DYNAMIC MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF BATCH CRYSTAL...

14th World Congress of IFAC

Copyright © 1999 IFi\C N-7a-02-1

14th Triennial World Congress~ Beijing, P.R, China

DYNAMIC MODELING AND OPTIMIZKTION OF

BATCH CRYSr-rALL,IZATION PROCESSES

Yi-Dong Lang, Arturo M. Cervantes and Lorenz T. Diegler

Department of Che'TTt2:cal Engineering

Carnegie M ellon Un'iver,r;ity
Pittsburgh, P.A 1521S,u:SA
email: IbO 1 @a.nd-rew. C'1nu. edu

..~bstract: An efficient dynamic. optirnization algorithnl is applied to an industrial

crysta.llization process. The problem is solved using a \i\rindo~1s-based lTIodeling and
optimi~ationenvironment called DyllOPC, \"vhich incorporat.es a sirnllltaneous T\lev/ton-
type SQP stratcg.y. The crystallizer is modeled and monit.ored using temperatures,
instead of concentrations, as output variables. ~rhe correlation of the temperature
inside t.he crystaJlJzer v..rit,h tha.t of the cooling media makes the process easier to
control. In addition to the cooling profile~ the addition of ruother liquor during the
batch operation is also considered, and its flov.r rate and terrlperature are added
as control variables. By solving the optimization problem the mean crysta1 size is
jncreased 50 % over a previous operating case. Cop"vright © 1999IFAC

Key\vords: batch control; crystallization; optiInal control; nonlinear prograrnming~

discretization; industry applica.tions

1. IXTR,ODUCTIOI\ In previous studies it is sho"\vn that the cooling

Batch crystallization processes are very irrlpor-
tant in the chclnical industry~ especially for high-
qua.lity and lo\v-volurne products. The advantages
path of the batch crysta.llization process can sig-
nificantly affect the crystal size distribution and
hence the purifieation of the product (IVlayrhofer
and NyvJt 1988). _A- nurnber of diffPTent cooling
j

of batch crysta.llization are its small capital invest- strategies are cited b:.y Rohani and Dourne (1990).
ment and its flexibility. The disadvantages include Different methods have been used to calculate the
poor reproducibility and modcling uncertainty. optimal cooling path, and the~e range {roIn siInpli-
fled assumptions on the profiles to applicabons of
To describe these systenl,s: batch crystallization
the maximunl principle (Jones~ 1974; i\jinkya and
models usually incorpora.te the mass., energy and
Ray~ 1974). I\elorc recently, \Vang (1990) consid-
population balances a.s well as the moment cqua~
ered errlpiricaJ and IIlornent equations to establish
tions (Randolph and Larson , 1962 1 1988; Ivlers-
the Hamiltonian function and adjoint equations.
manu, 1994). These models aHow~ calculation of
The resulting optirnization pl'oblern \vas solved b.y
the mean crystal si7:e and crystal si:iJe dist.ribu-
Htrial and error" and t,he solution \vas "i/erified \vith
tion. In industrial applications, the gro"'~th and
satisfactory results in the la.boratory. 1\.150, most
nucleation rates are ahnost always expressed \vith
of these investigators have v.rorked witb innrga,lIic
empirical equations, ~~hich require a certain level
solutions, such as potassium sulfate and pot,as-
of simplification. The output variables are usually
siunl chloride dissolved in "vater. These processes
controlled by manipulating the tenlperature of the
do not have significant heat effects and a.re rea-
solution (cooling mode)~

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DYNAMIC MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF BATCH CRYSTAL... 14th World Congress of IFAC

sonably ,"veIl behaved. On the ot.her hand, many 2. B_4'l'Clf C~RYST.ALLIZ~~TIOl\riVrODEL

crystalliza.tion processes in the chemical indust.ry
have very different behavior that cannot be opti- For this study ,i\-"'e consider an actual industrial
mized using these simplified t.echniques. For this batch process described in L,ang et aL (1998), 'This
reason, new optimization strategies need to be process deals ,vith a dense crystal slurry and has
introduced. sjgnificant heat effects. As a result, it has several
characteristics tha.t make it difficult to model:
Since the early 80)s, dynamic optimization al-
control and optirnize. These can be 3ulumarized
gorithms have been developed that apply effi-
hy the foIlo\ving characteristics.
cient nonlinear programming strategies to dis-
cretjzed optin1aJ control problerIls. ..It\IIlong these, • FThe temperature profile of the slurry is un-
simultaneous dynamic optimization strategies, in usual. Due to heats of cr:ystalliz,ation~ there is
\vhich both the state a.nd control variables are a fast temperature rise of up to 2 GC "lithin
discret.ized, have. the advantage of directly han- five minutes. AJso, the t.emperature is hard
dling state variable constraints a.nd deaHng ~~ith to change in the process w'ithin about eight
unstable dynamic modes. These features are im- hours. Consequently~ the heat effects are not
portant in tackling the dynamic optimization of negligi ble_
nonlinear chernical processes. Using this approach • During operatioll~ it is very difficult to avoid
Biegler and co\vorkers (Cnthrell and Biegler 1986, scaling on the ""essel "valls during the crystal-
'Tanatkit and Biegler 1995, C'ervantcs and Diegle.r
l li~atiol1 operation. Here the cooling driving
1998) have demonstrated this simultaneous strat- force has to be linli tcd to Cl. small range in
e,gy b,v solving optiInization pTO bleln~ for Juany order to keep t.he inside v~~alls of the crystal-
cherrlical process applications, including hatch lizer clean. Here sca.ling; \viII he avoided in
and semibatch reactors, batch distillation and the optimization thr01Jgh the addition of an
reactive batch distillation, and optiulal d,ynamic empirically derived state variable constraint.
transitions for continuous processes. • Laboratory vvrork has ShOVi./"1l that at high con-
centrat.ions the rnetastable zone in tempera-
Recent v.rork \vith this strategy (Ilang et aI., 1998)
ture is very narrow; about, 2 °C at a solute
has sho\vn that it is also possible to obtain the
concentration of 89%. T'his leads to a strong
optiInal cooling path of a. batch crystalllizer. Here,
sensit.ivity to the optinla] cooling profile.
the crystallizer l,\.1'a8 rnodeled by extending models
• f\,1id"va~," through the operation, the slurry
and rnethods fron1 the literature. This 1110del com-
is so thick that the agitator luotor cur-
bines mass; moment and energy balances with em-
rent increases quickly and it is irrlpossible
pirical expressions for the gro\vth and nucleation
to discharge the slurry at the end of oper-
rates. Also, this model incorporates the ternper-
ation. This requires that a certain amount of
ature of t.he cooling rnedia as Cl control variable,
mother liquor must be added in order to di-
inst~ad of the tempera.ture inside the crystallizer.
lute the slurry. In the optilnizatioll forIllula.-
This allo\vs us to make the process easier to con-
tion~ a dilute solntion is nlaintained through
trol. In this work, an extended rnodel is presented
a state va.riable constrajnt.
and optilnized for batch crystallization. Here the
addition of mother liquor feed during the batch The extended model for the batch cry'stallization
operarion is also considered. 'l'he incorporation can be \vrittcn as fo110""'5:
of the mother liquor fiol,v rate and temperature
arc treated as additional cont.rol variables and G - dL-
T
B
dt -
- - } /'I.. g ' L ,3
O
S
A8 ern
• ~ (1)
this generates a ehallenging dyna.lnic optimization
problem. Using the dynaJ:uic optimization strat-
(2)
egy 81Ubodicd in DynoPC CLang et aI., 1997), 1.ve
intend to investigate the trade-offs associated with
optimal feeding strategies for the lllother liquor
tlL
Cif ~
7\7
lV'
G i\.~
+l\/u·
L .sD (3)
and optinlal cooling policies for crystallization.
d..4
In the follo\ving section, the model of the indus- -
dt
r
:::::: 2 . a: . L . G + r')
1\/ 'U . L,.. .
sa (4)
trial batch crystallizer is presented as well as the
formula.tion of the dynamic optimization problem. dI/~, - 3
-==3-8·
dt 4~G+J.\j1J·IJ
'so
(5)
Section 3 provides a brief description of the dy- I -"

namic optimization algorithul used for t.h~ solu- dJ.1.f

tion of th~se problerlls. The results are presented (. 6~)
dt
in section 4~ \vhile conclusions and future research
directions arc discussed in section 5. ~ ==
dt If l{ Uz fp· 'W·w.1 - C(l - 'llJ 7n l)] -
dM}
(;t (7)

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DYNAMIC MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF BATCH CRYSTAL... 14th World Congress of IFAC

1110 del arc empirical gro\vth and nucleation rates,

dB [Kc: . 4N-- - KE(e - 'Ul)]
follo\ved by three lllomcnt equations for crystal
<it ~v" -C p length, surface area a.nd volllrrlt~. These equations
'U2 . P(U3 - B) arc follo\ved by Inass balances for the crystals and
(8)
+ 1/~i the solute cOIleentration~ and an energy balance.
d\/ Unlike our previous study:, t.he arnounts of sol-
di == 'U2 (1 - 'lll rn l) (9) vent and tota.l 111aterials in the crystallizer are
not constant any morc, due to the addition of
d11.7 mother nquor. The increase in voluille and total
dt == 'Uz . P (10)
Iuass are given in (9) and (10)~ respectively, ann
Ul - Yl - () aiw == 0 (11) here the addition of mother liquor can be seen
directly. The last two equations represent state
(12) ·variable constraints -vvrith slack variables Yl and
yz. Equation (11) introduces an enlpirically de~
rived allowable ternpRratlJre (()aluJ on the cooling
\\-"here G is the growth rate~ [mjhrj, L s is the
profile that prevents scaling in the crystallizeI'. In
mean size of crystals, [rn] , Nu is the nucleation
the optimization, v.le enforce -5.0 ::; Yl :; 10.0.
rate; [10 6 /(1 of solvent hr)), 1V"r is t.he number of
Equation (12) is a constraint for the rniniInum
nuclei per liter of solvent, [100 /1 of soIventL L is
dilution and is designed to prof.eet the agitator
the total length of the crystals per lit-er of solvent~
motor from a thick slurry. The maximum ratio
[In/l of solvent]~ ~4 is th~ total surface area of the
of solid Inass to volume of solvE:nt is 4.9 kg/ (1 of
crystals per liter of solvent, [m 2 /1 of ~olventJ,~ t,'~
solvent) and this InaintaillS the slurry sufficiently
is the total volunie of the crystals per liter of
diluted for th~ agjtator rDotOl'. Here V/(-.~ (~nforce
solvcnt~ [111 3/1 of solvent], lvf is the total lUass
of the crystals, [kg], VV' is the total nlass of the
o ::; Y2 ::::; 4.9 in the optimization.
system, "{,f is the volunle of the sol\'~ent: [lL rvso 'The objective in t.his \vork is to IIlaxirrlize the
is the mass of seeds added, [kg], L so is the mean final mean particle size. 'T'he problem can be
siz.e of the seeds, [ill], p is the specific gra.vity of formulated as a. Dl\E optimization problclll as
the soluT.ion and rllotrlel' liquor, [kg/l]~ 0:, /3 are follovls:
shape factors for area and volume of the crystals,
respectively, Kc is the specific melt.ing latent heat Inin L s (t f) (13)
of the product 1 [kcal/kg] 1 () is the tClnpcraturc of s.t. (1) - (12) (1,1)
the solution~ [DC], Gp is the rnean heat capacit.y,
[kca1/kg _QC], 11.1 is the temperature of cooling -5.0 S; Yl :s; 10.0 (15)
media, [OC] U2 is the fio\vrate of the mot.her
j

liquor ~ [I/hr], U3 is the tcnlperature of the mother oS Y2 :S 4~9 (16)

liquor~ [GCL 'U,l ntl == 0.425 is the ",,"eight fraction of
solute in the rIlother liquor [kgjkgL [J is the heat
3. DyT~AJ\'1IC OPTllvIIZAFrIO~
excha.nger coefficient, [kcal/m 2 -oC-hr], Sc is the
effective heat exchanger area, [m 2 ], KE == 7.J . Se,
and 1<9' B n , eTl~ ern are elllpirical paralnpter~. The dynanlic optimization problem is solved by
-,,~ls() ,ve denn8 the supercooling degree .6..8 as
transforming the continuous tirne forrnulation into
Beq - a "tvhen 8 eq > (), and zero other"vise. Here a nonlillear progralnnlil1g problenl (NLP) using
(}eq is the saturation temperature of the solution.
collocation OIl finite elernents. The differential
This 1110del has been verified on plants of different, variables Z 1vith:
scales \~lith rnany batch rnns.
In our previous case study, ,ve assuIned that the
mother liquor \Vas added in advance before start- a.re approximated using a. luonomial basis repre-
ing the operation. In this case study we \vould like sentation (Bader and Ascher, 1987):
to ShOVil how addition of rnother liquor affects the
crystallization and ho\v the dynamic optimization
z(t) ~ Zi-l + hi L
near.
Oq
(t ~ th.
i- 1 ) dz
d'
~
(18)
can use this feed to improve the quality of the q=l 1. t ~.Q
product. As seen in the above Inodp,l~ this study
eonsiders manipulation of mother liquor feed and
\vhere Zi-l is the value of the differential variable
compares the result ,vith our previous v..'ork.
at the beginning of element i, hi is the length of
As seen above, the model consists of 12 equa- element i, dz/dti,q is the value ofit.s first derivative
tions (ten differential and two algebraic) and three in elernent i at the collocation point q, and r~q is
control variables. The first two equations of the a polynomial of order neat.

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-The algebraic variahles y :::::; [Yl; Y2]7' and control \v here 9 is the gradient of f, B denotes the I-Iessian
variablcsu. ~ [Ul ~ '1.[.2, U3J T arp. approximated by: of the Lagrangian function, or its quasi~Ne\'vton
approximation, and

(19) T/" _ [-C{:r k )--1 1\l(.rk:)] (29)

"k ~ I

The rSQP a.lgorirhm descrihed in TcrneL and

Here Yi;q and 'Uilq represent the vaJues of the
algebraic. and control variable5~ respectively, in
elemcl11i i at collocation point q, and '~) q is a
Lagl'ange polYDc)Jnial of order ncol. For a fixed
nunlber of elements \vith fixed length, substitution
of equations (18) to (20) int.o (13) leads to a.
nonlincar programming problem (NLP).
min f(x)
xE?)?»
s.t. c(x) =:::
(20)
Bip.glcT (1998) and the orthogonal collocation for-
mulation in Cervantes and Biegler (1998) is irn-
plen1ented in the dynaTIlic opthnization soft:ware
package, DynoPC CLang et.. aI, 1997). This pack-
• age is an easy to use \\Tindo\vs-based prograra
which includes several NETLIR-based solvers (sec
\V\VW .netlib.org). ,r[o initialize the state profiles;
the DAE solver, DASSL; is ex()cuted and the
automatic differentlatjon ,;;;ubroutinp J AKEF is
used for the Jacobian (in DASSL) and gradient
(21) (in rSQP) evaluations. In addition, a number
of discretizat.ion routines from COLDAE set up
0 (22) the discretized equations. Finally, all input-output
graphical interface is provided using the IvIicrosoft
(23) Developer's Studio.

where x = (~~i,I]' Z'i'Yi,q,Ui,l]) T , f : m:n -t 3f and 4. R,ESULTS OF B~L\TCH C~RYST_4.LLIZA'l'ION

c : ~n - t ~Tn.
o P TI:lvlIZ.-\TI 01\
This NLP is solved using a reduced Hessian
(~uadratic Programming (rSQP) algorithm. The In this section \".re cOlnpare Llle extended rnodel
variables are partitioned into m dependent (rV ,vith our previous cooling strdtegy (Lang et. al.!
spa.ce) and rt-rn independent (1.7 space) variables. 1998)) ,,,here all of the mother liqnor lh~as added at
The search direction d k at each iteration k can be the start of the operation. \'\Te term this previous
,~. . ritten as solution as Case T. For this case, ,"vc assume that
the. initial solute concentl'ation was adjusted to
(24) 80% ("7Iy\~). This is equivalent to 5.4 kg/(l of sol-
vent) by adding luother liquor \vith concentration
1

The step for the dependent variables Pw is ob- 42.<5% (\v/"\v) '\vhich is equiva.lent to 1.0 kg/Cl of
tained by solving sohr€nt). Here the volume of loaded solution is
1500 1 and t.he final produ~t yield is 1320 kg. The
(25) concentration of the remaining solution is equa.l
to that of the ruother liquor.

where vVk = [~J, Ch = C(Xk), A k = rl(xk) is the L"sing these compositions~ \'~le no"v consider the
addition of mother liquor feed, called Case rI.
m x n J aco bian of the constraints at. i teratio]) k~
\"'hen Inother liquor is a.dded during operation)
\vhich has be partitioned a.s -
the initial conditions include a solvent. volurne of
_4.(x) == [C(.'h) 1V(x)] (26) 118.4 1 and a loaded ",veight of 1600 kg. In this
\vay, Casps I and 11 have the sarnc iultial reacted
solutions and the saUle yields. }\ schematic of the
and the In x 'rn basis lna.trix CC:];) is nonsingular.
crystaHizer "\vith mot.her liquor addition is sho\vTl
The step for the independent variables PV is then in Figure 1.
obtained by solving the Quadratic Prograrnrning
Solving the t\VO dynamic optim17.. ation pToblenu,;;
(QP) Problem
leads to very similar results. In (;ase I the optinlal
min (VkT 9k + l/kT Bk Vli"kPlr\l)T PV mean crysta.l size (L".J is 4.27 n1ffi while, Case
Plr- ERn-'l71. [I has an optimal mean size of 4.30 nlill. This
rneans. that the addition of lnother liquor during
+21 PvT (T )
1fkBkt7k PV (2"7) operation lea.ds to a small inlprovelnent in the
lllcan size of the product,about 1 %. In Fig. 2 Vole
s.t. xL :s 1fkPl.,· + xk + Vf1kPW S X
U
(28) present the optirnal profiles for the three control

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not have a strong effect on the final result. Here,

it is surprising that) even though the feed control
variables are different in Ca~~s I and It and the
initial cooling profiles are different, th~. profiles
of the slurry temperatures are almost the sarne
in t'iguro 4. l\IIore interesting is that in Fig. 3 1

the profiles of supercooling degrees are ahl10st

F'ig. 1. Flowsheet of Crystallization Process
variables; the temperature of cooling media, the
flo'i,vrate of the Inother liquor and the tp.mpera-
ture of the mother liquor~ From Fig. 2, it ean
be seen that there arc two separate additions of
Illother liquor. Each of them are fed at different
temperat.ures. T'he first addition occurs ,,,~hen the
temperature of the mother liquor is about the
same as the solution temperature. This addition
dilutes the solution and also IOVv'"ers the allov.-~able
cooling temperature (Oalw)1 and a IOV\ er cooling
ternperature. This also increases the driving force
of llf~at exchange, shortens the time needed to
reach equilibrium, and increases the time period
for crystal gro"vt.h. The second addition of mother
liquor serves to prevent a reduction in the super-
cooling degree. This addition has advantages in its
lov,rer temperature and lovler concentration com-
pared to the slurry and the solution. At this point~
since the risk of nuclei stirnulation is negligihle,
lov..·cr t.eulpcrature rnother liquor cools the slurrv
frOITI inside \\rithout increasing nucleation. ~I\ls~:
further dilution of the solution lO\Xlers the al1ovv"-
able cooling tCluperat ure. ~4.s a result of this ad-
dition, the supercooling degree still reulains large
enough, as seen in Figure 3. From comparison of
identica.l. Fronl those results, \ve can claim that
virtually the saIne optimal results are obtained by
two different Tneans. 'The difference hetV\reen two
objective functions are 4.30 mnl vs. 4.27 mm. rfhis
slight difference can be explained by the fact that
positive :1upercooling appears parlier in Case 11,
\\7hich gi-'ves 1110re gro,vth tin1e for the crysta.ls.
~"-lso, the perforluance of the process is not very
sensitive to the telllperature profile of the adde~:l
Inother liquor ~ 'This property is actually preferred
fraIn a practical point of vie\v. Since the added
nlother liquor is not a part of the process, Vle do
not need to control its state through deternlina-
tion of temperature profiles. Instead, live Silllply
use two tanks to store mother liquor and keep
their temperatures constant at different values~
7
Finally, an iluportant advantage t.o the addition
of mother liquor is that it keeps the crystallizer
sufficient.ly diluted to allo\v sufficient. agitation.
FThis is a key aspect for the concentrated slurrics
encountered in this example.
/-<
.~. ~ \
;~'~ \
I
rJi
1/
I;
//
~-,--,'- - , - -_~'_~
o
a
-- ,-- - - - - ,- - -

Tlrne{~rl

----, I
I Fig. 3. Profiles of Supercooling Degree
~~~~~~------~-- - - -- --- --

I
:\~-~- -~----
4'J ~:--'t=~ • ~,....... 1
~ ~ ;S;::::::c~,.,.,--
• .~ I
"'.. --.-~~, ~ ~fJ
i.
)_"-4-\ ---,----~-r-- - J i ! 3;'

10 .~ 2t:1
~ernn I
_ _ _ ,-Ternp.~ollng(C)--'",,:,-Il,I!~L,FJoW[~r'------=-M.1..T!!!":!!'·(;L j

Fig_ 2. Pr·ofile.s of Control l;~ariables

-.....-T...-rJ;:.Prum,·I. ---rC~lI:I·r'lliil ~flq tf
--"t~.flt"O'I,.1 ..... C'-1~iit.I.~~~[;" r

the supercooling degree and terrlperature profiles

in Figures 3 and 4, respectively, it is obvious that
optimization of the nlother liquor flo\vrate does Fig. 4. Profiles of cooling and slurry temperat'ures

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DYNAMIC MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF BATCH CRYSTAL...
'rhis study considers the optirnal operation of
ba.tch crystallizers and extends our previous work
on optirnal cooling to the addition of mother
liquor durjng batch operation. Here we take ad-
vantage of manipulating rnother liquor to im-
prove the mean size and quality of the product.
However~ this inlprovcment is very siight and the
optimal so]utioIJ is therefore fairly insensitive to
the feed addition rate and temperature of the
added lllother liquor. 'I'his strongly supports t.he
optirnality of C,asc I a.nd shows that both strate-
gies a.chieve nearly the saUle result, with nearly
identical temperature a.nd supercooling profiles~
.L';.evertheless~ the addition of mother liquor Inay
be required in order to maintain the dilution level
in the crystallizeI'.
~loreover~ this study and our previous \vork on
industrial batch crystallization sho"" that combi-
nation of dynanlic optimization algorithms with
crystallization rnodels leads to an effective and ef-
ficient approach to solve optimal control problerns
in batch crystallization, both in industriaJ and
acadenlic practice. T'his study also demonstrates
the flexible nature of dynamic optirnization for
batch crystallization proce~ses. No nlatter hov.,.·
complicated the process or troublesome the char-
acteristics of the chemical species are, once the
Inodel of the batch crystallization is available, its
optinlal control policies can be obtained nurneri-
eally 'Nith the above approach.
Ackno,"v ledgelllents
}'unding from China Schola.rship Council~ the
lnenlber cOlnpanics of the COlnputer .A.ided De-
sign Consort.ium and the Universjdad Naeional
A.utonoma de IVlexieo is gratefully ac.knowledged.
References
l\jinkya, M. B.~ and W. H. Ray, ~'On the Optilnal
Operation of Crystallization Processes!~' Chcm.
E,ng. COInrn., 1974~ 1, p. 181
Bacler, G.; Ascher, 1]., "A Nev..~ Basis Implemen-
tation for Ivlixed Order Boundary y"alue ODE
Solver~" SIA.Jv! J. Sei. COIIlput. 1987~ 8 (4)r 483.
Cervantes~ .c\.; B iegl er , L.T." Large-Scale DAE
Optirnization using a Sirnultaneous NLP Fornlu-
lation". l\IChE Journal. 1998~ 44 (5), 10.38.
Cuthrell , J. E.~ Biegler~
L.T. (( On the Opr,inliza-
tion of Differcntial-~4.1gcbraic Process System/'
.A.IChE J. 1987,33,1257.
..Tones, A.G. "Optimal Operation of a Rate.h Cool-
ing Crystallizer /' Chemical Eng. Science. 1974,
29 1075.
l
6626
Copyright 1999 IFAC
14th World Congress ofIFAC
Jone~ _t\..J.; I\1ullin, J. \V. ~·Programmed C~ooling
Crystalliza.tion of PotassiUlu Sulphate Solutions,';
Cheln. Eng. Science. 1974~ 29, 105.
I-(iihberger, lVI.; Merslnann r\. "]mproved product
Quality at a C~ooling Crystalli~ation Process by
.~\i1easurement and Control of SnpersatuIatiolll~'
TransIChernE. 1997, 75, Part .;\_ 213.
Lang, Y-D.; Tanartkit; P.; Cerva.ntes, i1..; Biegler 1
L.T."DynoPC User~s Guide)" Computer Aided
Process Design Laboratory~ Carncgic IVlelLon uni-
versity: Pittsburgh: PA, 1997.
Lang~ )1"_D, Han, H.; Xiao, X-H.; \'Vu, X-R .. "Simulation:
OptinlizatioIl and . .t \.utornatic IrIlplenlentation of a.
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