Chapter Terms to Know ~ forestry forest & strata canopy understory shrub shrub layer herb layer forest floor biological value transpiration watershed renewable resource nonrenewable resource gross national product (GNP) coke particulate matter biomass biomass power short rotation woody crops (SRWO), short rotation intensive culture (SRIC) multiple use riparian zone si silt load Introduction to Forestry Objectives ‘After completing this chapter, you sho « wuld be able to. identify important forest products that contribute t0 the comfort and health of people and to the economies of nations describe the kinds of plants that compose the vege- tative strata that are found in a forest environment list the major life forms that contribute to the bio- logical value of a forest suggest some natural functions of aforest that affect its biological value describe how a watershed functions, and explain why a forested watershed is superior to a watershed that lacks forest plant cover identify ways that forest environments contribute to stable populations of wild animals distinguish between renewable resources and non- renewable resources account for the major uses of forest resources in the United States list ways that forest products such as wood and other biomass materials are used as sources of energy explain the multiple-use concept of management for public lands Scanned with CamScannerFigure 1-1 Most Americans believe that it is important to manage forests in ways that will ensure that they will be available to future generations. ‘ li ontroversial pro- Men": ofthe forest ecosystem is a complicated aot oom a Sena fession in our politically charged world (Figures 171s Io Te yore i anag political sciences have become as important in forest m: Teal ieienen Gait ate the basis for suckler: teneat socineenee practices. Biological, political, and social sciences along with business ‘and management skills contribute to the field of study known as forestry. IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS ‘Thirty percent of the land area in the world is forest land, and forest products are sop Ceoesnn as ius macaroni at tne inetd 0 Wes SY 7 Mvonanee of the forests of North America and the world goes far beyond the production of wood products such as paper, cardboard, lumber, plywood, and vrructural beams. Forests also provide solvents, medicines, fuels, and many ther products that are important for our health and comfort (Figure 1-3). It is forests and other forms of plant life that restore oxygen in our atmosphere through photosynthesis. Forests function as huge biological filter systems that clean the environment by removing impurities from air and water. They also function in the elemental cycles and in the water cycle. Biological Value of Forests ‘A forest consists of an area where trees are the most dominant living organisms. The kinds of trees that are found in forests sometimes consist of a single species, but many forests are made up of more than one kind of tree (Figures 1-4, 1-5). Forest environments also include many plants other than trees. Several layers of vegetation called strata are found in a forest (Figure 1-6). The tall broadleaf trees form the ceiling or canopy at the highest levels. The area beneath the ey e fr Be ae Se eM area ast ey Ae See on IMSS CARO ig av My Figure 1-2 Forest management has become much more aut in recent yon appropri uses of forest resources Scanned with CamScannerIntroduction to Fores! Figure 1-5 The majority of forests are made up of different kinds of trees. Figure 1-3 Forests are important sources of some of ‘our most useful products. Many products are made or extracted from wood. 5 Figure 1-8 Forest species of different types tend to Figure 1-4 Some forests consist almost entirely of a become dominant in different strata or vegetative forest layers. single species of trees. Scanned with CamScannerFigure 1-7 Forests provide living environments for many different kinds of animals. (Photo courtesy of Clare Harkins) Mn. e + trees that make up the understory of the forest. s often inhabited by small woody plants called shrubs. This layer of the forest strata is called the shrub layer. The shortest plants such as ferns, grasses, and flowering plants are collectively called the herb layer. The forest floor is composed of a layer of decaying plant materials that act as a mulch to preserve soil moisture. Each of these strata is inhabited by living organisms that are adapted to live in that particular environment. Living organisms besides plants that are found in forests include insects, mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and fish (Figures 1-7, 1-8). All of the canopy is filled in with smaller The lower strata of a forest is Figure 1-8 A forest provides ideal ving environments for birds of many kind is. Scanned with CamScannerFigure 1-9 Trees are important to fish habitat in streams. They provide places for fish to hide, and trees ‘Figure 1~10 A forested watershed is ideal because contribute to cool water temperatures by shading the much of the seasonal moisture tends to be absorbed water from direct sunlight. rather than running off the land. living organisms that are found in forest environments contribute to the value of a forest. The biological value of a forest takes into account the worth of all of the life forms that are found there. It also includes the value of important natur- al functions of forests such as effects on climate, watersheds, water temperature, soil erosion, and wildlife. = Forests have some influence on the climate in the local area. They provide shade and cooler temperatures inside forest environments during summer months than in surrounding areas (Figure 1-9). Forest environments also con- tribute to comparatively warmer temperatures in winter within the confines of the forest. The movement of air is restricted by dense vegetation in the forest. This reduces the chill facters and restricts evaporation of moisture from the for- est floor. In contrast, large amounts of water are lost from plant leaves to the sur- rounding area, resulting in increased humidity in the ait. This loss of water from leaf surfaces is called transpiration. ‘Awatershed is a region where water from rain and snow is absorbed into the soil (Figure 1-10). It emerges later from springs that feed into streams and rivers (Figure 1-11). A watershed that is forested is superior to other watersheds because trees tend to slow the melting of snow, allowing it to be absorbed into the soil instead of running offhe soil surface. Trees aid in water absorption by reducing the depth to which stils become frozen. This allows water to seep into the soil sooner than it does in unprotected areas. The snow usually lasts several Scanned with CamScannerFigure 1-11 A clean, pure water supply is available only when the watershed from which it flows is well managed. ‘weeks longer in forested areas than it does in open areas. This helps to maintain constant stream flows (Figure 1-12). Flooding of lowland areas becomes much more severe when forests have been cleared from watersheds. Flooding occurs when melted snow or runoff water from rain exceeds the rate at which the water can be absorbed into the soil. Frozen soil prevents water from being absorbed down through the soil profile. Deep-rooted plants also contribute to the infiltration of water into the soil by breaking up hard layers of soil. Smaller fibrous roots tend to hold soil particles in place when water moves across the soil surface. Healthy forests help provide protection against erosion and flooding. Figure 1-12 healthy watershed is important in statlizing stream flows, Scanned with CamScannerFigure 1-13 Vegetation along stream banks provides protective cover for fisn behind the ‘overhanging plant materials. Streams that flow through forests are protected from the heat of the sun by the shade of trees and brush growing along their banks. This is important to the sur~ vival of some kinds of fish such as trout that require cool water temperatures. Trees and brush also contribute to fish survival by providing cover on and beneath the surface of the water (Figure 1-13). Fish need places in the water where they can g0 toescape predators (Figure 1-14). Cover plants also provide insect habitat, and the fish feed on insects that drop into the water from these plants. Many species of wild animals and birds make their homes in forest environ- ments, They use the materials found in forests to provide dens and nesting Figure 1-14 Fish habitat is enhanced by logs and fal trees that become submerged in streams where they provide cover and protection for fish. Scanned with CamScannerFigure 1-16 Trees are sources of both food and shelter for birds such as woodpeckers and flickers. of these creatures, and the find protection from their enemies among Forests tend to isolate animals and ‘This allows them to avoid distur- places (Figure 1-15). Forests provide food for man animals and birds that live in forests the trees, shrubs, and other forest plants. birds from humans and human civilization. aa uring critical periods in thir lives. Examples of critical periods for birds include the nesting and fledgling periods. The eggs and Youns birds are quite ani ple to predators. Young mammals are also vulnerable to predators ‘due in part to their natural curiosity. Some of them also lack the mobility and caution that they develop later in life (Figure 1-16). Figure 1-16 A newborn elk calf is most vulnerable to predators in the first few hours after it is born, and its safety depends on courtesy of Robert Pratt) forest cover and camouflage coloring, (Photo Scanned with CamScannerIntroduction to Forestry # 11. Many of the medicines that are in use today are derived from plant materi- als. Many more plants with medicinal value may still be identified. Forests offer the potential for new medical cures that have not yet been explored. We are like- ly to find many new plant materials in our forests that are valuable to society. Commercial Value of Forests Forest products are important natural resources to the United States economy. A forestis a renewable resource, meaning that itis capable of regrowth following use (Figure 1-17). A nomrenewable resource such as coal is permanently used up when it is consumed, Many North American forests have been harvested at least twice since European settlers arrived. Good management practices should ‘make it possible to extend the production of our forests well into the future. Approximately 42% of the timber harvested in the United States is used for lumber (Figures 1-18, 1-19). Pulpwood for production of paper products ranks second in consumption at 28%. Fuelwood consumption accounts for 20% of all, timber harvested. A growing segment of the timber industry is the production of plywood and veneers. Approximately 8% of all timber products is consumed for Figure 1-17 A forest is a renewable resource that replaces itself when conditions are favorable to new growth, Scanned with CamScannerFigure 1-18 Nearly half of all harvested trees are transported to sawmills where they are processed into lumber products. this purpose. Other uses for wood products account for 2% of forest product consumption (Figure 1-20). i Tuckvood consumption tends to increase or decrease in response to the cost of other heating fuels such as coal and heating oil. The dramatic increase in oi prices in the 1970s was accompanied by a sharp increase in the use of wood for fuel (Figure 1-21). This occurred because the cost of wood became favorable in comparison with other fuels. Lumber production has tended to remain constant since the beginning of this century at approximately 150 million cubic meters. The value of timber production accounts for about 6% of the gross national product (GNP). The Figure 1-19 Lumber is anim portant forest. ‘ ‘construction of homes and commercial i veto its widespread use in the Scanned with CamScannerIntroduction to Fores Uses of Timber 50, Percent of Timber Harvest 8 8 & S Lumber Pulpwood Fulwood Plywood’ Other veneers uses Timber Products Figure 1-20 Timber harvested in the United States provides raw materials that are used to produce many different kinds of products. Figure 1-21 Wood is the most important fuel in the world for heating homes and cooking. Even in the United States, 20% of the wood that is harvested is stil used for fuel. Scanned with CamScanner| 14 ® Charrens, Figure 1-22 A recent development in woodstoves is 5 onomy. Since the pas. th of the nation AFT) legislation in 1993, ement (increasing volume, while g number of United States d dependable supplies che strengt i ft GNP is a measurement ofthe SHEMET ro sage of the North American 7 2 foal anna timber has entered United States growin domestic timber sales have declined, Ee ent an sawmills have closed due in part to alec of timber. Source , tries of the w Neotel the most important source of heat in amy 7 the ae es that ae It is used for cooking and for heating homes the form of heat when com. int supplemental heat. Energy is released from wood in eo reat homes is Ea bustion or burning occurs. Most of the ‘wood that vested and dried before itis used. Some wood fuel is besa _ oe ot wood manufacturing in the form of wood pele eo chips and extruded consists of waste lumber that has been ground into ST Ty et through a pellet mill for use in wood:-burings ea cient use of wood products that otherwise woul 2 Sonne commercial uses are made of wood as a heat source. The most com. i Ike is a wood prod- in industries that convert wood to coke. Coke is mon of these are in industries th $e. Coke sa wood prod uct that is obtained by heating wood to temperatures in temperature using large ovens from which oxygen is excluded. The product that is obtained from this process is capable of burning at very high temperatures, Charcoal briquettes that are used in home barbecue grills are a type of coke (Figure 1-23). This fuel is used in processes that require high temperatures and clean-burning fuels. ‘The various species of wood are similar in chemical composition, but as the density of fuelwood increases, the amount of heat produced increases. For this the use of wood pellets for fuel. Wood pellets are made Fig igure 1-23 és from wood scraps, sawdust, shavings, and other waste speci ne foes and some kinds of coke are materials. lat are produced from wood for industrial and home uses, Scanned with CamScannerreason, the high-density hardwoods are considered to be better sources of fuel than low-density softwoods. There is very little difference in the amount of heat that is produced per pound of wood regardless of the species. High-density woods are more efficient than low-density woods because they produce more heat per cord. Only a small part of the total harvest of softwood is used for fuel, but nearly half of the hardwood harvest is used for fuel. One advantage of using wood for fuel is that it is a renewable resource. It tends to be low in sulfur compared to coal, so very little pollution such as acid precipitation (in the form of rain or snow) is produced. It does, however, produce pollution from particulate matter consisting of tiny particles contained in smoke. This problem is greatest when damp wood is burned, because combus- tion tends to be incomplete. Biomass includes vegetation and wastes that contain significant amounts of vegetable matter. Forests are the most important source of biomass. They con- stitute 42% of the total available biomass of the earth. Other sources include agricultural crops, crop residues such as straw and fodder, crop-processing wastes, animal wastes, and solid wastes from cities and towns. Significant amounts of energy can be obtained from biomass sources, and these sources of energy are renewable. ‘Trees and shrubs that are grown for energy crops can be cultivated in dense plantings with rows of plants that are much more narrowly spaced than in for- est plantings. Fast-growing varieties of trees and herbaceous plants are pro- duced using intensive management practices such as fertilization, weed control, and increased frequency of harvesting, Such crops are well adapted to land that is not suitable for agricultural crops due to poor soils or steep slopes. The wood from harvested biomass plants may be chipped, dried, and burned to produce steam for the purpose of generating electricity (Figure 1-24). Figure 1-24 Biomass is a modem wood product consisting of wood chips that are dried and burned as a source of energy to generate electricity, Scanned with CamScanner16% Current mass power. Other uses for biomass Electricity from this source is called blomass power: ie’ Tn ean materials include production of paper products, Is, an ethanol fuels. Production of biomass as an energy crop has par Bec aee in woodlots for many years, but modern biomass production is much mov snten- sive. These crops are usually harvested every three to seven Yeas NEY Me Known as short rotation woody crops (SRWO) or as short rotation inten sive culture (SRIC). Domestic and Wildlife Range ‘The multiple use concept of forest management provides access to forests for many uses. Examples of these uses include grazing, mining, logging, wildlife, and recreation (Figures 1-25, 1-26). Natural resources can be used in such a way that people with different interests and needs can use the same resources with- out damaging or depleting them. The multiple-use management system has been used successfully for many years, but this form of management depends upon responsible and prudent use of forest resources by all users. - The untimely use of a resource often becomes abuse of the resource. Riding a motorcycle across dirt trails or hillsides when they are wet leads to soil erosion. Fishing in prime spawning areas during the spawning season may significantly reduce wild fish populations. Grazing livestock in sensitive areas contributes to damaged rangelands. Livestock grazing is a practice that allows for harvesting forages that grow in forest environments. Vast areas provide habitat for forage plants that grow on forested lands, and domestic livestock species such as cattle and sheep are able to convert these plant materials to meat. A well-managed system of livestock grazing removes vegetation before it becomes old and unpalatable, and it allows Figure 1-25 Perhaps the best known use of the forest is the producti roe Production of timber Scanned with CamScannerIntroduction to Forestry ® 17. Figure 1-26 The muttiple-use concept of forest ‘management makes allowances for many different types of uses of forestlands. Grazing of livestock Continues to be one of the most important uses of forest lands. (Photo courtesy of Utah Agricultural Experiment Station) for new plant growth. Regrowth of succulent forage on forest rangelands contributes to improved nutrition for large game animals such as deer, elk, and moose that use these areas for winter range. * The riparian zone is the land adjacent to the bank of a stream, river, or other waterway (Figure 1-27). A rancher who allows his or her animals to repeat- edly overgraze the riparian zone may contribute to severe damage to the natur- al plant cover in the area. This often leads to erosion of the soil from the banks of streams and lakes, causing contamination of surface water. Tiny soil particles that become suspended in water are known as silt. The amount of soil that is suspended in flowing water is the silt load, Silt fills in lakes and reservoirs, Riparian zone Stream bank Figure 1-27 The riparian zone includes the area that is adjacent to the bank of a river or stream, Scanned with CamScanner18 # Cuapreri Figure 1-28 Silt consists of small soil particles that become suspended in the water of flowing streams. It is the greatest single source of water pollution. destroys fish spawning areas, and kills young fish when water is muddy for extended periods of time (Figure 1-28). A responsible approach to resolving abuses to forest resources is to termi- nate the privilege of using the resources for those who abuse our land, water, and forests. Only those who demonstrate responsible use of our natural Tesources should enjoy the privilege of continued use. A single abuser of a nat- ural Fesource is likely to damage the trust relationship that is necessary for the multiple-use management system to work effectively. Recreation and Wildlife Many resources are available in our forests that have recreation : alue for people. Lakes and streams provide opportunities for fishing, boating, and other wate Phar plenary Beoble enjoy hiking, mountain biking horseback init noe hy, picnicking, harvesting mushy ila fi ine Gh phy, picnicking, i mushrooms and wild fret ing, fishing, and game hunting (Figure 1-28). All of these recreation nat oping, fishing, and big as, . ion il yi of tir income from sles of fod, serves on et oyrecreatihal activities. Entire industries are devoted to the rrr ee pues Felated to recreation: such as tents, camp stoves, boats, fishing fie ee of recreational products Forests are valuable as habitat for Many Kinin 80 09 (Figure 1-30). es i x People, the value of a forest lies in the wild anna a creatures. For a can be four . Scanned with CamScannerFigure 1-2 Forests continue to hold appeal for people who enjoy outdoor environments, and many people use forests for recreation purposes. (Photo courtesy of Joni Conlon) Some people enjoy the forest as a wild place where wild animals can be observed in their natural settings. The thousands of visitors who take vacations to our national parks and monuments each year are evidence of the value that our cit- izens place on forests as wildlife habitat. It is difficult to measure intrinsic value, but to some people, this is the most valuable of all the forest uses. These people place great value on wild places and natural environments. Quality Outdoor Gear and Clothing Since 1938 | Figure 1-20 An entire industry has been developed that provides recreation equipment, clothing, and supplies for outdoor enthusiasts. Scanned with CamScanner20 © Cuarrens HISTORY OF THE FOREST rae ii ica ‘i oduct: The foes in er eater ee construction aper industries of today. The production of mast terprises in America. The Fad con ee hat wee native forests of the eastern coastlines provided "2° ideal for this purpose. .e harvest and sale of has evolved from th Great Britai Early attempts to control the harvest of 7266 ere mmo ay ye with the Broad Arrow policy in 1691. This policy ©°S° 0° a. navy. The bark of or more in diameter and located on public lands for the ve ose such trees was marked with arg arows and/or athe colonists opposed this who dared to cut them without the proper permits. TIN tn heir regulation of their commerce, and itis likely ‘that this policy desire to become independent of British rule. ‘ : "The fea Congres that was established following the Revolutionary War i ‘a source of government passed laws hat encoumged the sale of public land as a Sols © 8° een i the thirteen original states ; revenue. Public lands outside the thi et UTA poe of $1 pel veyed, and attempts were made to sell the land. At a ee the price was too high. The govern. acre, and a minimum purchase of 640 aces, the price was fo Bish. ETE. ment land sale was a failure, but people vent ras on using with little effort by the government to restrict them. As the population moved west into unsettled regions, large tracts of forest land were cleared for farming, and what had seemed to be an inexhaustible tim- ber supply began to show the effects of excessive use. Despite the laws and poli- cies that were enacted to protect forests, there were many instances where timber and land were obtained under false pretenses. Eventually the Congress established forest reserves that it vigorously protected, and states established forest boards and commissions to set forest management policies. The concept of managing forest lands did not gain acceptance until it became evident that the forests were in danger of being destroyed. ‘The Division of Forestry was established by the federal government in the Department of the Interior. Gifford Pinchot became the new administrator of this agency on July 1, 1898. Pinchot had studied forestry in France prior to becoming the Chief Forester, and he believed that forests should be wisely used, but not abused. This was contrary to the dominant philosophy of the time that fostered the belief that forests should be preserved for the enjoyment of future generations. Pinchot succeeded in getting the forest reserves transferred from the custody of the Department of the Interior to the Department of Agriculture in 1905. Later that year, the Division of Forestry was changed to the Forest Service. The forest management philosophy of Gifford Pinchot still influences forest management today, after more than one hundred years, The debate that surrounded Pinchot still rages today be a who would like to preserve the forests and those who believe that aeats Huld be managed for umber production. The twentieth century has seen the establish- ment of forest reserves, wilderness, national parks and monuments, and Scanned with CamScannerPROFILE ON FOREST SAFETY Wildlife Hazards Safety with wild animals is usually achieved by demonstrating respect for the territorial instincts of wild animals. For example, very few people experience injuries from wild animals when they are careful to keep their distance from them. This is true of most animals, but it is especially true of such animals as moose, bison, wild boar, poisonous snakes, and alligators. A person who is hiking or camp- ing should make some noise as he or she walks through territory where these animals are likely to be encountered, This allows the wild animals to avoid surprise encounters with humans. Many animals do not hesitate to defend their young against humans who get too close or who get between the mother and its offspring. The most common maternal animal attacks on humans involve bears, moose, alligators, and some birds. Another time when wild animals are prone to attack humans is during the mating seasons. Large male deer and some other kinds of animals sometimes view humans as com- aggressive during mating season than at any other time. The best way to avoid confrontations is to make enough noise that the animals will seek to avoid human contact. Itis also important that bears and other predators are not lured to campsites and tents by the smell of food. Loggers and campers should make sure that food supplies are hung above the ground at a distance from the campsite. Candy and other food should never be placed inside tents and sleeping bags or even in the immediate vicinity of the camp. On rare occasions, some wild preda- tors seem to view humans, especially small children, as prey. Some human activities such as jogging also appear to confuse wild predators and lead to attacks. The animals most often involved in this Kind of attack include large bears, alligators, and an occasional mountain lion. Many of the docu- mented attacks of this nature have occurred when natural foods were in short supply, predator pop- ulations were excessive, or the predator had sustained an injury that interfered with its ability to catch its natural prey. The best deterrent for this kind of attackis to make plenty of noise and remain alert to avoid confrontations with wild animals, An exception to this rule would apply when small children are playing near southern waters that are known to be inhabited by alligators. Splashing and playing in the water appears to attract these large reptiles who apparently mistake the play of humans for the struggles of a prey animal. Hunters and fishermen sometimes experience confrontations with predators (usually bears) over fish or game animals that they have bagged. The safe approach to this problem isto back away rather than to confront these wild predators. In most cases, the game will be contaminated and unfit for human use anyway after it has been claimed by a bear or other predator. Itis always best to respect the territorial nature of wild animals. Scanned with CamScannerForestry Educator ‘An educator who specializes in forestry is usually a person who has completed a university graduate program and suc cessfully worked in the forest industry or a related field. Professor of Forestry works in a college or university as a teacher and advisor of students who plan forestry careers. In addition to teaching, aforestry professor is expected to spend some of his or her time doing research in forestry or a closely related field of knowledge. Strong writing and communication skills are needed along with a strong science background. national forests. Each of these designations imposes a different set of manage- ment practices on the forest lands. Forest recreation has become a dominant Trea hat influences forest management practices. Forests have become high- ly regulated, and people are no longer allowed to cut trees without permits. Forest research has become an important tool in managing forests for sus- tained yields, and the concept of multiple use of forest lands has gained accep- tance. Environmental considerations have a strong influence on how forests are managed today, and it is likely that this influence will continue into the next century and beyond. LOOKING BACK Forest management has become a political issue in North America in which social and political sciences sometimes exert as much influence in forest man- agement decisions as the biological sciences. Healthy forests provide an abun- dance of forest products and perform biological functions that contribute to the comfort and health of all living creatures. They renew the atmosphere, provide clean water, and contribute to the economic stability of nations. They also pro- vide energy sources for a variety of uses, and forest environments are popular sites for human recreation. The multiple-use concept of management allows forests to be used by many different interest groups, and it is widely practiced in the national forests. Forest policy was strongly influenced by the first adminis- trator of the United States Forest Service, Gifford Pinchot. Scanned with CamScannerIntroduction to Forestry ® 23 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND REVIEW Essay Questions 1, List some important products obtained from forests that contribute to the health and comfort of people. 2, How do forest products contribute to the economy of a nation? 3. What kinds of plants make up the vegetative strata of a forest environment? 4, Name some of the life forms that contribute to the biological value of a forest. 5. Identify some naturally occurring forest functions that contribute to the biological value of a forest, 6. Describe how a watershed functions, and explain why a forested watershed is superior to a watershed that lacks forest plant cover. 7. Explain how a healthy forest environment contributes to stable populations of wild animals. 8. Distinguish between renewable resources and nonrenewable resources. 9, What are some major uses of forest products in the United States? 10. How are wood and other biomass materials converted to energy sources? 11. Explain the muttiple-use concept of man- agement for lands owned by the public. Multiple-Choice Questions 1. What percentage of the land area in the world is forest land? A. 20% B. 30% C. 40% D. 50% 2, Broadleaf trees generally represent which of the following strata in a forest? ‘A. canopy B. herb layer C. understory D. shrub layer 3. A measurement that takes into account the living organisms in a forest and natural for- est functions is called: A. forensic value B. geological inventory C. economic value D. biological value 4. Awatershed is a: A. region in which precipitation is readily absorbed into the soil B. water treatment facility in which pollu- tants are removed from water C. region where water has great difficulty penetrating into the soil D. municipal water storage structure 5. A forest is considered to be a natural resource that is: A. permanent B. nonrenewable C. renewable D. expendable 6. Which of the following uses consumes the greatest amount of harvested timber? A. plywood B. paper products C. lumber D. fuelwood 7. The production of lumber in the United States during the last century has: A. increased slightly B. remained constant C. decreased D. tripled Scanned with CamScanner24 @ Cuapreny 8. The sale of timber products accounts for What percentage of the gross national prod- uct (GNP) in the United States? A. 6% B. 2% Cc. 11% D. 21% 9. How much of the annual harvest of hard- wood trees is used for fuelwood? A. one-tenth B. one-fourth C. two-thirds D. nearly half 10. Electricity that is produced using harvested plant materials as fuel to produce heat is called: A. hydropower B. nuclear power . biomass power D. induced power 11. A forest management strategy that provides public access to forest lands for such activi- ties as grazing, mining, logging, and recre- ation is called: ‘A. conservation reserve program. B. resource isolation doctrine C. selective resource management D. multiple use LEARNING: ACTIVITIES inventory of forest Products thay uct a echo} classroom and lab are wet ity. Then have each student con. roducts inventory in his or her duct a formate a master list ofall forest prog. home rere idntifed by class member, were Haesign a classroom bulletin Use the tt forest products, board that focuses On cor forested area near your schoo), 2, Visit a park M hat lists “renewable resources” Make a chart Soe apes wl “nonrenewable resources” as main topic ‘ch natural resource that was dings. List each natu peated on the field trip under one of these headings. Call on your students to explain i should be why a particular natural resource sl sted in the category he or she has chosen. Scanned with CamScanner