Objective : To find the number of sub: mo the total number of subsets of Ag or N07 Set And verily that a set Anas m numberof elements, Pro-requisite knowledge : Basic knowledge of sets is required Materials required : Paper, different coloured pencils, Procedure : 4. Taka an empty set @ = (>) which has no element. 2. Take a singleton set (say) A which has ‘only one element a in it. ie. A= {a) = [Venn diagram} 3. Take a set (say) B which has two elements a and b in it. ie, B= {a, b} = [Venn diagram) 4. Take a set (say) C which has three elements a, b and c in it. ie, C= (a, b, oh = [Venn diagram] 5. Take a set (say)D which has four elements a, b, o, and d in it. Observations 4. The possible subset of > Is ¢ itself only. The number of subsets of 6 Is 1 = 2°. 2. The possible subsets of set A are , {a}. The number of subsets of set A is 2 = 2". 3. The possible subsets of set B are 4, (4). {b}, {, 6}. The number of sub-sets of set B is 4 I Scanned with CamScanner—x 4. The possible subsets of set C are 4, {a}, {0}, {c}. {a, b}, (a, c}, {b, c}, {@, b,c}. The number Of subse 1s of set Cis 8 = 2°. 5, The possible subsels of sot D are 6. {a}. {b). (c}. (a). fa, D}, (2, ch, {2, d}, {b, ch, fa, oe, {a, &, d, (a, ¢ A, (0, ¢, d}, {2, b, ¢, d}. The number of subsets of ia De zi Sue 4, 6. Continuing in this manner, we get the number of subsets of a set E containing n distinct number a elements is 2”. Application : Useful to construct sample space corresponding to a random experiment of tossing a coin, TEE Follow-up Activity Repeat the activity for some more sets and find their subsets and also the number of subsets. Viva-Voce Questions Ma What is the usefulness of this activity? “This activity is useful for finding the number of subsets of a given set, which may be further used to construct sample space for a random experiment. What is the number of subsets of any given set A? The number of subsets of set A = 24), where n(A) is number of distinct elements in the set A. Write the subsets of the set A = {1, 2, 3}. . The subsets of the A are 6. {1}. {2}. {3}. (1, 2}. (1, 3}. (2, 3}, (1, 2, 3}. For any set A, define P(A) (the power set of A). For any set A, we define P(A) as the collection of all possible subsets of A. ff n(A) = 5 then find n(P(A)). AAP(A)) = 2014) = 25 = 32, 1 y WA= frez:d isan integer]. Write all possible subsets of A. + A={1,—1). Subsets of A are 4, {1}, 1), (1, —1). 1 Ans. z Ans. 3. Ans. 4. Ans. 5 Ans. 6. Ans. e A= (xeZ:x= (1), where ne Nj. Write all possible subsets of A. » A= {1,-1}. Subsets of A are 9, {1}, 1}, (4, =1}. Objective :'To verify that for two set id 3 is 2°, where (A) = p and n(B) = ae and B, n(A x B) = pq and the total number of relations "re-requisite knowledge : Knowlait-. Scanned with CamScannerBMG Ba = (C04, by). (04, b2), (ay, by 2). (ay, By), (ay, by) (23, 6:), (ay. 82), (25, By), (ay, by 1) Cag Bae Kae Bn OD. (a, Ds) (03, D4), (0s, by), (a, Dita Be oe MA, * B,) = 20= 4 x 5 = nA) ri) Me BN a Bh Ou BD, oA, t oT “. total number of relations from A, to B, Is 220, : ; Application: Useful to find total number of relations from set Ato another oe Cent ml set B. ME Follow-up Activity ae, Repeat the activity for some other different sets and verity the result 1. Let A= {1, 2, 3) and B = {1, 2}, then find A x B and n(A x B), Ans. Ax B= {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 1), (3, 2)). 2 MA B) = 6 = 3 x 2 = mA) x n(B). 2. What is A * B for any two sets A and B? Ans. Ax B= {(a, 6): a Aand be B} 3. What do you mean by a relation from A to B? ‘Ans. It is any subset of the cartesian product A « B. 4, ISAxB=B XA? Ans. No. f(a, 6) # (b, a)). IFA x B= ((a, 1), (@, 3), (1, 4), (3, a), thon write A and B. Ans. A= {a, 1, 3), B= {1, 3, a) If the total number of relations from set A to another set B Is 64 and n(A) = 2, find n(B). 2NA B) = 64 =» 2A) * M18) = 26 => 2218) = 26. n(B) = 3, cei : To represent set theoretic operations using Venn diagrams. Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of sets, operations on sets and Venn diagrams. Materials required : Cardboard, white thick sheet of paper, pencils, colours, scissors, adhesive. Procedure : 1. Cut rectangles from a sheet of paper and fix them on a cardboard. 2. Name these rectangles as universal set, U in leftfright top comer of each rectangle. ‘ as shov 3. Draw circles A and B inside each of the rectangles and shade or colour different areas, the figures below. ee) rt Scanned with CamScanner3. The complements of the sets = the figures below. Aand B are denoted by A’ BY = shaded portion the figure below. 4, The union of the sets A and 8, AUB is shown in AUB = shaded portion 5. ‘The intersection of the sets A and B, ANB is shown in the figure below. ‘ANB = shaded portion 8. The complement of ANB, (ANBy Is shown in the following diagram. (An By = shaded portion i fuser rei Scanned with CamScannerF 7. The following diagram describes (AUBY. (AU By = shaded portion 8. The following diagram represents A’NB = B - A. 4’ A.B =B-A= shaded portion 9. The following diagram represents ANB’ = A — B. A Bas A-B =AnB'= shaded portion 40. The following diagram describes ANB = 9. In this cane A and B are called disjoint sets. (ete) 11. The following diagram describes ACB u Application: Useful in solving practical problems on set theory. a Scanned with CamScannerFERS | viva Voce Questions a | 4. Dofine a relation. Ans. A relation R from a set A to an other sot B Is defined as a subset of Ax B, ie, RCA B. 2. What do you mean by domain and range of a relation? ‘Ans. The domain is the set of all first elements of ordered pairs (x-coordinates). The range is the set of all second elements of ordered pairs (y-coordinates) 3. ITA and B are two sots containing m and n elements respectively, how many different relations can be defined from A to 8? ‘Ans. Number of relations from A to B = 2™" 4, Let f= {(x, y) :%, y € Nand y = 2x} be a relation on N. Is this relation @ function? ‘Ans, Here f= (xy): x, ye Nand y = 2x). Clearly, dom (f) = N and co-domain (f) = N. Also, range (f) = {2x : x € N) = set of even natural numbers. Clearly, every natural number has a unig double. So, every element in N has a unique image in N under f. Hence, fis a function from to N. 5. Is every relation a function? Justi. No. Let A = {1, 2, 3) and B{4, 5}. Define R = {(1, 4). (2, 5), (3, 4), (3. 5)}, then R is a relation but Not a function as 3 has two images namely 4 and 5. Note: Every function Is a relation. 6. Let A= (1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5, 6), then which of the following are relations but not a function? (a) Ry = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)} (b) Ry = {(1, 2), (1, 5), (2, 6)} (c) Ry = {(2, 5)} (4) Ry = (1, 4), (2, 4), 3. 4) Ans, (a) Function as well as relation (b) Relation but not a function (c) Relation but not a function (d) Function as well as relation Objective : To distinguish between a Relation and a Function. Pre-requisite knowledge ; Basic knowledge of sets, telations and functions. Materials required : Hardboard, board pins, white and pink colour chart paper, a pair of scissors, gluestick ‘threads or yams, paper pins. Procedure : 4. Place a coloured chart paper firmly on a thick board with the help of board pins, as shown in fig. 6. Fig, 6.1 en 0 TT Scanned with CamScannerside paste it on the left 2. From a white chart paper, cut out a rectangular strip of 5 cm by 3 om and of the hardboard, (refer fig. 6.2), 3. Fix 4 paper pins on this strip and mark them as 1, 2, 3, 4, as shown in fig 6.2. Fig 62 4. Ina similar manner cut out another strip of same size and Paste it on the right hand side of the hardboard. (refer fig 6.3). 5. FRS pins on the right side of the strip and mark them as A, B and G (se8 fg. 6.3). 6. Join pins on the strips with the help of threads or yarns in different ways, as shown in fig. 6.4. Connecting pins in each figure comprise different ordered Pairs which represent elements of a telation which may or may not be a function. Observations Fees 1. Fig. 6.4 (a) represents a relation which is not a function as 1 maps to two elements, namely A and C. PS 1 Scanned with CamScanner2. Fla. 6.4 (b) represents function, hence a relation also. In fact Its @ constant function with Tange = { 3. Fig. 6.4 (c) represents a function, hence a relation also. ; 4. Fig. 6.4 (¢) represents a relation which Is not a function as 1 does not have any image. Application : Useful to differentiate between a relation and a function As done in fig 6.4, try to construct some relations (i) Which are not functions (ii) Which are functions as well. eeeenenp ET Vie V0ce Quetos: a, 1. Let f= (2, 0), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (3, 1), (3,2), (3,3), (3, 4} Is F a function? Ans. No, Since one element, namely 2 has more than one images. 2. Let g = (1.2), (2,5), (8,8), (4, 10), (5, 12) and (6, 12)} 48 g a function? If yes find its domain and range. Ans. Yes, domain (g) = {1,2, 6 and range (g) = {2, 5, 8, 10, 12} 3. HA = {1,23}, B= {4, 5,6). I5 (1,6), (3,4), (5,2), Ans. No, it is not a relation from A to B because (5, 2) ¢ Ax B, 4. Letf:Z5 N is defined as f(x) = x + 1, ts f a function? ns. No, as f(-1)=0 ¢N. 5. IA and B are two sels between A and 8? 1s. qm te: ie oem above question as an activity and verify your result by taking (m = 2, q = 1) 8 SRE Mx Yixye Q, x? + y? = 1) a function from @ to Q? @ relation from A to B? such that n(A) = m and n(B) = q, then how many functions are pos 1 S. No. Fi as * 1 gh 2 Wehae yai-tioye $. put 6 € Q, hence x = 4 does not hav image, so it is not a function, + Let R is a relation fro from A to B? mA to B, where mA) = 4, (8) = 5 and n(Range of R) = 5. Is Ra fu - No Reason: By given data tha. —- Scanned with CamScanner2. What is the amplitude of @ sine curve? ‘Ans. The amplitude of a sine 3. What is the period of the sine curve’ . The period of the sine curve is the 4. What is difference betwoer - asinx is twice the trigonometric function sh 5. Draw the graph of y = sin(-¥). Y curve Is its height. . On. ‘one cycle of the curve: \ ? length of inax represents angle. sin2x?" yn 2sinx and 2 unerons 2x sh Objective : To interpret geometrically the meaning of / and its integral powers. Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of co-ordinate geometry, complex number lota, (A and its propertie Materials required : Cardboard, chart paper, sketch pen, ruler, compasses, adhesive, nails, thread. Procedure : 4, Take a cardboard of a suitable size and paste a chart paper on it Draw two mutually perpendicular lines X‘OX and YOY’ representing the coordinate axes. Take a thread of one unit length and fix one end of the thread at O and the other end at P along OX, as shown in the figure. 4, Loose the other end of the thread at P and rotate the thread through the angles of 90°, 180°, 270° and 360° and mark the free end of the thread in different cases as P,, P,, P and P,, respectively, as shown in the figure. 2 Observations In the argand plane, 4. P denotes the complex numbers 1, /4, #8, 12, 1'6 2. P, denotes the complex numbers 18, (9, (17, 3. P, denotes the complex numbers ~1, 12, (8, 10, i", ;18, 4. P3 denotes the complex numbers ~i, (9, (7, 144, ;18, ;10, 5. OP = 1, OP, =/, OP, =-1, OP, =~, OP, = 1 = i$j.-« , ian j4ne2 jane Scanned with CamScanner6. Each time, rotation of OP by 90° clockwise is , ulvalent to mut therefore, | is referred to as the multiplying factor for @ rotation of 80". ers 7. On rotation of OP through 90°, we get OP, = 1 * /=4. 8, On rotation of OP through 180° (2 right angles), we get OP, = 1 = ix i= (2 = 4 9. On rotation of OP through 270° (3 right angles), we get OP, = 1x 1x ix /= i? = 1 40. On rotation of OP through 360° (4 right angles), we got OP, = 1 xix imixs=it=t x ntimes = P 44. On rotation of OP through n-right angles, we get OP, = 4% 1% 1 1 DH oom Application: Useful while solving problems of geometry In compl eee Follow-up Activity Repeat the activity on the another chart paper on your own. = eae Viva-Voce Questions Yo 4. What is the x-axis called in the argand plane? ‘Ans. In the argand plane, x-axis is called real axis. 2. What is the y-axis called in the argand plane? ‘Ans. In the argand plane, y-axis is called Imaginary exis. 3. What is the value of 2”? Ans. 2" = (Py = (-1) = [ 1, ifm is even. {i if nis odd. 4. Form observation table, evaluate the following : 2 ore Marr wo ( ) Ans. ()f i) 20-1) (ii) -1 Using (Fig 11.1) plot 1?" on argand plane. 1+ 5. y reife Ans. oO x ye 6. For what least value of k, wo have + = | where ke Z* m7 af Ans, k= 30875 =h ES 5 | Scanned with CamScanner__Dbfective : To find the qumber of wa Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of counting the objects of the di ys in which three cards can be selected from given five cards, ifferent possible arrangements, fundamental principle of counting Materials required : Cardboard sheet, white paper sheets, sketch pen, cutter. Procedure : ‘Take a cardboard sheet and paste a white paper on it. a 2. From the cardboard, cut § identical cards (as A, B, C, D and E) of convenient size. 3. Let select one card A from the given five cards. Then two cards from the remaining four cards ¢ be: BC, BD, BE, CD, CE and DE. Thus, the possible selections are: ABC, ABD, ABE, ACD, ACE 4 ADE. There are 6 possible selection. 4. Now, let select another card B from the given five cards. Then two cards from the remaining f cards can be AC, AD, AE, CD, CE and DE. Thus, the possible selections are BAC, BAD, BAE, BC BCE and BDE. There are 6 possible selections. 5. Now, let select another card C from the given five cards. Then two cards from the remaining t cards can be AB, AD, AE, BD, BE and DE. Thus, the possible selections are CAB, CAD, CAE, Cl CBE and CDE. There are 6 possible selections. 6. Now, let select another card D. Then two cards from the remaining four cards can be AB, AC, BC, BE, CE. Thus, the possible selections are DAB, DAC, DAE, DBC, DBE and DCE. Here als possible selections. 7. Now, let select another card E. Then two cards from the remaining four cards can be AB, AC, BC, BD and CD. Thus, the possible selections are EAB, EAC, EAD, EBC, EBD and ECD. Here: 6 possible selections. 8. Here 30 possible selections are: ABC, ABD, ABE, ACD, ACE, ADE —_BAC, BAD, BAE, BCD, BCE, BDE CAB, CAD, CAE, CBD, CBE, CDE DAB, DAC, DAE, DBC, DBE, DCE EAB, EAC, EAD, EBC, EBD, ECD We observe that each of the selection is repeated thrice. Therefore, the number of distinct selection = 2 = 10. Observations 1. 2 3. 4 5. We have 5 different cards A, B, C, D, E. Taking 3 at a time, if we have to make combinations, ul will be ABC, ABD, ABE, BCD, BCE, CDE, ACE, ACD, ADE, BDE. Here, ABC, BAC and CAB are the same combination as order does not alter the combination. This is why we have not included in this list. There’ are as many as 10 combinations of 5 cards taken 3 cards at a time. Corresponding to each of the 5C, combinations. _ Sl bxdxat | en y= Egat” 2txal = 10 (+ Scanned with CamScannerApplication: Useful in solving problems of combinations and probabil oe robability. ee a Follow-up Activity a a ee Find the number of ways in which four cards can be selected from given six cards. ernment EEE Viva Voce Question: nD 4. From a group of 4 people, 3 are selected to form a committee. How many combinations are the ! 4 --———_ Ans. Here, “Cy = rayai = 2. How many ways can § letters be arranged? Ans. Since there are no repeating letters, and there are § total letters, there are 5! = 120 ways to arr them. 3. How do you calculate the number of possible combinations? a Ans. To calculate combinations, we will use the formula °C, = eye number of items and r represents the number of items being chosen at a time. 4. Cy = "Cy find "Cyz Ans. We have "Cy = "Cg where n represents the alt 08] FA ee. sein M7 = (r-oyal (n—8)t 8 o n-8 Therelore, "Cy7 = "Cy = p=qorp+q=a 5. IFC, = "Cg then show thus p=qorp="-4 ‘Ans. We know "Cp = "Cn-@ ie, p=qorptq=™ 6. n> 1 (ne Z'), show that "Cz + ™'C, is @ perfect square. Dn -2) = -1)(n-2)_((=1) eS Sgt 1), o-Ne + : = (n- 17 = perfect square n 7. White the value of me a al ples eae EC (a= eri. cad Scanned with CamScannerion for a given positive in, binomial expansi 1's Triangle and {0 write expansion for positive integral expo, @: To construct a Pascal objectiv exponent. Pre-requisite knowledge = Knowledge of Pascal's Triangle, binomial Materials required + Drawing board, white Paper matchsticks, adhesive. Procedure = 4. Take a drawing board and paste @ white paper on it. the first and tast entry in each row is 1 and each g 2. Take some matchsticks and arrange them, entry Is the sum ‘of the two entries directly above it, eo —— eee mse A sf WY XA Row4———, Row 5——> 4, 8 f a \f \/Y 6 3. The above figure looks like a triangle and referred to as Pascal's Triangle. 4. To write binomial expansion of (x + y)"- (+ yP= : 1 i +yt= z em (+ yP ro) é og : 2 os A - e+ By + St 3 yf= eo+ 4ay + ey + any? 7 y i + 5xy4 + ¥ = ae + Sxty + 10x42 + 10x?y? + re the coeffici ients In these polynomials to the numbers in Pascal's triangle. Dbservations 1. Numbers in fifth row are 1, 5, 10, 10, 5, 1, 2. Numbers in seventh , 10, 5, 1, which are coefficients of the i wae nth row are 1, 7, 21, 35, 35, 21, 7, 1, which are Sea expansion of (x + ¥ ients ol i i 3. (xt yp = x3 + Srey + Sy? +? the binomial expans 4. (xt yp = xO + Bx" ry + 28x8y? + 56x53 + TOxty’ + 56x35 + 28x2y8 + Bxy7 y7 + > Scanned with CamScannero Application: The activity can be used to write binomial ex pansion for (x + y)", where n is a positive integer. es ee ae Viva-Voce Questions Tara ae 4. What is Pascal's triangle used for? Ans. The binomial theorem refers to the pattern of coefficients that appear when a binomial is multiplied by itself a certain numb , of coefficients. fer of times. Pascal's triangle can be used to determine the expanded patter 2. Why is it called Pascal's triangle? Ans. W ia ed for the 17th — century French mathematician Blatse Pascal. Pascal's tangle in algebra, gular arrangement of numbers that gives the coefficients in the expansion ‘of any binomial ‘expression such as (x + y)". 3. How are binomial expansions related to Pasca''s triangle? ‘Ans. Binomial expansions using Pascal's Triangle, suppose that the following expanded powers of (e+ by’, where a + b is any binomial and nis a whole number. In each term the sum of the exponents is n, the power to which the binomial is raised. 4. How many terms are in the binomial expansion of (x + yp? ‘Ans. Since, any binomial expansion is to the power &, there will be nine terms in the expansion. 5. Expand (1 + p)*. ‘Ans. We have (1 + p)*=1 (ay + ap p +6 (ay p2 + 4(1) (8) + 41.p4 = 14 4p + 6p? + 4p? + pA Jents of binomial expansion of (x + y)? (using Pascal's triangle). Ans. Coefficients are 1, 9, 36, 84, 126, 126, 84, 36, 9, 1. 7. Find the number of terms in the expansion (1 + 2b * b?'2, Ans. (1 + 2b + bay? = (1 + pyy? = (1 + bP Hence, the total number of terms is 25. eee... Objective : To obtain the formula for the sum of squares of fir Pre-requisite knowledge * Knowledge of sum of first n-natural pone = Materials required : Wooden unit cubes, coloured papers, adhesive oe ea Procedure : Let us find a relation for the sum of squares of first n-natural 6. Write the coeffici aR tint (e 12), shown in fig. 16.1 4. Take 1 wooden unit cube as 1 SS — Scanned with CamScannerPre-sequisite knowledge : = Knowledge of Materials required : Coloured arithmetic mean and geometric mean. Procedure : Let us find the relation ret, scale, sketch pens, cuter, squared iit str snten ieane ie os positive numbers, ie, a = 3 cm and b = 2 om, 1, Take a squared paper of size 5 = 5 squares and paste it on @ card sheet it. pe Bon oe 2 90 2. Arrange the four rectangular pi paver pieces from squared 1 size 5 * 5 a shown in figure. ae | dom 3, Here, square PORS is of side (3 + 2 = 5 om), and square { \ Ben] en | ‘Se Zam me— 3am —R — sa ABCD is of side (3 — 2 = 1 om). Observations 4. Area of PORS = (3 + 2 = 5? = 25 sq. om. 2 ‘Area of four rectangular pieces = 4 * (3 * 2) = 24 sa. om. 3. sea of ABCD = (3 - 2° = 1? = 1 sq. om. 4. are ot tors = Sum of areas of four rectangular pieces + area of square ABCD, einroa of PORS > Sum of areas of four rectangular pieces a, 25 > 24 9 > 4x x2 +A? E* 342) 5 We have taken two postive numbers, Le. a= 3 and B= 2 : * fa np > 4 (ot) or (252) > ab 222, Jab ie, AM. > GM. ternative approach: é For a, b > 0, consider (va-vo) >0 oo > 22> Jeb =a+b- Wab plication: Useful in solving questions related to the tople equalities. ml 90 Scanned with CamScanner(i) The section of the generators is calieg "* (il) The section of ; is called... "2 Sone Ans. (i) 8N ellipse (i) a parm 6. Write the relationship bo slant Ans. P= 72+ F2, whore 7 = slant heighy, eee on eioht of @ cone, bola (lil) a circle S and h = height, Obeetve To OSI 8 panto Prerequisite knowledge : Knowledge of intersect; Materials required : Drawing board, white paces ah ees _ Sas aii Pen, pencil, compass, ruler, etc. 1. Take a drawing board of a convenient 2. Mark @ point O on the graph Paper, Size and paste a graph paper on It. as Shown in figure 22.1 and draw a line from 0. Fig. 22.1 3. Draw another line J perpendicular to the line through O at § cm below O. 4. + Tako (points Ay, Aa, Ay, Ay. Ag) on the fine J. Draw the perpendicular ines to 1 at the point Ay, Ap. Ay and As, 5: Join A,O and draw perpendicular bisector of A,O, meeting the perpendicular through A, at the point Py, Le, AP, = 7.4 cm. 8. Now join A,O and draw perpendicular bisector of A,O, meeting the perpendicular through A, at point Pai 2 = 3.7 em. 7. staan pit A,O and draw perpendicular bisector of A,O, meeting the perpendicular through A, at Point Py, Le., AyP, = 3.7 cm. 8. ‘Similarly, join A,O and draw perpendicular bisector of AgO, meeting the perpendicular through Ay at Point Py, ie., AsPs = 7.4 om. 8. Now, draw a free hand curve through the points P,, P;, Ps, Py Ps, a8 shown in figure 22.1 47 Scanned with CamScannera ere i int from the fixed 1. The points P,, P,, Ps, P, and P,, are such that the distance of each poi Point . » Pa, Ps, same as the ‘distance of the point from the line /. a 2. Here, A,P, = 7.4 om and P,O = 7.4 om, Le. AyPy = Py A,P, = 3.7 om and P,O = 3.7 om, i.@., A,P2 = P20 3. The distance of the point P, from Ay = The distance neh 4, Distances of the points P,, Po Pay Pas Pe rea the p va distances of these points from the . ae 5. Therefore, the free hand curve obtained by joining P,, Pz, Ps. Pa P, is a parabola with direct, and focus O. of P, from O. Ay, Ag Ay As are same as ty 5 Application: Useful to have concept clarity about terms like focus and directrix of a parabola. EGMEEEENEENN Follow-up Activity ty to find an alternative method to trace a parabola. SS Viva-Voce Questions . Define a parabola. Ans. A parabola is a curve where any point is at an equal distance from a fixed point (the focus) and fixed straight line (the directrix). 2. How do you write an equation for a parabola? ns. Let (x9, yg) be any point on the parabola. Find the distance say L, between (Xp. Yo) and the foot Then find the distar o . 7 jenieeg ectein. ince say Lz between (x, y) and directrix, then’ by using L, = L,, we obtain t ns. A parabola is set of all points in a pl * when a <0, the Parabola opens down. ns, $18 (1, ~1) and directrix is x + y + 7 = 0. ° 2 # = g 2 3B 2 8 Parabola, thi Ve- saat CTA mtcsy age Kx-1)" +(y say = seLeT + ; > *P—2y~ 18x — toy 452% Find the equation of the US is a fo. and directrix is x = a (where a > 0) Scanned with CamScanneree | 4. What is the dotinition of cong kay Questions ROE gee Ans. The eccentricity of an ellipse ig g Measure ce fae the sooerty ises 1° "M0 th dance to te 18 tl are he om is the distance from the center to a vertex, Senter to the focus of the ellipse and @ 2, What is the usetuiness ofthis acttye ‘Ans. This activity is useful to explain the concepts such a: 'S Major and minor 3. White the distance between the foci of the etipse 2 y2 axis of an ellipse. tgs (>>) Ans. 2a" —-b* 4. Find the length of major axis and minor axis for an eltipse © .¥* Ans. Length of major axis = 2 x 4 = g og"! Length of minor axis = 2 x 3 = g 5. Give an example of real lite application of geometry of an ellipse. wla hoop or tire of a car looks askew. 'y Treatment uses the properties of the ellipse’s two foci, to its major axis results in an elliptic slice. Ans. (i) You can see an elliptic structure when a fy {i) To remove kidney stone, the Lithotrops (ii) Cutting @ cucumber at an angle Object To construct an ellipse when two fixed Points are given, Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of conic sections. Materials required : Rectangular cardboard, coloured chart paper, nails, ‘strings, pen, pencil. Procedure : 1, Take a cardboard of size 30 cm x 20 cm and paste a chart paper on it. 2. Draw a straight line on the chart paper and mark two fixed points F, distance between them is 8 cm, Fix two nails at the points F, and F,. 3. Fix the two ends of a string of length 12 POP op, cm (more than the distance F,F,) to the nails at F, and F,. 4, With a pencil, stretch the string in the loop without slack and mark at least 10 points Py Pa, Py. ete. on both sides of the and F, on it such that the p, P, PLT PP SOSX aL S252 Ta AE va Py line segment F,F,. 5. Join all the points P,, i= 1, 2, 3, a. 20 to Pap, Pp, Py Pe form an ellipse. r ut oe Scanned with CamScannerObservations 1. PYF, + PYF, = PAF, + PAF, = PsP, + PF, = 12 cm. PAF, + PyFy = PSF, + PyFy = PeF, + Pez = 12 om. PAF, + PLE, = PyF, + PaF, = PyF, + PoF, = 12 om. 2 : Fy = 12 cm. PagFy + Pray = PyFy + PygFy = PygF + PyoFy = ? 4. PiFy + PraFy = PyFy + Pra tn pF, ane, 5 6. . Sum of the distances of each of the points Py, Po, Py sen. Therefore the curve obtained is an ellipse. Application: This activity is useful to explain the property satisfied by any point lying on the ellipse, MRE Follow-up activity oy Construct an ellipse with two given fixed points F, and F, such that F,F, = 6 cm. ay Viva-Voce Questions 1. What is an ellipse? ‘Ans. Its a locus of a point sum of whose distances from two fixed Points is a constant. 2. What are the vertices of an ellipse? Ans. Vertices of an ellipse are the points where ellipse mest with major axis, 3. What is the usefuiness of this activity? Ans. This activity is useful to explain the property of any point lying on the ellipse. 4 Give practical uses of the geometry of an ellipse in the field of : () Sports equipments (i) Setelite and planet orbits Ans. (i) If an ellipse is rotated about the major axis, we obtain a football, {) By Kepler's first law : The path of each planet is an 5. Draw the ellipse zt @ ellipse with the Sun at one focus, =1(a>b) and write the length of its Major and minor axes, Ans, v Length of major axis = 2q ite Scanned with CamScannern experiment consists of rol ‘rine number on the dio is pari pee ies tossing a coin once it th pp mone wns ag ts roa g = ((2, H (4, HD, (6, H), (2, 7, is nt (3. TH) @, TT). (6, HH), (6, iam, 4 Te ett HN), (1, HT), (1, TH), (1, TT) tra fair coin Is fossod two times, then write is B } (1. TT). (3, HH), (3, HT), * g 2 (HH, HT. TH. TT) ‘sample space. ans y= Head, T= tall) i eye fs ae spec natn te, Op beso Hes. ere requisite knowledge : vm ige of sample space, total : ° pres and fabaa ota a space, total number of outcomes, number of elements poterials required + ‘An unbiased coin and a record book. procedure = | 4, Flip coin once. It can have two outcomes — Head or Tall. | 2. Draw a tree diagram to represent the two branches of @ tree, as shown in Fig go 33.1, in your record book. een write a sample space for flipping a coin once. » | Now flip a coin twice. It can have four outcomes. ga diagram to represent the outcomes, as shown in Fig 33.2, in your ae 5, Drawa tree record book. Outcomes Fig. 334 | Pee as shown in fig 33:3 Fig. 33.2 n times, times, four times a! f; ord book. 6. Repeat the same aetiviy by flipping 2 co" re SS ie ee ee Scanned with CamScannerFF Observations a , the sample space is: nen ee eee nar ol elemanas i s= 2. When a coin Is flipped twice, the sample space is ‘S = (HH, HT, TH, TT} Number of elements in S = is: three times, the sample space : " as rae Nar HITT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT} Number of elements in s = nen a coin is Ripped the sample space is : 4, When a coin is lipped four times, tl Cece THE THR Ra ir {HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HTT, HTHH, HTHT, HTTH, ™, TTH, TIT} Number of elements in S = 16 = 24 and so on. Application: Useful to calculate Probability. ee iia SEED flor. kciviy aT Repeat this experiment by tossing a coin and rolling a die to write the sample space. foce Questions Two coins are tossed simultaneously, find the sample space for : (i) One head exactly (ii) At most two heads - () Sample space for one head = {HT, TH} (ii) Sample space for at most two heads = {HT, TH, Tr} 2. What do you mean by outcomes? Ans. The observations of an e) 3. What do you understand by fair or unbiased coin? Ans. The word unbiased means each Outcome is equally likely to occur, Ans. ihe me Simuttensously. Find the sampio Space for : (i) at most two heads (i) # 0) Se for at most two Heads = (HHT. HiT Hanne s8c8 for al tas = cy, 7. oy A NTH. THT, TH, HTT, HHT, TTT 5. How woutd you relate the Possible ey i (Pla) = 2°, in case of tossing eee the sample space with the formula n (Ayeo ‘Ans. We know that if a set t has Spa09 are the events a a elements, then its ace ay ar en Leics, then since Outcomes are ont re 2 = 4 Hence, Sample space Contain 6 What can You say about the Probability of 2 Xperiment are called its Outcomes, Possible nur re Subsets of the for ip 3 er of subsets are 2", Elements 5 &xperiment. So if for example ie med Ny ether H or T (Le. 2 In number) so all possi? 4 elements, i) P (a sure event) = 4 Gi) B fan ge 8 Sure event (1) an frnnnntnte Scanned with CamScanner