG
?F?G?HNI
>?
)
KO;F
;
JLI<;<CFC>;>?
>?
I
?F?G?HNI
?M=IFBC>I
M?L
OG
GdFNCJFI
>?



3;
 = 




; !F?G?HNIM
>?
)

;FA;LCMGIM
>CMNCHNIM
⇒  ×  ×  = 
HdG?LIM
< !RJ?LC_H=C;
?M=IFB?L
OG
?F?G?HNI
>?
)
⇒ 
L?MOFN;>IM
!P?HNI
?M=IFB?L
OG
GdFNCJFI
>?

FA;LCMGIM
   ⇒ 
=  =;MIM
FA;LCMGIM
   ⇒ 
=  =;MIM
FA;LCMGIM
   ⇒ 
=  =;MIM
FA;LCMGIM
   ⇒ 
=  =;MIM
!HN\I  ×  =
 L?MOFN;>IM
 
,LI<;<CFC>;>?
 = = 




  
KO?CG;
>?
=;H;
;OG?HN;
;
=IH=?HNL;]\I
>?
>CaRC>I
>?
=;L<IHI
?
>?
G;N?LC;F
J;LNC=OF;>I
H;
;NGIM@?L;

=;OM;
;FN?L;]\I
>I
=FCG;
?
=IHNLC<OC
J;L;
I
;OG?HNI
>?
>I?H];M
L?MJCL;NaLC;M

N;<?F;
;<;CRI
;JL?M?HN;
HdG?LIM

L?F;NCPIM
;
J;=C?HN?M
CHN?LH;>IM
?G
OG
BIMJCN;F
HI
J?L`I>I
>;
KO?CG;
>;
=;H;

!M=IFB?H>I
M?
;F?;NILC;G?HN?
OG
J;=C?HN?
CHN?LH;>I
H?MM?
BIMJCN;F
JIL
JLI<F?G;M
L?MJCL;NaLCIM
=;OM;>IM
J?F;M

KO?CG;>;M
;
JLI<;<CFC>;>?
>?
KO?
?F?
M?D;
OG;
=LC;H];
^
CAO;F
;
; 
I
KO?
MOA?L?
;
H?=?MMC>;>?
>?
CGJF?G?HN;]\I
>?
G?>C>;M
KO?
L?@IL=?G
;
;N?H]\I
;I
C>IMI
CHN?LH;>I
=IG

JLI<F?G;M
L?MJCL;NaLCIM

< 
I
KO?
=IGJLIP;
M?L
>?
AL;O
G^>CI
;
AL;PC>;>?
>IM
JLI<F?G;M
L?MJCL;NaLCIM
KO?
;NCHA?G
;
JIJOF;]\I
H;M

L?ACc?M
>;M
KO?CG;>;M

= 
I
KO?
GIMNL;
KO?
H?HBOG
;MJ?=NI
L?F;NCPI
Z
M;d>?
CH@;HNCF
JI>?
M?L
H?AFCA?H=C;>I

74
> 
I
KO?
CH>C=;
;
H?=?MMC>;>?
>?
=;GJ;HB;M
>?
=IHM=C?HNCT;]\I
KO?
I<D?NCP?G
;
?FCGCH;]\I
>;M
KO?CG;>;M

? 
I
KO?
MOA?L?
;
H?=?MMC>;>?
>?
KO?
?G
YL?;M
;NCHAC>;M
J?FIM
?@?CNIM
>;M
KO?CG;>;M
I
;N?H>CG?HNI

BIMJCN;F;L
HI
M?NIL
>?
J?>C;NLC;
M?D;
L?@IL];>I

3;


,?MMI;M
CHN?LH;>;M
>9 ¡ :>9 ¥ ;99

LC;H];M
:>9

,LI<;<CFC>;>?
>?
OG;
J?MMI;
CHN?LH;>;
M?L
=LC;H];
¥ 9.@>


 0;<F?NM
M?L\I
>CMNLC<O`>IM
JIL
MILN?CI
?G
OG;
@?CL;
>?
ONCFC>;>?M
>IG^MNC=;M
,;L;
J;LNC=CJ;L
>I
MILN?CI
OG;

J?MMI;
>?P?
JIMMOCL
OG
=;LN\I
<LCH>?
?G
KO?
?MN;LY
CHM=LCNI
OG
HdG?LI
>?

;

+
MILN?CI
M?
>;LY
>;
M?AOCHN?

@ILG;
>?
OG;
=;CR;
=IHN?H>I
HIP?
<IF;M
>I
G?MGI
N;G;HBI
HOG?L;>;M
>?

;

M?LY
MILN?;>I
;I
;=;MI OG

=IHDOHNI
>?

<IF;M
#;HB;L\I
OG
N;<F?N
NI>IM
IM
J;LNC=CJ;HN?M
KO?
NCP?L?G
CHM=LCNIM
?G
M?OM
=;LNc?M
HdG?LIM

G;CIL?M
>I
KO?
I
G;CIL
HdG?LI
CHM=LCNI
H;M
<IF;M
KO?
H\I
?MN\I
HI
=IHDOHNI
MILN?;>I
/?
PI=_
JIMMOC
OG
=;LN\I

<LCH>?
=IG
I
HdG?LI

;
JLI<;<CFC>;>?
>?
PI=_
L?=?<?L
OG
N;<F?N
^
; 9

<



=



> 


? 

3;


K]6^
1NCFCT?GIM
I
JLCH=`JCI
<YMC=I
>?
JLI<;<CFC>;>? r ¥
K]<^

‡ÎlÏ
HdG?LI
>?
JIMMC<CFC>;>?
?MJ?L;>;

‡ÎvÏ
NIN;F
>?
JIMMC<CFC>;>?M
¥ j ¥ ¥ :;?


;F=OF?GIM
‡ÎlÏ
PI=_
L?=?<?LY
I
N;<F?N?
M?
HI
=IHDOHNI
>?

<IF;M
?MNCP?L
H?=?MM;LC;G?HN?
IM
)8(#,*
(&*,#-

*/
&$/' ;

@. A. B. 2 MMCG
;M
JIMMC<CFC>;>?M
M?LC;G
▫ ▫
® ÉÊË



. @. A. B° ¥ :>  

4   


 
(IAI r ¥  ¥ 

75
 !G
OG;
L?OHC\I
BY

J?MMI;M
M?H>I

<L;MCF?CLIM
? 
CHAF?M?M
IM

<L;MCF?CLIM
?R;N;G?HN?


>?M?GJ?HB;G
=;LAI
>?
=B?@C;
/;<?
M?
KO?

J?MMI;M
>;
L?OHC\I
H\I
>?M?GJ?HB;G
=;LAI
>?
=B?@C;
1G;
J?MMI;

>?MM?
ALOJI
^
MILN?;>;
;I
;=;MI
/;<?H>I
KO?
;
J?MMI;
^
CHAF?M;
KO;F
;
JLI<;<CFC>;>?
>?
?F;
>?M?GJ?HB;L
=;LAI
>?

=B?@C;
; 

< 

= 

> 

? 

3;

";];GIM
;
N;<?F;

2?D;
;
M?KO_H=C;
J;L;
=IGJF?N;L
;
N;<?F;
>?
>OJF;
?HNL;>;
‡ÎÏ :> Î Ï
r¥ ¥ ¥ 9.@>
‡ Îv Ï ;9 ÎÏ
!  Z     







2?D;
JLI<;<CFC>;>?
=IH>C=CIH;F
<YMC=; Þ  
!  Z & 
ÔrÎiÏ ¥  ¥ Õ


2 :]23^ 
IGI r Ô Õ ¥ ¥ 
 ¥ ¥ 9.@>
3 :]3^ 


 *;
<C<FCIN?=;
>?
OG;
OHCP?LMC>;>?
BY
OG;
M;F;
KO?
=IHN^G
;J?H;M
FCPLIM
>?
);N?GYNC=;
?
FCPLIM
>?
"`MC=;
+

HdG?LI
>?
FCPLIM
>?
);N?GYNC=;
^
I
>I<LI
>I
HdG?LI
>?
FCPLIM
>?
"`MC=;
/\I
>CLCAC>IM
;I
!HMCHI
)^>CI

>IM

FCPLIM
>?
);N?GYNC=;
?

>IM
FCPLIM
>?
"`MC=;
!M=IFB?H>I
M?
;I
;=;MI
OG
>IM
FCPLIM
>CLCAC>IM
;I
!HMCHI
)^>CI
Y

JLI<;<CFC>;>?
>?
KO?
?F?
M?D;
>?
);N?GYNC=;
^

; 




< 


= 


> 


? 

76
3;


(CPLIM
>?
@`MC=;
:99 ] Î9.9=Ï ¥ =
(CPLIM
>?
G;N?GYNC=;
;99 ] Î9.9=Ï ¥ A
 
MMCG
‰ ¥ ¥ 

 

 1G
F?P;HN;G?HNI
@?CNI
=IG

@OH=CIHYLCIM
>?
OG;
?GJL?M;
;JL?M?HNIO
I
M?AOCHN?
L?MOFN;>I

/ILN?C;
M?
;I
;=;MI
OG
CH>CP`>OI
>?MM?
ALOJI

JLI<;<CFC>;>?
>?
I
@OH=CIHYLCI
H\I
JL;NC=;L
;NCPC>;>?
@`MC=;

M;<?H>I
KO?
@IC
MILN?;>I
OG
BIG?G
^
CAO;F
;

; 


< 


= 


> 


? 

3;


h0     $  !

¬
i0      























::9 ;99 A9
rÎhÏ ¥














rÎiÏ ¥












rÎh W iÏ ¥
<99 <99 <99
h rÎh W iÏ
r¸ » ¥
i rÎiÏ

A9
h <99 h A9 ;
r¸ » ¥ O r¸ » ¥ ¥
i ;99 i ;99 >
<99

77
 2CHN?
;HIM
>?JICM
>;
@ILG;NOL;
=CH=I
=IF?A;M
>?
NOLG;
>?=C>?G
ILA;HCT;L
OG;
=IH@L;N?LHCT;]\I
,;L;
G;L=;L

I
>C;
?
I
FI=;F
>;
=IH@L;N?LHCT;]\I
JL?=CM;G
=IGOHC=;L
M?
JIL
N?F?@IH?
;>;
OG
=IHB?=?
I
N?F?@IH?
>?
;FAOHM

=IF?A;M
?
>?M=IHB?=?
I
>?
IONLIM
*I
KO;>LI
;<;CRI
I
HdG?LI

CH>C=;
KO?
I
=IF?A;
>;
FCHB;
=ILL?MJIH>?HN?

=IHB?=?
I
N?F?@IH?
>I
=IF?A;
>;
=IFOH;
=ILL?MJIH>?HN?
I
HdG?LI

CH>C=;
KO?
I
=IF?A;
>;
FCHB;
H\I
=IHB?=?
I

N?F?@IH?
>I
=IF?A;
>;
=IFOH;
!R?GJFI
?NI
M;<?
I
N?F?@IH?
>I
CHI
KO?
H\I
=IHB?=?
I
N?F?@IH?
>I
F>I

+
HdG?LI
G`HCGI
>?
N?F?@IH?G;M
KO?
F>I
>?P?
@;T?L
J;L;
M?
=IGOHC=;L
=IG
;LFIM
^
; 

< 

= 

> 

? 

3;

+
dHC=I
>I
ALOJI
KO?
=IHB?=?
I
N?F?@IH?
>?
;LFIM
^
qHCI
?
I
dHC=I
KO?
=IHB?=?
I
>?
qHCI
^
CHI
!HN\I
F>I

>?P?
FCA;L
J;L;
CHI
KO?
FCA;LY
J;L;
qHCI
KO?
FCA;LY
J;L;
;LFIM
IO
M?D;

FCA;]c?M
!HN\I
:
'&$65*
F>I
J;L;
CHI
?MN?
FB?
CH@ILG;
I
N?F?@IH?
>?
qHCI
:
'&$65* F>I
J;L;
qHCI
?MN?
FB?
CH@ILG;
I
N?F?@IH?
>?
;LFIM
:
'&$65*
F>I
J;L;
;LFIM

 1G
JLI@?MMIL
;JFC=;
>OL;HN?
IM
=CH=I
>C;M
dN?CM
>?
OG;
M?G;H;
N?MN?M
=IG
KO;NLI
KO?MNc?M
>?
GdFNCJF;

?M=IFB;
;
=CH=I
;FOHIM
+M
L?MOFN;>IM
@IL;G
L?JL?M?HN;>IM
H;
G;NLCT

< ; 9 : ;
^< ; = : ;a
_ b
_; ; ; < ;b
_< ; = : 9b
`9 ; 9 = =c

*?MM;
G;NLCT
IM
?F?G?HNIM
>;M
FCHB;M
>?

;

L?JL?M?HN;G
;M
KO;HNC>;>?M
>?
KO?MNc?M
;=?LN;>;M
J?FIM
;FOHIM
H;

LOHI
;LFIM
?HCM
?
XLC=;
L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?
?HKO;HNI
KO?
;M
=IFOH;M
>?

;

CH>C=;G
IM
>C;M
>;
M?G;H;
>?

M?AOH>;
@?CL;
;
M?RN;
@?CL;
L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?
?G
KO?
IM
N?MN?M
@IL;G
;JFC=;>IM
+
N?MN?
KO?
;JL?M?HNIO
G;CIL
KO;HNC>;>?
>?
;=?LNIM
@IC
I
;JFC=;>I
H;

78
; M?AOH>;
@?CL;

< N?L];
@?CL;

= KO;LN;
@?CL;

> KOCHN;
@?CL;

? M?RN;
@?CL;

3;

/IG;H>I
IM
P;FIL?M
>?
=;>;
=IFOH;
JI>?GIM
=;F=OF;L
;
KO;HNC>;>?
>?
;=?LNIM
;
=;>;
>C;
>;
M?G;H;
@;T?H>I
CMMI

=B?A;GIM
;
=IH=FOM\I
KO?
I
>C;
IH>?
BIOP?L;G
G;CM
;=?LNIM
@IC
M?AOH>;
@?CL;

;=?LNIM
C -O;HNC>;>?
>?
;=?LNIM
H;
M?AOH>;
@?CL;

< ¡ < ¡ ; ¡ < ¡ 9 ¥ ::

CC -O;HNC>;>?
>?
;=?LNIM
H;
N?L];
@?CL;

; ¡ ; ¡ ; ¡ ; ¡ ; ¥ :9
CCC -O;HNC>;>?
>?
;=?LNIM
H;
KO;LN;
@?CL;

9 ¡ = ¡ ; ¡ = ¡ 9 ¥ :9
CP -O;HNC>;>?
>?
;=?LNIM
H;
KOCHN;
@?CL;

9 ¡ = ¡ ; ¡ = ¡ 9 ¥ :9
P -O;HNC>;>?
>?
;=?LNIM
H;
M?RN;
@?CL;

; ¡ ; ¡ ; ¡ 9 ¡ = ¥ :9
(IAI
;
G;CIL
KO;HNC>;>?
>?
;=?LNIM
@IC
H;
M?AOH>;
@?CL;

>>B :B><

+M
?F?G?HNIM
>;
G;NLCT
h ¥ Ö × L?MJ?CN;G
;
M?AOCHN?
F?C
>?
@ILG;]\I
J;L;
IM
M?OM
?F?G?HNIM
;@? >>B
†ƒ„ ¡ ‡ .  ƒ ¨ „
†‡
{FG ¥ ® .  ƒ ¥ „
=
‡ƒ  ¡ ;†„.  ƒ © „
IG
<;M?
H;M
CH@ILG;]c?M
I
P;FIL
>?
† ¡ ‡
=IG
† ?
‡ H;NOL;CM
^
CAO;F
;
; B>

< :@@

= ;@;

> ::;

? A?

79
3;

>>B :B>< { {
/?D;
h Ö × ¥ Ö{ { ×
IH>?
;M
?HNL;>;M
>?
h M;NCM@;T?G
;M
M?AOCHN?M
L?F;]c?M
;@? >>B 

†ƒ„ ¡ ‡ .  ƒ ¨ „
†‡
{FG ¥ ® .  ƒ ¥ „
=
‡ƒ  ¡ ;†„.  ƒ © „

MMCG
†‡
{ ¥ ¥ >>B O †‡ ¥ ;1;<?
=

{ ¥ † ] : ] ; ¡ ‡ ¥ :B>< O ;† ¡ ‡ ¥ :1B><

{ ¥ ; ‡ ¡ ;† ] : ¥ ;@? O =‡ ¡ ;† ¥ ;@?


(IAI
I<N?GIM
I
MCMN?G;
>?
?KO;]c?M
¬;† ¡ ‡ ¥ :1B><

=‡ ¡ ;† ¥ ;@?

X X
/O<NL;CH>I
N?G
M? ‡ ¢ =‡ ¥ :1?@@ O ‡ ¢ =‡ ¡ :1?@@ ¥O ‡ ¥ ¥
 

  

IGI
‡ © 9
?HN\I
‡ ¥ 
¥ =<
(IAI
† ¥
K
¥

¥ >;
MMCG † ¡ ‡ ¥ >; ¡ =< ¥ B>1

 !G
OG;
G;NLCT
=B;G;G

M?
?F?G?HNIM
CHN?LHIM
;KO?F?M
KO?
H\I
J?LN?H=?G
Z
JLCG?CL;
H?G
Z
dFNCG;
FCHB;
IO

=IFOH;
+
HdG?LI
>?
?F?G?HNIM
CHN?LHIM
?G
OG;
G;NLCT
=IG

FCHB;M
?

=IFOH;M
^
CAO;F
;
; 

< 

= 

>  

3;

!G
OG;
G;NLCT
=IG

FCHB;M
?

=IFOH;M
I
HdG?LI
>?
?F?G?HNIM
CHN?LHIM
^
CAO;F
;I
HdG?LI
>?
?F?G?HNIM
>?
OG;

G;NLCT
=IG
>O;M
FCHB;M
?
>O;M
=IFOH;M
;
G?HIM
IO
M?D;
>?
OG;
G;NLCT
=IG

FCHB;M
?

=IFOH;M
,ILN;HNI
OG
NIN;F

>?
< ] = ¥ :; ?F?G?HNIM

G;NLCT
?RC<C>;
;
M?AOCL
IH>?
IM
?F?G?HNIM
CHN?LHIM
?MN\I
CH>C=;>IM
JIL
 ?
IM
H\I

CHN?LHIM
JIL

;ORCFC;
;
=IGJL??HM\I
>;
L?MIFO]\I
l l l l l l
^l n n n n la
_ b
_l n n n n lb
_l n n n n lb
`l l l l l lc

80


>CMNLC<OC]\I
>IM
H
GIL;>IL?M
>?
OG
J?KO?HI
JL^>CI
>?
;J;LN;G?HNIM
^
>;>;
J?F;
G;NLCT
=  >
²: <  µ
?  ¡:
IH>?
=;>;
?F?G?HNI
{FG L?JL?M?HN;
;
KO;HNC>;>?
>?
GIL;>IL?M
>I
;J;LN;G?HNI
D
>I
;H>;L
C

/;<?
M?
KO?
HI
i
;H>;L
GIL;G

J?MMI;M
;
G;CM
KO?
HI
i
?
KO?
IM
;J;LN;G?HNIM
>?
HdG?LI

=IGJILN;G


J?MMI;M
;I
NI>I
+
P;FIL
>?
) ^
; 

< 

= 

> 

? 

3;

/?D;
;
G;NLCT
hFG

: 0 0 = ¡  ¡ > ¥ ÎB ¡ Ï0 :8

 ƒ0
ß; 0 ;8 0 : ¡ < ¡  ¥ Î= ¡ Ï
 ‡ <0 <>  0 > ¡  ¡  ¡ : ¥  ¡  ¡ ?

(IAI
¡B¥=¡¡<  ¢  ¥ ¢;
¬ O ¬ ¡  ¥ ?
 ¡  ¡ ? ¥ :;               
¥;
; ¥ =
¥=
= ; >
MMCG
h ¥ ²: < =µ
? = <
,ILN;HNI
‡ ¥ = ¡ ; ¡ > ¡ > ¡ < ¡ = ¡ ? ¡ = ¡ < ¥ <;

<
: ; <
 
;>;M
;M
G;NLCT?M
h ¥ Ö × ?
i ¥ ²;µ
I
?F?G?HNI
} >;
G;NLCT
j ¥ hi
^

= > ?
:
; 

< 

= 

> 

? 

81
3;

j >;
G;NLCT
j ¥ h ] i ^
I<NC>I
J?F;
GOFNCJFC=;]\I
>;
h
FCHB;
=IG
;
h
=IFOH;
<
j ¥ Ò:;<Ó ²;µ ¥ : ] < ¡ ; ] ; ¡ < ] : ¥ :9
:

: < { : :9 :

/?D;G
;M
G;NLCT?M
h ¥ Ô Õ
i ¥ Ô Õ ?
j ¥ Ô Õ1 /?
h ] i ¥ j. ?HN\I
{ ¡ | ^
CAO;F
;
: ; = | ? :
;


<


=

> 

? 

3;

: < { : :9 : { ¡ :; : ¡ <| :9 : { ¡ :; ¥ :9 M { ¥ ¢;
h]i ¥j OÔ Õ]Ô Õ¥Ô ÕOÔ Õ¥Ô ÕO
: ; = | ? : { ¡ A : ¡ ;| ? : : ¡ <| ¥ : M | ¥ 9

(IAI
{ ¡ | ¥ ΢;Ï ¡ 9 ¥ ¢;

: ; : 9 ¢: =

IHMC>?L;H>I
;M
G;NLCT?M
h ¥ Ö ×
i ¥ Ö × ?
j ¥ Ö ×
^
=ILL?NI
;@CLG;L
KO?
< = ¢: ; ¢: A
; j ¥ h ¡ i

< j ¥ i ¢ h

= j ¥ ih

> j ¥ hi

? j ¥ h

3;

: ; : 9 ¢: =
/?D;
h ¥ Ô Õ.i ¥ Ô Õ. j ¥ Ô Õ. GOFNCJFC=;H>I
M?
;
G;NLCT

JIL

N?GIM
< = ¢: ; ¢: A
: ¢; 9¡= ¢: =
hi ¥ Ô Õ¥Ô Õ¥j
<¢= 9¡A ¢: A


IHMC>?L?
;
M?AOCHN?
?KO;]\I
G;NLC=C;F
¢: ;  =
Ö × ] Ö× ¥ Ö ×
> ¢; =

82

GOFNCJFC=;]\I
>IM
HdG?LIM
L?;CM
 ?

KO?
M;NCM@;T
?MM;
?KO;]\I
^
CAO;F
;
; 

< 

= 

> 

? 

3;

¢: ;  = ¢ ¡ ; ¥ =
Ö ×Ö × ¥ Ö × O ¬ O = ¥ A M  ¥ ; /  ¥ <
> ¢;  = > ¢ ; ¥ =
,ILN;H>I
 ]  ¥ ; ] < ¥ ?


/?D;G
;M
G;NLCT?M
h ¥ ·{FG º
N;F
KO?
{FG ¥ ƒ ¢ „ ?
i ¥ ·|FG º
N;F
KO?
=IG
|FG ¥ „ ¢ ƒ
/?D;
;
G;NLCT


Y Y
>;>;
J?FI
JLI>ONI
>;M
G;NLCT?M

JIL

+
?F?G?HNI
} >;
G;NLCT
j
^

; 

< 

= 

> 

? 

3;

hY ¤ iY ¥ jY O
+
?F?G?HNI
j >;
G;NLCT

JLIP^G
>;
FCHB;

>?

GOFNCJFC=;H>I
J?F;
=IFOH;

>?


(CHB;

>?

·{FG ¥ ƒ ¢ „º
{ ¥=¢:¥<
{ ¥=¢;¥;
® O Ò< ; : 9Ó
{ ¥=¢<¥:
{ ¥=¢=¥9

IFOH;

>?

·|FG ¥ „ ¢ ƒº

| ¥ ; ¢ : ¥ : :
| ¥ ; ¢ ; ¥ 9 9
® O³ ¶
| ¥ ; ¢ < ¥ ¢: ¢:
| ¥ ; ¢ = ¥ ¢; ¢;
:
9
(IAI
}   ¥ Ò< ; : 9Ó ³ ¶¥<¡9¢:¡9¥;
¢:
¢;

83
 H;FCM?
;M
JLIJIMC]c?M
;<;CRI

%+
JLI>ONI
>?
OG;
G;NLCT
FCHB;
JIL
OG;
G;NLCT
FCHB;
^
OG;
G;NLCT
FCHB;
%%
1G;
G;NLCT
C>?HNC>;>?
?F?P;>;
;I
KO;>L;>I
^
OG;
G;NLCT
C>?HNC>;>?
%%%
+
JLI>ONI
>?
OG;
G;NLCT
JIL
MO; NL;HMJIMN;
^
;
G;NLCT
C>?HNC>;>?

MMCH;F?
;
;FN?LH;NCP;
!*,,#.

;
/IG?HN?
;M
;@CLG;NCP;M
%
?
%%%
M\I
P?L>;>?CL;M




<
/IG?HN?
;M
;@CLG;NCP;M
%
?
%%
M\I
P?L>;>?CL;M




=
/IG?HN?
;
;@CLG;NCP;
%%
^
P?L>;>?CL;




>
/IG?HN?
;M
;@CLG;NCP;M
%%
?
%%%
M\I
P?L>;>?CL;M




?
0I>;M
;M
;@CLG;NCP;M
M\I
P?L>;>?CL;M







3;

7%8
";FM;

/?D;G
 = 
−
 ?
 = 
 >O;M
G;NLCT?M
FCHB;
IGI
;M
IL>?HM
>?

?
>?

M\I


L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?
CAO;CM
;

×  ?
× 
JI>?GIM
=IH=FOCL
KO?
;
G;NLCT
JLI>ONI

⋅  H\I
?RCMN?
OG;

P?T
KO?
I
HdG?LI
>?
=IFOH;M
>;
G;NLCT

^
>C@?L?HN?
>I
HdG?LI
>?
FCHB;M
>;
G;NLCT


7%%8
2?L>;>?CL;

/;<?H>I
KO?

 ^
G;NLCT
C>?HNC>;>?
>?
IL>?G

?
M?H>I

OG;
G;NLCT
KO;>L;>;
>?
IL>?G

N?GIM

 ⋅  =  ⋅  = 
,ILN;HNI
M?
 = 
?HN\I
 =  ⋅  = 

7%%%8
";FM;

⎡
⎤  ⎡  ⎤
IHMC>?L?
;
G;NLCT
 = ⎢ ⎥ ?
;
MO;
NL;HMJIMN;
 = ⎢ ⎥
?MM?
GI>I
N?GIM


⎣

⎦ ⎣  ⎦

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ 
 ⋅  = ⎢ ⎥⋅⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
);M
 ⋅  ≠ 

⎣  ⎦ ⎣  ⎦ ⎣  ⎦

⎧⎪−     = 
 /?D;
 =
 × OG;
G;NLCT
N;F
KO?
 = ⎨  
CHP?LM;
>;
G;NLCT

>?HIN;>;
JIL
 −
^
;
G;NLCT


⎪⎩
−    ≠ 
⎡
⎤
⎢ −  ⎥
;
⎢ ⎥




⎢
−
⎥
⎣⎢  ⎦⎥
⎡
⎤
⎢ −  ⎥
<
⎢ ⎥




⎢ −

⎥
⎣⎢  ⎦⎥
⎡
⎤
⎢−  −  ⎥
=
⎢ ⎥




⎢
− ⎥
⎢⎣   ⎥⎦
⎡
⎤
⎢−  −  ⎥
>
⎢ ⎥




⎢
 ⎥
⎢⎣   ⎥⎦

84
 ⎡ 
⎤
⎢−  − ⎥

?
⎢ ⎥




⎢


− ⎥
⎣⎢   ⎦⎥



3;

;F=OF;H>I
⎡ − ( −) ⎤ ⎡ −  ⎤
=⎢ ⎥= ⇒ 
 = 
⎢( − ) − ⎥ ⎢⎣ − − ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦
⎡ −  ⎤

= ⎢ ⎥
⎣ − −⎦

⎡ − −⎤


 = ( 
) = ⎢ ⎥
⎣  −⎦
⎡  ⎤
− − ⎥
−  ⎡ − −⎤ ⎢  
 = ⋅⎢ =⎢ ⎥
 ⎣  −⎥⎦ ⎢  
− ⎥
⎢⎣   ⎥⎦

⎡
 ⎤ ⎡  ⎤
 /?D;G


 ?

G;NLCT?M
KO;>L;>;M
>?
IL>?G

N;CM
KO?
 = ⎢ ⎥ ?
 = ⎢ −  ⎥

⎣  − ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

MIG;
>IM
>?N?LGCH;HN?M
>;M
G;NLCT?M

?

M;<?H>I
KO?

 −
 =  ⋅ 
?
¢y ¡ ;z ¥ hP ^
CAO;F
;

;
−





<
−





=
−





>
−





?
−


3;

?

 −
 =  ?
− +  = 

⎧

⎪  −  = 
⎨ 
⎪ −  +  =  
⎩


=  +  

⎡
 ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
?
 = ⎢ ⎥ ?
 = ⎢ −

⎣  − ⎦ ⎣ ⎥⎦
⎡ − 
⎤ ⎡
⎤
 = ⎢ ⎥ ?
  = ⎢
⎣  −⎦ ⎣ −⎥⎦
 ⎡ − 
⎤ ⎡   ⎤
=
⋅ +
 ⎢⎣  −⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −⎥⎦
!HN\I
⎡
 ⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣ − ⎦
⎡
 ⎤ ⎡
 ⎤ 
/O<MNCNOCH>I
 = ⎢ ⎥ ?
  = ⎢ ⎥ H;
?KO;]\I
− +  = 

⎣ − ⎦ ⎣ −⎦

85
 ⎡
 ⎤ ⎡   ⎤
− +  ⋅ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣  −  ⎦ ⎣  − ⎦
⎡ −  ⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣  − ⎦

− 


  +
 = +
 −  −
(IAI
  +
 = ( −) ⋅ ( − ) −  ⋅  +
⋅ ( − ) −  ⋅ 

  +
 = −



 


G;NLCT
KO;>L;>;
p ¥ Ö ×
N;F
KO?
p ^
;
CHP?LM;
>;
G;NLCT
p
/?H>I
;MMCG
I
P;FIL
>?
 ¡  ¡
‘ Ž
‘ ¡ Ž
^

; ¢:

< 9

= :

>



? ¢ 

3;

;F=OF?GIM
;
G;NLCT
CHP?LM;
0^=HC=;
>I
=YF=OFI
>IM
=I@;NIL?M
¢: 9
p¥Ö ×
O p ¥ ¢;
9 ;
j j
I@;NIL?M
j ¥ ±  ´
j j

; 9 ; 9
MMCG
j ¥ Ö × ?
;
G;NLCT
;>DOHN;
^
h ¥ j < ¥ Ö ×

9 ¢: 9 ¢:

MMCG
;
G;NLCT
CHP?LM;
^
: : ; ¢: 9
9 :µ
p ¥ ]h¥¢ Ö ×
O p ¥ ²
p ; 9 ¢: 9
;
  ¢: 9 
/?
Ö ×¥Ü9  Ý
O  ¥ ¢:.  ¥ 9 ¥ ‘  Ž ¥ 1
‘ Ž 

 
(IAI
 ¡  ¡ ‘ ¡ Ž ¥ ¢: ¡ 9 ¡ 9 ¡  ¥ ¢ 

86
 ⎡  ⎤ ⎡  −⎤
 ?N?LGCH?
OG;
G;NLCT
CHP?LN`P?F

KO?
M;NCM@;];
;
?KO;]\I
− ⋅  = ⎢ ⎥
M?H>I
 = ⎢ ⎥



⎣ −⎦ ⎣  ⎦
⎡  
⎤
⎢ ⎥
;
 = ⎢   ⎥




⎢ − ⎥
⎢⎣   ⎥⎦
⎡  
⎤
<
 = ⎢ ⎥




⎣ − ⎦
 ⎡ 
⎤
=
 =





⎢⎣ − ⎥⎦
⎡  ⎤
⎢ −  − ⎥
>
 = ⎢ ⎥




⎢ − 
 ⎥
⎢⎣   ⎥⎦
⎡
⎤
⎢
⎥
?
 = ⎢ ⎥




⎢ −  ⎥
⎢⎣   ⎥⎦



3;

⎡  ⎤
>GCNCH>I
KO?
;
G;NLCT

M?D;
>;>;
JIL

= ⎢ ⎥ ?
KO?
⎣  ⎦
⎡
⎤ ⎡
⎤ ⎡
⎤ ⎡
⎤ ⎡  −⎤
− ⋅  = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ⋅⎢ ⎥ =⇒⎢ ⎥⋅⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣
−⎦ ⎣
−⎦ ⎣   ⎦ ⎣
−⎦ ⎣  ⎦
0?GIM
?HN\I
;
?KO;]\I
G;NLC=C;F
⎡ −
⎤ ⎡  −⎤   
⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ ⇒ = 

= 
 =

 = −
⎣  − ⎦ ⎣   ⎦   
⎡
⎤
⎢
⎥
,ILN;HNI
;
G;NLCT

M?LY
>;>;
JIL  = ⎢ ⎥


⎢ −  ⎥
⎣⎢   ⎦⎥

{ |
 
IHMC>?L?
;
G;NLCT
p ¥ Ö ×
+
P;FIL
>I
M?O
>?N?LGCH;HN?
^
| {
; { ¡ |

< Î{ ¡ |Ï ] Î{ ¢ |Ï

= Î{ ¢ |Ï ] Î{ ¢ |Ï

> { ¡ ;{| ¡ |

? { ¢ ;{| ¡ |

3;

{ | { |
p¥Ö × O 6p6 ¥ à à ¥ { ¢ | ¥ Î{ ¢ |ÏÎ{ ¡ |Ï
| { | {

87
 : ; <

+
>?N?LGCH;HN?
>;
G;NLCT
²= > ?µ ^
CAO;F
;
< < <

;

< 

= 

> 

? 

3;

: ; <
Ç= > ?Ç ¥ : ] < ] > ¡ ; ] ? ] < ¡ < ] = ] < ¢ ; ] = ] < ¢ : ] ? ] < ¢ < ] > ] < ¥ :> ¡ <? ¢ ;= ¢ :A ¢ => ¥ 9
< < <

 ÎÏ  ΏÏ


;>;
;
G;NLCT
h ¥ ¸ »
I
>?N?LGCH;HN?
>;
G;NLCT
CHP?LM;
>?
h
^

ÎÏ Ώ Ï
; Î;Ï

< Î;Ï

= :

> Î;Ï

? Î;Ï

3;


    : :
h¥Ô Õ
O ÎhÏ ¥    ¢    ¥  ; O  Îh Ï ¥ ¥ ¥  ;


     h  ;


/?D;
h ¥ ·{FG ºY OG;
G;NLCT
KO;>L;>;
>?
IL>?G
<
IH>?
=;>;
N?LGI
^
>;>I
J?F;
F?C {FG ¥

¢ƒ ¡ „.  ƒ ¡ „ & 
¬ 1 ,I>?
M?
;@CLG;L
KO?
I
P;FIL
>?
 h ^
ƒ ¢ „.  ƒ ¡ „ & 
; 9

< ¢:;

= :;

> =

? ¢=

88
3;

¢ƒ ¡ „.  ƒ ¡ „ & 
IGI
{FG ¥ ¬ O
ƒ ¢ „.  ƒ ¡ „ & 

;F=OF?GIM
IM
?F?G?HNIM
>;
G;NLCT
h ¥ ·{FG º O
Y

{ ¥ ¢: ¡ : ¥ 9
{ ¥ : ¢ ; ¥ ¢:

{ ¥ ¢: ¡ < ¥ ;
{ ¥ ; ¢ : ¥ :
{ ¥ ¢; ¡ ; ¥ 9
{ ¥ ; ¢ < ¥ ¢:
{ ¥ ¢< ¡ : ¥ ¢;

{ ¥ < ¢ ; ¥ :
{ ¥ ¢< ¡ < ¥ 9
9 ¢: ; 9 ¢: ;
(IAI
h ¥ ² : 9 ¢:µ
O ÎhÏ ¥ ² : 9 ¢:µ ¥ Î; ¢ ;Ï ¢ Î9Ï ¥ 9
¢; : 9 ¢; : 9

 : 

/;<?H>I
M?
KO?
 ^
OG
HdG?LI
L?;F
^
=ILL?NI
;@CLG;L
KO?
I
=IHDOHNI
MIFO]\I
>;
?KO;]\I Ç<  >Ç ¥ ¢=
^

; < <
; u ¥ Ð:/ >Ñ

< u ¥ Т:/ ¢>Ñ

= u ¥ Ð=Ñ

> u ¥ Ð:/ ¢>Ñ

? u ¥ Ð Ñ

3;

 : 
Ç<  >Ç ¥ ¢=
; < <

O   ¢ > ¡ > ¥ 9 O ’ ¥ :?

89
 ?£=
¥ O  ¥ > ˆ  ¥ : O     % $ u & u ¥ ÐÎ:. >ÏÑ
;


!G
OG
>IM
J;LKO?M
>;
=C>;>?
?RCMN?G
>O;M
JCMN;M
OG;
>?
=;GCHB;>;
?
IONL;
>?
=ILLC>;
!F;M
JIMMO?G
OG;

=IH@CAOL;]\I
=CL=OF;L
?
=IH=_HNLC=;
G?MGI
=?HNLI
=IGI
GIMNL;
;
@CAOL;
+
;NF?N;
CL;
>C;LC;G?HN?
=;GCHB;
?

=ILL?
H?MM;M
JCMN;M
!MN?
@;T?H>I
OMI >?
OG
JI>bG?NLI
;J;L?FBI
ONCFCT;>I
J;L;
G?>CL
J;MMIM
HINIO
HI
JLCG?CLI

>C;
KO?
>;H>I
OG;
PIFN;
H;
JCMN;
>?
=;GCHB;>;
?
NL_M
H;
JCMN;
>?
=ILLC>;
NIN;FCTIO

J;MMIM
*I
M?AOH>I
>C;

@IL;G
>O;M
PIFN;M
H;
JCMN;
>?
=;GCHB;>;
?
>O;M
H;
JCMN;
>?
=ILLC>;
NIN;FCT;H>I

J;MMIM
/;<?H>I
KO?
OG
J;MMI

>?
CL;
G?>?
:.> 
KO;HNI
G?>?
;
JCMN;
>?
=ILLC>;

; ;99 
< <99 
= A99 
> : ;99 

3;

,;L;
=IHMNLOCL
I
MCMN?G;
=IHMC>?L;GIM
 =IGI
I
HdG?LI
>?
J;MMIM
H;
JCMN;
>?
=;GCHB;>;
?
 I
HdG?LI
>?
J;MMIM

H;
JCMN;
>?
=ILLC>;
 ¡ < ¥ ; ?99
¬
; ¡ ; ¥ ; 999
)OFNCJFC=;H>I
;
JLCG?CL;
?KO;]\I
JIL
¢;
N?L?GIM
¢; ¢ ? ¥ ¢> ;99
¬
; ¡ ; ¥ ; 999
/IG;H>I
;M
>O;M
?KO;]c?M
I<N?L?GIM
¢= ¥ ¢< ;99
 ¥ A99
/?H>I
;MMCG
I
=IGJLCG?HNI
>;
JCMN;
>?
=ILLC>;
M?LY
>?
A99 ] :.> ¥ : ;99 


!G
OG;
@;G`FC;
=;>;
@CFB;
N?G
I
G?MGI
HdG?LI
>?
CLG\M
?
CLG\IM
?
=;>;
@CFBI
N?G
OG
HdG?LI
>?
CLG\M
CAO;F

;I
>I<LI
>I
HdG?LI
>?
CLG\IM
+
HdG?LI
NIN;F
>?
@CFBIM
?
@CFB;M
>?MM;
@;G`FC;
^
CAO;F
;

; ::

< B1
= @1
> >1

3;

/?D;
OG;
@;GCFC;
=IG
0 @CFBIM
?
1 @CF%-
NIN;F
Ώ ¡ Ï @CFBIM

90
;>;
@CFB;
N?G
ΐ ¢ :Ï CLG\M
?
 CLG\IM
FIAI
 ¥  ¢ : Î:Ï
,?FI
?HOH=C;>I
=;>;
@CFBI
N?G
Ώ ¢ :Ï CLG\IM
?
1 CLG\I
FIAI
 ¥ ;Ώ ¢ :Ï Î;Ï
.?MIFP?H>I
I
MCMN?G;
 ¥¢:
¬ O  ¥ ;ΐ ¢ :Ï ¢ ; O
 ¥ ; ¢ ;
 ¥ ; ¢ ; ¢ ;
 ¥ =  O  ¥  ¢ : ¥ < 
(IAI
Ώ ¡ Ï ¥ = ¡ < ¥ @


+M
>?J;LN;G?HNIM

 ?
 >?
OG;
?GJL?M;
>?
N?=HIFIAC;
>I
?MN;>I
>I
?;LY
>?P?G
L?=?<?L
;
KO;HNC;
>?
A>9

GCF
L?;CM
J;L;
G?FBILC;M
>?
=;>;
>?J;LN;G?HNI
,IL
L;Tc?M
?MNL;N^AC=;M
 >?P?
@C=;L
=IG
;
G?MG;
KO;HNC;
KO?
IM

>?J;LN;G?HNIM
 ?
 DOHNIM
?
 >?P?
L?=?<?L
>9 GCF
L?;CM
;
G;CM
KO?

*?MM;M
=IH>C]c?M
N?GIM
KO?
;  L?=?<?LY
:>91999 L?;CM
<  L?=?<?LY
:@>1999 L?;CM
=  L?=?<?LY
;;>1999 L?;CM
>  L?=?<?LY
;>91999 L?;CM
?  L?=?<?LY
=;>1999 L?;CM

+,Wj+
!
,;L;
MCGJFC@C=;L
IM
=YF=OFIM
CL?GIM
>CPC>CL
IM
P;FIL?M
JIL
:999
;MMCG
HI
@CH;F
>;M
=IHN;M
^
Ma
GOFNCJFC=;LGIM
IM

L?MOFN;>IM
JIL
:999 KO?
I<N?L?GIM
IM
P;FIL?M
?R;NIM

I
?HOH=C;>I JI>?GIM
GIHN;L
I
M?AOCHN?
MCMN?G;

h ¡ i ¡ j ¥ A>9
­ h¥i¡j
i ¥ >9 ¡ j

/O<MNCNOCH>I
;
M?AOH>;
?KO;]\I
H;
JLCG?CL;
?KO;]\I
I<N?GIM
KO?
;h ¥ A>9 M h ¥ =;>
)OFNCJFC=;H>I
JIL
:999 I
P;FIL
>?
h
=IH=FOC
M?
KO?
 L?=?<?LY
=;>1999 L?;CM


2CM;H>I
;NCHACL
G?N;M
?=IHbGC=;M
JL?PC;G?HN?
?MN;<?F?=C>;M
^
=IGOG
HI
@CH;F
>I
G_M
;FAOG;M
FID;M
=IFI=;L?G

=?LNIM
JLI>ONIM
?G
JLIGI]\I
1G;
>?N?LGCH;>;
FID;
>?
>?J;LN;G?HNIM
=IFI=IO
?G
I@?LN;
IM
M?AOCHN?M
JLI>ONIM

N?F?PCM\I
MI@Y
?
?MN;HN?
*;
=IGJL;
>;
N?F?PCM\I
G;CM
I
MI@Y
I
=FC?HN?
J;A;LC;
.
< A99.99
/?
?F?
F?P;MM?
I
MI@Y

G;CM
;
?MN;HN?
J;A;LC;
.
< =99.99

N?F?PCM\I
G;CM
;
?MN;HN?
M;CLC;G
JIL
.
= ;99.99
1G
=FC?HN?
L?MIFP?O
F?P;L

>O;M
N?F?PCMc?M
?
OG
MI@Y
KO?
?MN;P;G
H;
JLIGI]\I
=IHM?AOCH>I
;CH>;
G;CM

>?
>?M=IHNI
J?FI
J;A;G?HNI
Z
PCMN;

+
P;FIL
NIN;F
?G
L?;F
J;AI
J?FI
=FC?HN?
@IC
>?
;  
<   
=  
>  
?  

3;

/CMN?G;
>?
?KO;]c?M
!$ ÎvÏ
ß# ÎuÏ
 ÎlÏ
v ¡ u ¥ < A99
­u ¡ l ¥ < =99
v ¡ l ¥ = ;99

91
%MIF;H>I
/
H;
JLCG?CL;
?KO;]\I
?
DIA;H>I
H;
M?AOH>;
?KO;]\I
N?GIM
u ¥ < A99 ¢ v
?HN\I
u ¡ l ¥ < =99 Y < A99 ¢ v ¡ l ¥ < =99
v ¢ l ¥ =99
Ø
v ¡ l ¥ = ;99
;v ¥ = ?99
v ¥ ; <99 
(IAI
v ¡ l ¥ = ;99
; <999 ¡ l ¥ = ;99
l ¥ : B99
M v ¡ u ¥ < A99
; <99 ¡ u ¥ < A99
u ¥ : >99

,ILN;HNI
02M
?

MI@Y
M;?G
JIL
.
 
J;A;H>I
Z
PCMN;
=IG

>?
>?M=IHNI
IO
M?D;
? :99 ¤  Y .
 

L?;CM
>?
>?M=IHNI
MMCG
I
JL?]I
^
? :99 ¢ <9>
.
 


1G;
;A_H=C;
>?
NOLCMGI
P?H>?O
OG
NIN;F
>?
@A J;MM;A?HM
J;L;
IM
>?MNCHIM
(CM<I;
,;LCM
?
.IG;
/;<?zM?
KO?

I
HdG?LI
>?
J;MM;A?HM
P?H>C>;M
J;L;
,;LCM
@IC
I
>I<LI
>I
HdG?LI
>?
J;MM;A?HM
P?H>C>;M
J;L;
IM
IONLIM
>ICM
>?MNCHIM

=IHDOHN;G?HN?
/;<?zM?
N;G<^G
KO?
J;L;
.IG;
@IL;G
P?H>C>;M
>O;M
J;MM;A?HM
;
G;CM
KO?
;
G?N;>?
>;M
P?H>C>;M

J;L;
(CM<I;
-O;F
@IC
I
NIN;F
>?
J;MM;A?HM
P?H>C>;M
=IHDOHN;G?HN?
J;L;
,;LCM
?
.IG;
; ;?
< <A
= =;
> ?;
? ?A

3;

?@CHCH>I
E
‰ ?
Š =IGI
E0 *     
߉0 *    
Š0 *   

!HN\I
J?FI
?HOH=C;>I
JI>?GIM
=IHMNLOCL
I
M?AOCHN?
MCMN?G;
E ¡ ‰ ¡ Š ¥ @A
‰ ¥ ;ÎE ¡ ŠÏ
®
E
Š ¥ ¡;
;

J;LNCL
>;
N?L=?CL;
?KO;]\I
JI>?GIM
?H=IHNL;L
E
¥ Š ¢ ; O E ¥ ;Ί ¢ ;Ï
;
MMCG
MO<MNCNOCH>I
I
P;FIL
>?
E HI
MCMN?G;
>?
?KO;]c?M
I<N?GIM
;Ί ¢ ;Ï ¡ ‰ ¡ Š ¥ @A <Š ¡ ‰ ¥ A;
¬ O¬ O <Š ¡ ?Š ¢ A ¥ A; O
‰ ¥ ;Î;Š ¢ = ¡ ŠÏ ‰ ¥ ?Š ¢ A
BŠ ¥ B9 O Š ¥ :9
?MM;
@ILG;
JI>?GIM
?H=IHNL;L
I
P;FIL
>?
E

E ¥ ;Ί ¢ ;Ï ¥ ;Î:9 ¢ ;Ï ¥ :?
;
JLCG?CL;
?KO;]\I
>I
MCMN?G;
M;<?GIM
KO?
‰ ¥ @A ¢ E ¢ Š O ‰ ¥ @A ¢ :? ¢ :9 ¥ >;
/O<MNCNOCH>I
IM
P;FIL?M
>?
‰ ?
Š I<N?GIM
‰ ¡ Š ¥ >; ¡ :9 ¥ ?;

92
  1G;
?GJL?M;
JLIGIP?O
OG
=IH=OLMI
=IHMN;H>I
>?

JLIP;M
>?
J?MIM
>CMNCHNIM
J;L;
I
JL??H=BCG?HNI
>?
OG;

P;A;
?
NL_M
=;H>C>;NIM
;=;<;L;G
?GJ;N;>IM
?G
JLCG?CLI
FOA;L
=IG

JIHNIM
KO;>LI
;<;CRI
"IC
=F;MMC@C=;>I
I

=;H>C>;NI
KO?
I<N?P?
;
G;CIL
HIN;
H;
JLIP;
>?
G;CIL
J?MI

/?H>I
;MMCG
JI>?GIM
>CT?L
KO?
; +
=;H>C>;NI

@IC
I
KO?
@C=IO
=IG
;
P;A;

< +
=;H>C>;NI

@IC
I
KO?
@C=IO
=IG
;
P;A;

= +
=;H>C>;NI

@IC
I
KO?
@C=IO
=IG
;
P;A;

> +
G;CIL
J?MI
^
I
>I<LI
>I
G?HIL

? *\I
BY
=IGI
>?N?LGCH;L
;
JLIP;
>?
G;CIL
J?MI

3;

/?D;G
R
S
?
T
IM
J?MIM
>;M
JLIP;M



L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?
?HN\I
= ¡ @ ¡ :9‘ ¥ <? = @ :99  <?
­> ¡ A ¡ > ¥ <? O
¹> A > ¼ ÚÛ ¥ ¹<?¼
A ¡ > ¡ ;‘ ¥ <? A > ; ‘ <?
h]y ¥i
<? @ :9
&'12
¥ &'12

IH>?
hQ ¥ ¹<? A > ¼
<? > ;
¢?=A
hQ ¥ ¢?=A M h ¥ ¢;:? M  ¥ ¥<
¢;:?

&'12
= <? :9
 ¥ &'12
IH>?
hR ¥ ¹> <? > ¼
A <? ;
¢=<;
 ¥ ¢=<; M  ¥ ¥;
¢;:?
= @ <?
&'12
‘¥ &'12

IH>? hS ¥ ¹> A <?¼
A > <?
¢;:?
hS ¥ ¢;:? M ‘ ¥ ¥:
¢;:?
IGI
 ©  © ‘
?HN\I
;
JLIP;

N?G
G;CIL
J?MI
?
I
=;H>C>;NI

@IC
KO?G
I<N?P?
G;CIL
JIHNO;]\I
H?MM;
JLIP;

93
 … ¡ ; ¢ ‘ ¥ ;

+
P;FIL
>?
E
L?;F
J;L;
KO?
I
MCMN?G;
­; ¢ A ¡ ;‘ ¥ 9 M?D;
JIMM`P?F
?
>?N?LGCH;>I
^
; ¡ ‘ ¥ =

; … ¦ ¢ 


< … ¦ 

= … ¦ ¢



> … ¦ ¢ 

? … ¦ ¢ 

3;

,?F;
L?AL;
>?
L;G?L
I
MCMN?G;
J;L;
M?L
>?N?LGCH;>I
JL?=CM;
N?L
;
G;NLCT
>IM
=I?@C=C?HN?M
>;M
P;LCYP?CM
G;NLCT

CH=IGJF?N;
=IG
>?N?LGCH;HN?
>C@?L?HN?
>?
T?LI
FIAI
… ; ¢:
Ç; ¢A ; Ç ¦ 9
; 9 :
¢A… ¡ A ¢ :? ¢ = ¦ 9
<
…¦¢
;


!G
OG
H;PCI
NL;HMJILN;>IL
>?
J?NLaF?I
OG
I@C=C;F
>?
HYONC=;
=IFB?O
< ;GIMNL;M
>?
MIFO]c?M
L?MOFN;HN?M
>;

F;P;A?G
>IM
N;HKO?M
?
=IHMN;NIO
< JLI>ONIM
>C@?L?HN?M

 ?
‘ KO?
JI>?G
M?L
L?F;=CIH;>IM
J?FI
MCMN?G;
;<;CRI
 ¢ ; ¡ †‘ ¥ 9
­† ¡ ; ¡ ‘ ¥ 9
; ¡ = ¡ ;‘ ¥ 9
-O;CM
JI>?LC;G
M?L
IM
P;FIL?M
>?
† J;L;
KO?
B;D;
OG;
dHC=;
MIFO]\I
; † ¥ : ?
† ¥ ?

< † ¦ : ?
† ¦ ¢<

= † ¥ = ?
† ¥ >

> † ¥ < ?
† ¦ ¢;

? † ¥ : ?
† ¥ ¢:

3;

/?D;
I
>?N?LGCH;HN?
>;
?KO;]\I
G;NLC=C;F
>;>;
: ¢; †
dž ; : Ç ¥ Î= ¢ = ¡ =† Ï ¢ Î=† ¡ = ¢ =†Ï ¥ =† ¢ = ¥ 9 O
; = ;

94
 † ¥ £: O  

/?
† ¥ £: O MCMN?G;
JIMM`P?F
?
>?N?LGCH;>I (IAI
† ¥ £:

¡¡‘ ¥9
 /?
I
MCMN?G;
BIGIA_H?I
>?
?KO;]c?M
­; ¢  ¡ <‘ ¥ 9 ;JL?M?HN;
CH@CHCN;M
MIFO]c?M
?HN\I
 ¡ ; ¡ †‘ ¥ 9
; † ¥ 9

< † ¥



= † ¥ 

> † ¥ :

? † ¥ 

3;

: : :  9
1NCFCT;H>I
;
L?AL;
>?
L;G?L ¹; ¢: < ¼ ÚÛ ¥ ¹9¼ O   %)1
ÉÌÌÌÊÌÌÌË
: ; † ‘ Æ9
&'1   &'1  

: : :
(IAI
Ç; ¢: < Ç ¥ 9 O ΢† ¡ < ¡ =Ï ¢ ΢: ¡ ? ¡ ;†Ï ¥ 9 O @ ¢ † ¢ Î> ¡ ;†Ï ¥ 9
: ; †
;
@ ¢ † ¥ > ¡ ;† O ; ¥ <† O † ¥
<

΅ ¡ ;Ϗ ¡  ¢ ‘ ¥ 9
 +
MCMN?G;
FCH?;L
ߏ ¡ … ¡ ‘ ¥ 9 ^
JIMM`P?F
?
>?N?LGCH;>I
?R=?NI
J;L;
OG
HdG?LI
@CHCNI
>?
P;FIL?M
>?

¢ ¡ ΅ ¢ :ϑ ¥ =
…

MIG;
>?
NI>IM
?MM?M
P;FIL?M
>?
…
^

; ¢:


< ¢ 



= 9


> 



? :

3;


95
 V… ¡ ; : ¢: V
+
>?N?LGCH;HN?
>I
MCMN?G;
^
VV : … : VV ¥ ‰Î…Ï ¥ …  ¡ …  ¢ =…
IO
M?D;
OG
JIFCHbGCI
>?
AL;O

*?MM?

V ¢: 9 … ¢ :V
? 
=;MI
;
MIG;
>;M
L;`T?M
P;F?
… ¡ … ¡ … ¥ >
¥ ¥ ¢:




/?
< 7 A9D   ¡ ;D M\I
=IGJF?G?HN;L?M
>?N?LGCH?
I
P;FIL
>?
R

3;
< 7 A9D ¡  ¡ ;D ¥ B9D ⇒ = 7 @AD ¥ B9D ⇒ = ¥ :?AD ⇒  ¥ =;D


/?
Î; ¡ =9ÏD ?
Î< 7 <9ÏD M\I
G?>C>;M
>?
>ICM
[HAOFIM
=IGJF?G?HN;L?M
=;F=OF?
I
MOJF?G?HNI
>I
G;CIL

>?F?M

3;
IGI
IM
[HAOFIM
M\I
=IGJF?G?HN;L?M
;
MIG;
>?F?M
M?LY
 w
MMCG
N?GIM

; ¡ =9- ¡ < 7 <9- ¥ B9-
> ¡ :9- ¥ B9-
> ¥ A9-
 ¥ :?-

/O<MNCNOCH>I
I<N?GIM
;
G?>C>;
>?
=;>;
[HAOFI
; ¡ =9- ¥ ;1:?- ¡ =9 ¥ @;-
< 7 <9- ¥ <1:? 7 <9- ¥ :A-

+
MOJF?G?HNI
>I
G;CIL
>?F?M
^
:A9- 7 @;- ¥ :9A-


,?FI
P^LNC=?
>I
[HAOFI
L?NI +
NL;];

M?
OG;
L?N;
A?H^LC=;
L
?RN?LCIL
;I
[HAOFI
+
;F=OF?
I
[HAOFI
4s5

@ILG;>I
J?F;M
<CMM?NLCT?M
>IM
[HAOFIM
;AO>IM
KO?
+
?
+
@ILG;G
=IG
L

3;
/OJIHB;
KO?
s4

;
?
s5

<
/;<?GIM
KO?
;

<

 w
FIAI
;

<

w
,ILN;HNI
I
[HAOFI
J?>C>I
^
@;=CFG?HN?
I<NC>I
JICM
I<M?LP?
KO?
;
G?>C>;
>?
4s5
^
>;>;
J?F;
MIG;
?HNL?
4s


s

s5

;

 w

<

 w

w

w



MIG;
>?
>ICM
[HAOFIM
^ e
?
OG
>?F?M
P;F?
I
>I<LI
>I
=IGJF?G?HNI
>I
IONLI
?N?LGCH?
?MM?M
>ICM

[HAOFIM
3;
IHMC>?L?
KO?
IM
[HAOFIM
N?HB;G
G?>C>;M
{ ?
|


CH@ILG;]\I
JLCH=CJ;F
^
KO?
{ ¡ | ¥ :;?-1
+M
=IGJF?G?HNIM
>?
{ ?
| M\I
L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?
B9- ¢ { ?
B9- ¢ |
IGI
OG
^
I
>I<LI
>I
IONLI
N?GIM
B9- ¢ { ¥ ;1 ÎB9- ¢ |Ï
B9- ¢ { ¥ :A9- ¢ ;|
;| 7 { ¥ :A9- ¢ B9-
;| 7 { ¥ B9-

96
%MIF;H>I
;
N?GIM { ¥ ;| 7 B9-

.?F?G<L;H>I
KO?
{ ¡ | ¥ :;?- ?
MO<MNCNOCH>I
I<N?GIM

{ ¡ | ¥ :;?-
Î;| 7 B9-Ï ¡ | ¥ :;?-
<| ¥ :;? ¡ B9-
<| ¥ ;:?-
| ¥ @;-
(IAI
I
P;FIL
>?
{ ^
:;?- ¢ @;- ¥ >=-


+<M?LP?
I
[HAOFI
s
M;<?H>I
KO?
+
^
<CMM?NLCT
>?MN?
[HAOFI
>?N?LGCH?
I
P;FIL
>?
R

3;

<CMM?NLCT
>?
OG
[HAOFI
I
>CPC>?
?G
>O;M
J;LN?M
=IHALO?HN?M
>?MM;
@ILG;
N?GIM
KO?
>9D 7  ¥  7 :9D ⇒ ; ¥ ?9D ⇒  ¥ <9D

 
/?
> 7 ;9D ?
< M\I
[HAOFIM
MOJF?G?HN;L?M
>?N?LGCH?
I
P;FIL
>?
R

3;
> 7 ;9D ¡ < ¥ :A9D ⇒ A ¥ ;99D ⇒  ¥ ;>D


2?D;
I
G;J;
>?
OG
<;CLLI
>? OG;
>?N?LGCH;>;
=C>;>?

+<M?LP?
KO?
A?IG?NLC=;G?HN?
@;F;H>I
HI
>?M?HBI
GIMNL;>I
;
M?AOCL
?RNL;`>I
>I
G;J;
OL<;HI
;=CG;
N?GIM
I

KO;>L;>I
hijk
M?H>I
him ?
hkl NLC[HAOFIM
?KOCFYN?LIM

G?>C>;
>I
[HAOFI
CH>C=;>;
JIL
 ^
CAO;F
;

97
; :9

< :>

= ;9

> ;>

? <9

3;

*I
’hml N?GIM
; ¡ ” ¥ :A9

*I
JIHNI
h
N?GIM
B9 ¡ ?9 ¡ ?9 ¡ ” ¥ <?9
;:9 ¡ ” ¥ <?9
Y ” ¥ :>9

. ; ¡ :>9 ¥ :A9

; ¥ <9
 ¥ :>

98

1M;H>I
OG;
?KO;]\I
>?N?LGCH?
;
G?>C>;
>?
=;>;
[HAOFI
>I
NLC[HAOFI


; ¥ <9
= ¥ ?9 ?
? ¥ B9

? ¡ = ¡ ; ¥ :A9
:; ¥ :A9
 ¥ :>
(IAI
; ¥ <9
= ¥ ?9 ?
? ¥ B9 


*;
@CAOL;
;<;CRI
;M
L?N;M
L
?
M
M\I
J;L;F?F;M
?
;
L?N;
N
NL;HMP?LM;F
;
?F;M
/;<?H>I
>CMMI
KO;F
I
P;FIL
>I
[HAOFI



; e

< e

=  e

> e

3;


 
?
R
M\I
[HAOFIM
MOJF?G?HN;L?M
FIAI
:9@ ¡  ¥ :A9

 ¥ :A9 ¢ :9@ ¥ @<

99
 Â ¡ |Á ¡ }Á
=IHMC>?L;H>I
;
@CAOL;
;<;CRI
JI>?GIM
;@CLG;L
KO?

/?
u ¥ {

; u ¥ :A9

< u ¥ A9

= u ¥ :=9

> u ¥ <?9

3;


 ¡ |Á
¥{

}Á ¡ =9 ¡  ¥ :A9

 ¡ |Á ¡ =9 ¡ }Á ¥ :A9
{

 ¡ |Á ¡ }Á ¥ :=9
{

 tÏ ¥ ;9 
-O;F
^
;
G?>C>;
>I
[HAOFI
t s

*;
@CAOL;
;<;CRI
N?GIM
IM
M?AG?HNIM
rs ¥ rt ¥ su ?
†Îs r  u

;  e

<  e

= e

>  e

100
? e

3;


+
NLC[HAOFI
rts ^
CMaM=?F?M
>?
<;M?
st
FIAI
JI>?GIM
?M=L?P?L

rsÃt ¥ stÃr ¥ 

rsÃt ¡ stÃr ¡ ;9D ¥ :A9D È  ¡  ¡ ;9D ¥ :A9D È ; ¥ :?9D È  ¥ A9D

/;<?GIM
KO?
I
NLC[HAOFI
rus ^
CMaM=?F?M
>?
<;M?
ru FIAI
N?GIM
trÃs ¥ suÍt ¥ ;9D
,ILN;HNI

+
[HAOFI
?RN?LHI
utÃs ¥ :A9D ¢ rtÃs ¥ :A9D ¢ A9D ¥ :99D

MMCG

utÃs ¡ tsÃu ¡ suÍt ¥ :A9D È :99D ¡ tsÃu ¡ ;9D ¥ :A9D È tsÃu ¥ ?9D


1G
;FOHI
JL?=CM;
FI=;FCT;L
I
=?HNLI
>?
OG;
GI?>;
=CL=OF;L
?
J;L;
N;HNI
>CMJc?
;J?H;M
>?
OG
FYJCM
>?
OG;

@IFB;
>?
J;J?F
>?
OG;
L^AO;
H\I
AL;>O;>;
>?
OG
=IGJ;MMI
?
>;
GI?>;

*?MM;M
=IH>C]c?M
I
HdG?LI
G`HCGI
>?
JIHNIM
>CMNCHNIM
H?=?MMYLCIM
>?
M?L?G
G;L=;>IM
H;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
>?M=LCN;

J?F;
GI?>;
J;L;
FI=;FCT;L
M?O
=?HNLI
^

;




<




=




>




?


3;


);L=;H>I
NL_M
JIHNIM
H;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
>?N?LGCH;GIM
IM
P^LNC=?M
>?
OG
NLC[HAOFI
CHM=LCNI
H;
G?MG;
+
=?HNLI
>;

GI?>;
^
I
=CL=OH=?HNLI
>I
NLC[HAOFI
I<NC>I

 -O;F
>IM
JIHNIM
HINYP?CM
>I
NLC[HAOFI
JI>?
M?L
OG
>?
M?OM
P^LNC=?M

;
<;LC=?HNLI

<
CH=?HNLI

=
=CL=OH=?HNLI

>
ILNI=?HNLI

?
?R
CH=?HNLI

3;


101
IGI
PCGIM
I
NLC[HAOFI
L?N[HAOFI
JIMMOC
I
ILNI=?HNLI
MI<L?
I
JLaJLCI
P^LNC=?
>I
[HAOFI
L?NI
J?FI
@;NI
>IM
JLaJLCIM

=;N?NIM
M?L?G
;M
;FNOL;M

 *;
@CAOL;
I
NLC[HAOFI

^
L?N[HAOFI
?G

)
^
I
JIHNI
G^>CI
>I
F;>I

?
))
!HN\I
;
G?>C>;
>?
”

?G
AL;OM
^

;
 i

<
 i

=
 i

>
 i

?
 i

3;


/?
)
^
I
JIHNI
G^>CI
>I
F;>I
ij N?GIM
KO?
ip ¥ pj ?
=IHM?KO?HN?G?HN?
ip ¥ pj ¥ hp ?
I
[HAOFI
ihÍj ¥

B9D

IGI
I
NLC[HAOFI
)
^
CMaM=?F?M
N?L?GIM

phÍj ¥ hjÍ p ¥ =9D

102
MMCG
” ^
I
[HAOFI
?RN?LHI
>I
NLC[HAOFI
)
?
J?FI
N?IL?G;
>I
[HAOFI
?RN?LHI
” ¥ =9D ¡ =9D ¥ A9D

 *I
L?N[HAOFI

;
G?>C>;
>IM
F;>IM

 ?

 M\I
L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?

 ?
 
/?

^
OG
JIHNI
>I

F;>I

 N;F
KO?
;
G?>C>;
>I
M?AG?HNI

^
CAO;F
;

 ?

^
I
JIHNI
G^>CI
>I
F;>I

?HN\I
;
G?>C>;
?G

 ^

AL;OM
>I
[HAOFI


;




<




=




>


3;


IHMC>?L?
;
@CAOL;

/;<?H>I
KO?
 =
 ?

^
JIHNI
G^>CI
>?

N?GIM
 =  =
 ?
 = 
!G
=IHM?KO_H=C;
IM

^
L?NI
?
;MMCG
I
NLC[HAOFI

 ^

NLC[HAOFIM

 ?

 M\I
=IHALO?HN?M
JIL
((
,ILN;HNI
M?AO?
KO?



= °

L?N[HAOFI
CMaM=?F?M

L?MJIMN;
^


 *;
@CAOL;
)
^
I
JIHNI
G^>CI
>I
F;>I

*
^
;
<CMM?NLCT
CHN?LH;
?
))
!HN\I
;
G?>C>;
”
?G
AL;OM
^

;
 i

<
i

=
 i

>
i

?
 i

3;


103
 ;
MIG;
>IM
[HAOFIM
CHN?LHIM
>I
NLC[HAOFI

N?L?GIM
KO?
B9D ¡ =9D ¡ jÍ ¥ :A9D È jÍ ¥ >9D
/?H>I
)
I
JIHNI
G^>CI
>?
ij N?L?GIM
KO?
ip ¥ pj ?
M?H>I
*
<CMM?NLCT
>I
[HAOFI

N?L?GIM
KO?
hjÍ q ¥ qjÍ i ¥

¥ ;>D



IGI
PCGIM
HI
,.+!*!)
!4,(%
N?GIM
KO?
hp ¥ ip ¥ jp1

MMCG
I
NLC[HAOFI
)
^
CMaM=?F?M
?
piÃh ¥ ihÍp ¥ =9D

;
MIG;
>IM
[HAOFIM
CHN?LHIM
>I
NLC[HAOFI
*
Ä j ¥ :B9D È hq
B9D ¡ ;>D ¡ hq Ä j ¥ ?>D

B;G;H>I
;
CHN?LM?=]\I
>?
)
=IG
*
>?
,
N?L?GIM
I
NLC[HAOFI
*,
IH>?
=9D ¡ ?>D ¡ ” ¥ :A9D È ” ¥ @>D



C>?C;
>?
OM;L
LIFIM
=CL=OF;L?M
J;L;
>?MFI=;L
I<D?NIM
J?M;>IM
JLIP;P?FG?HN?
MOLACO
=IG
IM
;HNCAIM
?A`J=CIM

;I
=IHMNLO`L?G
;M
JCL[GC>?M

104
.?JL?M?HN;H>I
JIL

I
L;CI
>;
<;M?
>IM
LIFIM
=CF`H>LC=IM
?G
G?NLIM
;
?RJL?MM\I
>I
>?MFI=;G?HNI
BILCTIHN;F


>I
<FI=I
>?
J?>L;
?G
@OH]\I
>?

;JaM
I
LIFI
N?L
>;>I
OG;
PIFN;
=IGJF?N;
M?G
>?MFCT;L
^

;
 = 





<
 = 





=
 =




>
 = 




?
 = 


3;

?MFI=;G?HNI
>I
LIFI
?G
L?F;]\I
;I
MIFI

⋅ 

?MFI=;G?HNI
>I
<FI=I
?G
L?F;]\I
;I
LIFI

⋅ 

?MFI=;G?HNI
>I
<FI=I
?G
L?F;]\I
;I
MIFI

⋅ 

 1G
BIG?G
>?N?LGCH;>I
;
G?FBIL;L
MO;
M;d>?
L?MIFP?O
;H>;L
>C;LC;G?HN?
HOG;
JL;];
=CL=OF;L
KO?
BY
?G

@L?HN?
Z
MO;
=;M;
0I>IM
IM
>C;M
?F?
>Y
?R;N;G?HN?

 PIFN;M
?G
NILHI
>;
JL;];
KO?
N?G

 >?
L;CI
-O;F
^
;

>CMN[H=C;
J?L=ILLC>;
JIL
?MM?
BIG?G
?G
MO;
=;GCHB;>;
>CYLC;

1M?

=IGI
;JLIRCG;]\I
J;L;



;




<




=




>




?



3;


>CMN[H=C;
J?L=ILLC>;
J?FI
BIG?G
?G
MO;
=;GCHB;>;
>CYLC;
^
CAO;F
;
 ⋅  ⋅
⋅  ≅  = 
 

 +
;NF?NCMGI
^
OG
>IM
?MJILN?M
KO?
G;CM
M?
C>?HNC@C=;G
=IG
I
?MJ`LCNI
IF`GJC=I

@CAOL;
CFOMNL;
OG;
JCMN;
>?

;NF?NCMGI

JCMN;
^
=IGJIMN;
JIL
ICNI
L;C;M
?
N?G
F;LAOL;
>?
 
G
M
L;C;M
M\I
HOG?L;>;M
>I
=?HNLI
>;
JCMN;
J;L;

;
?RNL?GC>;>?
?
M\I
=IHMNLO`>;M
>?
M?AG?HNIM
>?
L?N;M
J;L;F?F;M
?
;L=IM
>?
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
+M
>ICM
M?GC=`L=OFIM
>;

JCMN;
M\I
CAO;CM

/?
IM
;NF?N;M
J;LNCMM?G
>I
G?MGI
JIHNI
>;H>I
OG;
PIFN;
=IGJF?N;
?G
KO;F
>;M
L;C;M
I
=ILL?>IL
?MN;LC;
M?H>I

<?H?@C=C;>I

105
;




<




=




>




?


3;

*;
L;C;

I
;NF?N;
J?L=ILL?LC;
;
G?HIL
>CMN[H=C;
JICM
M?O
=IGJLCG?HNI
^
G?HIL
+M
L;CIM
>;M
M?GC=CL=OH@?L_H=C;M

M\I
G?HIL?M



=OC;
P;MCFB;
ONCFCT;>;
J?FIM
CH>`A?H;M
JI>?
M?L
OM;>;
J;L;
AO;L>;L
=ICM;M
?
N;G<^G
J;L;
=IG?L
?
<?<?L


J;LN?
MOJ?LCIL >?
OG;
>?N?LGCH;>;
=OC;
N?G
;
@ILG;
>?
OG;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
>?

  >?
=IGJLCG?HNI

-O;F
;
G?>C>;
?G
=?HN`G?NLIM
>I
L;CI
>?MM;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
1M?

= 



;




<




=




>

3;

IHMC>?L;H>I
;
@aLGOF;
J;L;
I
=IGJLCG?HNI
>?
OG;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
N?GIM
 ⋅
⋅ = 

 ⋅ 
 ⋅
= 


 ⋅
= 




=



= 
,ILN;HNI
I
L;CI
>;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
M?LY
 

 /?
;
>CMN[H=C;
?HNL?
IM
=?HNLIM
>?
>O;M
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;M
=OD;M
G?>C>;M
>IM
L;CIM
M\I
L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?

 ?


 ^
CAO;F
;
 
?HN\I
;
G?>C>;
?G
G?NLIM
>I
=IGJLCG?HNI
>;
=IL>;
=IGOG
ZM
>O;M
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;M
^

;




<




=




>



106
3;

IHMC>?L?
;
@CAOL;
?G
KO?
 =  =  
 =  =
 ?
 =  

+M
NLC[HAOFIM

 ?

M\I
=IHALO?HN?M
JIL
(((
>?G;CM
^
CG?>C;NI
KO?
IM
NLC[HAOFIM

 ?

 M\I

M?G?FB;HN?M
;I
NLC[HAOFI
L?N[HAOFI
>?
F;>IM

 ?

,ILN;HNI
M?H>I
;
;FNOL;
>?MM?
NLC[HAOFI
CAO;F
;


M?AO?

KO?
;
;FNOL;
>IM
NLC[HAOFIM

 ?

 ^
 ⋅ 
 = 
 


;F=OF?
R
H;
@CAOL;
;
M?AOCL

3;
 

⋅  =  ⋅  ⇔ ⋅  =
⋅ (
+  ) ⇔  = −
= 


;F=OF?
R
H;
@CAOL;
;
M?AOCL

3;

/;<?
M?
KO?
 = 
⋅  ⇔  =  ⋅ ⇔  = 

107

;F=OF?
R
H;
@CAOL;

3;

 ⋅  =  ⋅  ⇔ (  −
) ⋅
 = (  + ) ⋅  ⇔ 
−  =  ⇔  (  −
) =  ⇔  =


IHMC>?L?
;
@CAOL;
?
IM
>;>IM
;
M?AOCL

 +/

^
I
=CL=OH=?HNLI
>I
NLC[HAOFI




 = °

?



  M\I
L?NIM


^
I
>C[G?NLI
>;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
>?
=?HNLI

 ?G
AL;OM
^
CAO;F
;


G?>C>;
>I
[HAOFI


;




<




=




>


3;

• /?
I
[HAOFI

 ^
L?NI
?HN\I
N;G<^G
^
I
[HAOFI


• /?
I
[HAOFI

^
L?NI
?
I
[HAOFI

 ^
CAO;F
;
°
?HN\I
I
[HAOFI

 ^
CAO;F
;

° JICM
;
MIG;
>IM

[HAOFIM
CHN?LHIM
>?
OG
NLC[HAOFI
KO;FKO?L
^
M?GJL?
CAO;F
;
°

• /?
I
[HAOFI

 ^
L?NI
?HN\I
N;G<^G
^
I
[HAOFI


• /?
I
[HAOFI

^
L?NI
?
I
[HAOFI

 ^
CAO;F
;
°
?HN\I
I
[HAOFI

 ^
CAO;F
;
°

• /?
I
[HAOFI

 G?>?
°
?HN\I
;
=IL>;

G?>?
°

• /?

^
I
>C[G?NLI
>;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
?HN\I
;
=IL>;
KO?
P;C
>?

;N^

J;MM;H>I
J?FI
JIHNI

G?>?
°

108
• /?
;
=IL>;

G?>?


° ?
;
=IL>;
KO?
P;C
>?

;N^

J;MM;H>I
J?FI
JIHNI

G?>?
°
?HN\I
;
=IL>;
KO?

P;C
>?

;N^

G?>?
°
MMCG
M?O
L?MJ?=NCPI
[HAOFI

G?>CLY
°


?N?LGCH?
IM
P;FIL?M
>?
R
?
S
M?H>I
L
M
?
N
L?N;M
J;L;F?F;M

3;

IGI
;M
L?N;M
L
M
?
N
M\I
J;L;F?F;M
IM
M?AG?HNIM
>?
L?N;
>?N?LGCH;>IM
MI<L?
;M
>O;M
NL;HMP?LM;CM
M\I
JLIJIL=CIH;CM

N?HN?
?HNL?N;HNI
J;L;
;
=ILL?MJIH>_H=C;
?HNL?
IM
M?AG?HNIM
?G
=;>;
OG;
>;M
NL;HMP?LM;CM

!G
OG;
>;M
NL;HMP?LM;CM
M\I
>?N?LGCH;>IM
M?AG?HNIM
>?
G?>C>;


?
S
? H;
IONL;
NL;HMP?LM;F
M?AG?HNIM
>?

    ⋅   ⋅

G?>C>;

R
?

L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?
MMCG
N?GIM
= = ⇔
= = ∧ = = 



 

1G;
IONL;
G;H?CL;
>?
C>?HNC@C=;L
IM
M?AG?HNIM
JLIJIL=CIH;CM
?
NL;];L
OG;
J;L;F?F;
;
OG;
>;M
NL;HMP?LM;CM
>?
@ILG;

KO?
I
JIHNI
>?
CHN?LM?]\I
>?MM;M
L?N;M
M?D;
?RN?LCIL
ZM
L?N;M
L
?
N

109
 
IHMC>?L?
I
NLC[HAOFI

>?
F;>IM

 = 

 = 

 =  ?
M?O
<;LC=?HNLI
#
0L;];G
M?
#!
?
#"

J;L;F?FIM
;

?

L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?
=IH@ILG?
;
@CAOL;
;<;CRI
+
J?L`G?NLI
>I
NLC[HAOFI
#!"
^
OG
HdG?LI
KO?

?M=LCNI
H;
@ILG;
>?
@L;]\I
CLL?>ON`P?F
N?G
;
MIG;
>I
HOG?L;>IL
=IG
I
>?HIGCH;>IL
CAO;F
;

;



<



=


>



3;


 
IGI

^
I
<;LC=?HNLI
>I
NLC[HAOFI


?HN\I
= 


 

 
IGI


 ?



?HN\I
Δ
Δ
 
?
;
L;T\I
>?
M?G?FB;H];
^
=
I<NC>;
;
J;LNCL
>;M


 
G?>C;H;M
BIGaFIA;M

IGI
;
L;T\I
?HNL?
IM
J?L`G?NLIM
>IM
NLC[HAOFIM
N;G<^G
^
CAO;F
Z
L;T\I
>?
M?G?FB;H];
N?GIM


 
= = ⇔
 = 


  +  +
 

IGI
;
@L;]\I
I<NC>;
;=CG;
DY
M?
?H=IHNL;
?G
MO;
@ILG;
CLL?>ON`P?F
?HN\I
;
MIG;
>?
M?O
HOG?L;>IL
?
M?O

>?HIGCH;>IL
^
CAO;F
Z
 +  = 


110



+M
JIHNIM
)
?
*
>CPC>?G
I
M?AG?HNI


>?


B;LGIHC=;G?HN?
H;
L;T\I

;F=OF?

 



3;


+<M?LP?
CHC=C;FG?HN?
KO?
=IGI
;
L;T\I
>?
>CPCM\I
^
<

?HN\I
I
JIHNI
*
>?P?
?MN;L
Z
?MKO?L>;
>I
M?AG?HNI



 

2;GIM
=;F=OF;L
JLCG?CLI
;
G?>C>;
>IM
M?AG?HNIM
;>CNCPIM
>CPCM\I
CHN?LH;

 
 
 + 
 
= ⇔ = = = = =  ⇔
 =  ⋅  = ∧  =  ⋅  = 
    +

AIL;
P;GIM
=;F=OF;L
;
G?>C>;
>IM
M?AG?HNIM
MO<NL;NCPIM
>CPCM\I
?RN?LH;


 
  − 


= ⇔ = = = =  ⇔ 
=  ⋅  =  ∧  =  ⋅  = 


    − 


>CMN[H=C;
?HNL?
IM
=IHDOA;>IM
B;LGbHC=IM
^
 = 
+
 =  +  = 

FN?LH;NCP;G?HN?
JI>?L`;GIM
ONCFCT;L
;
@aLGOF;
;JL?M?HN;>; HI
M;C<;
G;CM
=IGI
M?AO?
 
 ⋅  ⋅
  =  =  ⋅  = 

 = =

 − ⎛  ⎞


⎜ ⎟ − 
⎝⎠


0?ILC=;G?HN?
HOG
=ILJI
BOG;HI
>?
JLIJIL]c?M
J?L@?CN;M
I
OG<CAI
>?P?
?MN;L
FI=;FCT;>I
HOG
JIHNI
KO?
>CPC>?

;
;FNOL;
>;
J?MMI;
H;
G^>C;
?
?RNL?G;
L;T\I
L;T\I
YOL?;
=IG
;
>CMN[H=C;
;IM
J^M
G;CIL
KO?
;
>CMN[H=C; Z
=;<?];


KO?
>CMN[H=C;
?G
G?NLIM
>IM
J^M
;JLIRCG;>;G?HN?
>?P?LY
?MN;L
FI=;FCT;>I
I
OG<CAI
>?
OG;
J?MMI;
=IG


>?
;FNOL;
J;L;
KO?
M?O
=ILJI
M?D;
=IHMC>?L;>I
?G
JLIJIL]c?M
J?L@?CN;M
;>IM
1M;L

 J;L;
L;CT
KO;>L;>;
>?



;



<



=



>



?



111
3;


+ 

L;T\I
YOL?;
^
φ = ?
 > 

?HN\I

  +

=φ⇔ = ⇔ ( +
)  =  ( +
)

 −  

 ( +  )  ( +  )(
−  )
⇔= = =  (  −  ) ≈  ⋅ (   −  ) =  


+  −


!G
OG;
?RJIMC]\I
;LN`MNC=;
OG
?M=OFNIL
;JL?M?HNIO
MO;
I<L;
JLCG;
CHNCNOF;>;
m;M
NILL?M
PCTCHB;Mn
.?J;L?
KO?

;
G?MG;
=IHMN;
>?
>O;M
B;MN?M
J;L;F?F;M
>?
@?LLI
@OH>C>;M
J?LJ?H>C=OF;LG?HN?
?G
OG;
G?MG;
<;M?
?
?M=IL;>;M
JIL

>ICM
=;<IM
>?
;]I
L?NCF`H?IM
=IGI
GIMNL;
;
@CAOL;
;<;CRI
M
;FNOL;M
>;M
B;MN?M
G?>?G
L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?

G?NLIM
?


G?NLIM
?MJL?T;H>I
M?
;
?MJ?MMOL;
>IM
=;<IM
>?N?LGCH?
;
>CMN[H=C;
>I
JIHNI
>?
CHN?LM?]\I
>IM
=;<IM
Z
<;M?
>;

?M=OFNOL;

;
 
G

<

G

112
=
 
G

>
 
G

?
 
G

3;


   
Δ  Δ
 ⇒ = ⇔ =

 
 


 

Δ
  Δ
 ⇒ = ⇔ =

 

 
 + 
 
⇒ + = = = ⇔  = =   







?N?LGCH?
?G
=;>;
NLC[HAOFI
I
P;FIL
>IM
?F?G?HNIM
>?M=IHB?=C>IM

;

<

113
=

>

3;
; A ¥ † ] :?

?= ¥ :?†

†¥ ¥=


‡ ¥ :? ¢ = ¥ :;

< ‡ ¥ >= ¢ =A ¥ ?

‚ ¥ =A ] ?

‚ ¥ ;AA

‚ ¥ G;AA ¥ :;G;

| ¥ Î:;G:;Ï ¡ ?

| ¥ :== ] ; ¡ <?

| ¥ <;= M | ¥ G<;= ¥ :A

= ‚ ¥ <? ] ?=

‚ ¥ ;<9= M ‚ ¥ G;<9= ¥ =A

}  ¥ <? ¡ =A

114
 }  ¥ :;B? ¡ ;<9=

}  ¥ <?99 M } ¥ G<?99 ¥ ?9

| ¥ ?= ¡ =A

| ¥ =9B? ¡ ;<9=

| ¥ ?=99 M | ¥ G?=99 ¥ A9

> ‡ ¥ ;9 ¢ @ ¥ :<

‚ ¥ :< ] @

‚ ¥ B: M ‚ ¥ GB:

}  ¥ GB: ¡ :<

}  ¥ B: ¡ :?B

}  ¥ ;?9 M } ¥ G;?9 ¥ ;G?>


| ¥ @ ¡ GB:

| ¥ =B ¡ B:

| ¥ :=9 M | ¥ G:=9 ¥ ;G<>


;F=OF?
;
G?>C>;
>;M
CH=aAHCN;M
KO?
;J;L?=?G
?G
=;>;
CN?G

;

<

=

115
3;
;

Q 

¥ Q

  ¥ :?9 M  ¥ G:?9 ¥ =G:9

<

Q 

¥ Q

  ¥ :;B? M  ¥ G:;B? ¥ <?

=

Q 
¥ M   ¥ = ] :?
 Q

116
   ¥ ?= M  ¥ G?= ¥ A
R 
¥
 R

  ¥ :B; M  ¥ G:B; ¥ AG<

A ¥ = ¡ ‚

‚ ¥ ?= ¢ :?

‚ ¥ =A M ‚ ¥ G=A ¥ =G<


);L=?FI
@?T
OG
>?M?HBI
=IGI
I
CFOMNL;>I
M
G?>C>;M
>?
NL_M
F;>IM
?MN\I
CH>C=;>;M
-O;HNI
G?>?
I
G;CIL

F;>I

3;

  ¥ B ¡ :;

  ¥ A: ¡ :==

  ¥ ;;> M  ¥ G;;> ¥ :>

  ¥ ;9 ¡ :>

  ¥ =99 ¡ ;;>

  ¥ ?;> M  ¥ G?;> ¥ ;>

(IAI
I
G;CIL
F;>I
G?>?


117

1G
NL;J^TCI
>?

=G
>?
;FNOL;
N?G
;M
<;M?M
G?>CH>I

=G
?

=G
?N?LGCH?
;
G?>C>;
>I
F;>I
I<F`KOI
ZM

<;M?M

3;

,IL
JCNYAIL;M
N?GIM

  ¥ A ¡ :>

  ¥ ?= ¡ ;;>

  ¥ ;AB

 ¥ G;AB ¥ :@


IHMC>?L;H>I
;
@CAOL;
;<;CRI
>?N?LGCH?

; ;
G?>C>;


< ;
G?>C>;


118
= ;
G?>C>;
‘

> I
J?L`G?NLI
>I
NL;J^TCI
rtuv

3;
; JFC=;H>I
I
0?IL?G;
>?
,CNYAIL;M
’tus

  ¥ = ¡ A ¥ :? ¡ ?= ¥ A9

 ¥ GA9 ¥ G:?1> ¥ =G>

< ’rvs

  ¥ ; ¡ = ¥ = ¡ :? ¥ ;9

 ¥ G;9 ¥ ;G>
=


‘  ¥ Î;G> ¡ Î=G>Ï

‘  ¥ ;9 ¡ A9 ¥ :99 ¥ G:99

‘ ¥ :9
> I
J?L`G?NLI
M?LY

; ¡ = ¡ = ¡ A ¡ :9 ¥ ;A

 1G
;PC\I
;I
>?=IF;L
HI
;?LIJILNI
6OG<C
>IM
,;FG;L?M
J?L=ILL?
OG;
NL;D?NaLC;
L?NCF`H?;
@ILG;H>I
OG
[HAOFI

=IHMN;HN?
>?

° =IG
I
MIFI
?JICM
>?
J?L=ILL?L

 G?NLIM
H;
NL;D?NaLC;
;
;FNOL;
;NCHAC>;
J?FI
;PC\I
?G

G?NLIM
^

;




<




=




>




?



119
3;


 

° = = →  = 



 

  1G;
J?MMI;
=IG

  >?
;FNOL;
?MNY
?G
OG
JF;HI
BILCTIHN;F
?
=;GCHB;
H;
>CL?]\I
J?LJ?H>C=OF;L
;
OG

JL^>CI
=OD;
<;M?
?MNY
MCNO;>;
H?MN?
G?MGI
JF;HI
!G
=?LNI
CHMN;HN?
?MM;
J?MMI;
PCMO;FCT;
I
JIHNI
G;CM
;FNI
>I

JL^>CI
MI<
OG
[HAOFI
>?

AL;OM
I
=;GCHB;L
G;CM
 
PCMO;FCT;
I
JIHNI
G;CM
;FNI
>I
JL^>CI
;AIL;
MI<
OG

[HAOFI
>?

 AL;OM
*?MN;M
=IH>C]c?M
;
G?>C>;
>;
;FNOL;
>I
JL^>CI
?G
G?NLIM
^
;JLIRCG;>;G?HN?

;




<




=




>



3;

/?D;

;
;FNOL;
>I
JL^>CI
0?G
M?
KO?

h − 1,7 3 h − 1,7 7,3
tg30° = ⇔ = ⇒ 1,7h + 2,2 ≅ 3h − 5,1⇒ h ≅ ⇒ h ≅ 5,6 m.


h − 1,7 + 3 3 h + 1,3 1,3

  IHMC>?L?
I
NLC[HAOFI

 L?JL?M?HN;>I
H;
@CAOL;

/;<?
M?
KO?
AB = 8 e AĈB = 30° 
-O;F
>;M
?RJL?MMc?M
M?AOCHN?M
L?JL?M?HN;

?G
@OH]\I
>?





;





<





=





>





?



120
3;


   
*I
NLC[HAOFI

N?GIM

 
° = ⇒ = ⇒=
   



*I
NLC[HAOFI

N?GIM


= ⇒

=  ⇒  =
 ⋅




 

 
+
JL?@?CNI
>?
OG;
=C>;>?
NOL`MNC=;
JL?N?H>?
=IHMNLOCL
OG
N?F?@^LC=I
OHCH>I
I
J;LKO?
=OFNOL;F
;I
NIJI
>?
OG;

GIHN;HB;
>?
;99  >?
;FNOL;
=IGI
GIMNL;
;
@CAOL;
;<;CRI
IHMC>?L;H>I
KO?
;
JF;N;@ILG;
>?
?G<;LKO?
>I

N?F?@^LC=I
>?P?
?MN;L
;
OG;
;FNOL;
>?
G
>I
=B\I
?
KO?
I
JC=I
>;
GIHN;HB;
JIMM;
M?L
I<M?LP;>I
MI<
OG
[HAOFI
>?

 i
>?N?LGCH?
;
>CMN[H=C;
J?L=ILLC>;
J?FI
N?F?@^LC=I
>I
JIHNI
>?
?G<;LKO?
;I
NIJI
>;
GIHN;HB;

; <>9 

< <@9 

= <B9 

> =:9 

3;

  
 <9 ¥ N¥ L  ¥ :B> ] ; ¥ <B9  >?
=;<I
>?
;]I
Q Q

 

@CAOL;
GIMNL;
OG
KO;>L;>I
hijk
=IG
?  >?
F;>I
?
OG
NLC[HAOFI
L?N[HAOFI
him >?
BCJIN?HOM;
hm

=IG
I
JIHNI
m HI
JLIFIHA;G?HNI
>I
F;>I
ij ?
I
JIHNI
l M?H>I
;
CHN?LM?=]\I
>IM
M?AG?HNIM
kj ?
hm

121
 Â i G?>?
?9
;
G?>C>;
>I
M?AG?HNI
jl
^

/;<?H>I
KO?
I
[HAOFI
m h

; ÎG< ¡ <Ï 

< Î;G< ¡ <Ï 

= ;ÎG< ¡ <Ï 

> ;G< 

? ;Î< ¢ G<Ï 

3;


 m ¥ ?9 

&Y
KO?
hi 66 lj
?HN\I
j l
A
I
NLC[HAOFI
’him N?G
M?
KO? Î?9 Ï ¥  O ~ ¥ ?G< 

);M

122
 im ¥ ij ¡ jm

O ?G< ¥ ? ¡ jm

O jm ¥ ?ÎG< ¢ :Ï 
I
NLC[HAOFI
’ljm N?G
M?

jm ?ÎG< ¢ :Ï
Î?9 Ï ¥ O¥ ¥ ? ¢ ;G< O  ¥ ;Î< ¢ G<Ï
 G<

  IHMC>?L?
OG
NLC[HAOFI
=OD;M
G?>C>;M
>?
>ICM
F;>IM
M?D;G
CAO;CM
;

=G
?
;

=G
L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?
/;<?H>I

KO?
I
[HAOFI
@ILG;>I
?HNL?
?F?M
^
>?
?9
^
=ILL?NI
;@CLG;L
KO?
I
N?L=?CLI
F;>I
G?>?
?G
=?HN`G?NLIM

; =G;

< <G;

= ;G<

> ;G@

? <G@

3;


JFC=;H>I
(?C
>?
IMM?HIM
;=
o ¥ ; ¡ ? ¢ ; ] ; ] ? ] ?9 M o ¥ = ¡ <? ¢
;

o ¥ ;A Y o ¥ G;A ¥ ;G@ 

  *OG
NLC[HAOFI
>?
F;>IM
; }†
< }† ?
= }†
I
=IMM?HI
>I
G?HIL
[HAOFI
CHN?LHI
P;F?


; 


<



= 


> 


?


123
3;


JFC=;H>I
(?C
>IM
=IMM?HIM

2?D;
KO?
I
G?HIL
[HAOFI
CHN?LHI
^
I
IJIMNI
;I
G?HIL
F;>I
ij

; ¥ < ¡ = ¢ ; ] < ] = ]  ” ¥ ;> ¢ ;= ” O ;= ” ¥ ;:

@
 ” ¥
A

  1G
NLC[HAOFI
N?G
>ICM
F;>IM
=IG
G?>C>;M
< }† ?
= }† ?
I
[HAOFI
=IGJL??H>C>I
?HNL?
?F?M
^
CAO;F
;
?9 

,I>?GIM
;@CLG;L
KO?
I
J?L`G?NLI
>?MM?
NLC[HAOFI
^
CAO;F
;

; @ ¡ G:: }†

< :; }†

= @ ¡ G:< }†

> @ ¡ G<@ }†

? :> }†

3;


124
JFC=;H>I
(?C
>IM
=IMM?HIM
N?GIM

  ¥ < ¡ = ¢ ; ] < ] = ] ?9

  ¥ B ¡ :? ¢ :; ¥ :<

 ¥ G:< }†

,?L`G?NLI

;‰ ¥ < ¡ = ¡ G:< ¥ ·@ ¡ G:<º



  /?
 { ¥


=IG
9 ¨ { ¨ B9
?HN\I
;
G?>C>;
>I
F;>I
ij >I
NLC[HAOFI
hij ^

; 
G

< 
G

= 
G

> 
G

? 
G

3;


G:>
 {
Â
¥
A

125
;F=OF?GIM
I
 {
Â
?
;JFC=;GIM
(?C
>IM
=IMM?HIM

 
G:> @
 { ¡  { ¥ : O Ú Û ¡   { ¥ : O { ¥
A A

{ ^
[HAOFI
;AO>I
O { © 9

(IAI
@
  ¥ < ¡ = ¢ ; ] < ] = ] {

O   ¥ B ¡ :? ¢ ;= ] ¥ ;> ¢ ;: ¥ =
A
¥;†

  *I
>C;

>?
G;L]I
>?
 
I
&;J\I
@IC
M;=O>C>I
JIL
N?LL?GINI
=IG
CHN?HMC>;>?
>?
 
H;
!M=;F;
.C=BN?L

=IG
I
?JC=?HNLI
HI
+=?;HI
,;=`@C=I
;

EG
>?
0aKOCI
M?AOC>I
>?
NMOH;GC

=C>;>?
>?
/?H>;C
;

EG
;

HIL>?MN?
>?
0aKOCI
@IC
;NCHAC>;
J?F;
JLCG?CL;
IH>;
>I
NMOH;GC
;JaM

GCHONIM

"#

$
  
>;JN;>I

;M?;H>I
M?
HIM
>;>IM
@ILH?=C>IM
?
M;<?H>I
KO?
=IM
” [ 9.B<=
IH>?
” ^
I
[HAOFI
!JC=?HNLI
0aKOCI
/?H>;C
?

KO?
; 1

< 1

B<.= [ ;:> :99
;
P?FI=C>;>?
G^>C;
?G
…†5‚
=IG
KO?
;
:1> IH>;
>I
NMOH;GC
;NCHACO
;N^
;

=C>;>?
>?
/?H>;C
@IC
>?
;  

<  

=  

>  

?  

126
3;


0?GIM
KO?
ul  ¥ <;9 ¡ <?9 ¢ ; ¤ <?9 ¤ <?9 ] ”

ul  ¥ :9;=99 ¡ :;B?99 ¢ ; ¤ ; ¤ ; ¤ < ¤ ;99 ¤ 9.B=<

ul  ¥ ;<;99 ¢ ; ] < ] B<.=

ul  ¥ ;<;999 ¢ ;:>:99 ¥ :?B99

M ul ¥ :<9 
IGI
I
N?GJI
@IC
>?

GCHONIM
:<9 …† ?9 
x¥ ¤ ¥ ?99 …†5‚
:<  : 

 
OG?HN;H>I
IM
F;>IM
>?
OG
KO;>L;>I
>?
:9C ;
MO;
YL?;
;OG?HN;
>?
; :9C

< ;9C

= ;:C

> ;;C

? ;>C

3;


127
 h ¥  
h ¥ Î:.:Ï
h ¥ :.;: 

h :. ;: 
¥ ¥ :.;: O &  ;:C
h : 

 
;N;LCH;
>?M?HB;
OG
KO;>L;>I
=IG
F;>I
>?

=G
!F;
FCA;
IM
JIHNIM
G^>CIM
>IM
F;>IM
>I
KO;>L;>I
J;L;

I<N?L
OG
KO;>L;>I
G?HIL
-O;F
^
;
YL?;
>I
KO;>L;>I
G?HIL

; :9 

< ;9 

= ;> 

> =9 

? >9 

3;


(CA;H>I
IM
JIHNIM
G^>CIM
>?
>ICM
F;>IM
;>D;=?HN?M
>I
KO;>L;>I
>?
F;>I

=G
I<N?GIM
OG
NLC[HAOFI
L?N[HAOFI

=ODIM
=;N?NIM
G?>?G
;G<IM

=G
?
=OD;
BCJIN?HOM;
^
I
F;>I
>I
KO;>L;>I
G?HIL
>?
G?>C>;

!HN\I
J?FI
0?IL?G;

>?
,CNYAIL;M
  ¥ > ¡ > P   ¥ >9
);M
;
YL?;
>?MM?
KO;>L;>I
^
 
FIAI
P;F?
>9  
,I>?GIM
L?MIFP?L
I

JLI<F?G;
KO;>LC=OF;H>I
I
KO;>L;>I
G;CIL
?
MIG;H>I
;M
YL?;M
KO?
=IGJc?G
I
KO;>L;>I
CHN?LHI

128

,?>LI
KO?L
?H=;>?LH;L
M?OM
=;>?LHIM
>;
?M=IF;
?F?
M;<?
KO?
;
=;J;
>?
=;>;
=;>?LHI
N?G
;
@ILG;
>?
OG

L?N[HAOFI
>?
>CG?HMc?M
<9 ¤ ;9 ?
M\I
@ =;>?LHIM
KO;F
^
;
YL?;
G`HCG;
>?
=;LNIFCH;
KO?
,?>LI
JL?=CM;LY
J;L;

?H=;>?LH;L
IM
=;>?LHIM

; =1;99  

< >1999  

= <1>99  

> @1999  

3; 

rL?;
>?
=;>;
=;J;
>?
=;>?LHI
¥ <9 ] ;9 ¥ ?99 

rL?;
>?
@ =;>?LHIM
¥ @ ] ?99 ¥ = ;99 

/?L\I
H?=?MMYLCIM
= ;99  >?
=;LNIFCH;
J;L;
?H=;>?LH;L
IM
=;>?LHIM


1M;H>I
;TOF?DIM
KO;>L;>IM
OG
;LKOCN?NI
=LCIO
I
M?AOCHN?
J;>L\I
A?IG^NLC=I

/?
;
YL?;
>?
=;>;
;TOF?DI
^

>G 
?HN\I
;
YL?;
>I
B?RYAIHI
KO?
@IC
>?MN;=;>I
H;
@CAOL;
;=CG;
^
CAO;F
;
; 
>G  

< 
>G  

= 
>G  

> 
>G  

3;


,I>?GIM
P?L
KO?
=;>;
B?RYAIHI
^
=IGJIMNI
>?

;TOF?DIM
?

NLC[HAOFIM
IH>?
DOHN;H>I

>?MN?M
NLC[HAOFIM

=IGJF?N;GIM
G;CM

;TOF?DI
=IGJF?NI
/?H>I
;MMCG
I
B?RYAIHI
^
=IGJIMNI
>?

;TOF?DIM
?

NLC[HAOFIM
KO?

?KOCP;F?G
;
G;CM

;TOF?DIM
MMCG

= ] = >G  
>G 

129

+
KO;>L;>I
;<;CRI
?MNY
>CPC>C>I
?G
HIP?
KO;>L;>CHBIM
CAO;CM

YL?;
JCHN;>;
>?
P?LG?FBI
G?>?

=G

-O;HNI
G?>?
;
YL?;
JCHN;>;
>?
;TOF

; :9 

< :; 

= := 

> :? 

? :A 

3; 

*IN?
KO?
;
J;LN?
P?LG?FB;
^
@ILG;>;
>?

KO;>L;>CHBI
CHN?CLI
?
G;CM

G?N;>?M
>?
KO;>L;>CHBIM
IO
M?D;
:
: ¡ ] = ¥ <  1
;
IGI
?MN;
YL?;
^
>?
? 
M?AO?
KO?
=;>;
KO;>L;>CHBI
N?G
YL?;
>?
?
¥ ;  1
<
IHM?KO?HN?G?HN?
=IGI
I
KO;>L;>I
^
@ILG;>I
JIL

KO;>L;>CHBIM
;
YL?;
;TOF
?KOCP;F?
;
B ¢ < ¥ ?
KO;>L;>CHBIM
?
JILN;HNI
N?G
YL?;

? ¤ ; ¥ :;  1

130


@CAOL;
;<;CRI
GIMNL;
OG
=`L=OFI
KO?
L?JL?M?HN;
OG;
L?AC\I
=OD;
YL?;
G?>?
 
*I
=`L=OFI
?MNY

>?MN;=;>I
OG
M?NIL
=CL=OF;L
>?@CHC>I
JIL
OG
[HAOFI
=?HNL;F
KO?
G?>?
°

-O;HNIM
G?NLIM
KO;>L;>IM
G?>?
;
YL?;
>;
L?AC\I
L?JL?M?HN;>;
J?FI
M?NIL
=CL=OF;L

;




<




=




>




?





 ⋅ ° 

⋅ 
;F=OF;H>I 
 = = = 


° 

 *;
@CAOL;
;
M?AOCL
BY

=CL=OH@?L_H=C;M
=IH=_HNLC=;M
=ODIM
L;CIM
G?>?G

 

 

 

 


YL?;
>;
L?AC\I
MIG<L?;>;
?G


^

OM?

=IGI
;JLIRCG;]\I
J;L;





;




<




=




>



131
3; 
 
  =
⋅ (
 ) −
⋅ ( 

) = 



;F=OF;H>I ⇒ 


+ 

= 

≈ 
 


 
  =
⋅ ( 
) −
⋅ ( 
 ) = 


 IHMC>?L?
I
;FPI
GIMNL;>I
H;
@CAOL;
;
M?AOCL
=IHMNLO`>I
=IG
NL_M
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;M
N;HA?HN?M
>O;M
;
>O;M
=IG

 =  = 
?
IM
JIHNIM

 ?

=IFCH?;L?M

1G
>;L>I
^
F;H];>I
?
;NCHA?
I
;FPI

JLI<;<CFC>;>?
>?
I
>;L>I
;NCHACL
;
L?AC\I
MIG<L?;>;
^
>?


;






<






=






>






?






3;


;F=OF;H>I
 =
⋅  = 

 =  =
⋅  = 

  = 
− 
− 
= 




 = =



132

1G
;L=I
>?
=`L=OFI
>?
=?HNLI
h @IC
NL;];>I
HI
CHN?LCIL
>I
KO;>L;>I
>?
F;>I
?
=IGI
GIMNL;
;
@CAOL;
;F=OF?
;M

YL?;M
y ?
z


˜ ¥ Ÿ›. ™ ¥ œ ¢ Ÿ›
<?–
ha ¥ – ] ? ¥ <?– M y ¥ ¥ B–
=
▫
h ¥ ? ¥ <? M z ¥ <? ¢ y ¥ <? ¢ B–


?FMI
>?=C>CO
GIHN;L
OG;
J?KO?H;
BILN;
HI
KOCHN;F
>?
MO;
=;M;
HI
@ILG;NI
>?
OG
L?N[HAOFI
G?>CH>I

G?NLI

>?
F;LAOL;
JIL

G?NLIM
>?
=IGJLCG?HNI
,;L;
@;T?L
;
CLLCA;]\I
>?=C>CO
ONCFCT;L

;MJ?LMIL?M
KO?
GIFB;G
L?ACc?M

=CL=OF;L?M =IG
L;CI
CAO;F
;

=G
M
L?ACc?M
GIFB;>;M
L?JL?M?HN;>;M
?G
;TOF
N;HA?H=C;G
M?
?HNL?
MC
?
N;G<^G

N;HA?H=C;G
;M
<IL>;M
>;
L?AC\I
L?N;HAOF;L
>?MNCH;>;
Z
BILN;
=IGI
GIMNL;
;
@CAOL;
;
M?AOCL

FAOG
N?GJI
>?JICM
?FMI
J?L=?<?O
KO?
;FAOG;M
JF;HN;M
H\I
L?=?<C;G
YAO;
MO@C=C?HN?
J;L;
I
M?O

>?M?HPIFPCG?HNI
JIL
?MN;L?G
JLaRCG;M
Z
<IL>;
>;
BILN;
MMCG
?F?
P?LC@C=IO
KO?
;
YL?;
H\I
GIFB;>;
>;
BILN;

=ILL?MJIH>?
;
ONCFCT?
– ¥ <

;  
>;
YL?;
>?MNCH;>;
Z
BILN;

< 
>;
YL?;
>?MNCH;>;
Z
BILN;

=  
>;
YL?;
>?MNCH;>;
Z
BILN;

>  
>;
YL?;
>?MNCH;>;
Z
BILN;

? 
>;
YL?;
>?MNCH;>;
Z
BILN;

133
3;


rL?;
>I
KOCHN;F

: ] = ¥ =


.;CI
>?
=;>;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
M ¥ 9.>G



rL?;
>;M

=CL=OH@?L_H=C;M
¥ = ] Ζ ] 9. > Ï ¥ = ] Î< ] 9.;>Ï ¥ <

(IAI
;
YL?;
H\I
GIFB;>;
=ILL?MJIH>?
;
= ¢ < ¥ :


(IAI
?MM;
YL?;
=ILL?MJIH>?
;
 IO

>;
YL?;
>?MNCH;>;
Z
BILN;


*;M
+FCGJ`;>;M
>?
%HP?LHI
>?
;9:9
?G
2;H=IOP?L
I
"&!! /B;OH
3BCN?
=IHM?AOCO
L?;FCT;L
;

G;HI<L;
>?HIGCH;>;
m IO<F?
)=0QCMN
:;?9n
H;
GI>;FC>;>?
$;F@JCJ?
NILH;H>I
M?
I
JLCG?CLI
;NF?N;
>I
GOH>I
;

=IHM?AOCL
?MM?
@?CNI
?G
OG;
=IGJ?NC]\I

>?HIGCH;]\I
m:;?9n
L?@?L?
M?
;I
HdG?LI
>?
AL;OM
KO?
I
;NF?N;
ACL;
HI

;L
?G
NILHI
>?
M?O
JLaJLCI
=ILJI
KO?
HI
=;MI
=ILL?MJIH>?
;
; 1G;
PIFN;
?
G?C;

< O;M
PIFN;M
=IGJF?N;M

= O;M
PIFN;M
?
G?C;

> 0L_M
PIFN;M
=IGJF?N;M

? 0L_M
PIFN;M
?
G?C;

3;


+
L?MN;
>;
>CPCM\I
^
:A9 ?
I
KOI=C?HN?
^

CMNI
^
I
;NF?N;
ACL;

PIFN;M
?
G?C;

134
 
!G
OG
=`L=OFI
OG
[HAOFI
=?HNL;F
>?

AL;OM
>?N?LGCH;
OG
;L=I
>?
> 
-O;F
I
N;G;HBI
>I
;L=I
?G
=G

>?N?LGCH;>I
JIL
OG
[HAOFI
=?HNL;F
>?

AL;OM
; 

< 

= 

> 

? 

3;

IGI
OG
[HAOFI
=?HNL;F
” =ILL?MJIH>?HN?
;
OG
;L=I
>?

=G
N?GIM
; ” =ILL?MJIH>?HN?
;
OG
;L=I
>?
:9 
IG

[HAOFI
=?HNL;F
 ¥ ;9 O ;L=I
>?
> 

MMCG
OG
[HAOFI
=?HNL;F
>?

AL;OM
=ILL?MJIH>?
OG
;L=I
>?
; ¤ >  ¥ :9 


1G;
JCTT;
=CL=OF;L
M?LY
@;NC;>;
;
J;LNCL
>I
M?O
=?HNLI
?G
M?NIL?M
=CL=OF;L?M
/?
I
;L=I
>?
=;>;
M?NIL
G?>CL


L;>C;HI
I<N^G
M?
OG
HdG?LI
GYRCGI
*
>?
@;NC;M
C>_HNC=;M
MI<L;H>I
HI
@CH;F
OG;
@;NC;
G?HIL
KO?
^
CH>C=;>;
H;

@CAOL;
JIL
@;NC;
q ¡ :

IHMC>?L;H>I
– ¥ <.:=
I
;L=I
>;
@;NC;
q ¡ :
?G
L;>C;HI
^

; 

< 

= 

> 

? 

135
3;


JCTT;
JIMMOC
;– ¥ ?.;A L;>C;HIM
FIAI
q ^
I
G;CIL
HdG?LI
CHN?CLI
KO?
GOFNCJFC=;H>I
JIL
9.A ^
G?HIL
IO
CAO;F

;
?.;A

?.;A « 9.A  Y  ª @.A>

Y q¥@
?.;A ¥ @ ] 9.A ¡ ”9
Y ”9 ¥ 9.?A L;>C;HIM

W


G?HIL
>?N?LGCH;]\I
JIMCNCP;
>I
[HAOFI
G?>?


; ?9

< :;9

= ;=9

> ;@9

? <99

3;

:=– :;– ;– ;– ;–
¢ O¢ ¢ ¥ ¢=– ¢ ¥¢
< < < < <

;– =–
O ” ¥ ;– ¢ ¥ ¥ ;=9
< <

136

?HNL?
IM
>?M?HBIM
;<;CRI
;KO?F?
KO?
L?JL?M?HN;
I
[HAOFI
KO?
N?G
G?>C>;
G;CM
JLaRCG;
>?

L;>C;HI
^
;

<

=

>

?

3;


,IL
>?@CHC]\I

L;> W
§ >@ 

137

MMCH;F?
;
;FN?LH;NCP;
=ILL?N;
; Î;999 Ï ¨ 9

< Î;999 Ï © 9

= Î;999 Ï ¥ Î;999 Ï

> Î;999 Ï ¥ ¢Î;999 Ï

? Î;999 Ï ¥ ¢Î;999 Ï

3;

  
0?GIM
KO?

 
¥ > PIFN;M
¡;99 KO?
=ILL?MJIH>?
;I
< KO;>L;HN? ,ILN;HNI
I
M?HI
?
I
=IMM?HI
M\I
H?A;NCPIM

FN?LH;NCP;




/?H>I
” OG
;L=I
=IG
?RNL?GC>;>?
HI
N?L=?CLI
KO;>L;HN?
?
M;<?H>I
KO?
 ” ¥ ¢
?HN\I
< ” ¡ = ” ^


CAO;F
;

; ¢ 


< 


= 


> ¢ 

? 

3;


< < 
ß” ¥ ¢ ¾  ¿
>


O  ” ¥ ¢ : ¢  ” O  ” ¥ ¢ : ¢ ¸¢ >»
 ” ¨ 9

B =
O  ” ¥ ¢¿: ¢ ¥¢
;> >

(IAI
=
  ¢> =
 ” ¥ ¥ ¥
 ” <
¢> <

     
,ILN;HNI
< ” ¡ = ” ¥ < Ô¢ Õ ¡ = ÔÕ ¥ ¢ 
¡

¥

¥


138

MMCH;F?
;
;FN?LH;NCP;
=ILL?N;
; Î:999 Ï ¨ 9

< Î:999 Ï © 9

= Î:999 Ï ¥ Î:999 Ï

> Î:999 Ï ¥ ¢Î:999 Ï

? Î:999 Ï ¥ ¢Î:999 Ï

3;


0?GIM
KO?
 ¥ ; ] <?9D ¡ ;9AD
+
KO?
=ILL?MJIH>?
;I
<
KO;>L;HN?
JILN;HNI
M?HI
?
=IMM?HI
H?A;NCPIM


;FN?LH;NCP;


J J


MIG;
>IM
P;FIL?M
>?
( KO?
M;NCM@;T?G
;
;G<;M
;M
CAO;F>;>?M
 ¥   ¥
^

J J

; 

< 

= 

>


?


3;

,?F;
L?F;]\I
@OH>;G?HN;F
>;
NLCAIHIG?NLC;
N?GIM

  ¡    ¥ :

†¡:  †¡; 
¸ » ¡¸ » ¥:
† †
† ¡ ;† ¡ : † ¡ =† ¡ =
¡ ¢:¥9
† †
† ¡ ;† ¡ : ¡ † ¡ =† ¡ = ¢ † ¥ 9

† ¡ ?† ¡ > ¥ 9

? 
/IG;M
>;M
L;`T?M
u ¥ ¢ > Y u ¥ ¢  Y u ¥ ¢?

139
 %-0 Q

+
P;FIL
>?
¢ ; ]   
=IG
 ¦ … ] – ΅ S KÏ ^
0', Q

; <

< ;

= ¢<

> ¢;

? :

3;

< ¢   ;   < ¢   ¢ ;   <Î: ¢   Ï < ]  
¢ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥<
         
  ¥ : ¢   
2?D;
KO?
OM;GIM
ß
%-0Q
  ¥










0',Q



@CAOL;
;<;CRI
L?JL?M?HN;
;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
NLCAIHIG^NLC=;
=ODI
L;CI
G?>?

M
G?>C>;M
>IM
;L=IM
G?HIL?M

W
hi. jk  lm M\I
NI>;M
CAO;CM
;




/?
. . " M\I
HdG?LIM
JIMCNCPIM
?
L?JL?M?HN;G
L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?
;M
G?>C>;M
>IM
;L=IM
NLCAIHIG^NLC=IM

hi. hj  hm
?HN\I ÎÏ ¡ ÎÏ ¡ Î‘Ï ¡ ÎÏ ¡ ÎÏ ¡ ΑÏ
^
CAO;F
;
 
; ¢ 

 

 
< ¢ 

 

 
=

¢ 


 
> ¢ 

 

 
? ¢ 

 

140
3;

?
;=IL>I
=IG
;M
CH@ILG;]c?M
>I
?HOH=C;>I
N?GIM
I
M?AOCHN?
ALY@C=I

W W W W
IH@ILG?
I
>?M?HBI
 ¥ 
¥ <9 .  ¥ – ¢  ¥ :>9  ‘ ¥ 
¡  ¥ <99 1 MMCG
;
?RJL?MM\I
>?M?D;>;
^

l ¥ Î<9Ï ¡ Î:>9Ï ¡ Î<99Ï ¡ Î<9Ï ¡ Î:>9Ï ¡ Î<99Ï O

: : G< G< G< : < G<

l¥ ¡ ¢ ¡ ¢ ¡ O l¥ ¢
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

"

"
%-0 0'%  1(_ `



 
+
P;FIL
HOG^LC=I
>;
?RJL?MM\I
^
CAO;F
;
%-00'% ] ^

; :

< ¢



= 


> 


? 

3;

2;GIM
NL;<;FB;L
=IG
L?>O]\I
>?
;L=IM
;I
JLCG?CLI
KO;>L;HN?

141
 ==– =;– ¡ ;– ;–
d ¥ ¥ :=– ¡
< < <
g<<– <;– ¡ – –
g ¥ ¥ A– ¡
= = =
e;=99 ¥ ] <?99 ¥ ] ;9– ¥ :;– ¡ =–
; ;
g < < <
g
=–
f@A9 ¥ @;9 ¡ ?9 ¥ =– ¡ ?9 ¥ =– ¡
<
(IAI
W W W 
  ¥  Ô:=– ¡ Õ ¥  ¥ ¢?9 ¥ ¢
   

W W  
 ;=99 ¥  Ô:;– ¡ 
Õ ¥ 

¥
%-0
¥
%-0
¥ ¢;

W W
  Ô¢ 
Õ ¥  Ô¢ Õ ¥ ¢:


W   
 ΢@A9 Ï ¥  Ô¢  Õ ¥ " ¥ 

¥¢
0',_ ` 

 
_ `]^]^ 

MMCG
;
?RJL?MM\I
M?LY

¥
 ¥
_ ` 

 ° + 
°
 +
P;FIL
>;
?RJL?MM\I
^



 − 
−°

;





<





=
− 



>





?
−





3;

;F=OF;H>I
 +
° +  °  ° +  °     
= = = ⋅ = ⋅ = 


° − 
− °  +     
 − 
− ° 




 MMCH;F?
;
;FN?LH;NCP;
KO?
=ILL?MJIH>?
;I
P;FIL
>;
?RJL?MM\I
⎛

⎞  ⎛


⎞ ⎛ 
⎞  ⎛ 

⎞
 ⎜ ⎟ −  ⎜  ⎟ + 
⎜ −  ⎟ + ⎜  ⎟


⎝  ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
;




<





=





>






?





142
3;

?M>?
KO?

 +
 = 
 
 +
 = 
 
−
 = − 
 
 +
 = − 
?

 ⋅  +
 = 

=IG
 ∈

N?GIM

⎛ 
⎞ ⎛ 
⎞ ⎛

⎞ ⎛ 
⎞
 ⎜ ⎟ −  ⎜ ⎟ +   ⎜ − ⎟ +  ⎜ ⎟=
⎝ ⎠ ⎝  ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝  ⎠
⎛
⎞ ⎛ 
⎞ ⎛
⎞ ⎛
⎞
 ⎜ 
+ ⎟ −  ⎜ 
+ ⎟ −   ⎜
+ ⎟ +  ⎜ 
+ ⎟ =
⎝ ⎠ ⎝  ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
 



⎛ ⎞ ⎛  ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⋅⎜ − ⋅⎜− − − +
 =
⎜  ⎟⎟ ⎜  ⎟⎟ ⎜⎝  ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
 
−  + +  = 
 


X
=ILL?NI
;@CLG;L
KO?
; Ζ ¡ Ï ¥ ΏÏ

< ΢Ï ¥ ΏÏ

= ΢;Ï ¥ Î;Ï


W
>  Ô  ¢ Õ ¥ ¢ΏÏ

W
?  Ô ¡ Õ ¥ ¢ΏÏ




3;

+<M?LP;H>I
I
=C=FI
NLCAIHIG^NLC=I

143
H;FCM?GIM
;M
;FN?LH;NCP;M
; 
Ζ ¡ Ï ¥ ¢

< 
΢Ï ¥ 

= 
΢;Ï ¥ ¢; @OH]\I
`GJ;L

W W W
> 
 Ô  ¢ Õ ¥  ¸  ¢ Ô  ¢ Õ» ¥ 

W W W
? 
 Ô  ¡ Õ ¥  ¸  ¢ Ô  ¡ Õ» ¥ ΢Ï ¥ 


/?D;G
” OG
;L=I
>I
i
KO;>L;HN?
?
• OG
;L=I
>I
i
KO;>L;HN?
N;CM
KO?
 ” ¥ 9.A ?
 • ¥ 9.?
+
P;FIL
>?

 Δ ¡ •Ï ^
; :.99

< 9.B?

= 9.@9

> 9.=A

? 9.99

3;


 ” ¥ 9.A O  ” ¥ ¾: ¢ Î9.AÏ ¥ 9.?

0?GIM
KO?
Þ
 • ¥ 9.? O  • ¥ ¾: ¢ Î9.?Ï ¥ 9.A

(IAI
 Δ ¡ •Ï ¥  ” ]  • ¡  • ]  ” ¥ 9.? ] 9.A ¡ 9.? ] 9.A ¥ 9.B?



?RJL?MM\I
Î{ ¢ ;| Ï ] Î| Ï ¢ Î{ ¢ ;| Ï ] Î| Ï ^
CAO;F
;

; Î{ ¡ | Ï

< Î| Ï

= Î{ Ï

> ÒÎ{ ¡ |Ï ] Î{ ¢ |ÏÓ

? ÒÎ{ ¡ |Ï ] Î{ ¢ |ÏÓ

3;


(?G<L?GIM
KO?
 Î{ ¡ |Ï ¥  {  | ¢  {  |

 ¥ { ¢ ;|
2?D;
KO?
M?
¬ O     ¢     ¥  Ώ ¡ Ï ¥  Î{ ¢ ;| ¡ | Ï ¥
 ¥ |
 Î{ ¢ | Ï ¥  ÒÎ{ ¢ |ÏÎ{ ¡ |ÏÓ

144
 Â k


*;
@CAOL;
M?AOCHN?
hi ¥ =. ij ¥ : ?
jk ¥ ;
;F=OF;H>I
  N;HA?HN?
>?

M?H>I
 I
[HAOFI
j h
I<N^G
M?


;   ¥ 


<   ¥ 

=   ¥ 


>   ¥ 

?   ¥ 

3;


<
d ¥














g =
:
e ΐ ¢ Ï ¥



g =
f ¥4

1(R 1(Q  1(Q 

);M
ΐ ¢ Ï ¥ O ¥ 

O : ¡  ¥ < ¢ =
1(R 1(Q   1(Q 


145
 < A
O ¸ ¡ =»  ¥ ; O  ¥
= :B


*;
@CAOL;
 • ^
CAO;F
;


; 


< 


= 


> 


? 

3;


9.> :
d ” ¥ ¥












g :9 ;9
e ;.> :
g
f  Δ ¡ •Ï ¥ :9 ¥ =




1( U1( V  1( V 1( V 
IGI
 Δ ¡ •Ï ¥ O ¥   ! O:¢ ¥ ¡ = • O
1( U1( V     

146
 : : = A: :?
O:¢ ¥  • ¸= ¡ » O ¥  •

O  • ¥
> ;9 > ;9 A:


/?
  = ?
 < 
?HN\I

 P;F?



;






<
−





=
−





>






?
−





3;



⎛⎞
  − 



  =  = − 
(IAI

  

=
− ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ 
=
− ⇒ 
= 
IGI
 < 
N?GIM
  =
⎝⎠     
−

⎛ ⎞
⋅⎜− ⎟ − −
 ⋅  ⎝ ⎠  

  = = = =  =

 −  ⎛ ⎞
   
− ⎜ − ⎟ − −

⎝ ⎠

 ⎡ π ⎤

/?
θ =

θ ∈ ⎢ π ⎥  ?HN\I
I
P;FIL
>?
NA θ 
^


 ⎣  ⎦


;
−






<
−





=




>






?

3;


⎛⎞

 −

=IM
θ 

k
M?H
θ ⇒ =IM
θ 



⎜ ⎟ ⇒ =IM θ 



⇒ =IMθ
± M?AOH>I
KO;>L;HN? ⇒ =IMθ 



⎝ ⎠



 ⎛ −⎞ − 

⎜ ⎟

θ −  

θ ⎝  ⎠ 
NAθ 
=
 = ⇒ 
θ = = =  =


 θ −

 
 − 
θ ⎛ −⎞
 −  
− ⎜ ⎟ 

 ⎝  ⎠

147
 
 
/;<?H>I
KO?
 θ − θ =
?HN\I
I
P;FIL
>?
 (
θ) ^


;







<
−





=






>






?





3;



!F?P;H>I
;I
KO;>L;>I
IM
>ICM
G?G<LIM
>;
CAO;F>;>?
N?GIM
=IM θ 
M?H θ


M?H θ =IM θ 
⇒ 
k
M?H θ 






⇒ M?H θ 


 





/?

 = −  
 
−  ^



;






<






=
−





>
−





?
−





3;

/;<?H>I
KO?

− = −  ?


  =  −  ⋅
  I<N?GIM
⎛ ⎛  ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ ⎛  ⎞⎞ ⎛  ⎞  




− =
 −  ⋅   ⋅
−   = ⎜ −  ⋅ ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ − ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟ = ⎜ − ⎟ ⋅ = 
⎜ ⎝  ⎠ ⎟⎠ ⎝ ⎝  ⎠ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠  
⎝



IHMC>?L;H>I
M?
KO?

° =  N?G
M?
KO?

° ^



;

 + 




<

 − 




=

 − 




>

 − 




148
3;


⎛  ⎞ 

 
=  − ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ 

=
⎝  ⎠ 



° = 
 ( ° + ° ) = 
 ° ⋅ 
° −  ° ⋅  ° =

 
⋅

−
 
⋅ =
  


⋅ (  −  )




/?D; €0 ΢–. –Ï M J

>?@CHC>;
JIL

 =  ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟  ?HN\I
^
P?L>;>?
KO?

⎝⎠
;

@OH]\I
^
=L?M=?HN?
HI
CHN?LP;FI

−
  >?=L?M=?HN?
HI
CHN?LP;FI


?
H\I
JIMMOC
L;`T?M
L?;CM




<

@OH]\I
^
=L?M=?HN?
HI
CHN?LP;FI

−
  >?=L?M=?HN?
HI
CHN?LP;FI


?
JIMMOC
>O;M
L;`T?M
L?;CM




=

@OH]\I
^
>?=L?M=?HN?
HI
CHN?LP;FI

−
  =L?M=?HN?
HI
CHN?LP;FI


?
JIMMOC
>O;M
L;`T?M
L?;CM




>

@OH]\I
^
>?=L?M=?HN?
HI
CHN?LP;FI

−

 ?
H\I
JIMMOC
L;`T?M
L?;CM




?

@OH]\I
^
=L?M=?HN?
HI
CHN?LP;FI


?
JIMMOC
OG;
L;CT
L?;F

3;

;F=OF;H>I
€0 ΢–. –Ï M J

    

     
     

      


     
 




/?D;
;
@OH]\I
L?;F
>?@CHC>;
JIL

 =  +  
 HI
CHN?LP;FI
 ≤  ≤ 

+
JIHNI
>?
G`HCGI
>?


H?MM?
CHN?LP;FI
N?G
=IIL>?H;>;M

⎛
⎞
;
⎜
 ⎟ 


⎝ ⎠
⎛
⎞
<
⎜
−  ⎟ 


⎝ ⎠


=
⎛⎜
−  ⎞⎟ 


⎝  ⎠
⎛ 
⎞
>
⎜
 ⎟ 


⎝  ⎠

3;

− ≤   ≤ 
;F=OF;H>I

⎛ 
⎞



 =  +  ⋅
− =  ⇒   = − ⇒  = ° = 
⇒ ⎜   ⎟
 ⎝  ⎠




+M
GIPCG?HNIM
IH>OF;NaLCIM
J?LCa>C=IM
M\I
L?JL?M?HN;>IM
JIL
?KO;]c?M
>I
NCJI
±
 +
 KO?



;JL?M?HN;G
J;L[G?NLIM
=IG
MCAHC@C=;>IM
@`MC=IM
CGJILN;HN?M
N;CM
=IGI
;
@L?KO_H=C;
 =
?G
KO?

^
I



J?L`I>I

^
;
;GJFCNO>?
IO
>?MFI=;G?HNI
GYRCGI

^
I
[HAOFI
>?
@;M?
 ≤
<
KO?
G?>?
I
>?MFI=;G?HNI


HI
?CRI
BILCTIHN;F
?G
L?F;]\I
Z
ILCA?G
HI
CHMN;HN?
CHC=C;F
>I
GIPCG?HNI

149
+
ALY@C=I
L?JL?M?HN;
OG
GIPCG?HNI
J?LCa>C=I
 = 
 ?G
=?HN`G?NLI
?G
KO?

^
;
JIMC]\I
>;
=;<?];
>I
JCMN\I

>I
GINIL
>?
OG
=;LLI
?G
OG
CHMN;HN?

=IH@ILG?
CFOMNL;
;
@CAOL;


?RJL?MM\I
;FA^<LC=;
KO?
L?JL?M?HN;
;
JIMC]\I

 >;
=;<?];
>I
JCMN\I
?G
@OH]\I
>I
N?GJI

^

;

 = 
 


<

 = −
 


=

 = −



⎛
⎞
>

 =  ⎜  +


⎝  ⎟⎠
⎛
⎞
?

 =  ⎜  +


⎝  ⎟⎠

3;

0L;N;H>I
M?
>;
@OH]\I
M?HI
M;<?GIM
KO?
M?O
J?L`I>I
@OH>;G?HN;F
^


?
KO?
M?O
J?L`I>I
>I
ALY@C=I
^
CAO;F
;





(IAI
N?GIM


= ⇒  = 
IGI
;
@OH]\I

  ^
=L?M=?HN?
HI
JLCG?CLI
KO;>L;HN?
?
MO;
CG;A?G
^
I


CHN?LP;FI
−

JI>?GIM
=IH=FOCL
KO?
 = 
OG;
P?T
KO?
;
CG;A?G
>;
@OH]\I

 + θ P;LC;
HI
CHN?LP;FI

⎡
⎤
−
 ?
^
=L?M=?HN?
?G
⎢
⎥ 





⎣ ⎦
  =   (  ⋅  +
) ⇔ 
= 
"CH;FG?HN?
M?H>I

 =  ?
 ≤
<


N?GIM

,ILN;HNI
;
L?MJIMN;
^

 ⇒
= 



 =  






IHMC>?L?
;
@OH]\I
L?;F
>?
P;LCYP?F
L?;F

 =  −  

 +  +M
P;FIL?M
>?
GYRCGI
G`HCGI
?
I
J?L`I>I

>?

 M\I
L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?

;
−





<

− 




=

 − 



>



− 


?



− 

150
3;


 =  −  
 + 
⎧
 =  +  =  ⇒ 
;F=OF;H>I

 +  = ± ⇒ ⎨


⎩
 =  −  = − ⇒ 



 ⇒ = =

 



 +M
ALY@C=IM
>;M
@OH]c?M
L?;CM

 = 
 ?

 = 
 H\I
=ICH=C>?G
!HNL?N;HNI
;
J;LNCL
>?
OG;

NL;HM@ILG;]\I
^
JIMM`P?F
@;T?L
I
ALY@C=I
>?

 =ICH=C>CL
=IG
I
ALY@C=I
>?

 !MM;
NL;HM@ILG;]\I
^
;
@OH]\I



;

 =  



⎛
⎞
<

 =  ⎜ ⎟ 


⎝ ⎠


=

 =  ⎜ + ⎞⎟ 


⎛
⎝ ⎠
⎛
⎞
>

 =  ⎜ − ⎟ 


⎝ ⎠

3;


π
/;<?H>I
KO?

 = − ?
− ≤   ≤ 
JI>?GIM
;@CLG;L
KO?
;
F?C
>?

H\I
JI>?
M?L
 
>?G;CM
M?H>I


⎛π ⎞

 = π


H\I
JI>?
M?L
 ⎜  ⎟

 ⎝ ⎠
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
"CH;FG?HN?
=IGI
 ⎜  − ⎟ = −  
Ma
JI>?
M?L

 =
 ⎜  + ⎟ = 





⎝ ⎠  ⎝ ⎠

 /?  S J

?HN\I
;
?KO;]\I

 = 
− ;JL?M?HN;
I
=IHDOHNI
MIFO]\I

; J


<
 −




=
 + ∞



>

−∞ 


?
−



3;

?M>?
KO?
;
@OH]\I
=IMM?HI
^
J;L
N?GIM


 = 
− ⇔   =   ⇔  ⋅   =  ,ILN;HNI
M?AO?
KO?
u ¥
J




/;<?H>I
KO?

  = − KO;CM
M\I
IM
JIMM`P?CM
P;FIL?M
J;L;






;
?
−






<
?







=
?





>
−
?





?

?

151
3;

 ± 
/?H>I
 ∈

N?GIM
 = − ⇔  = 
⇔  = ±
+ 
⇔ =

,IL
=IHM?AOCHN?
P?G
  = −



IO
  =





 
*;
?KO;]\I

 = 
 ?G


IH>?
 <  <
I
P;FIL
>?

^


;
−



<






=







>







?

3;

 
/;<?H>I
KO?
 =
N?GIM

= 
⇒ 
= ⇒ 
= ⇒ 
= 


= − ,ILN;HNI
=IGI
R
^

 

OG
;L=I
>I
JLCG?CLI
KO;>L;HN?
Ma
JI>?
M?L
 =







CH?KO;]\I




 ≤  HI
CHN?LP;FI
>?

≤  ≤ 
?

L?;F
JIMMOC
=IHDOHNI
MIFO]\I




;
≤  ≤
IO
≤  ≤










<

≤  ≤ IO

≤  ≤










=
≤  ≤ IO
≤≤


 







>
≤≤ IO
≤  ≤




  




?

≤  ≤ IO
≤  ≤



 

3;



0?G
M?
KO?



 ≤  ⇔
 ≤ ⇔
 ≤ ⇔
+ 
≤  ≤ 
+ 
⇔ + 
≤  ≤
+ 


 



=IG
 ∈

MMCG
=IGI
J;L;
 =
P?G
≤  ≤

?
J;L;
 =
N?GIM
≤  ≤ 

M?AO?
KO?
I
=IHDOHNI
MIFO]\I

 

{
>;
CH?KO;]\I
HI
CHN?LP;FI


 ^

 =  ∈




≤  ≤






≤  ≤ 


}

152

+
=IHDOHNI
MIFO]\I
/
J;L;
;
CH?KO;]\I
 ⋅   + 
 >  ?G
KO?
 <  <

^
>;>I
JIL

⎧


⎫
;
 = ⎨  ∈

   <  < IO
<<
⎬


⎩   ⎭


⎫
<
 = ⎧⎨  ∈

 <  < ⎬


⎩   ⎭
⎧


⎫
=
 = ⎨  ∈

   <  < IO
<<
⎬


⎩   ⎭
⎧

⎫
>
 = ⎨  ∈

 <  < ⎬


⎩   ⎭
?
 = { ∈

}

3;

( )

 + 
 (  ) >  ⇒ 
 + 
    >  ⇒ 
 + 
   
 >  ⇒

 




>  ⇒ 
 < −





 >
 



(IAI
I
=IHDOHNI
MIFO]\I
M?LY
 = ⎨⎧
∈

   <
<  <
<
⎫

⎬


⎩   ⎭

+

/?
=  + 
IH>?
C

−

?HN\I
I
P;FIL
>?

+ 
^


+
;





<

=





>
k

?


3;

 +

−
 − 
+
−
  −


⋅ = = ⇒
+  = − =




+

−

−

  


+
=IHDOHNI
MIFO]\I
>;
?KO;]\I

 +   +
 −  = 
IH>?
C
^
;
OHC>;>?
CG;ACHYLC;
^

;

<
k


=
C

>
k
C

153
3;

−
+

−
−
+
+
−

( +
)  + ( −
) =
⇒  = ⋅ = =




+

−

−


 T
^
OG
HdG?LI
=IGJF?RI
N;F
KO?

= 

≠ 
+
P;FIL
>?

+
+
 +
 +
 +
 +

^



;


C
<

k
C

=
C
>
k
C

?

3;


/IG;
>;
,#

=
+  +   +   +   +   +   =
(

 −
)

IGI

 =
?
 ≠  ⇒
=


 −


IHMC>?L?
OG
HdG?LI
=IGJF?RI
T
N;F
KO?
I
M?O
Ga>OFI
^

?
;
MIG;
>?F?
=IG
I
M?O
=IHDOA;>I
^

/;<?H>I

KO?
I
;@CRI
>?
T
J?LN?H=?
;I
i
KO;>L;HN?
JI>?
M?
;@CLG;L
KO?
T
^
CAO;F
;
;


C



<


C
=





>

k
C
?

k
C

3;

 =
+  ⇒   = 
⇒
 +   = 

⇒  +  =
 = 
⇒
=  ⇒
 = 

−  = 
i
KO;>L;HN?
⇒
= −

!HN\I
 =  −



+ 


/?D;
T
I
HdG?LI
=IGJF?RI

?N?LGCH?
I
P;FIL
>?
α
∈

J;L;
KO?
T
M?D;
OG
CG;ACHYLCI
JOLI
^
α +

;


<
−




=
−


>





?



3;


 + 
 + 

α −
 α − 
+ α
− 

α +  +

α − 
α + 
α − 
= ⋅ = = =  + 

=IGI
>?P?
M?L

α +
α +

α +
 α  −
 α  + α + α +

α +  
CG;ACHYLCI
JOLI
N?L?GIM
=  ⇒ α +  =  ⇒ α = −


α +



154

+
HdG?LI
=IGJF?RI
 =
+  L?JL?M?HN;>I
H;
@ILG;
NLCAIHIG^NLC=;
^

;
 
 ° +
 °


<

 ° + 
°


=

 ° + 
°


>

 ° − 
°


?

 ° − 
°

3;



 =
 +
 →  =  ⇒ 
= = → 
= →
= °
  






= = → 
= →
= ° ⇒  =  ⋅ (  ° +
⋅  ° ) = 
 ⋅ (  ° +
 ° )
  


/?D;
I
HdG?LI
=IGJF?RI
 = − − 
IH>?

^
;
OHC>;>?
CG;ACHYLC;
+
P;FIL
>?

^

⎛ 

⎞
;
 =
 ⎜ 
 + 


⎝   ⎟⎠
⎛

⎞
<
 =
 ⎜ 
+ 
 ⎟


⎝  ⎠
⎛ 

⎞
=
 =
 ⎜ 
+ 



⎝   ⎟⎠
⎛



⎞
>
 =
 ⎜ 
+ 



⎝   ⎟⎠
?

=
 (

+  

)

3;



+
Ga>OFI
>?

^

=
− +
−  =  (IAI
M?

^
I
;LAOG?HNI
>?

?HN\I

= − ?

= −
!G

 
 ⎛ 

⎞
=IHM?KO_H=C;
N?GIM

= 
;`
;
@ILG;
NLCAIHIG^NLC=;
>?

^
 =  ⎜ 
+ 
 ⎟

 ⎝   ⎠
⎛ ⎛ 
⎞ ⎛ 
⎞ ⎞ ⎛ 

⎞
,ILN;HNI
J?F;
"aLGOF;
>?
)ICPL?
M?AO?
KO?
 =  ⎜  ⎜  ⋅ ⎟ +
 ⎜  ⋅ ⎟ ⎟ =  ⎜  +
 ⎟



⎝ ⎝  ⎠ ⎝  ⎠⎠ ⎝   ⎠

 
IHMC>?L?
;M
L;`T?M
=IGJF?R;M








?

>;
?KO;]\I
 = 
IH>?

∈


L?JL?M?HN;>;M

AL;@C=;G?HN?
JIL

155
+
HdG?LI
=IGJF?RI

^

;




<




=
 + 



>
 +  



?
 +  

3;

0?G
M?
KO?
 =  ⋅
° + ⋅ 
° (IAI
M;<?H>I
KO?
 = 
J?F;
,LCG?CL;
"aLGOF;
>?
)ICPL?
P?G
⎛ ⎞
 =  ⋅

 ° +  ⋅  ° =  ⋅ ⎜ +  ⋅ ⎟ =  +  


⎜  ⎟⎠
⎝


*;
@CAOL;
;<;CRI
I
JIHNI

^
I
;@CRI
>?
OG
HdG?LI
=IGJF?RI
2
HI
JF;HI
>?
LA;H>

#;OMM

/?
;
>CMN[H=C;
>I
JIHNI

;N^
;
ILCA?G

^

?HN\I
;
>C@?L?H];
?HNL?
2
?
I
M?O
=IHDOA;>I
^
CAO;F
;

;
−
− 



<
−
+ 



=
−



>




?


3;

?
;=IL>I
=IG
;M
CH@ILG;]c?M
M?AO?
KO?
 =  ⋅
° +  ⋅ 
° = −  +   ⋅  (IAI
M?H>I

I

=IHDOA;>I
>?

N?GIM
 −  = −  +   ⋅  −
−  −   ⋅  =   ⋅ 


*I
JF;HI
LA;H>
#;OMM
?MN\I
CH>C=;>IM
OG
KO;>L;>I

?
IM
;@CRIM
>IM
HdG?LIM
=IGJF?RIM
6
6
6

6
6 ?
6

156
/?
I
;@CRI
>I
JLI>ONI
>?
6 JIL
OG
>IM
IONLIM
=CH=I
HdG?LIM
=IGJF?RIM
CH>C=;>IM
^
I
=?HNLI
>;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;

CHM=LCN;
HI
KO;>L;>I

?HN\I
?MM?
HdG?LI
=IGJF?RI
^

;
6



<
6



=
6



>
6



?
6

3;

X
@Y=CF
P?L
KO?
I
=?HNLI
>;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
CHM=LCN;
HI
KO;>L;>I

 ^
I
JIHNI

− −  ?MM?
GI>I

KO?L?GIM
=;F=OF;L

N;F
KO?
 ⋅  = −
 − 
 ⋅  MMCG
=IGI
 = −+ 
N?GIM

−
 − 
 ⋅  −
 − 
 ⋅  − −  
 + 
 ⋅  + 
 ⋅  − 

 = = ⋅ = = 
 ⋅  = 
− +  − +  − −  + 

 +
P;FIL
HOG^LC=I
>I
JIFCHbGCI
—ÎšÏ ¥ š ¢ žš ¡ œš ¢  J;L;
š ¥ 
^

;
k

<
k

=
k

>
k


3;

+
P;FIL
>?
,R
J;L;
R


^
?H=IHNL;>I
=;F=OF;H>I
,
/O<MNCNOCH>I
N?GIM


 =
 − 
 + 
 −  ⇒

 = −  +  −  = −


/;<?H>I
KO?
 ^
OG;
L;CT
>?
rÎÏ ¥ ;  7 ;  7 Ά 7 :Ϗ 7 †
I
G;CIL
P;FIL
>?

^

;

<

=

>

?


3;

/?

^
L;CT
>?
rΏÏ
?HN\I
rÎ;Ï ¥ 9
/O<MNCNOCH>I
?G
rÎÏ I
P;FIL
 ¥ ;
N?GIM
⎧

 = 
 − 
  −
  − 
 − 
⎨ ⇒ 
−  −   +  −  =  ⇒ −  −  +  =  ⇒
⎩

 = 
⎧ +  


⎪ = =− =−
−
− ±
− − 
−
  ± 

⎪ −  
= = ⇒⎨

− − ⎪ =  −  = − − = 
⎪
⎩ − −

IM
JIFCHbGCIM
;<;CRI
KO;F
I
dHC=I
KO?
JI>?
M?L
C>?HNC=;G?HN?
HOFI
;
;R 
;
k
R
k



<R

<
;

R 
<
k
R

;
k


=
; 
R
k
;
k
R

>
;
k
R
k
<

R 
;
k


?
;R




<R


R

3;

1G
JIFCHbGCI
^
C>?HNC=;G?HN?
HOFI
M?
NI>IM
IM
=I?@C=C?HN?M
M\I
HOFIM
2;GIM
;H;FCM;L
=;>;
CN?G
;
*\I
M?LY
C>?HNC=;G?HN?
HOFI
JICM
M?
;


?
<


;HOF;
M?
MIG?HN?
IM
N?LGIM
?G
R ?
R
+
N?LGI
=IG
R N?LY

=I?@C=C?HN?
; 


157
<
*\I
M?LY
C>?HNC=;G?HN?
HOFI
JICM
M?
;


?
<


;HOF;
M?
MIG?HN?
IM
N?LGIM
?G
R ?
CH>?J?H>?HN?
+
N?LGI
=IG

R N?LY
=I?@C=C?HN?
;





 


=
*\I
M?LY
C>?HNC=;G?HN?
HOFI
JICM
M?
;


I
N?LGI
?G
R M?LY
; 
 ?
H\I
M?
;HOF;

>
,I>?LY
M?L
C>?HNC=;G?HN?
HOFI
J;L;
;


?
<





?
*\I
M?LY
C>?HNC=;G?HN?
HOFI
JICM
I
N?LGI
?G
mRn
^
>C@?L?HN?
>?
T?LI
?
H\I
M?
;HOF;



IHMC>?L;H>I
I
L?MNI
ŠÎÏ ?
I
KOI=C?HN?
sÎÏ >;
>CPCM\I
;=CG;
M?L
ŠÎ=Ï ¥ 9. sÎ:Ï P;F?

; :

< ¢<

= ¢>

> ¢=

? ;

3;

2;GIM
L?;FCT;L
;
>CPCM\I
JIFCHIGC;F
NL;>C=CIH;F

{  ¡ >  ¢ { ¡ =  ¢ =
                      
¢{  ¡ ={ 
                           {  ¡ Î={ ¡ >Ï
Î={ ¡ >Ϗ  ¢ { ¡ =
¢Î={ ¡ >Ï ¡ :? ¡ ;9
                             
¢{ ¡ Î:?{ ¡ ;=Ï ¥ tΏÏ
IGI
;=
tÎ=Ï ¥ 9 O ¢={ ¡ ;= ¡ :?{ ¥ 9



{ ¥ ¢ ¥ ¢;
:;
IGI
sÎÏ ¥ {  ¡ Î> ¡ ={Ï ¥ ¢;  ¢ < O sÎ:Ï ¥ ¢;Î:Ï ¢ < ¥ ¢>


/?
sÎÏ ¥   ¢   ¡ † ¡ ‡.

rÎÏ ¥   ¡  ¢ ; ?
sÎÏ ^
>CPCM`P?F
JIL
rΏÏ
?HN\I

J
; ¥:
K

< † ¢ ‡ ¥ ;†

= †‡ ¥ †

> † ¢ ‡ ¦ 9

158
3;


IGI
s ^
>CPCM`P?F
JIL
r
I
L?MNI
>?P?
M?L
T?LI
IHM?KO?HN?G?HN?

†¡=¥9 † ¥ ¢=
Ø O


O † ¢ ‡ ¥ = ¢ ΢=Ï ¥ A ¥ ; ] = ¥ ;†
‡¢=¥9 ‡¥=


CPC>CH>I
M?
I
JIFCHbGCI
rÎÏ ¥ ;  ¢ >  ¡ … ¢ : JIL
Ώ ¢ <Ï ?
Ώ ¡ ;Ï
IM
L?MNIM
M\I
CAO;CM
*?MN?

=;MI
I
P;FIL
>?
… ^
CAO;F
;

; :9

< B

= A

> @

? ?

3;


1NCFCT;H>I
LCIN
.O@@CHC
>CPC>CH>I
I
JIFCHbGCI
rÎÏ JIL
Ώ ¢ <Ï
N?GIM

CPC>CH>I
I
JIFCHbGCI
rÎÏ JIL
Ώ ¡ ;Ï
N?GIM

IGI
IM
L?MNIM
M\I
CAO;CM
?HN\I
<… ¡ ;? ¥ ¢;… ¡ @:
>… ¥ =>
=>
…¥ ¥B
>

159
 +
JIFCHbGCI
rÎÏ ¥ { ]  ? ¡ | ]  @ ¡ } ]  > ^
N;F
KO?
IM
HdG?LIM
;
<
?
=
M\I
H;NOL;CM
=IHM?=ONCPIM
H?MM;

IL>?G
/;<?H>I
M?
KO?
I
L?MNI
>;
>CPCM\I
>?
,R
JIL
Ώ7 :Ï ^
CAO;F
;

JI>?GIM
;@CLG;L
KO?
I
L?MNI
>;
>CPCM\I
>?

,R
JIL
Ώ ¡ :Ï ^
CAO;F
;
; <

< :

= ;

> >

? =

3;


rÎÏ ¥ { ? ¡ | @ ¡ } >
;
<
=
M\I
H;NOL;CM
=IHM?=ONCPIM
?HN\I

?HN\I
rÎÏ JI>?
M?L
?M=LCNI
H;
@ILG;

rÎÏ ¥ · ¢ :Ϗ‡ ¡ ‡‡ ¡ : ¡ · ¡ :Ϗ· ¢ :Ï
%%
+
L?MNI
>;
>CPCM\I
>?
rÎÏ JIL
 ¢ :
CAO;F
;
B
FIAI
M?AOH>I
I
N?IL?G;
>I
L?MNI

rÎ:Ï ¥ B
B ¥ · ¢ :Ï ] :‡ ¡ ‡ ¡ :‡ ¡ : ¡ · ¡ :Ï:‡ ¢ :
B¥‡¢:¡‡¡‡¡:
B ¥ <‡

‡¥<

%%
rÎÏ ¥ ;  ¡ <  ¡ =  >CPC>CH>I
JIL
 ¡ :
N?GIM

tÎÏ ¥ r΢:Ï

r΢:Ï ¥ ;΢:Ï ¡ <΢:Ï ¡ =΢:Ï

r΢:Ï ¥ ¢; ¡ < ¡ =
r΢:Ï ¥ t‹Œˆ

t‹Œˆ ¥ >

160
 
*;
>CPCM\I
>I
JIFCHbGCI
‰ÎÏ ¥ ;  ¡ <  ¢ ?  ¡ @ JIL
ÎÏ ¥ ; ¡ =
JI>?GIM
;@CLG;L
KO?
; +
L?MNI
^
CAO;F
;

Q
< +
KOI=C?HN?
^
CAO;F
;
  ¢ 
¢ ; ¡ =


= +
L?MNI
^
CAO;F
;


> +
KOI=C?HN?
^
CAO;F
;
;  ¢   ¢  ¡ ;

? ‰ÎÏ ^
>CPCM`P?F
JIL
ΏÏ

3;

;  ¡ <  ¢ ?  ¡ @ 6                      
; ¡ =

¢;  ¢ = 






  ¢ ¢ ; ¡ =
;
¢  ¢ ?  ¡ @
  ¡ ; 
=  ¡ @
=  ¡ A
A ¡ @
¢A ¢ :?
¢B
,I>?L`;GIM
OM;L
I
>CMJIMCNCPI
>?
LCIN
.O@@CHC
N;G<^G
rÎÏ ¥ ;  ¡ <  ¢ ?  ¡ @





















¬
kÎÏ ¥ ; ¡ =Î "  ¥ ¢;Ï ¥ ;Ώ ¡ ;Ï

AIL;
>CPC>CGIM
JIL



ÎÏ ¥   ¢ ¢ ; ¡ =
;


/?
I
JIFCHbGCI
0

0 
0 
 ^
>CPCM`P?F
JIL
0



?HN\I


P;F?

;

































<
−





























=




























>
−





























?



161
3;

,?FI
N?IL?G;
>I
L?MNI
,k





⎧

 =   +   +  
⎨ ⇒
− + 
−  +  =  ⇒ − +  +  =  ⇒ 
 +  =  ⇒  +  =
⎩

− =  



>CPCM\I
>?
OG
JIFCHbGCI
,R
JIL
OG
JIFCHbGCI
ER
N?G
-R

R

R 

=IGI
KOI=C?HN?
?
.R

R


R
 
=IGI
L?MNI
/;<?H>I
M?
KO?
I
L?MNI
>;
>CPCM\I
>?
ER
JIL
R ^

I
L?MNI
>;
>CPCM\I
>?
,R
JIL
'
^
;






















<
































=




































>
























?


3;

?
;=IL>I
=IG
;
CH@ILG;]\I
,R

ERR 
R 


R 
R


,?FI
N?IL?G;
>I
L?MNI
M?
I
L?MNI
>;
>CPCM\I
>?

ER
JIL
R
^

?HN\I
E 


JICM
>CPC>CL
JIL
R
^
I
G?MGI
KO?
>CPC>CL
JIL
R
k

(IAI
I
L?MNI
>;
>CPCM\I
>?
,R

JIL
R
^
, 
, 

E   
  


 




, 





, 




1G;
@Y<LC=;
ONCFCT;
>ICM
N;HKO?M
J;L;
;LG;T?H;L
=IG<OMN`P?F
+M
H`P?CM
>?
=IG<OMN`P?F
$
?
$
?G
=;>;

N;HKO?
M\I
>;>IM
J?F;M
?RJL?MMc?M

 =   −  +  ?

  =   +  + 
M?H>I
N
I
N?GJI
?G
BIL;
+

H`P?F
>?
=IG<OMN`P?F
>?
OG
N;HKO?
^
CAO;F
;I
>I
IONLI
HI
CHMN;HN?
CHC=C;F
N


?
N;G<^G
HI
CHMN;HN?
;
N


B




<
N


B



=
N

 
B
>
N


B




?
N

 
B

3;

( )


  =

  ⇔ 

 − 

+ 
= 

 + 
+ 
⇒ 


 − 
=
⇒



 −  =
⇒ ⇒
=

IO

= 
 


?N?LGCH?
NI>IM
IM
P;FIL?M
JIMM`P?CM
>?
G
∈ |
>?
GI>I
KO?
I
JIFCHbGCI

 =  +
 −   +
 −  − 

N?HB;
NL_M
L;`T?M
>CMNCHN;M
M?H>I
R


;
dHC=;
L;CT
L?;F
;
−
<
<


<

<

=

>

>

< −

3;


 =   + (
− )   + ( −
)  −  ?HN\I
 =  ⇒  +
−  +  −
−  =
⇒
=


(

 = ( − )   +
 +  )

+
 +  JIMMOC

L;`T?M
=IGJF?R;M
>CMNCHN;M
⇒ Δ <
⇒
 −  <
⇒ − <
<  

162

+
JIFCHbGCI

 =  −   +   −  +  N;G<^G
JI>?
M?L
?M=LCNI
MI<
;
@ILG;
( )

 = ( − )   + 
H
∈ {
?
M
∈ |
+
P;FIL
>?

+  ^

;






<






=






>






?



3;

( ) ( ) ( )(
  −    +    −   +  ≡ ( −
)   +  ⇒
=  
(  −
)   +
≡   −   +
  +



)
≡   −    +   (
+
) − 
 +

!HN\I
 =  ⇒  +  =
+  =  


!HNL?
;M
?KO;]c?M
;<;CRI
;
KO?
N?G
I
HdG?LI
=IGJF?RI

+  =IGI
OG;
>?
MO;M
L;`T?M
^

;

+ 
+  =





<

− 
−  =



=

 − 
 + 
=



>

+  =



?

+
+  =

 

3;


+  ?

−  M\I
L;`T?M
?HN\I
N?L?GIM

/IG;
>;M
>O;M
L;`T?M


=  

,LI>ONI
>;M
>O;M
L;`T?M


=  

;
*\I

= − ?

= 
<
*\I

=  ?

= −
( )
=
/CG
   −  +  =  ⇒ 
=  ?

= 
>
*\I

= 
?
*\I
.;`T?M
± −
+  

± −
−  


+M
T?LIM
>I
JIFCHbGCI
;
M?AOCL
@ILG;G
OG;
,
 =  −   +  − 

+
=IHDOHNI
MIFO]\I
>;
?KO;]\I

  =  JI>?
M?L
>?M=LCNI
JIL
;
U

V





<
U

V


=
Uk

V
>
Uk
k
kV

3;

.;`T?M
α −

α
α +
⇒ /IG;
= α =
 ⇒ α =  

( )
 −
  +  −  = ( − )   −  +
 ⇒ L;`T?M




163


;LKOCN?NOL;
M?
<;M?C;
H;
?F;<IL;]\I
>?
JLID?NIM
?R?=ONCPIM
=IHN?H>I
;M
JLID?]c?M
ILNIAIH;CM
>I
?F?G?HNI

=IHMNLONCPI
>?
N;F
@ILG;
KO?
IM
?HA?HB?CLIM
?
;LKOCN?NIM
JIMM;G
>CM=ONCL
HI
JF;HI
=;>;
CN?G
>;
I<L;
CH=FOMCP?
J;L;

I
>CG?HMCIH;G?HNI
>?
G;N?LC;F
?
BIL;M
>?
M?LPC]I
+
JLID?NI
;LKOCN?NbHC=I
^
=IHMNCNO`>I
<;MC=;G?HN?
JIL
=CH=I

?N;J;M
F?P;HN;G?HNI
>?
>;>IM
?MNO>I
JL?FCGCH;L
;HN?JLID?NI
JLID?NI
F?A;F
?
JLID?NI
?R?=ONCPI
+
>?M?HBI
N^=HC=I

>;
?>C@C=;]\I
^
>?M?HPIFPC>I
;
J;LNCL
>?
M?N?
J?LMJ?=NCP;M
>C@?L?HN?M
;
JF;HN;
>?
?>C@C=;]\I
IO
JF;HN;
<;CR;

>?M?HBI
>?
@;=B;>;
=ILN?M
FIHACNO>CH;F
?
NL;HMP?LM;F
JF;HN;M
>?
=I<?LNOL;
MCNO;]\I
?
FI=;FCT;]\I
!G
MO;

?F;<IL;]\I
JI>?G
M?L
ONCFCT;>IM
>CP?LMIM
MI@NQ;L?M
=IGI
$#

%# ?
#$ ;
@CG
>?
JLIJIL=CIH;L

PCMO;FCT;]c?M

?

>;
=IHMNLO]\I

+<M?LP?
;
=;M;
;<;CRI
;=IGJ;HB;>;
>?
MO;M
PCMN;M

;M?;>I
H;M
PCMN;M
;=CG;
;
;MMI=C;]\I

^

; ";=B;>;
@LIHN;F

< 2CMN;
MOJ?LCIL

= (;N?L;F
?MKO?L>;

> ";=B;>;
JIMN?LCIL

164
? (;N?L;F
>CL?CN;

3;


2?D;
;M
PCMN;M
>;
=;M;


PCMN;
=ILL?N;
>;
F;N?L;F
?MKO?L>;
H\I
JIMMOC
MIG<L?;G?HNI
JICM
I
N?FB;>I
JCHN;>I
M?
?H=IHNL;
H;
IONL;
G?N;>?
>I

N?FB;>I


1G
ALOJI
>?
J;`M?M
=LCIO
OG;
CHMNCNOC]\I
L?MJIHMYP?F
JIL
ILA;HCT;L
I
,LIAL;G;
%HN?LH;=CIH;F
>?
*CP?F;G?HNI

>?
!MNO>IM
,%*!
=IG
I
I<D?NCPI
>?
G?FBIL;L
IM
`H>C=?M
GOH>C;CM
>?
?>O=;]\I
!G
MO;
M?>?
@IC
=IHMNLO`>;
OG;

?M=OFNOL;
MOMJ?HM;
=IG
;
FIAIG;L=;
I@C=C;F
>I
JLIAL;G;
?G
NL_M
>CG?HMc?M
KO?
^
@ILG;>;
JIL
MO;M
CHC=C;CM

=IH@ILG?
GIMNL;>;
H;
@CAOL;

!MM;
?M=OFNOL;
?MNY
MOMJ?HM;
JIL
=;<IM
>?
;]I
>?
G;H?CL;
KO?
I
?MJ;];G?HNI
?HNL?
F?NL;M
;>D;=?HN?M
^
I
G?MGI

NI>;M
N_G
CAO;F
?MJ?MMOL;
?
@C=;G
>CMJIMN;M
?G
JIMC]\I
ILNIAIH;F
;I
MIFI
=IGI
CFOMNL;>I
;
M?AOCL

165
I
G?CI
>C;
=IG
I
MIF
;
JCHI
;M
F?NL;M
KO?
@ILG;G
?MM;
?M=OFNOL;
JLID?N;G
ILNIAIH;FG?HN?
MO;M
MIG<L;M
MI<L?
I

MIFI 
MIG<L;
JLID?N;>;
HI
MIFI
^

;

<

=

>

?

3;



KO?MN\I
HIM
CH@ILG;
KO?
;M
F?NL;M
KO?
=IGJc?G
;
?M=OFNOL;
?MN\I
>CMJIMN;M
?G
+*-&65*
*,.*$*)'
J?LJ?H>C=OF;L
;I
MIFI
!F;
HIM
CH@ILG;
N;G<^G
KO?
;M
F?NL;M
JIMMO?G
;
G?MG;
?MJ?MMOL;
?
I
G?MGI

?MJ;];G?HNI
MMCG
;M
F?NL;M
JLID?N;LC;G
HI
MIFI
OG;
MIG<L;
=IG
I
N;G;HBI
?KOCP;F?HN?
;I
M?O
=IGJLCG?HNI

BILCTIHN;F
2?D;

+<M?LP?
KO?
N?GIM

JLID?]c?M
CHN?L=;F;>;M
?
=IHN`HO;M
OG;
J;L;
=;>;
F?NL;

G?HIL
^
I
%
?
;
G;CIL
^
I
*

166
";T?H>I
M?
;
JLID?]\I
ILNIAIH;F
I<N^G
M?


IJ]\I
KO?
G?FBIL
L?JL?M?HN;
;
MIG<L;
JLID?N;>;
^
;
F?NL;
!

 
MMCH;F?
2
P?L>;>?CLI
IO
"
@;FMI
=IHMC>?L;H>I
;
A?IG?NLC;
>?
JIMC]\I
?MJ;=C;F
?
JF;H;






=IH>C]\I
r ∩ s = ϕ ^
H?=?MMYLCI
J;L;
KO?
;M
L?N;M
L
?
M
M?D;G
J;L;F?F;M
>CMNCHN;M





O;M
L?N;M
KO?
@ILG;G
OG
[HAOFI
L?NI
M\I
H?=?MM;LC;G?HN?
J?LJ?H>C=OF;L?M





/?
>O;M
L?N;M
N_G
OG
dHC=I
JIHNI
?G
=IGOG
?HN\I
?F;M
M\I
=IH=ILL?HN?M






=IH>C]\I
r ∩ s = ϕ ^
MO@C=C?HN?
J;L;
KO?
;M
L?N;M
L
?
M
M?D;G
L?P?LM;M

M?KO_H=C;
=ILL?N;
^
;
2
k
2
k
2
k
2


<
2
k
"
k
2
k
"


=
"
k
2
k
"
k
2

>
"
k
"
k
"
k
"

3;


#,""#&,*
+
@;NI
>?

L?N;M
H\I
JIMMO`L?G
JIHNI
?G
=IGOG
H\I
;M
NILH;
J;L;F?F;M
>CMNCHN;M
JICM
N;G<^G
JI>?G
M?L
L?N;M

L?P?LM;M
L?N;M
?G
JF;HIM
>CMNCHNIM
?G
KO?
H\I
BY
CHN?LM?]\I
G;M
^
OG;
!*)"&65*
)#!#--4,& J;L;
KO?
M?D;G

J;L;F?F;M
>CMNCHN;M
;J?H;M
H\I
^
H?=?MMYLCI
?
MO@C=C?HN?

'-*
.?N;M
J?LJ?H>C=OF;L?M
M\I
L?N;M
=IH=ILL?HN?M
G?MGI
JF;HI
KO?
@ILG;G
?HNL?
MC
OG
[HAOFI
>?
 e
JIL^G
;M
L?N;M

ILNIAIH;CM
N;G<^G
@ILG;G
?HNL?
MC
OG
[HAOFI
>?
 e
JIL^G
?MN;H>I
?MM;M
L?N;M
?G
JF;HIM
>C@?L?HN?M
L?P?LM;M

#,""#&,*
.?N;M
=IH=ILL?HN?M
M\I
;KO?F;M
KO?
JIMMO?G
;J?H;M
OG
JIHNI
?G
=IGOG

'-*
+
@;NI
>?
H\I
JIMMO`L?G
CHN?LM?=]\I
@;T
=IG
KO?
;M
L?N;M
JIMM;G
M?L
N;G<^G
J;L;F?F;M
>?MM;
@ILG;
H\I
M?H>I
I

MO@C=C?HN?


IHMC>?L?
;M
M?AOCHN?M
;@CLG;]c?M
%
/?
OG;
L?N; L
^
J?LJ?H>C=OF;L
;
OG
JF;HI


?HN\I
NI>;M
;M
L?N;M
>?

M\I
J?LJ?H>C=OF;L?M
IO
ILNIAIH;CM
;
L
%%
/?
;
G?>C>;
>;
JLID?]\I
ILNIAIH;F
>?
OG
M?AG?HNI

MI<L?
OG
JF;HI

^
;
G?N;>?
>;
G?>C>;
>I
M?AG?HNI


?HN\I
;
L?N;

@;T
=IG

OG
[HAOFI
>?
 e
%%%
;>IM
>ICM
JF;HIM
J;L;F?FIM

?


M?
OG
N?L=?CLI
JF;HI

CHN?L=?JN;

?


;M
CHN?LM?]c?M
?HNL?
?MM?M
JF;HIM

M?L\I
L?N;M
L?P?LM;M
%2
/?

?

M\I
>ICM
JF;HIM
M?=;HN?M
NI>;M
;M
L?N;M
>?

N;G<^G
CHN?L=?JN;G



!MN\I
=ILL?N;M
;M
;@CLG;]c?M

;
;J?H;M
%
?
%%



<
;J?H;M
%%
?
%%%



=
%
%%
?
%%%



>
%
%%
?
%2



?
%%
%%%
?
%2

167
3; 

%
ILL?N;
/?
OG;
L?N;
^
J?LJ?H>C=OF;L
;
OG
JF;HI
?HN\I
?F;
@ILG;
[HAOFI
L?NI
=IG
NI>;M
;M
L?N;M
>I
JF;HI
F^G

>CMMI
M?
>O;M
L?N;M
@ILG;G
OG
[HAOFI
L?NI
?HN\I
?F;M
M\I
J?LJ?H>C=OF;L?M
IO
ILNIAIH;CM
%%
ILL?N;
IHMC>?L?
;
@CAOL;

/?D;

 ;
JLID?]\I
ILNIAIH;F
>?

 MI<L?


^
;AO>I
>I
NLC[HAOFI
L?N[HAOFI

I<N?GIM
/;<?H>I
KO?
 =  = ?
KO?






= 
=  ⇔
 
=  ⇔ 
= 

  ⇒ 
= °

  ⇔
 
   



?


,ILN;HNI
=IGI


= °
IO
M?D;
;
L?N;

 @;T
=IG

OG


M\I
[HAOFIM
=ILL?MJIH>?HN?M
M?AO?
KO?

[HAOFI
>?
°

%%%
%H=ILL?N;
/?

?

M\I
JF;HIM
J;L;F?FIM
?

^
OG
JF;HI
KO?
CHN?LM?=N;

?


?HN\I
;M
CHN?LM?]c?M
?HNL?
?MM?M

JF;HIM
M\I
L?N;M
J;L;F?F;M
%2
%H=ILL?N;
/?D;

;
L?N;
>?N?LGCH;>;
J?F;
CHN?LM?]\I
>IM
JF;HIM

?


/?

^
OG;
L?N;
>?


N;F
KO?
 ≠
?



?HN\I

H\I
CHN?LM?=N;

 *;M
JLIJIMC]c?M
;<;CRI
=IFIKO?
 H;
=IFOH;
Z
?MKO?L>;
KO;H>I
;
JLIJIMC]\I
@IL
P?L>;>?CL;
?
 KO;H>I
@IL

@;FM;







/?
OG;
L?N;
^
J?LJ?H>C=OF;L
;
>O;M
L?N;M
>CMNCHN;M
>?
OG
JF;HI
?HN\I
?F;
^
J?LJ?H>C=OF;L
;I
JF;HI







/?
OG;
LIN;
^
J?LJ?H>C=OF;L
;
OG;
L?N;
J?LJ?H>C=OF;L
;
OG
JF;HI
?HN\I
?F;
^
J;L;F?F;
;
OG;
L?N;
>I
JF;HI







O;M
L?N;M
J?LJ?H>C=OF;L?M
;
OG
JF;HI
M\I
J;L;F?F;M







/?
>ICM
JF;HIM
M\I
J?LJ?H>C=OF;L?M
NI>I
JF;HI
J;L;F?FI
;
OG
>?F?M
^
J?LJ?H>C=OF;L
;I
IONLI







/?
NL_M
JF;HIM
M\I
>ICM
;
>ICM
J?LJ?H>C=OF;L?M

?F?M
N_G
OG
dHC=I
JIHNI
?G
=IGOG

(?H>I
M?
;
=IFOH;
>;
?MKO?L>;
>?
=CG;
J;L;
<;CRI
?H=IHNL;
M?

168
;
"
k
"
k
2
k
"
k
2



<
2
k
"
k
2
k
2
k
"




=
2
k
2
k
"
k
2
k
2




>
"
k
2
k
2
k
2
k
2



?
2
k
2
k
2
k
2
k
2



78
";FM;

!F;
JI>?LY
M?L
J?LJ?H>C=OF;L
;
>O;M
L?N;M
=IH=ILL?HN?M
>?MN?
JF;HI
?
H?MN?
=;MI
?MN;L
=IHNC>;
HI
JF;HI

78
2?L>;>?CL;

0I>;
Z
L?N;
^
J;L;F?F;
Z
MO;
JLID?]\I
ILNIAIH;F
?G
OG
JF;HI
KO;FKO?L

78
2?L>;>?CL;
,ICM
@ILG;G
I
G?MGI
[HAOFI
=IG
I
JF;HI

7 8
2?L>;>?CL;

ICM
JF;HIM
J?LJ?H>C=OF;L?M
;
OG
N?L=?CLI
M\I
J;L;F?FIM
?HNL?
MC
JICM
@ILG;G
I
G?MGI
[HAOFI
=IG
?MM?
N?L=?CLI
JF;HI

7!8
2?L>;>?CLI

!MN?M
NL_M
JF;HIM
>CPC>?G
I
?MJ;]I
?G
ICNI
I=N;HN?M
=IG
;J?H;M
OG
JIHNI
?G
=IGOG
=;>;
>ICM
JF;HIM
JIMMO?G
?G
=IGOG
OG;
dHC=;
L?N;
?
?MN;M
NL_M
L?N;M
M?
?H=IHNL;G
HOG

dHC=I
JIHNI

169

!G
OG
JIFC?>LI
=IHP?RI
I
HdG?LI
>?
;L?MN;M
?R=?>?
I
HdG?LI
>?
@;=?M
?G

,I>?GIM
;@CLG;L
KO?
I

HdG?LI
>?
P^LNC=?M
>?MM?
JIFC?>LI
^
; 

< 

= 

> 

? 

3;


,?FI
>?M=LC]\I
>I
?HOH=C;>I
N?GIM
KO?
m ¡ :A ^
CAO;F
;I
HdG?LI
>?
;L?MN;M
FIAI
JI>?GIM
?M=L?P?L

h ¥ m ¡ :A
1NCFCT;H>I
;
L?F;]\I
>?
!OF?L
J;L;
JIFC?>LIM
N?GIM

x¡m ¥h¡;
x¡m¢h¥;

x ¡ m ¢ Îm ¡ :AÏ ¥ ;

x ¡ m ¢ m ¢ :A ¥ ;

x ¥ ; ¡ :A

x ¥ ;9

MMCG
I
HdG?LI
>?
P^LNC=?M
^
 


!G
OG
JIFC?>LI
=IHP?RI
I
HdG?LI
>?
;L?MN;M
?R=?>?
I
HdG?LI
>?
P^LNC=?M
?G

OHC>;>?M
-O;F
I
HdG?LI
>?

@;=?M
; 

< 

= 

> 

? 

170
3; 
1NCFCT;H>I
;
L?F;]\I
>?
!OF?L
J;L;
JIFC?>LIM
N?GIM
h ¥ x ¡ ? 
(IAI
JI>?GIM
>?M?HPIFP?L
x¡m ¥h¡;
x¡m¢h¥;

x ¢ Îx ¡ ?Ï ¡ m ¥ ;

x¢x¢?¡m ¥;

m ¥;¡?

m¥A


1G
JIFC?>LI
=IHP?RI
N?G

@;=?M
?

;L?MN;M
,I>?GIM
;@CLG;L
KO?
I
NIN;F
>?
P^LNC=?M
>?MM?
JIFC?>LI
^

; 

< 

= 

> 

? 

3;


1NCFCT;H>I
;
L?F;]\I
>?
!OF?L
J;L;
JIFC?>LIM
N?GIM
x¡m ¥h¡;
x ¡ B ¥ :? ¡ ;

x ¥ :A ¢ B

x¥B


1G;
@Y<LC=;
>?
J;L;@OMIM
N?G
OG;
JL?I=OJ;]\I
?MJ?=C;F
=IG
;M
;L?MN;M
>?
M?OM
JLI>ONIM
JICM
JI>?G
=;OM;L

;=C>?HN?M
KO;H>I
H\I
FCR;>;M
=ILL?N;G?HN?
+M
@OH=CIHYLCIM
JL?=CM;G
FCR;L
G;HO;FG?HN?
NI>;M
;M
;L?MN;M
>IM

J;L;@OMIM
JLI>OTC>IM

@CAOL;
L?JL?M?HN;
OG
NCJI
>?MM?M
J;L;@OMIM
JLI>OTC>IM
=IHB?=C>I
=IGI
M?RN;P;>I
KO?

JIMMOC
;
=;<?];
H;
@ILG;
>?
OG
JLCMG;
L?AOF;L
B?R;AIH;F

171
+
HdG?LI
>?
;L?MN;M
H;
=;<?];
>?
OG
J;L;@OMI
M?RN;P;>I
KO?
>?P?G
M?L
FCR;>;M
^
; 

< 

= 

> 

3;


+
J;L;@OMI
^
OG
JLCMG;
>?
<;M?
B?R;AIH;F
FIAI
JIMMOC

;L?MN;M
?G
=;>;
<;M?
?

F;N?L;CM
0+0(%6* +
? ¡

? ¡ ? ¥ :A ;L?MN;M


1G
JIFC?>LI
JIMMOC

@;=?M
?

P^LNC=?M
-O;F
^
I
HdG?LI
>?
;L?MN;M
>?MM?
JIFC?>LI

1NCFCT;H>I
;
L?F;]\I
>?
!OF?L
J;L;
JIFC?>LIM
N?GIM
x¡m ¥h¡;
MMCG
N?L?GIM
:A ¡ :? ¥ h ¡ ;
<= ¥ h ¡ ;

h ¥ <;


+<M?LP?
I
=O<I
;
M?AOCL

!F?
^
@ILG;>I
JIL
=O<IM
G?HIL?M
>?
:  

-O;F
I
PIFOG?
>I
=O<I

172
; :;>  

< ;>  

= :99  

> :@>  

3;


2IFOG?
>I
=O<I
¥ > ] > ] > ¥ > ¥ :;>  1


/?D;
OG;
JCM=CH;
>?
@ILG;NI
>?
J;L;F?F?J`J?>I

/;<?
M?
KO?
;
JCM=CH;
^
?H=BC>;
;
>9E JIL
GCHONI
KO;F
^
I
N?GJI
?G
GCHONIM
H?=?MMYLCI
J;L;
KO?
;
JCM=CH;
@CKO?

=IG
>9
>?
YAO;
; ;1999 GCHONIM

< >1999 GCHONIM

= :91999 GCHONIM

> :>1999 GCHONIM

3;


2IFOG?
>;
JCM=CH;
¥ :9 ] > ] = ¥ ;99  

:  ¥ : 999 . . !      ¥ ;99 ] : 999 ¥ ;99 999 

>9C  #    ¥ ;99 999 ] 9.> ¥ :99 999 


JCM=CH;
^
JL??H=BC>;
;
>9  JIL
GCHONI
FIAI
J;L;
JL??H=B?L
:99 999  M?L\I
H?=?MMYLCIM
:99 9990 >9 ¥
; 999  1

 
1G;
=LC;H];
?MN;P;
<LCH=;H>I
=IG
=O<IM
>?
;L?MN;
>?
:9 =G
M?
?F;
=IMNLOCO
OG;
NILL?
ONCFCT;H>I
? >?MM?M

=O<IM
KO;F
^
I
PIFOG?
>;
NILL?

; ?1999  

< ?99  

= <1?99  

> <?1999  

173
3;


2IFOG?
>?
OG
=O<I
¥ :9 ] :9 ] :9 ¥ : 999 

2IFOG?
>;
NILL?
=IG
? =O<IM
¥ ? ] : 999 ¥ ? 999 


!G
OG;
=;CR;
0C;AI
KO?L
=IFI=;L
<FI=IM

=;CR;
N?G
>CG?HMc?M
>?
A9 =G
>?
=IGJLCG?HNI
;9 =G
>?

F;LAOL;
?
;9 =G
>?
;FNOL;
;>;
<FI=I
N?G
@ILG;
=d<C=;
>?
;L?MN;
; >;G
KO;HNIM
<FI=IM
0C;AI
=IHM?AOCLY
=IFI=;L

H;
=;CR;
; H?HBOG

< OG

= NL_M

> KO;NLI

3;


2IFOG?
>;
=;CR;
¥ A9 ] ;9 ] ;9 ¥ <; 999 
;>;
<FI=I
N?G
;L?MN;
;  ¥ ;9 

2IFOG?
>?
=;>;
<FI=I
¥ ;9 ] ;9 ] ;9 ¥ A 999 

 
-O;HNC>;>?
>?
<FI=IM
KO?
=;<?G
H;
=;CR;
¥ ¥ = 

 


1G
J;L;F?F?J`J?>I
 N?G
;9  >?
=IGJLCG?HNI
:>  >?
F;LAOL;
?
A  >?
;FNOL;
/?
PI=_
>OJFC=;L
;M

G?>C>;M
>;M
;L?MN;M
>I
J;L;F?F?J`J?>I

I<N?LY
OG
J;L;F?F?J`J?>I

MMCG
KO;HN;M P?T?M
I
J;L;F?F?J`J?>I

=;<?
HI
J;L;F?F?J`J?>I


; <

< =

= A

> :9

? ::

3;

2IFOG?
>?
h ¥ ;9 ] :> ] A ¥ ; =99 
CG?HMc?M
>?
i M ; ] ;9 ¥ =9 . ; ] :> ¥ <9   ; ] A ¥ :? 

2IFOG?
>?
i ¥ =9 ] <9 ] :? ¥ :B ;99 

 
!HN\I

^
G;CIL
KO?

¥ A !"1
 

174


"CAOL;

L?JL?M?HN;
OG
GIF>?
>;
JF;HC@C=;]\I
>?
OG
MaFC>I
A?IG^NLC=I
M
@;=?M
>?MM?
MaFC>I
M\I
@CAOL;M

A?IG^NLC=;M
JF;H;M
JaM
GIHN;>I
I
MaFC>I
N?LY
I
@ILG;NI
>?
OG;
=;CR;
CH>C=;>;
H;
"CAOL;


-O;F
I
HdG?LI
>?
;L?MN;M
>?MM;
=;CR;
; :9

< :>

= :@

> :A

3;



KO;HNC>;>?
>?
;L?MN;M
>;
<;M?
^
>;>;
JIL
> ] ; ¥ :9


&Y
;M
;L?MN;M
>;
F;N?L;F
>I
JLCMG;
M\I


(IAI
N?L?GIM h M *   ¥ :9 ¡ > ¥ :> 1


*I
=O<I
>?
;L?MN;

>;
@CAOL;
;<;CRI
?H=IHNL;

M?
L?JL?M?HN;>I
OG
MaFC>I
MIG<L?;>I
=IG
;M
;FNOL;M

CH>C=;>;M
HI
>?M?HBI

+
PIFOG?
>I
MaFC>I
MIG<L?;>I
^

175
;  

<  

=  

>  

?  

3;


+
MaFC>I
^
OG
JLCMG;
=OD;
;FNOL;
^

?
;
<;M?
^
OG
NL;J^TCI
>?
<;M?
G;CIL

<;M?
G?HIL

?
;FNOL;
 
(IAI
I
M?O

]^
PIFOG?
2
^
>;>I
JIL
x ¥ ¤ :9 ¥ >99




*;
@CAOL;
;<;CRI
?H=IHNL;

M?
L?JL?M?HN;>;
;
JF;HC@C=;]\I
>?
OG
MaFC>I
>?
<;M?
KO;>L;>;
=OD;M
G?>C>;M
?MN\I

CH>C=;>;M

+
PIFOG?
>?MM?
MaFC>I
^
; 

<  

= 

> 

?  

3;


+
MaFC>I
^
OG
JLCMG;
NLC;HAOF;L
>?
;FNOL;

=OD;M
<;M?M
M\I
NLC[HAOFIM
L?N[HAOFIM
>?
=;N?NIM
G?>CH>I

?

(IAI

Y
M?O
PIFOG?
P;F?
¤ ? ¥ :==



176

*I
MaFC>I
L?JL?M?HN;>I
;<;CRI
M;<?
M?
KO?
;M
@;=?M
hijk ?
ijml M\I
L?N[HAOFIM
>?
YL?;M
?  ?
:9 

L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?
+
PIFOG?
>?MM?
MaFC>I
^
>?

; A 

< :9 

= :; 

> :? 

? ;= 

3;


; ";=?


; ¥ ?
 ¥ < 
< ";=?
!"

177
 ; ¥ :9
 ¥ > 

= ";=?
!

‘ ¥ G> ¢ < ¥ =


O xˆ†0  ] ; ¥ :; 


1G;
FID;
>?
JL?M?HN?M
OM;
;M
M?AOCHN?M
JF;HC@C=;]c?M
=IH@ILG?
;M
@CAOL;M
;
M?AOCL
J;L;
GIHN;L
MO;M

?G<;F;A?HM

178
/;<?H>I
KO?
I
?GJ;=IN;>IL
J;MM;LY
;
@CN;
;>?MCP;
J;L;
=IF;L
;J?H;M
;M
;L?MN;M
M?G
>I<L;M
>IM
MaFC>IM
OG;
dHC=;

P?T
?
JIL
NI>I
I
=IGJLCG?HNI
>;
;L?MN;
^
=ILL?NI
;@CLG;L
KO?
> >
; +
?GJ;=IN;>IL
A;MN;LY
?
 OHC>;>?M
>?
=IGJLCG?HNI
>?
@CN;
;>?MCP;
=IG
I
J;L;F?F?J`J?>I
?
I
JLCMG;
>?


<;M?
J?HN;AIH;F
L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?
> >
< +
?GJ;=IN;>IL
A;MN;LY
?
OHC>;>?M
>?
=IGJLCG?HNI
>?
@CN;
;>?MCP;
=IG
I
J;L;F?F?J`J?>I
?
I
JLCMG;
>?

 
<;M?
J?HN;AIH;F
L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?
> >
= +
?GJ;=IN;>IL
A;MN;LY

?  OHC>;>?M
>?
=IGJLCG?HNI
>?
@CN;
;>?MCP;
=IG
I
J;L;F?F?J`J?>I
?
I
JLCMG;
>?

<;M?
J?HN;AIH;F
L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?
> >
> +
?GJ;=IN;>IL
A;MN;LY
?
OHC>;>?M
>?
=IGJLCG?HNI
>?
@CN;
;>?MCP;
=IG
I
J;L;F?F?J`J?>I
?
I
JLCMG;
>?

 
<;M?
J?HN;AIH;F
L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?
> >
? +
?GJ;=IN;>IL
A;MN;LY
 ?
 OHC>;>?M
>?
=IGJLCG?HNI
>?
@CN;
;>?MCP;
=IG
I
J;L;F?F?J`J?>I
?
I
JLCMG;
>?

<;M?
J?HN;AIH;F
L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?


!G
OG;
L?PCMN;
>?
>CPOFA;]\I
>;
BCMNaLC;
=;>;
PIFOG?
P?G
=IG
OG;
JF;HC@C=;]\I
?G
GCHC;NOL;
>?
;FAOG

GIHOG?HNI
BCMNaLC=I
=ODI
I<D?NCPI
^
=IF?]\I
J;L;
IM
;MMCH;HN?M
>;
L?PCMN;

!G
OG
>?MM?M
PIFOG?M
KO?
NL;N;P;
>;
BCMNaLC;
>I
!ACNI
P?CI
DOHN;G?HN?
;
JF;HC@C=;]\I
>?
OG;
JCL[GC>?

KO;>L;HAOF;L
L?AOF;L
N;F
=IGI
;
,CL[GC>?
>?
'^IJM
>;
@CAOL;
;=CG;
M?H>I
NI>;M
;M
;L?MN;M
>?MN;M
CAO;CM
;

=G

179
+
PIFOG?
>?MN;
JCL[GC>?
?KOCP;F?
;

; <? 

< <?G; 

= <?G< 

> :9AG; 

? :9AG< 

3;


+
PIFOG?
>;
JCL[GC>?
^
>;>I
JIL
h? ] ‚
x ¥
<

;FNOL;
B
?H=IHNL;GIM
J?FI
N?IL?G;
>?
,CNYAIL;M

? ¥ <G; ¡ ‚

<? ¢ :A ¥ ‚

‚ ¥ :A Y ‚ ¥ <G; 
    
?MM;
@ILG;
x ¥ 
¥ <?G; 


1G
JLCMG;
>?
;FNOL;
$
?
OG;
JCL[GC>?
N_G
<;M?M
=IG
;
G?MG;
YL?;
/?
I
PIFOG?
>I
JLCMG;
^
;
G?N;>?
>I

PIFOG?
>;
JCL[GC>?
;
;FNOL;
>;
JCL[GC>?
^
;
$




















<
$

























=
$




























>
$























?
$

3;


!M=L?P?H>I
;
@aLGOF;
>IM
PIFOG?M
?
=IHMC>?L;H>I
$o
;
;FNOL;
>;
JCL[GC>?
N?GIM

 

 
  



 
  = ⇒
  = ⇒ 
  =  ⇒  = ⇒ 
= 
   

 
1G;
JCL[GC>?
L?AOF;L
>?
<;M?
B?R;AIH;F
^
N;F
KO?
;
;FNOL;
G?>?
=G
?
;
;L?MN;
>;
<;M?
G?>?

  
+
PIFOG?

>?MM;
JCL[GC>?
?G
=?HN`G?NLIM
=d<C=IM
^
;

 














<















=


















>





















?

 

180
3;



YL?;
>;
<;M?
>;
JCL[GC>?
^
;
YL?;
>?
M?CM
NLC[HAOFIM
?KOCFYN?LIM
=IG
F;>I
CAO;F
Z
;L?MN;
>I
B?RYAIHI
;F=OF;H>I

?MM;
YL?;
?
I
PIFOG?
N?GIM
⎧
  
⎪
 
 = 
⎪⎪
⎨ ⎛   ⎞
⎪
  =  ⎜
( ⎜ )
⎛    ⎞
⎟ ⎛ ( ) 
 ⎞ ⇒ 
 
 =


⎜ ⎟⎟ =  ⎜ ⎟ =  ⎜⎜ ⎟ =  
⎟
⎪ ⎝  ⎠ ⎜  ⎟ ⎝  ⎠
⎩⎪ ⎝ ⎠

 
/?
I
;JaN?G;
>?
OG
N?NL;?>LI
L?AOF;L
G?>?
5 3 =G
?HN\I
;
;FNOL;
>?MM?
N?NL;?>LI
?G
=G
^

;
5 3


<
10 2


10 6
=

3
10 3
>

3
?

6

3;


(?G<L;H>I
KO?
I
N?NL;?>LI
L?AOF;L
JIMMOC
;M

@;=?M
CAO;CM
;
OG
NLC[HAOFI
?KOCFYN?LI
N?L?GIM
KO?
I
;JaN?G;
>;

JCL[GC>?
^
;
;FNOL;
>I
NLC[HAOFI
?KOCFYN?LI
>;
@;=?
F;N?L;F
a 3
5 3= ⇒ a = 10
2

JLID?]\I
>I
P^LNC=?
MI<L?
I
NLC[HAOFI
>;
<;M?
?MNY
MI<L?
I
<;LC=?HNLI
>I
NLC[HAOFI
>;
<;M?

>CMN[H=C;
>I

<;LC=?HNLI
;I
F;>I
^

>;
;FNOL;
?
;
=B;G;L?GIM
>?
G
1 5 3
m = .5 3 ⇒ m =
3 3
JFC=;H>I I
N?IL?G;
>?
,CNYAIL;M
N?L?GIM
2
⎛ 5 3⎞
( ) 25. 3 200
2
5 3 =⎜ 200 100.2 10 2 3 10 6
⎟ + H ⇒ H = 25.3− = ⇒ H=
2 2
= = . =
⎝ 3 ⎠ 93 3 3 3 3 3 3

181
 

@CAOL;
;<;CRI
^
;
JF;HC@C=;]\I
>?
OG
JIFC?>LI
=IHP?RI
( A ≡ B ≡ C ≡ D ; E ≡ F ) 
+
PIFOG?
>?MM?
JIFC?>LI
?G

OHC>;>?M
>?
PIFOG?
^











425
;





















2
425
<




























3
850
=

3
850
>

2

3;


-O;H>I
@ILG;LGIM
I
MaFC>I
N?L?GIM
I
M?AOCHN?
IM

NLC[HAOFIM
?KOCFYN?LIM
@ILG;L\I
OG;
JCL[GC>?
KO;>L;>;

MOJ?LCIL
IM

NLC[HAOFIM
CMaM?F?M
@ILG;L\I
OG;
IONL;
JCL[GC>?
KO;>L;>;
=OD;
<;M?
M?LY
;
G?MG;
<;M?
>;
JLCG?CL;

JCL[GC>?
JIL^G
?MM;
JCL[GC>?
CH@?LCIL
IH@ILG?
;
@CAOL;

,L?=CM;GIM
=;F=OF;L
;M
;FNOL;M
 ?
>;M

JCL[GC>?M
);M
J;L;
CMMI
JL?=CM;GIM
>I
P;FIL
>;
>CMN[H=C;
>I
=?HNLI
>I

KO;>L;>I
>;
<;M?
;
OG
>?
M?OM
P^LNC=?M

182
 ( )
0?GIM
;
>C;AIH;F

>?MM;
@ILG;
2d = 5 2 2 ⇒ 2 d = 5. 2 ⇒ d = 5 

JFC=;H>I
I
N?IL?G;
>?
,CNYAIL;M
J;L;
?H=IHNL;L
 ?
N?L?GIM

( )
⎧ 2
⎪ h + 5 = 5 2 ⇒ h = 25.2 − 25 = 25 ⇒ h = 5
2 2 2

⎨


( )
⎪ H 2 + 52 = 13 2 ⇒ H 2 = 169 − 25 = 144 ⇒ H = 12
⎪⎩
;F=OF;H>I
I
PIFOG?
NIN;F
=IGI
;
MIG;
>IM
PIFOG?M
>;M

JCL[GC>?M
>?
G?MG;
<;M?
KO;>L;>;
1 1 S
VT = V1 + V2 = S B .h + S B .H = B .(h + H ) ⇒
3 3 3
2
5 25.17 425
VT = (5 + 12) = =


3 3 3

 
?M>?
I
@CH;F
>;
>^=;>;
>?

KO?
HI
<IDI
>?
OG
GIPCG?HNI
>?
L?MA;N?
;IM
;FCG?HNIM
H;NOL;CM
H\I

CH>OMNLC;FCT;>IM
IM
?HF;N;>IM
J;MM;L;G
Z
<?LFCH>;
!G<;F;A?HM
>?
PC>LI
?
JFYMNC=I
A;HB;P;G
JLIAL?MMCP;G?HN?
;

CG;A?G
>?
G;CM
M;O>YP?CM
N^
I
;HI

;
G;CILC;
>IM
aF?IM
=IG?MN`P?CM
ONCFCT;P;
F;N;M
>?
;]I
IG
I
;J?FI
>;

NL;HMJ;L_H=C;
;
A;LL;@;
JFYMNC=;
,!0
CHC=C;FG?HN?
A;HBIO
I
G?L=;>I
>?
aF?IM
?MJ?=C;CM
?
MI<L?NO>I
;
J;LNCL
>?

 
=IG
I
;OG?HNI
>I
JL?]I
>I
;]I
?G
[G<CNI
GOH>C;F
=B?AIO
;I
JLI>ONI
G;CM
JIJOF;L
k
I
aF?I
>?
MID;

+<M?LP?
=IGI
M?
@;<LC=;
I
=CFCH>LI
>?
OG;
F;N;
KO?
=IHN^G
aF?I

183
+
L;CI
>;M
F;N;M
=CL=OF;L?M
G?>?

; W



< 
W


= 
W


>
W


? 
W

3;

/;<?GIM
KO?
I
=IGJLCG?HNI
>;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
>;
<;M?
>I
=CFCH>LI
^
I
=IGJLCG?HNI
>I
L?N[HAOFI

 
(IAI
;–t ¥ =9 O¥ W ¥ W


 
1G;
F;N;
>?
NCHN;
N?G
;
@ILG;
>?
OG
=CFCH>LI
=CL=OF;L
L?NI
/;<?

M?
KO?
;J?H;M
 
>?
M?O
PIFOG?
^
I=OJ;>I

J?F;
NCHN;
I
KO?
?KOCP;F?
;
<;  
/?
I
L;CI
>;
<;M?
>?MM?
=CFCH>LI
N?G
; 
?HN\I
;
MO;
;FNOL;
^
>?
; ;99 

< ;9 

=
W


> >– 

? 
W

184
3;

IGI

A
x ¥ –t  O =9Cx ¥ –Î;Ï ] ‚ ¥ <; O ‚ ¥  O
–

A ;9
O =9C–Î;Ï  ¥ <; O  ¥ ¥ 
; –
–]
>

 
,;L;
JLIN?A?L
M?OM
=FC?HN?M
?G
>C;M
>?
=BOP;
;
JLIJLC?NYLC;
>?
OG;
FID;
JF;H?D;
=IHMNLOCL
OG;
=I<?LNOL;
H;

?HNL;>;
ONCFCT;H>I
N?FB;M
>?
@C<LI=CG?HNI
;>;
N?FB;
N?G
@ILG;NI
>?
G?CI
=CFCH>LI
L?NI
=IG
>C[G?NLI
>;
<;M?

G?>CH>I

=?HN`G?NLIM
?
=IGJLCG?HNI
G?>CH>I
 
G?NLIM
=IGI
CFOMNL;
;
CG;A?G
;
M?AOCL

%G;A?G
CFOMNL;NCP;
?
M?G
?M=;F;
JaM
=IHMNLO`>;
?MM;
=I<?LNOL;
;
JLIJLC?NYLC;
JL?N?H>?
JCHN;L
;J?H;M
;
J;LN?
MOJ?LCIL
>;M
N?FB;M
H;
=IL
<L;H=;
/;<?H>I
M?
KO?
M?L\I
ONCFCT;>;M
?R;N;G?HN?
KO;NLI
>?MM;M
N?FB;M
;
YL?;
KO?
M?LY
H?=?MMYLCI
JCHN;L
^
?G
G?NLIM

KO;>L;>IM
CAO;F
;
IHMC>?L?
– [ <.9
;  

<  

=  

>  

185
3;

,?L=?<?GIM
KO?
;I
DOHN;LGIM
;M
N?FB;M
N?GIM

=CFCH>LIM
IGI
;
CHN?H]\I
^
MIG?HN?
JCHN;L
;
J;LN?
MOJ?LCIL
N?GIM

KO?
>I
JIHNI
>?
PCMN;
>IM
=CFCH>LIM
I
KO?
M?LY
JCHN;>I
M?LY
;
YL?;
F;N?L;F
>?

=CFCH>LIM
M?H>I
;MMCG
uI ¥ ;–t
,;L;
;
HIMM;
@CAOL;
N?L?GIM
$

 
G
?
.


=G


G
uI ¥ ;–t ¥ ;–1 9.<1:.> ¥ 9.B–
/?H>I
– ¥ <.9 ?
M;<?H>I
KO?
N?GIM
HI
NIN;F

=CFCH>LIM
N?L?GIM
J;L;
HIMM;
YL?;
NIN;F
;
M?L
JCHN;>;
;19.B1 – ¥ ;19.B1< ¥ >.=
G

 
1G;
KO?MN\I
;G<C?HN;F
L?F?P;HN?
H;
;NO;FC>;>?
L?G?N?
;I
;=dGOFI
?
;I
>?M=;LN?
>?
L?M`>OIM
MaFC>IM


CH>dMNLC;
HO=F?;L
^
L?MJIHMYP?F
J?FI
;LG;T?H;G?HNI
?
=IHNLIF?
>IM
L?D?CNIM
KO?
JLI>OT /OJIHB;
KO?
OG;
CH>dMNLC;

HO=F?;L
;LG;T?H?
M?OM
L?M`>OIM
?G
L?=CJC?HN?M
=CF`H>LC=IM
=OD;
;FNOL;
^
CAO;F
;

G
?
I
>C[G?NLI
>;
<;M?
CAO;F
;


G
IHNO>I
>?PC>I
;
GO>;H];M
IJ?L;=CIH;CM
>?=C>?
M?
;FN?L;L
;
;FNOL;
?
I
L;CI
>?MN?M
L?=CJC?HN?M
=CF`H>LC=IM
>?
N;F

G;H?CL;
KO?
I
HIPI
L?=CJC?HN?

f N?HB;
PIFOG?
CAO;F
;
 
>I
PIFOG?
>I
L?=CJC?HN?
;HN?LCIL

f ?
JIMMO;
L;CI
>;
<;M?
CAO;F
Z
G?N;>?
>I
L;CI
>;
<;M?
>I
L?=CJC?HN?
;HN?LCIL

?MN;
@ILG;
;
;FNOL;
>I
HIPI
L?=CJC?HN?
=CF`H>LC=I
>?P?
M?L
?G
G?NLIM
CAO;F
;

; 

<  

= 

>  

?  

3;

0?GIM
I
=CFCH>LI
H;
MCNO;]\I
CHC=C;F

x 0 ?;.>Cx
,;L;
;FN?LH;LGIM
;
=IH@CAOL;]\I
N?L?GIM Þ ;
t ¥ 

186
 5
);M
t ¥ 
¥ ? 
; 
(IAI
t ¥ ¥ ¥ < 
 

,ILN;HNI

< ] ‚ ¥ –t ] ‚ ] ?;.>C

Y ‚ ¥ :9 

 
(?C;
I
N?RNI
;
M?AOCL
J;L;
L?MJIH>?L
;M
KO?MNc?M

-O;HNI
=OMN;
OG;
G?>;FB;
>?
IOLI
k
?
JIL
KO?
;M
>;
+FCGJ`;>;
.CI
;9:? M\I
>C@?L?HN?M
+M
ILA;HCT;>IL?M
>IM
&IAIM
+F`GJC=IM
>?
;9:? ?H=IG?H>;L;G
;1=AA G?>;FB;M
J;L;
L?=IGJ?HM;L
M?OM
;NF?N;M
>;M

KO;CM
A:; M\I
>?
IOLI

);M
KO;HNI
P;F?
OG;
G?>;FB;
>?
IOLI
>;
.CI
;9:?

!F;M
J?M;G
>99 AL;G;M
?
M?O
P;FIL
=;F=OF;>I
=IG
<;M?
H;
MO;
=IGJIMC]\I
^
>?
1/

>?
;=IL>I
=IG

?MNCG;NCP;M
>I
IHM?FBI
)OH>C;F
>?
+OLI
M
dFNCG;M
G?>;FB;M
>IOL;>;M
@?CN;M
CHN?CL;G?HN?
>?
IOLI
@IL;G
?HNL?AO?M
HIM
&IAIM
+F`GJC=IM
>?
:1B:;

BNNJQQQ<<==IGJILNOAO?M?<L;MCF

  
>;JN;>I


G?>;FB;
>?
IOLI
IF`GJC=;
>?
:B:; @IC
OG;
>;M
G?HIL?M
>;
BCMNaLC;
>IM
DIAIM
IHMC>?L?
;
@CG
>?
MCGJFC@C=;L
IM

=YF=OFIM
KO?
;M
G?>;FB;M
?L;G
FCM;M
?
NCHB;G
I
@ILG;NI
>?
OG
=CFCH>LI
L?NI
=IG
<<  >?
>C[G?NLI
?
:;  >?

?MJ?MMOL;
;>I
KO?
;
>?HMC>;>?
>I
IOLI
^
>?
:B.<5
;
L;T\I
?HNL? I
mJ?MIn
>;M
G?>;FB;M
IF`GJC=;M
>?
:B:; ?

>?
;9:? ^
;JLIRCG;>;G?HN?

; 


< 


=



> 


? 

187
3;

2;GIM
=;F=OF;L
I
PIFOG?
>;
G?>;FB;
>?
:B:;

  
2IFOG?
>I
=CFCH>LI
x ¥ h| ] ‚ ¥ – Ô  Õ ] :; [ <.:= ] 
[ :9.;>A 
J J
(IAI
~ ¥ M :=.< ¥ O † [ ;99 
=  +"
#'0- &'   
,ILN;H>I
;
L;T\I
?HNL?
IM
J?MIM
^
#'0- &'  ¥  ¥ 

 
IHMC>?L?
OG
=IH?
=CL=OF;L
L?NI
=OD;
;FNOL;
^
CAO;F
;
A  ?
PIFOG?
CAO;F
;
B?–  
!HN\I
MO;
A?L;NLCT

G?>?
?G
=G
; =

< ?

= A

> :9

? <?

3;


W; E
;>IM
‚ ¥ A 
x ¥ B?–  
IGI
x ¥ 
!HN\I


–t ] A
B?– ¥ O t ¥ <? O t ¥ ? 
<

188
JFC=;H>I
I
0?IL?G;
>?
,CNYAIL;M
HI
NLC[HAOFI
x
i
N?GIM

 ¥ ? ¡ A ¥ :99 O  ¥ :9 

 
1G
=CFCH>LI
=CL=OF;L
L?NI
>?
;=  >?
;FNOL;
N?G
I
G?MGI
PIFOG?
KO?
OG
=IH?
=CL=OF;L
L?NI
>?
A  >?

;FNOL;
/;<?H>I
KO?
;
YL?;
F;N?L;F
>I
=CFCH>LI
^
B?– 
JI>?
M?
;@CLG;L
KO?
I
L;CI
>;
<;M?
>I
=IH?
G?>?
; A 

< ? 

= :; 

> :9 

? = 

3;

0?GIM
OG
=IH?
?
OG
=CFCH>LI

–Š  ] A
x@FI ¥ –t ] ;=.

x@LKB ¥
<
 WN   
IGI
x@FI ¥ x@LKB
?HN\I
–t ] ;= ¥  O Š ¥ Bt O Š ¥ <t
(IAI
>;
YL?;
F;N?L;F
>I
=CFCH>LI
N?GIM
;–t ] ;= ¥ B?– O t ¥ ;  O Š ¥ < ] ; ¥ ? 

 
/?
;
M?=]\I
G?LC>C;H;
>?
OG
=IH?
L?NI
^
OG
NLC[HAOFI
?KOCFYN?LI
>?
F;>I

?HN\I
;
YL?;
NIN;F
>?MM?
=IH?
^

>;>;
JIL
W
;



W
< 

W
= 


W
> 

W
? 


189
3;


2?D;
KO?
;t ¥ 

IGI
;
YL?;
NIN;F
^
;
MIG;
>;
YL?;
>;
<;M?
Îu? Ï =IG
;
YL?;
F;N?L;F
Îu7 Ï
(IAI
u< ¥ u? ¡ u7













































d 
gu ¥ –t ¥ – ԏ Õ ¥ –





















?
; =
e
















– 
;–t M


u7
gu7 0 ­ O u 7 ¥
f
















;
;– M


– 

–  –  <– 
u< ¥ ¡ ¥
= ; =



G?>C>;
>;
;L?MN;
>;
<;M?
KO;>L;>;
>?
OG
JLCMG;
L?NI
^
CAO;F
Z
G?>C>;
>I
>C[G?NLI
>;
<;M?
>?
OG
=IH?
L?NI



;FNOL;
>I
JLCMG;
^
>.>  G;CIL
KO?
;
;FNOL;
>I
=IH?
?
I
PIFOG?
>I
=IH?
^
 >I
PIFOG?
>I
JLCMG;
IHMC>?L;H>I

– ¥ <.:
^
=ILL?NI
;@CLG;L
KO?
;
;FNOL;
>I
JLCMG;
^
; :<.> 

< :A.9 

= A.> 

> :9.9 

? :>.> 

190
3;



0?G
M?
x@ ¥ xM 
!HN\I


:   : –    
– ¸ » ]  ¥ ]   ] Î ¡ >.>Ï O ¥ Î ¡ >.>Ï
< ; ? :; ?
::
O – ]  ¥ :: O  ¥
–¢;

IHMC>?L;H>I
– ¥ <.:
N?GIM
 ¥  ¥ :9.9 



YL?;
F;N?L;F
>?
OG
=CFCH>LI
=CL=OF;L
L?NI
^
@;–  ?
M?O
PIFOG?
^
? P?T?M
I
PIFOG?
>?
OG
=IH?
=CL=OF;L

L?NI
KO?
N?G
:A  >?
;FNOL;
/;<?H>I
KO?
;
G?>C>;
>I
L;CI
>;
<;M?
>I
=CFCH>LI
^
I
>I<LI
>;
G?>C>; >I
L;CI
>;

<;M?
>I
=IH?
?HN\I
;
G?>C>;
>I
L;CI
>;
<;M?
>I
=IH?
^
; ; =G

< ? =G

= = =G

> A =G

? :9 =G

3;



MOJ?L@`=C?
F;N?L;F
>I
=CFCH>LI
^
u7 ¥ ;–t‚
?HN\I

191
 u7 ¥ @;–  ¥ ;–t‚ O t‚ ¥ <? 

MMCG
I
PIFOG?
>I
=CFCH>LI
M?LY
x@ ¥ –t ‚

,IL
IONL;
J;LN?
I
PIFOG?
>I
=IH?
M?LY

t  :A <–t
x@LKB ¥ – ¸ » ] ¥ 
; < ;

IGI
x@ ¥ ? ] x@LKB
N?G

M?
<
–t ‚ ¥ ? ] –t O ‚ ¥ B 
;

IGI
t‚ ¥ <?
?HN\I

t ] B ¥ <? O t ¥ = 

; 
(IAI
I
L;CI
<;M?
>I
=IH?
^
 ¥  ¥ ; 


O;M
?M@?L;M
>?
;]I
>?
L;CI


!( ?
G?:  @OH>?G
M?
J;L;
@ILG;L
OG;
?M@?L;
G;CIL
IHMC>?L;H>I
KO?
H\I

BIOP?
J?L>;
>?
G;N?LC;F
>;M
?M@?L;M
>OL;HN?
I
JLI=?MMI
>?
@OH>C]\I
;
G?>C>;
>I
L;CI
>;
HIP;
?M@?L;
^
>?
; 
=G

<  
=G

=  
=G

> 
=G

? 
=G

3;


/?D; x]K^ ¥ I
PIFOG?
>;
HIP;
?M@?L;

‡ ¥ I
L;CI
>;
HIP;
?M@?L;

192
x]^ ¥ I
PIFOG?
>;
?M@?L;
>?
L;CI

=G

x
 ¥ I
PIFOG?
>;
?M@?L;
>?
L;CI
G?:=G


x]N^ ¥ –ΊÏ ¥ I
PIFOG?
>;
?M@?L;
>?
L;CI
Š


IGI
H\I
BIOP?
J?L>;
>?
G;N?LC;F
>OL;HN?
I
JLI=?MMI
>?
@OH>C]\I
I
PIFOG?
>;
HIP;
?M@?L;
>?
L;CI
‡ ^
;
MIG;

>IM
PIFOG?M
>;M
CHC=C;CM
= =
= = =
x]K^ ¡ x]^ ¡ x]
^ ¥ –Î= Ï ¡ –Î G?: Ï ¥ –?=  ¡ –?:  M x]K^ ¥ –:;> 
< < < < <
(IAI
‡ ¥ :;>}† M ‡ ¥ > 

 /?
OG
D;LLI
=IG
=;J;=C>;>?
J;L;

FCNLIM
?MNY
=IGJF?N;G?HN?
=B?CI
>?
YAO;
;
G?HIL
G?>C>;
CHN?CL;
?G
=G

KO?
I
L;CI
>?
OG;
<;=C;
=IG
;
@ILG;
M?GC?M@^LC=;
>?P?
N?L
J;L;
=IGJILN;L
NI>;
;
YAO;
>I
D;LLI
^
; 

<  

= 

> 

? 

3;

 WN
WN

xOBJFBOCBN> ¥ ] ¥ ¥ ;999  
(IAI
Š ¥
=G

  


/?D;
OG;
?M@?L;
>?
L;CI
t ?
OG
=O<I
>?
;L?MN;
h
;G<IM
=IG
;
G?MG;
YL?;
>?
MOJ?L@`=C?

L;T\I
?HNL?
I

PIFOG?
>I
=O<I
?
I
PIFOG?
>;
?M@?L;
^
CAO;F
;

;
W

W
< 

W
=  

W
> 


W
?  

193
3;


 h ;
¬  0 =–t

O =–t ¥ ?h O ¸ » ¥ ¿ –
   0 ?h t <


= 2
 2   W  W W  W W
(IAI ¥ ¥ W Ô;Õ ¥ W Ú  Û ¥ W ]   ¥    ¥ 
= W;



1G
=IH?
?
OG;
?M@?L;
N_G
I
G?MGI
PIFOG?
/?
I
L;CI
>;
<;M?
>I
=IH?
^
I
KO`HNOJFI
>I
L;CI
>;
?M@?L;
?HN\I
;

L;T\I
?HNL?
;
;FNOL;
>I
=IH?
?
I
L;CI
>;
?M@?L;
^
CAO;F
;

;



< 


= 


> 


? 

3;


IGI
JIMMO?G
I
G?MGI
PIFOG?

=  : =t
–t ¥ –Î>tÏ ‚ O =t ¥ ;>t ‚ O ¥‚
< < ;>
E E 
(IAI
O ¥
; ; 

194

+
CHN?LCIL
>?
OG
L?M?LP;NaLCI
>?
YAO;
N?G
@ILG;
>?
OG;
M?GC?M@?L;
=IG

G?NLIM
>?
>C[G?NLI

=;J;=C>;>?

>?MM?
L?M?LP;NaLCI
^
>?

; >?– †

< AA– †

= :==– †

> ;AA– †

? <:;– †

3;


k ¥ :; † O t ¥ ? †
: =  ;
xÎ ¢ Ï ¥ ] –t ¥ –Î?Ï O x ¥ :==– †
; < <

 
@CAOL;
;<;CRI
@ILG;>;
JIL
NL;J^TCIM
=IHALO?HN?M
?
NLC[HAOFIM
?KOCFYN?LIM
L?JL?M?HN;
;
JF;HC@C=;]\I
>?
OG

MaFC>I

!MM?
MaFC>I
^
OG
; NLIH=I
>?
JCL[GC>?

< NLIH=I
>?
JLCMG;

= JIFC?>LI
L?AOF;L

> JLCMG;
NL;J?TIC>;F

? JLCMG;
NLC;HAOF;L

3;

+M
NL;J^TCIM
=IHALO?HN?M
@;T?G
J;LN?
>?
OG;
YL?;
F;N?L;F
>?
OG
NLIH=I
>?
JCL[GC>?
?HKO;HNI
IM
NLC[HAOFIM
@;T?G

J;LN?
>;M
<;M?M
>I
NLIH=I
>?
JCL[GC>?

195
 1G;
JCL[GC>?
NLC;HAOF;L
L?AOF;L
N?G
:;  >?
;FNOL;
?
;L?MN;
>;
<;M?
CAO;F
;

=G

KO?
>CMN[H=C;
~ >I

P^LNC=?
>?P?
J;MM;L
OG
JF;HI
J;L;F?FI
Z
<;M?
J;L;
KO?
;
YL?;
>;
M?=]\I
M?D;
=G<  

; ~ ¥ =.> 

< ~ ¥ >.9 

= ~ ¥ ?.9 

> ~ ¥ @.9 

? ~ ¥ A.9 

3;



M?=]\I
@ILG;>;
M?LY
OG
NLC[HAOFI
?KOCFYN?LI
>?
F;>I
E


I
?HOH=C;>I


¥ =G< O E ¥ :? O E ¥ = 

,I>?GIM
>;
@CAOL;
%
>?M?HB;L
I
M?AOCHN?
NLC[HAOFI

196
,IL
M?G?FB;H];
>?
NLC[HAOFIM
< :;
¥ O ~ ¥ A 
; ~

  1G;
@Y<LC=;
JLI>OT
P?F;M
>?
J;L;@CH;
?G
@ILG; >?
JCL[GC>?
KO;>L;HAOF;L
L?AOF;L
=IG
:B =G
>?
;FNOL;
?
? =G

>?
;L?MN;
>;
<;M?
!MM;M
P?F;M
M\I
@ILG;>;M
JIL

<FI=IM
>?
G?MG;
;FNOL;
l

NLIH=IM
>?
JCL[GC>?
>?
<;M?M

J;L;F?F;M
?

JCL[GC>?
H;
J;LN?
MOJ?LCIL
l
?MJ;];>IM
>?
: =G
?HNL?
?F?M
M?H>I
KO?
;
<;M?
MOJ?LCIL
>?
=;>;
<FI=I
^

CAO;F
Z
<;M?
CH@?LCIL
>I
<FI=I
MI<L?JIMNI
=IG
OG;
B;MN?
>?
@?LLI
J;MM;H>I
J?FI
=?HNLI
>?
=;>;
<FI=I
OHCH>I
IM

=IH@ILG?
;
@CAOL;

/?
I
>IHI
>;
@Y<LC=;
L?MIFP?L
>CP?LMC@C=;L
I
GI>?FI
L?NCL;H>I
; JCL[GC>?
>;
J;LN?
MOJ?LCIL
KO?
N?G
:.> =G
>?

;L?MN;
H;
<;M?
G;M
G;HN?H>I
I
G?MGI
GIF>?
KO;HNI
?F?
J;MM;LY
;
A;MN;L
=IG
J;L;@CH;
J;L;
@;<LC=;L
OG;
P?F;

; :>?  

< :AB  

= :B;  

> ;:?  

? >=9  

197
3;

FNOL;
>;
JCL[GC>?
:? 
FNOL;
>;
JCL_GC>?
>I
NIJI
= 
 
(IAI
x ¥ x.)/+)&' ¢ x1-.- ¥ ] ? ] :? ¢ ] :. > ] = ¥ :AB 
 

 +
PIFOG?
>?
OG
NLIH=I
>?
JCL[GC>?
>?

>G
>?
;FNOL;
?
=OD;M
YL?;M
>;M
<;M?M
M\I
CAO;CM
;
<?   :== 

P;F?

; <<9 

< @;9 

= <<9 

> <?9 

? <<? 

3;

E
1G;
>;M
@ILG;M
>?
M?
=;F=OF;L
I
PIFOG?
>I
NLIH=I
>?
OG;
JCL[GC>?
^
ONCFCT;H>I
;
=IHB?=C>;
@aLGOF;
x ¥ Îi ¡

Gi| ¡ |Ï
IH>?

f x= ^
I
PIFOG?
>I
NLIH=I
>?
JCL[GC>?

f ‚ ^
;
;FNOL;
>I
NLIH=I
>?
JCL[GC>?

f i ^
;
YL?;
>;
<;M?
G;CIL
>I
NLIH=I
>?
JCL[GC>?

f | ^
;
YL?;
>;
<;M?
G?HIL
>I
NLIH=I
>?
JCL[GC>?

/O<MNCNOCH>I
;M
CH@ILG;]c?M
>;
L?@?LC>;
KO?MN\I
H;
@aLGOF;
P?G
KO?
=~† =~†
x¥ Î:==~† ¡ ¾:== ¤ <?~† ¡ <?~† Ï ¥ Î:== ¡ @; ¡ <?Ï~† ¥ <<?~†
< <

 1G;
CH>dMNLC;
>?
<?<C>;M
=LCIO
OG
<LCH>?
J;L;
M?OM
=FC?HN?M
=IG
;
@ILG;
?R;N;
>;
A;LL;@;
>?
OG
>?
M?OM

JLI>ONIM
G;M
=IG
G?>C>;M
L?>OTC>;M
;
 
>;M
ILCACH;CM
/?
?G
=;>;
A;LL;@CHB;
<LCH>?
=;<?G

GF
>?
<?<C>;

JI>?GIM
=IH=FOCL
KO?
;
=;J;=C>;>?
>;
A;LL;@;
ILCACH;F
^
>?
; A@> 

< B<A 

= @=; 

> ?B< 

? >?@ 

198
3;

1NCFCT;L?GIM
I
=IH=?CNI
>?
M?G?FB;H];
>?
MaFC>IM

= =
MMCG
= ¥  ¥ Î>Ï O 
¥ :;> O x ¥ A@> †o


+<M?LP?
I
KO;>L;>I
;<;CRI
=OD;M
>C;AIH;CM
G?>?G
; 

LIN;]\I
>?MM?
KO;>L;>I
?G
NILHI
>?
OG;
L?N;

KO?
=IHN^G
OG;
>?
MO;M
>C;AIH;CM
A?L;
OG
MaFC>I


MOJ?L@`=C?
>?MM?
MaFC>I
?G

^
>?

; –G;

< ;–G;

= ;–G<

> <–G;

? <–G<

199
3;


1M;H>I
;
?KO;]\I
A?L;NLCT
>I
=IH?
P?G
 ¡ : ¡ :
>IH>?
 ¥ G;
(IAI
;
YL?;
>;
MOJ?L@`=C?
>?MM?
MaFC>I
^

>O;M
P?T?M
;
YL?;
>;
MOJ?L@`=C?
>I
=IH?
IO
M?D;

; ] – ] Š ]  ¥ ; ] – ] : ] G; ¥ ;–G;


+
PIFOG?
>I
MaFC>I
A?L;>I
J?F;
LIN;]\I
>?
OG
KO;>L;>I
>?
F;>I
<  ?G
NILHI
>?
OG
>IM
M?OM
F;>IM
^
?G

 

; <–

< ?–

= B–

> :A–

? ;@–

3;


/?LY
A?L;>I
OG
=CFCH>LI
L;CI
< ?
;FNOL;
<
JILN;HNI
I
M?O
PIFOG?
^
;@–


!G
OG
NLC[HAOFI
L?N[HAOFI
;
G?>C>;
>I
G?HIL
=;N?NI
^

=G
.IN;=CIH;H>I
?MM?
NLC[HAOFI
;I
L?>IL
>?MM?

=;N?NI
I<N^G
M?
OG
MaFC>I
>?
L?PIFO]\I
=ODI
PIFOG?
^
:;A– 
*?MM;M
=IH>C]c?M
;
YL?;
NIN;F
>;
MOJ?L@`=C?
>I

MaFC>I
I<NC>I
H;
L?PIFO]\I
?G

^
; 
–

< 
–

= 
–

> 
–

? 
–

200
3;


2?D;
KO?
I
MaFC>I
>?
L?PIFO]\I
I<NC>I
^
OG
=IH?
=ODI
L;CI
t ^
I
IONLI
=;N?NI

;FNOL;
>I
=IH?
M?LY
;
G?>C>;
>I

=;N?NI
CAO;F
;
? 

–t ‚ –t
x ¥ :;A– ¥ ¥
< <
:;A ] <
t ¥ ¥ ?=
?
t ¥ A 

*I
’h
i O  ¥ ? ¡ A IO
 ¥ :9  A?L;NLCT
>I
=IH?


YL?;
NIN;F
>I
=IH?
JI>?
M?L
?M=LCNI
=IGI
–t ¡ –Ît Ï ¥ – ] A ] :9 ¡ – ] ÎA Ï ¥ :==–



BCJIN?HOM;
>?
OG
NLC[HAOFI
L?N[HAOFI
G?>?
; G
?
OG
>IM
[HAOFIM
G?>?
?9 
#CL;H>I
I
NLC[HAOFI
?G
NILHI

>I
=;N?NI
G?HIL
I<N?GIM
OG
=IH?
=ODI
PIFOG?
^
W
; 
†

W
<

†
W
= †


> – †
W
? 
†

201
3;


#CL;H>I
M?
I
’ L?N[HAOFI
?G
NILHI
>I
?CRI
T
KO?
=IHN^G
I
=;N?NI
G?HIL
N?GIM
OG
=IH?
>?
L;CI
>?
<;M?
 ?

;FNOL;

IH>?

;G<
d ¥ ;<9 ¥ ¥ G<†
;
e
:
f ¥ ;<9 ¥ ; ] ; ¥ :†

WZ [ Z![ WZ[ 
(IAI
I
PIFOG?
^
x ¥ ¥ ¥ –†
 


/?D;

 OG
NLC[HAOFI
N;F
KO?

 

 − 
?

  +
JIHNI
99999
^
I
<;LC=?HNLI
>?MM?
NLC[HAOFI

;

 


<

 


=

 


>

 

3;

/;<?H>I
KO?
;M
=IIL>?H;>;M
>I
<;LC=?HNLI
=ILL?MJIH>?G
Z
G^>C;
;LCNG^NC=;
MCGJF?M
>;M
=IIL>?H;>;M
>IM
P^LNC=?M

⎛ +  +  − +  ⎞
>I
NLC[HAOFI
P?G
⎜  ⎟ =
 




⎝   ⎠


IHMC>?L?
IM
JIHNIM

  ?

  
>CMN[H=C;
?HNL?
?F?M
^
>?

;




<




=




>


3;


>CMN[H=C;

?HNL?
IM
JIHNIM

?

M?LY
>;>;
JIL
=
 −  +
−  =  +  =  = 




+
NLC[HAOFI

 @ILG;>I
J?FIM
JIHNIM

 

− 
?

− −  ^

;
?M=;F?HI



<
CMaM=?F?M



=
?KOC[HAOFI



>
I<NOM[HAOFI

202
3;

;F=OF;H>I
IM
KO;>L;>IM
>;M
G?>C>;M
>IM
F;>IM
>I
NLC[HAOFI

?H=IHNL;GIM


 =
− −  +
 −  =  

  =
− −  +
− −  =  ?


  =
− +  +
− −  = 
,ILN;HNI
M?H>I

  = 
  + 
  JI>?GIM
=IH=FOCL
KO?
I
NLC[HAOFI

 ^
L?N[HAOFI
?M=;F?HI




 
*I
JF;HI
=;LN?MC;HI
;
L?N;

 −  +  =
CHN?LM?=N;
I
?CRI
>;M
;<M=CMM;M
HI
JIHNI

?
I
?CRI
>;M

IL>?H;>;M
HI
JIHNI

*?MM;M
=IH>C]c?M
KO;F
^
;
>CMN[H=C;
?HNL?
IM
JIHNIM

?




;




<




=





>




?

3;

%HN?LM?=]\I
=IG
I
?CRI


 =  
−  ⋅  +  =  ⇒ 
= − ⇒
= − ⇒
− 
%HN?LM?=]\I
=IG
I
?CRI



 = 
 ⋅  − 
+  =  ⇒ −
= − ⇒
=  ⇒
 
(IAI
;
>CMN[H=C;
?HNL?
IM
JIHNIM

?

M?LY
>;>;
JIL
 =
 −
− +
 −  =  = 






+M
JIHNIM

 − 

 
?

  >I
JF;HI
M\I
=IFCH?;L?M
+
P;FIL
>?

^
CAO;F
;

;




<




=
−



>




?
−

3;

I
?HOH=C;>I
N?GIM

 = 



= 



 −
−  −
−   +
!HN\I

= ⇒ = ⇒  ⋅  =  + ⇒  = 
−  −  


IHMC>?L?
;M
L?N;M
L
?
M
>?@CHC>;M
JIL
Š0 … ¢ ΅ ¡ ;ϐ ¥ ; ?
M
… ¢  ¥ <…
?N?LGCH?
… >?
GI>I

KO?
;
L
?
M
M?D;G
=IH=ILL?HN?M

























<
L
?
M
M?D;G
J;L;F?F;M
















=
L
?
M
M?D;G
=ICH=C>?HN?M

203
3;
,?F;
>?@CHC]\I
L?N;M
=IH=ILL?HN?M
JIMMO?G
OG
JIHNI
>?
CHN?LM?]\I
;M
J;L;F?F;M
H?HBOG
JIHNI
>?
CHN?LM?]\I
?
;M

=ICH=C>?HN?M
NI>IM
M?OM
JIHNIM
M\I
>?
CHN?LM?]\I
*IM
N?LGIM
>?
#?IG?NLC;
H;F`NC=;
;H;FCM;GIM
IM
=I?@C=C?HN?M

;HAOF;L?M
>;M
L?N;M



 
 −

+   =  ⇒  = + ⇒  =

+
+
+
 
 
 −  = 
⇒  =  +  ⇒  =



;
L?N;M
=IH=ILL?HN?M
JIMMO?G
IM
=I?@C=C?HN?M
;HAOF;L?M
>C@?L?HN?M
⎧ ≠ 
  ⎪
 ≠  ⇒ ≠ ⇒  −  −  ≠  ⇒
 − 
 +  ≠  ⇒ ⎨



 +  ⎪ ≠ −
⎩
<
L?N;M
J;L;F?F;M
JIMMO?G
IM
=I?@C=C?HN?M
;HAOF;L?M
CAO;CM
⎧
= 

 ⎪
 =  ⇒ = ⇒
−
−  =  ⇒

− 

+  =  ⇒ ⎨


+
⎪
= −
⎩
=
L?N;M
=ICH=C>?HN?M
JIMMO?G
IM
=I?@C=C?HN?M
;HAOF;L?M
?
IM
FCH?;L?M
CAO;CM
⎧ ⎧
= 
⎪
 ⎪
⎪⎪ =  ⇒
+  =
⇒
−
−  =  ⇒

− 

+  =  ⇒ ⎨


⎨ ⎪
= −
⎩
⎪
⎪ =  ⇒  =  ⇒ 
+ =  ⇒ 
= − ⇒
= − 
⎩⎪
 

+ 
*\I
^
JIMM`P?F
=IH=CFC;L
IM
P;FIL?M
>?
mEn
(IAI
H\I
?RCMN?
OG
P;FIL
>?
mEn
KO?
M;NCM@;];
;
=IH>C]\I
J?>C>;



L?N;
L
>?N?LGCH;
OG
[HAOFI
>?
 e
=IG
;
L?N;
M
=ODI
=I?@C=C?HN?
;HAOF;L
^
− 
+
=I?@C=C?HN?
;HAOF;L
>?
Š


P;F?
;



























<

 


























=
 
 

































>
   


3;

+
[HAOFI
;AO>I
@ILG;>I
?HNL?
>O;M
L?N;M
^
>;>I
J?F;
@aLGOF;
 =  −  
IGI
I
[HAOFI
CH>C=;>I
^
 i

 +  

I<NOMI
I
;AO>I
CHN?LHI
M?LY
>?
 i

 −  − 
− − 
 −    −  −  

 =  ⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ =
⇒
 + 
 ⎛ ⎞  −    − 
 + ⎜ − ⎟

⎝ ⎠ 
−  −  −  −  − −   − −    + 
⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ −  +   = − −  ⇒  = =
⇒
 −   −  −  −  + 
−  −  −   −  −  −   + 
⇒  = = =−
−  

204

M
L?N;M
L
?
M
>?
?KO;]c?M
< 7  ¡ @ ¥ 9 ?
= 7  7 > ¥ 9 L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?
J;MM;G
J?FI
JIHNI
rÎ{. |Ï1
+
P;FIL
>?
Î{ ¡ |Ï
^

;

<

=

>

?


3;

/?
;G<;M
J;MM;G
J?FI
JIHNI
,
?HN\I
?F?
^
OG
JIHNI
>?
CHN?LM?]\I
;MN;
L?MIFP?L
I
MCMN?G;
⎧ −  +  =  ⎧ −  +  =  ⎧  = 
⎨ ⇒⎨ ⇒ −  +  =  ⇒ ⎨
⎩  −  − =  → ×
− ⎩−   +  + =  ⎩  = 
 +  = 
+  = 
⎧ = 

 
  = 
−− ⇒ ⎨ ⇒  +  =  +  =
⎩ = 

 M
L?N;M
,
- ?
. M\I
>?@CHC>;M
L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?
JIL
= 7 @ ¡ :A ¥ 9
; 7  7 ? ¥ 9 ?
= ¡ < 7 ; ¥

9

YL?;
>;
L?AC\I
FCGCN;>;
JIL
?MM;M
L?N;M
^
;

<

=

>

?


3;

M
L?N;M
M\I
=IH=ILL?HN?M
>O;M
;
>O;M
(IAI
MO;M
CHN?LM?]c?M
@ILG;L\I
OG
NLC[HAOFI
/?D;G
IM
JIHNIM
,
-
?
.
;M

CHN?LM?]c?M
L?MJ?=NCP;G?HN?
L
y
M
L
y
N
?
M
y
N

205
 ⎧ 
⎧  −
 +  =  ⎧  −
 +  =  ⎪ = =
 ⎨ ⇒⎨ ⇒   =  ⇒ ⎨  ⇒  = (  )
⎩  −  − =  → ×
−
 ⎩−   +
 +  =  ⎪⎩  = ( ) − =
⎧ 
= =
⎧  −
 +  =  ⎧  −
 +  =  ⎪⎪ 
 ⎨ ⇒⎨ ⇒   =  ⇒ ⎨ ⇒  = (−  )
⎩  +   −  =  → ×
− ⎩−   −   +  =  ⎪  =
( ) −  = −
⎪⎩ 
⎧ 
⎧  −  − =  → ×
 ⎧  −   −  =  ⎪ = =
 ⎨ ⇒⎨ ⇒   =  ⇒ ⎨  ⇒  = (− )
⎩  +   −  =  ⎩  +   −  =  ⎪⎩  = 
 − = −

   

= −    =
 −
− + 
− =  +  −  = = 
   
 − 



?KO;]\I
>;
L?N;
KO?
^
J?LJ?H>C=OF;L
Z
L?N;
= ¡  7 : ¥ 9 ?
KO? J;MM;
J?FI
JIHNI
>?
CHN?LM?]\I
>;M
L?N;M

; 7 > ¡ < ¥ 9 ?
 7 < 7 @ ¥ 9
^

;
R
k
S
k



<
R
k
S
k



=
R
k
S
k



>
R

S




?
R
k
S




3;

⎧  = −
⎧  −  +  =  ⎧  −  +  =  ⎪

   ⎨ ⇒⎨ ⇒⎨
−  −  ⇒  = (− − )
⎩  −   −  =  → ×
− ⎩−   +
 +  =  ⎪  = = −
⎩ 
    +  −  =  ⇒  = −  +  ⇒
= −
⎧ 
 ⎪    = + 
−
  ⊥ ⇒
 = ⇒ ⎨  ⇒ − = +  ⇒ − = − +  ⇒  = −

 ⎪ 
⎩  =
−  −  ∈ 

    = −
    −   −  = 



IHMC>?L?
I
FOA;L
A?IG^NLC=I
>IM
JIHNIM
r ¥ Ώ. Ï KO?
>CMN;G

OHC>;>?M
>I
JIHNI
s ¥ Î;. <Ï
MMCH;F?

?HNL?
;M
;FN?LH;NCP;M
I
ALY@C=I
KO?
JI>?
L?JL?M?HN;L
?MM?
FOA;L
A?IG^NLC=I
;

206
<

=

>

?

3;


207
 o ¥ Ώ. Ï O ¾Î ¢ ;Ï ¡ ΐ ¢ <Ï ¥ <

Ώ ¢ ;Ï ¡ ΐ ¢ <Ï ¥ < O

CL=OH@?L_H=C;
>?
L;CI

?
=?HNLI
Î;. <Ï


*I
MCMN?G;
=;LN?MC;HI
ILNIAIH;F


IM
JIHNIM
p ¥ Î>. ¢<Ï ?
q ¥ Î:. ¢:Ï M\I
IM
?RNL?GIM
>I
>C[G?NLI
>?

OG;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;

?KO;]\I
A?L;F
>?MM;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
^
>;>;
JIL

;   ¡   ¡ ? ¢ = ¡ A ¥ 9

<   ¡   ¢ = ¡ ? ¡ A ¥ 9

=   ¡   ¢ ? ¡ = ¡ :9 ¥ 9

>   ¡   ¢ = ¡ ? ¡ :9 ¥ 9

?   ¡   ¢ ? ¡ = ¡ A ¥ 9

3;


IGI
pq ¥  M j &  &   pq

>¡:
@ ¥ ¥<
;
¢< ¢ :
@ ¥ ¥ ¢;
;

208
 O jÎ<. ¢;Ï

A89 \]Q Q ^ ]R R ^    

YF=OFI
>I
L;CI t ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ G>
    

(IAI
;
?KO;]\I
>;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
M?LY
Ώ ¢ @ Ï ¡ ΐ ¢ @ Ï ¥ t

Ώ ¢ <Ï ¡ ΐ ¢ ΢;ÏÏ ¥ ÎG>Ï

Ώ ¢ <Ï ¡ ΐ ¡ ;Ï ¥ >

?M?HPIFP?H>I
  ¢ ? ¡ B ¡   ¡ = ¡ = ¥ >

  ¡   ¢ ? ¡ = ¡ A ¥ 9



=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
>?@CHC>;
J?F;
?KO;]\I
  ¡   ¢ ? ¡ ; ¥ ? ?MNY
CHM=LCN;
?G
OG
KO;>L;>I 
G?>C>;
>;

>C;AIH;F
>?MM?
KO;>L;>I
^

; G;

< ;G;

= =G;

> ?G;

? AG;

3;


,L;
OG
KO;>L;>I
>?
F;>I
(
CHM=LCNI
?
OG
=`L=OFI
>?
L;CI
.
N?G
M?
(.
,IL
IONLI
F;>I
I
L;CI
>I
=`L=OFI
JI>?

M?L
I<NC>I
J?F;
L?F;]\I
{ ¡ | ¢ t ¥ …
IH>?
; <
^
I
=?HNLI
>I
=`L=OFI
?
E
^
;
=IHMN;HN?
KO?
;J;L?=?
H;
?KO;]\I

A?L;F
>;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
(IAI
< ¡ ΢:Ï ¢ t ¥ ¢?
IO
M?D;
t ¥ =
,IL
=IHM?AOCHN?
o ¥ ; ] = ¥ A
(IAI
;

>C;AIH;F
G?>?
k ¥ oG; ¥ AG;

 
/;<?H>I
M?
KO?
;
?KO;]\I
;  ¡ {  ¢ | ¢ = ¡ A ¡ } ¥ 9 L?JL?M?HN;
OG;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
>?
L;CI
<
;

MIG;
{ ¡ | ¡ } ^
CAO;F
;

; ¢:9

< ¢?

= ¢;

> ;

? ?

209
3;


,;L;
;  ¡ {  ¢ | ¢ = ¡ A ¡ } ¥ 9 M?L
OG;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
HIN?
KO?
| ¥ 9
;MMCG ;  ¡ {  ¢ = ¡

A ¡ } ¥ 9

IGJF?N;H>I
KO;>L;>IM
N?GIM
KO?

;  ¢ = ¡ {  ¡ A ¡ } ¥ 9

Î0 ;Ï
{  }
  ¢ ; ¡ ¡ = ¡ ¥ 9
; ;
(IAI
{ ¥ ;
?HN\I
}
  ¢ ; ¡ : ¡   ¡ = ¡ = ¡ ¥:¡=
;
}
Ώ ¡ :Ï ¡ ΐ ¡ ;Ï ¥ > ¢
;
IGI
;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
N?G
L;CI
<
M?AO?
KO?
} }
< ¥ > ¢ O ¥ ¢= O } ¥ ¢A
; ;
(IAI
{ ¡ | ¡ } ¥ ; ¡ 9 ¡ ΢AÏ ¥ ¢?

 *OG
MCMN?G;
=;LN?MC;HI
ILNIAIH;F


=IHMC>?L?
OG;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
 KO?
J;MM;
J?FI
JIHNI
h ¥ Î:. ¢=Ï
=ODI
=?HNLI
=ICH=C>?
=IG
I
>;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
L?JL?M?HN;>;
J?F;
?KO;]\I
  ¡   ¢  ¡ :9 ¡ :A ¥ 9

G?>C>;

>I
>C[G?NLI
>;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
 ^
?G
OHC>;>?M
>?
=IGJLCG?HNI

; 

< G>

= ;G>

> <G>

? =G>

3;


  ¡   ¢  ¡ :9 ¡ :A ¥ 9
";NIL;H>I
N?GIM
: :
¸  ¢  ¡ » ¡ ΐ  ¡ :9 ¡ ;>Ï ¡ :A ¢ ;> ¢ ¥ 9
= =
:  : ;B
¸ ¢ » ¡ ΐ ¡ >Ï ¥ @ ¡ ¥
; = =

X
OG;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
>?
=?HNLI
j Ô . ¢>Õ
            


210
     
JFC=;H>I
,CNYAIL;M
N?GIM
t ¥ : ¡ ÔÕ O t ¥ : ¡  ¥  O t ¥ 

O k ¥ ;t ¥ G>


/;<?H>I
KO?
} ^
OG
HdG?LI
L?;F
=IHMC>?L?
HI
JF;HI
=;LN?MC;HI
;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
>?
?KO;]\I
  ¡   ¥ ;}

/?
I
=?HNLI
>?MM;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
J?LN?H=?
Z
L?N;
>?
?KO;]\I
 ¡ ; ¥ <
?HN\I
M?O
L;CI
^
CAO;F
;

; G;

< G<

= ;

> <

3;


0?GIM
  ¡   ¥ ;} O P;GIM
NL;HM@ILG;L
HOG;
?KO;]\I
L?>OTC>;
GI>?FI
Ώ ¢ @ Ï ΐ ¢ @ Ï ¥ t

(IAI
  ¢ ;} ¡   ¥ 9

  } ¡ } ¡  ¥ }
0-+$+-0 0-+$+-0

Ώ ¢ }Ï ¡ ΐ ¢ 9Ï ¥ }  O

CL=OH@?L_H=C;
>?
=?HNLI
9Î}. 9Ï ?
,&*


211
/?
I
=?HNLI
ˆÎ}. 9Ï J?LN?H=?
Z
L?N;
 ¡ ; ¥ <
N?GIM
} ¡ ;Î9Ï ¥ < O } ¥ <


*;
@CAOL;
;<;CRI
;
L?N;

 >;>;
J?F;
?KO;]\I
 +  − 
=
M?
CHN?L=?JN;
=IG
;
L?N;

 HI
JIHNI

 

!HN\I
;
MIG;
>;M
=IIL>?H;>;M
>I
JIHNI

^
CAO;F
;

;




<




=




>





3;


,?L=?<?
M?
KO?
I
JIHNI

J?LN?H=?
Z
L?N;

?
N;G<^G
Z
L?N;

FIAI
>?P?
I<?>?=?L
;
?KO;]\I
 +  −  = 
!MM;

G?MG;
JI>?
M?L
?M=LCN;
=IGI
 +  = 
(IAI
;
MIG;
>;M
=IIL>?H;>;M
M?LY
CAO;F
;

+O
;CH>;
JI>?
M?

L?MIFP?L
I
?R?L=`=CI
=;F=OF;H>I
IO
M?D;
=B;G;H>I
IM
JIHNIM
>?
CHN?LM?=]\I
>;
L?N;
L
=IG
;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
>?

?


JI>?
M?
?M=L?P?L
 ( 
 ) ⇒  +  −  =  ⇒  +  −  =  ⇒  =  ⇒  ( 
 )
 ( 
 ) ⇒  +  −  =  ⇒  +  −  =  ⇒  =  ⇒  (
 )
?HNLI =  ( 
 )
.;CI

>CMN[H=C;
?HNL?

?

⇒  = 

,IHNI
>?
CHN?LM?=]\I
?HNL?
;
L?N;

?
;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C; =  ( 
)
CL=OH@?L_H=C;
 = 
 
 +  =  ⇒  +  =  ⇒  +  =  ⇒
 = −
.?N;


 =IG
JIHNIM
 ( 
 ) ?
 ( 
−  ) 
 
 = − ⇒  = −
 
 
 


 ⇒  =


.?N;

 +  = (  −  ) ⇒  −  − 
=


⎧ − 
= 
= 


,IHNI

⎨ 
⇒ ⇒ +
= = 



⎩ +
= 

= − 




*;
?RJIMC]\I
PCLNO;F
m
?F?T;
>;
);N?GYNC=;n
L?;FCT;>;
HI
)OM?O
>I
G;HB\
I
<?FI
^
=?F?<L;>I
=IGI

MCG?NLC;
G;N?GYNC=;
=IGI
?R?GJFC@C=;>I
H;
CG;A?G
;
M?AOCL

212
%G;A?G
>;
?RJIMC]\I
m
?F?T;
>;
);N?GYNC=;n
)OM?O
>I
G;HB\
*I
JF;HI
=;LN?MC;HI
>ICM
JIHNIM
>CMNCHNIM
r ?
s M\I
MCG^NLC=IM
?G
L?F;]\I
;
OG;
L?N;
Š M?
;M
M?AOCHN?M
=IH>C]c?M

@IL?G
MCGOFN;H?;G?HN?
;N?H>C>;M
% ;
>CMN[H=C;
>?
r ;
Š ^
CAO;F
Z
>CMN[H=C;
>?
s ;
Š

%% ;
L?N;
KO?
=IHN^G
r ?
s ^
J?LJ?H>C=OF;L
Z
L?N;
Š

/OJIHB;
KO?
HI
JF;HI
KO?
=IHN^G
;
CG;A?G
>;
<IL<IF?N;
I
?CRI
>?
MCG?NLC;
L
M?D;
>;>I
J?F;
?KO;]\I
>?
L?N;

 ¡  ¥ ;
/?
r ¥ ΢;.9Ï ^
OG
JIHNI
>?MM?
JF;HI
;MMCH;F?
;
;FN?LH;NCP;
KO?
;JL?M?HN;
=ILL?N;G?HN?
I
JIHNI

MCG^NLC=I
;
r ?G
L?F;]\I
Z
L?N;
Š

; Î9.;Ï

< Î;.9Ï

= Î;.;Ï

> Î;.=Ï

? Î=.;Ï

3;

/?D;
s I
JIHNI
MCG^NLC=I
;
r ¥ ΢;.9Ï =IG
L?MJ?CNI
;I
?CRI
>?
MCG?NLC;
Š
KO?
^
>;>I
JIL
 ¡  ¥ ;
*IN?
KO?

JIL
C
;
>CMN[H=C;
>?
r  Š ^
CAO;F
Z
>CMN[H=C;
>?
s  Š

%HC=C;FG?HN?
=;F=OF?GIM
;
>CMN[H=C;
>?
r  Š
,;L;
?MN?
@CG
I<M?LP?
KO?
;
L?N;
J?LJ?H>C=OF;L
;I
?CRI
>?
MCG?NLC;
Š

?
KO?
J;MM;
J?FI
JIHNI
r
^
>;>;
J?F;
L?N;
M
>?
?KO;]\I
 ¥  ¡ ;


CHN?LM?=]\I
>?
L
=IG
M
^
I
JIHNI

¥ Î9.;Ï
IG
CMMI
;
>CMN[H=C;
>?

 r ^
;G; KO?
^
?R;N;G?HN?
;
>CMN[H=C;

>I
JIHNI
r Z
L?N;
Š
*IN?
KO?
JIL
CC
;
L?N;
KO?
=IHN^G
r  s ^
J?LJ?H>C=OF;L
Z
L?N;
Š

!G
IONL;M
J;F;PL;M
s J?LN?H=?
Z
L?N;
‹
KO?
^
J?LJ?H>C=OF;L
Z
Š ?
=IHN^G
r
,;L;
?MN?
@CG
M?D;
s ¥ Ώ.  ¡ ;Ï OG

JIHNI
>;
L?N;
‹
?
@ILG;
;
;N?H>?L
;
C
JL?=CM;GIM
>?N?LGCH;L
 >?
GI>I
KO?
I
JIHNI
s >CMN?
;G; >I
JIHNI



IG
CMMI
I<N?GIM
;
?KO;]\I
G;  ¥ ;G;
KO?
;>GCN?
=IHDOHNI
MIFO]\I
 ¥ ;   ¥ ¢;
*IN?
KO?
 ¥ ¢; H\I

=IHP^G
OG;
P?T
KO?
r  s M\I
>CMNCHNIM IHM?KO?HN?G?HN?
I
JIHNI
s ¥ Î;.=Ï ^
I
JIHNI
MIFC=CN;>I

213

1G
JIHNI
Ώ. Ï >I
JF;HI
=;LN?MC;HI
J?LN?H=?
;I
=IHDOHNI
m M?
^
?KOC>CMN;HN?
>IM
?CRIM

y ?

z ?
J?LN?H=?
;I

=`L=OFI
>?
?KO;]\I
  ¡   ¢ ; ¢ ? ¡ ; ¥ 9
X =ILL?NI
;@CLG;L
KO?
m

; ^
OG
=IHDOHNI
P;TCI

< N?G
?R;N;G?HN?
; JIHNIM
OG
HI
JLCG?CLI
KO;>L;HN?
?
IONLI
HI
M?AOH>I
KO;>L;HN?

= N?G
?R;N;G?HN?
; JIHNIM
;G<IM
HI
JLCG?CLI
KO;>L;HN?

> N?G
?R;N;G?HN?
< JIHNIM
M?H>I
>ICM
HI
JLCG?CLI
KO;>L;HN?
?
IONLI
HI
M?AOH>I
KO;>L;HN?

? N?G
?R;N;G?HN?
= JIHNIM
M?H>I
>ICM
HI
JLCG?CLI
KO;>L;HN?
?
>ICM
HI
M?AOH>I
KO;>L;HN?

3;

+
FOA;L
A?IG^NLC=I
>IM
JIHNIM
?KOC>CMN;HN?M
>IM
?CRIM

Q ?

R ^
;
<CMM?NLCT
>IM
KO;>L;HN?M
`GJ;L?M

(IAI
mΏ. Ï M?LY
I
=IHDOHNI
>?
JIHNIM
N;CM
KO?

mΏ. Ï ¥ Ώ. Ï
2;GIM
?H=IHNL;L
I
=?HNLI
?
I
L;CI
>;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
=IGI
M?AO?

  ¡   ¢ ; ¢ ? ¡ ; ¥ 9



ÉÌ Ì
¢ÌÊÌ
;Ì¡
ÌË  Ì
: ¡ ÉÌ ¢ ?Ì¡
ÌÊÌ ÌËB¡;¥:¡B
]Q^ ]R^

Ώ ¢ :Ï ¡ ΐ ¢ <Ï ¥ A ¥ Î;G;Ï



0 ÎÏ

?MM;
@ILG;
;
?KO;]\I
ÎÏ ^
;
?KO;]\I
>?
OG;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
>?
=?HNLI
jÎ:.<Ï ?
L;CI
;G;
,FIN;H>I
mΏ. Ï ¥

214
 ÎΏ. ÏÏ ?
ÎÏ
Î Ï I<N?GIM

(IAI
m ?
ÎÏ JIMMO?G
>ICM
JIHNIM
?G
=IGOG
m ?
m 


/?D;
;
=CL=OH@?L_H=C;
>?
?KO;]\I
  ¡   ¥ =
/?
Š ?
‹ M\I
>O;M
L?N;M
KO?
M?
CHN?L=?JN;G
HI
JIHNI
r ¥

Î:.<Ï ?
M\I
N;HA?HN?M
;

?HN\I
I
=IMM?HI
>I
[HAOFI
?HNL?
Š ?
‹ ^
CAO;F
;

;



< 


= 


>



?


3;


215
 $  %


!


!'
       
( (

!&
"
 
!



 
 

 




'

  !$
 %  $  %  

#   


&
!



 


  




  "
    &



  



      

         )" *  & '       

    


/
0,"./
$"24&3*"./
$/.3*%&2&
"
$*2$5.'&2>.$*"
%&
&15"<;/
 +  −  +  =

&
"
0"2:#/,"
%&

&15"<;/
 −  +  = 

33"3
%5"3
$526"3
3&
*.4&2$&04"-
&-



"
5-
0/.4/





#
%/*3
0/.4/3





$
42>3
0/.4/3





%
15"42/
0/.4/3





&
 =  + 

&.4;/
x 2 + (3x 2 + 1)2 − 4(3x 2 + 1) + 3 = 9x 4 − 5x 2 = x 2 (9x 2 − 5) ⇒
⎛ 5⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
9x 2 ⎜ x − ⎟⎜x+ ⎟ .
/24".4/
"3
%5"3
$526"3
3&
*.4&23&$4"-
&-
42>3
0/.4/3
$5+"3
"#3$*33"3
3;/

⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠

 = 

 =
&
 = − 






216

/
0,"./
$/-
/
3*34&-"
%&
$//2%&."%"3
$"24&3*"."3
535",
"
&15"<;/

+ 
= 
2&02&3&.4"


"
5-"
$*2$5.'&2>.$*"




#
%5"3
2&4"3




$
5-"
0"2:#/,"




%
5-"
&,*03&





/-0,&4".%/
/3
15"%2"%/3
/#4&-/3

(x − 2)2 ( y − 0)2
x 2 + 4 y 2 = 4x ⇔ x 2 − 4x + 4 y 2 = 0⇔ (x − 2)2 + 4 y 2 = 4 ⇔ + = 1.
22 12
2"4"3&
%&
5-"
&,*03&
$/-
$&.42/
&-

 
&
&*7/
-"*/2
0"2",&,/
"/
&*7/
%"3
"#3$*33"3

x2 y2



:2&"
%&,*-*4"%"
0/2
5-"
&,*03&
$5+"
&15"<;/
=
+ = 1
=
%"%"
0/2
A = abπ .
.4;/
"
:2&"
%"

a2 b2
2&(*;/
3*45"%"
&.42&
"3
&,*03&3
%&
&15"<@&3
 +  = 

&

 +  =

=

"








#








$








%








&








 
&&3$2&6&.%/
"3
&15"<@&3
%"3
&,*03&3
/#4&-/3
  +   = 

⇔ + = 
&
 
 
  +   =  ⇔ + = 

/(/
42"<".%/
/3
(2:'*$/3
%&33"3
&,*03&3
6&-

 

&
0/24".4/
"
:2&"
3/-#2&"%"
=
%"%"
0/2

⋅
 ⋅  −  ⋅  = 







/.3*%&2&
/
$?2$5,/
        
%&
2"*/
2
&
"
)*0=2#/,&
     


&33&
$"3/
0/%&
3&
"'*2-"2
15&


"
&
 

&.4;/
"3
$526"3
3&
*.4&23&$4"-
&-
15"42/
0/.4/3




#
&
 

&.4;/
"3
$526"3
4&-
15"42/
0/.4/3
&-
$/-5-




$
&
 

"3
$526"3
3&
*.4&23&$4"-
&-
$ 
% &
$  
%






%
&
 
 
&.4;/
"3
$526"3
3&
*.4&23&$4"-
"0&."3
./3
0/.4/3
$ 
% &
$ 
%



&
&
 
 
&.4;/
"3
$526"3
3&
*.4&23&$4"-
&-
15"42/
0/.4/3

217





*2$5.'&2>.$*"
=
(x − 0)2 + ( y − 0)2 = r 2 ⇒ O(0,0) e Raio = r 
$*2$5.'&2>.$*"
$&.42"%"
."
/2*(&-
&

2"*/


(x − 0)2 ( y − 0)2


− = 1 ⇒ a 2 = b2 = 1 ⇒ a = b = 1
=
5-"
)*0=2#/,&
&15*,:4&2"
$&.42"%"
."

1 1
/2*(&-

/%&-/3
6&2
15&
3&
 

"
$*2$5.'&2>.$*"
&
"
)*0=2#/,&
3&2;/
4".(&.4&3
./3
0/.4/3
$
 % &
$
 %

'"9&.%/
$/-
15&
"
/0<;/

&34&+"
*.$/22&4"

"2"
 

15&
=
-"*/2
15&

4&2&-/3
*.4&23&$<@&3
&-

0/.4/3
'"9&.%/
$/-
15&
"
2&30/34"
3&+"
"

/0<;/

-"3
".4&3
6"-/3
6&2
0/215&
"
/0<;/

&34:
*.$/22&4"

⎧ x 2 + y 2 = 17
( 17 ) ⎪
2
2 2 2 2
x +y = ⇒ x + y = 17 ⇒ ⎨ + ⇒ 2x 2 = 18 ⇒ x 2 = 9 ⇒ x = ±3


2 2
⎪⎩ x − y = 1

32 + y 2 = 17 ⇒ y 2 = 17 − 9 ⇒ y 2 = 8 ⇒ ±2 2

( )( )( ) (

  

)
 
3,2 2 ; −3,2 2 ; 3,−2 2 e −3,−2 2 (

)

218
 
.",*3&
"3
"'*2-"<@&3
%"%"3
"
3&(5*2
$,"33*'*15&"3
$/-/
6&2%"%&*2"3
!
/5
'",3"3









&15"<;/
7



7

8



8




2&02&3&.4"
5-"
$*2$5.'&2>.$*"
15&
=
4".(&.4&
4".4/
"/
&*7/

%"3
"#3$*33"3
15".4/
"/
&*7/
%"3
/2%&."%"3








&,*03&
%&
&15"<;/
7


8



*.4&2$&04"
"
)*0=2#/,&
%&
&15"<;/
7


8



&-
"0&."3
%/*3

0/.4/3
15&
3;/
/3
6=24*$&3
%"
)*0=2#/,&








3&-*&*7/
-"*/2
%"
&,*03&
7


8



=
0"2",&,/
"/
&*7/
2&",
%"
)*0=2#/,&
7


8




33*.",&
"
",4&2."4*6"
15&
$/.4=-
"
3&15>.$*"
$/22&4"
%&
$*-"
0"2"
#"*7/


"
!

!

!




#
!

!



$


!






%




!




&
!








 !&2%"%&*2"
  −  +   +   +  =  ⇔
 −   +
 +   =  ⇒

 −    = 
 !&2%"%&*2"

⎧⎪
 +   = 
⎨  ⇒
− 

 
⎪⎩
−    = 



 −   =  ⇒   =  ⇒  =  ⇒

−  

 
 



",3"


  +  =
⇒   =     =  ⇒

⊂     ⊂ 



 
  −   =  ⇒   =     =  ⇒



⊂ 
 


/24".4/


 ⊥



 

219