SYNOPSIS

Group 2

JUNE 24, 2022

SYEDA KISSA E ZEHRA 210101007 | MIR HAMZA 210101009 | MOIZ BHATTI 210101011 |
MUHAMMAD ANS 210101012 | AAMINA 210101118
 Article: Heat Conduction in a Melting Slab

Objective of the review

In recent years, since the advent of hypersonic missile flight, the so-called "re-entry" problem has been
given an increasing amount of study, among the most important aspects of which has been that
concerned with the reduction of structural damage caused by aerodynamic heating. The behavior, after
the initiation of melting, of a slab insulated on one side and subjected to a heat input varying arbitrarily
with time on the other is studied. A method of successive approximations is developed which requires
the solution of an ordinary nonlinear differential equation; this equation is readily solved numerically on
a desk calculator. Since any heat input is permitted, solutions by this method may be used to match
conditions resulting from the aerodynamic heating problem. Curves of melt-thickness versus time are
presented for a constant heat input and for a typical heat input incurred by a body descending through
the atmosphere.

Method of Solution
A method of successive approximations is developed which requires the solution of an ordinary
nonlinear differential equation; this equation is readily solved numerically on a desk calculator.
Approximations method is used because nonlinear problems are unable to treat in an exact analytical
manner.

One cannot hope to obtain exact solutions to most nonlinear differential equations as there are only a
limited number of systematic procedures for solving them, and these apply to a very restricted class of
equations. Moreover, even when a closed-form solution is known, it may be so complicated that its
qualitative properties are obscured. Thus, for most nonlinear equations it is necessary to have reliable
techniques to determine the approximate behavior of the solutions.
 Article: Case studies in Thermal Engineering

Objective of the Review

This article endorses soft computing based backpropagated neural networks (BNNs) with Levenberg
Marquardt technique (LMT), i.e., BNN-LMT.

The researchers were forced to do research on bio-convention phenomenon due to the following
features i.e bioinformatics and micro fluidic field such as food and preservation process, this is utilized in
bio-convention for mechanical energy preparation and for power resources and nano technology
aggregation of motile and micro-organisms and nano particle mechanism increases the stability and
thermal transportation.
Recently, the applications of artificial intelligence through soft computing and machine learning
algorithms have become the focal point of researcher’s consideration on account of their convenience
for accurate modelling, ease in simulation and effective assessment.

Method of solving the ordinary differential equation

In this article we are having partial differential equations first. These partial differential equation system
represents the BSCCN-CCDFH flow model. Then these are converted to ordinary differential equations.
And those ordinary differential equations are solved through BNN-LMT technique.
BNN-LMT is used because it is an efficient and reliable method. It is also an accurate and rapid
convergent stochastic numerical solver exploited viably for the BSCCN-CCDFH flow model having
number of physical variations.
Article: Computational study on the effects of variable
viscosity of micropolar liquids on heat transfer in a
channel
Objective of the Review
In this article a numerical model is developed to study the effects of temperature-dependent viscosity
on heat transfer in magnetohydrodynamic flow of micropolar fluid in a channel with stretching walls.
The governing equations for linear and angular momenta and energy are transformed to a set of
nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using similarity variables, and resulting problems are solved
numerically by quasi-linearization. The governing equations are transformed into similarity boundary
layer equations by using suitable transforms. The transformed ordinary differential equations together
with associated boundary equations are quantized by the central finite differences and solved
numerically. The numerical results of velocity, angular velocity, temperature and concentration
distributions are shown graphically.

Method of Solution
Numerical method is used to solve the differential equation despite the importance of exact solution,
since exact solution is not possible to find. The ordinary differential equation is solved by using
Chebyshev finite differential equation method. The walls of channel of width 2c are located at y = −c and
y = c as shown in Fig. 1. The upper and lower walls of channel have constant temperature T2 and T1
respectively. Micropolar fluids exhibit Ohmic dissipation (Joule heating phenomenon) when they move
under the influence of applied magnetic field so Joule heating effects are considered where fi is the
component of the microrotation field normal to the xy-plane, whereas the microrotation is defined as
the rotation of the microscopic particles in the fluid to find laws of conservation of mass, linear
momentum, angular momentum and energy to solve the ordinary differential equation.
Article: A modified method for a backward heat
conduction problem
Objectives
We consider a backward heat conduction problem in a strip, where data is given at the final time
t = T (T > 0) and a solution for 0 <= t < T is sought. The problem is ill-posed in the sense that the solution
(if it exists) does not depend continuously on the data. In order to numerically solve the problem, we
study a modification of the equation, where a third order mixed derivative term is added. Error
estimates for this problem are given, which show that the modified problem is stable and its solution is
an approximation of the backward heat conduction problem. Some numerical tests illustrate that the
proposed method is feasible and effective.

Method of Solution
We will consider the following one dimensional problem:

ut (x,t)=uxx (x,t), x € R, t € (0,T),

U(x,T)=ϕ(x), x € R,

ǁϕ(.)-ϕδ (.)ǁ<=δ,

where ǁ . ǁ denotes the L2 -norm, the constant δ > 0 represents a bound on the measurement error.
That is to say, practically, we need to consider the following problem,

ut (x,t)=uxx (x,t), x € R, t € (0,T),

u(x,T)=ϕ(x), x € R,

We will consider the following problem:

vt =vxx + µvxxt , x€R, t€(0,T) ,

u(x,T)=ϕ(x), x € R,

Actually, the heat conduction with mixed derivatives partial differential Equation also arises in the
theory of heat conduction in non-simple one dimensional slabs for which the conductive and
thermodynamic temperatures do not coincide, see Chen and Gurtin [14], in the theory of flow through
fissured rock, see Barenblatt et al. [15], or the simple shearing motion of a fluid of second grade, see
Coleman and Noll [16]. It is interesting to note that µ>=0 is a consequence of the second law of
thermodynamics, and further, Coleman et al. [10] have shown that when µ< 0 certain solutions of
Equation exhibit pathological behaviour. We also remark that for µ> 0 the solution of the problem is
stable, whilst the solution of the problem is unstable, see Chen and Gurtin . The modified system is
interesting for at least two reasons. Firstly, we can discretise it using standard techniques, e.g., finite
differences . Secondly, the modified method has a general character and can be extended to a wide
range of ill-posed problems. For example, similar methods may be developed for the high order
numerical derivatives or for the two dimensional inverse heat conduction problem.
 Article: A new shooting method for quasi-boundary
regularization of backward heat conduction problems

OBJECTIVE OF THE REVIEW

This article endorses a quasi-boundary regularization to a two-point boundary value problem of the
backward heat conduction equation using Lie-group shooting method to find the unknown initial
conditions.

The researchers were forced to do research that the backward heat conduction problem (BHCP) is a
severely ill-posed problem in the sense that the solution is unstable for a given final data. It is analyzed
by using the semi-discretization numerical schemes by the Lie-group shooting method.

Several numerical examples were worked out by the researchers to persuade that its approach has good
efficiency and accuracy. The key point is based on the erection of a one-step Lie group element G(T).
Although the final temperature is almost undetectable and/or is disturbed by large noise, the Lie group
shooting method is stable to recover the initial temperature very well.

Method of solving the ordinary BHCP differential equation

In this article we are having the backward heat conduction problems that are formulated with a semi-
discretization version. In order to evaluate the missing initial conditions for the quasi-boundary value
problems of the BHCP, we have employed the Lie-group shooting method towards the time direction to
derive the algebraic equations.
The new shooting method is accurate, effective, stable, and is robust to against the noise disturbance.
Its numerical implementation is very simple, and the computation speed is very fast.
 Block Diagram

Heat and Mass

Transfer

Objective Objective Objective Objective Objective

The objective This endorses to study the This endorses This endorses a
is to study soft computing effects of a modified new shooting
the behavior based temperature- method for a method for
of a melting backpropagated dependent backward heat quasi-boundary
slab which is neural networks viscosity on heat conduction regularization
insulated (BNNs) transfer in problem. of backward
from one magneto hydro- heat
side and dynamic flow. conduction
provided Method of problems.
with heat Method of solving (ODEs)
arbitrary with solving (ODEs) Method of
The resulting
time on the solving (ODEs) Method of
Partial to ordinary ordinary
other side.
differential solving (ODEs)
differential The governing
equations equations are equations from The resulting
conversion. Then transformed BHCP in the ordinary
Method of by using BNN-LMT into ordinary discretized space differential
Solution method, the differential are numerically equations from
ordinary equation and integrated BHCP in the
Approximati towards the time
differential then these discretized space
on method is direction by the
equations were equations are are numerically
used to solve Lie-group
solved. solved integrated
these shooting method towards the time
ordinary to find the direction by the
non-linear unknown initial Lie-group
differential conditions. shooting method
equations.
to find the
unknown initial
conditions.
Mathematical Mathematical Mathematical Mathematical Mathematical
Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation
One cannot By using the By using the we can By analyzing
hope to obtain technique of technique of discretize it the problem
exact solutions substitution substitution and using standard using the semi-
to most and some some techniques, the discretization
nonlinear mathematical mathematical modified numerical
differential expressions. expressions. method has a schemes and
equations as general solving through
there are only a character and a new shooting
limited number can be extended method.
of systematic Results to a wide range
Results
procedures for of ill-posed
The
solving them The problems. Results
observations
observations
made from the The
made from the
results of observations
results of Results
ordinary made from the
Results ordinary
differential The results for
differential
The results equation and observations Quasi-boundary
equation and
are were discussed made from the regularization
were discussed
represented through graphs results for of BHCP
through graphs
graphically. and tables Quasi-boundary ordinary
and tables.
The graphs regularization differential
plotted have of BHCP equation and
‘Non- Conclusion ordinary were discussed
Dimension Conclusion differential through graphs
thickness The final equation and and tables.
melted’ on y The final observations were discussed
axis and observations made through through graphs
‘time’ on x made through this research and tables. Conclusion
axis. this research was
was concluded. The final
concluded. Conclusion observations
made through
Conclusion The final this research
Curves of observations was
melt-thickness made through concluded.
versus time this research
are presented was
for a constant concluded.
heat input and
for a typical
heat input
incurred by a
body
descending
through the
atmosphere
and
conclusion is
drawn.