WWW.GRADESETTER.COM (ie 'WWW.GRADESETTER.COMWWW.GRADESETTER.COM SOLUTION & COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES Contents Page No. Topic Theory 01-23 24-33 Exercise - 1 (Objective Questions 3-34 Exercise -2 Objective Questions Exercise - 3 35-37 <4 Part: JEE (Main) /AIEEE Questions Part-II: JEE (Adv, T-JEE Questions, ‘Answer Key JEE-MAIN Practice Test Paper JEE-MAIN Test Paper Answers JEE-MAIN Test Paper Solutions JEE(MAIN) SYLLABUS. molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume Different methods for expressing concentration of solution- molality, aera both), vapour pressure of soluions and Raoul's Lav-ideal and non-ideal solsions. Act pressure aan postion, plots for ideal and non-deal solutions; Coligative properties of te solutions-flative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boling pont ‘and osmotic pressure; Determination of aarpotlar mass using coligative properties; Abnormal value ofa mass, van. Hoff factor and its significance, JEE(ADVANCED) SYLLABUS ‘molarity, molality and normality. tion from lowering of vapour pressure, elev’ ation of boiling point and Concentration in terms of mole fraction, Raoult’s law; Molecular weight determina! depression of freezing point. is susy material is sey profited. This material belongs to Tam, subject to Kota Jursdkton ony (© Copyright reserved. Bree Any pcan, puting eroaon tal ay a Ai ih esent of RESONANCE ont anysaleresal f tis mates punsneble wet 'WWW.GRADESETTER.COMWWW.GRADESETTER.COM ‘sotlon & Coligaive Propirtios, | Solutions And Golligative Properties neous miiture oftwo.or more substances: eotetens in eur dally We. e.g. sie Qu = eet +: Asolution is a homoger wich are chemically NO" reacting. We come across many types of oir " this chapter we will earn several properties of solutions: ‘and their apf ei. ono n solunon sa nemogenaous mature oft ormoreeubstancea sk Solution : A nomogenectegontin smaier amount in 2 luton is eae eos aunsance presentinforger amount a sotuion is ed solv led solute. + 2.__Types of Solutions : [sno] sotute | Solvent [Types of Solution Examples Solid Solutions \

} reaa | Sama] aia wots [Aralaem ofmercuny WANTS, GaS01 SHO. FeSO¥ THO 3] eas] song] eas in sotd__ [Soliton of Haln Ps Gasohed gases in minerals ao id Solutions iquid | Solidi ugar solution, sat ection, fz 1 OOls Liquid | Liquid Liquid in fiquid [Benzene in toluene. ‘alcohol in water. 6 |) Gael) | teri Gas in quid [GOs in water, NHa in water ole Gaseous Solutions 7 | Seelas eises Zaid in ges [lode vapours in at, carmphor vaPOUT in Nz @ | Liquid | Gas Tiqu in gas {Water vapour in ar, CHCl apoE ine @ | Gas | Ges ‘Gas in ges ~ |Air (Or +N) “The concentration ofa solution can be expressed PY Fifferant concentration terms which are described 25 follows. Concentration Term: % Concentration Mass percentage : itis the amount of solute t grams dissolved per 100 g of solution. © gu. 10% solution of Soaium chloride means 10 g of soli sodium chloride presentin 100 g of solution. weightof solute % whw = i en = 100 ; = 10 g of ureais presentin 100 9 of solution. in 90 g of water. jissolved per 100 mi of solul 40% wiw urea solutior (0 g of ureais present i percentage (‘4 wiv): Itis defined 28 mass of solute di ‘din medicine and pharmacy. Ex. tion. Mass by volum' is commonly use’ % wtivol. (wiv) % wiv = wt. of solute/ (00 mL of solution gram ofsolutes 490 % wlv = Yolume of solution in mlWWW.GRADESETTER.COM cout an gram) per ite (1099 mt) oF SoHE is concentration n of 109 29.4000 Aoont ee Tan camuinta ts strength gh? a ee ye med rave ot wore snson nn sera 120 Sot {re nae presant in 100.9 s0kton. Bisa eoin i mt 2B mt —> 88 sol. or sp00 mi = 7fz * 1.080" 1000 1086 = 630 ota tis exprogsed as the numberof mores of SON peritre of solution. > eo No.of motes of solute per ltre of solute 7 No.of eof moles of solute; N= No. of motes of vent \V = volume of solution nw), 1000 me gang «(i * Vin mL) _ no. of moles of solute = molarity x volume (int) no. of m. moles of solute = ‘molarity x volume (in mL) iv, mL of G, molanty solution is mixed with V, mL of C, molarity solution (same substance or solute) ‘ ) 1 GVtV5) OV + Ne ‘yv+Ca¥,] . _Totalmoles a foucee] = LMEIRGES. where C;= molarity of final solution ./ as number of moles of solute per 1000 g or 1 kg of solvent, Molality (m): itis define Molality = No. of moles of solute per kg(1000 g) of solvent. Letw gram of solute (Molar mass = Mg/mole) is dissolved in 'W' gram of solvent. Psa molesx 1000 most (i) * weg | = Weaker Molalty not depends on temperature, ti 'WWW.GRADESETTER.COMWWW.GRADESETTER.COM | —— Sotued E: resend 50,15 mixed wh £0 lof 22 MH,S0, ees ena ne Neaie a eta AOD example2 120 ml of Na sok ergy = :M2EE. = 10m. motes ofa,80, o 22 woo © w, “0410436 _ 6 A0838 . B n0seM ™ 24M namnihe te (soe trap atonen a fsstgmateaseern erte so fo cae ee Meee ‘mass of 1 lt solution = (1600 ¢) 9 eee) cous come eee weld Groce ior apus0o0 [Where no.of moles of solute = -motarity] molality = 75g 0 ee (b) Molalty = 799934.4-1.2508 ram equivalents of sate alssoved pe fre of su. noofequivalents of solute = nfactor x mola Normality : tis defined as number of solution int) ‘a molrty ofa son in which w 9 of sokte of malar Tanety of resulting solution =" sit. Pifs p= 1.4 ght. \ No. of equivale of solution = quivalents per lire of solution =~ volumeof No.of equivalents = normality x volume (in) Mol ee Mass of the species _ Mass of the species : equivalent mass Molar mass factor \ No. of equivalen if reaction pet rate of izingfreducing agents : no. of & involved in oxidationireduction hl Sxidising agent reducing agent eg. : ber ah'+ MnO” > Mav + H,O factor = 8 (i For acid! base reactions + ro, of H* ions displaced! OH fons isplaced per mote of acl Base 1,80, factor=2 eg. :NaOH n-factor= n= Total charge on cations: Simple salts (iii) For salt: or 2x376 total charge on anions Toe actor = chege on the cation = ‘n' - factor (i) For 0 eg. :Al,(SO.)s sonence” Egucating for better tomorrow WWW.GRADESETTER.COMWWW.GRADESETTER.COM oan roe staat nee 7 yis of soliton non pars of 1400 poser (acah in water ety, eoatsezette rane * Sik couse Kae Ket pee) Toe tomy qusnte® "cone ate pe iin Fics © cat Lo a i em wets “7 : fe) pommeae) = eareaaen 2) weotenite (OO 9 10" haga 0) pm und = Ga afeevson moles of soe. 5 40° fe) pom molestnotes)* jos Foe” 0 Table: 1 Ti errenen TT ere romeo tnd solvent mans't oq facasure by Mass ; must ER ites = Sey te scotia meaty Maerssure By mass | HUST Rep ererty to convert to meant’ [mesaercegeresen eet” [icy to convert to meaty ‘mol salute olay (m) | Note :Allvolume related concentration terms are temperature dependent. Solved Examples , Example4 _Ifwehave 10 molal urea solution, Caleulate mole fraction of urea in this solution & also Caleutay tem Sot, 10 moles urea in 1000 g of water 10 10 Kou 15, 1000 * a5 55 = 0.1526 8 ; 10x60 % wh weight of urea = ———*_y agg ‘Gh of ea = pag X 100 = 37.5% Note : For dil aq. solution molality molarity, as d= 1 g/mL. ry = molarity «1000 100 x d=molarity xmWWW.GI i RADESETTER.COM | _sonton § Caine Proper “Gatclate molarity of CacO,(o9) stuton which ys concentration of 20,7200 7" purples 2009 of C0, 9 10" 9 of water ino? ors ef vster (2enety=15!0) = 200 2 gen o16200,4 comomiye gerzesom Ticomgaave propentis & conaituiona Ea Se ree ett mre ttn er gnmen i nirae s 1s perce on '@ Conatttlonat electrical conductance: <2. ropetieg ofthe solution cepancen © colligative properties oUt to salventisattion oft soa coat enarge ee. of he paris ‘ature of parce Le. shape “There are coligative propertioe of 204807 (0 Osmotic pressure © Relatveloner © Elevation in b.p. (AT) 9 Depression n tesa Osmosis & Oemotle pressure: irusion 5 sprtneous fom * paricas wom high concern =" 0 raihinpourmanre CF) wen see covesnaon eon o uniform trom solvent eke to solution si orfrom soution of16¥ to soklfeable mera (SPN) to move across Saturated (Golution)otue -The spontaneous flow of solvent arte side to solution of high n side through & “Amembrane which alow ‘the outer skins. ‘Osmosis: concentrator known as osmosis. jeable Membrane(SPM): yembrane formed just below ss only solvent particles Seaton rape or #90 acl solulon apo or egg ait a Smoving uPperhard inven ain() erapecr egal wel: viv WWW.GRADESETTER.COMWW.GRADESETTER.COM * yo sowent in Qecure, andthe | SS as re ert sen 438008 Fd and occurs fastest a reeelree pure oe Ud anon the solution side id solution decreases. om sain 2 rote press eoereIR) st csmeea rreseira! Toe seetere ir Serantby vmipermeeDe FE raion doe to oeVtY i Piero torax tena i feo stop the process of osmosis and G, > C, then particle movement ‘fled on higher concentration side tg r sure which muat be applied on solution sid .an osmotic pressure of the solution, The external pres je presoure of fre solution. and 6, are kept separated by SPM, known as reverse osmosig, Concentration C, ower to higher concentration. Pag # (8-2) fied on ne eros rom solution to solvent side, This process is Ben te et aevlcemmethod uses the above pressure fo measure osmotic Pressure ‘isd in desalination ofsea-water. ‘Formula (For calculation 2f osmotic pressure) ‘90, extra pressure Is 821 eo. vant - Hoff | ox concentration (molarity) «T 2 C- motnit. atm. R 0.082 litatm, mor K* T— kelvin ST ideal solution constant 314,Jmol*K+ (exp value) (ideal gas) constant = ORT= 2 RT (ust ike ideal gas equation) @ Inideal solution solute parfcles can be assumed to be moving randomly without any inter ractions. .. C= folal concentration ofall types of particles, 6, #0, #0, +8, = ett +g WWW.GRADESETTER.COMWWW.GRADESETTER.COM \ - wens sng same cart rea aeconsieranicione sO yon 21s cates souteame tempera) ‘ana 2 are sue that x, (0) Hypotonte & Hype fypertanicsolton ana 11s ispressire Hyponont ipentons.| J esen Conclusion :Pressure ls applied on the copie eee on the hypeteicsolutlontosiop te Nok er Bees 1 iiseparea poe neem ee Osmotic pressure of ¥ Sema penuh ute solutions fe ateo quite significant Sos" measurement in 36 18 Pirzmalysis : Whon the cells placed n swuton paving osmatc pressure oral cal sees gnosis, consequent, cal mates terthan thatof the ool S2P, ws gradually. The grad Pareles out te se Paes al i cates er © _ Abnormal Colligative Properties + Ivant-Hoff correction Annomal lis racine snersn = espn sn a aac arose of ied eso on pv acoredontacererorn se Heft factor (i). arr eer v= Oe stein ee ae esate of noc a copes ees sl ue = he ea a om a SS exert on aber cave proper @ This ‘abnormality can be calculated in terms ‘of Vant-Hoft factor. ama na a ts re lange PPE itration, (Theoretical molar mass of substance) iar mass of the substance) exp. observed no. of pales concent “Theoretical no. of Paticles oF ‘concentration ‘Eopetimental mak j> 1 dissociation i< association WWW.GRADESETTER.COMnesoniance STUDY CE = ome ean a on | ition | Src x nts teens cna rece Zener a, | Meas mma Sere = | Eebegaumsc BASE STUDY CENTRES Base Education Sori Pt. Lid. | ‘Bengalury Bain Beane: | fon offen: No.27. 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