EBD_8344

M-374 Mathematics

22
Integrals
x
Standard Integrals, Integration by
TOPIC Ć Substitution, Integration by Parts 5. Let f ( x) = ò dx ( x ³ 0). Then f (3) – f (1) is equal
(1 + x)2
to : [Sep. 04, 2020 (I)]
æ ( x -1) 2 ö p 1
ç ò0 t cos(t 2 )dt ÷ p 1 3 3
(a) - + + (b) + -
1. lim ç ÷ [Sep. 06, 2020 (I)] 12 2 4 6 2 4
x ®1 ç ( x - 1)sin( x - 1) ÷
ç ÷
è ø p 1 3 p 1 3
(c) - + + (d) + -
1 6 2 4 12 2 4
(a) is equal to (b) is equal to 1
2 æ x ö
(c) is equal to –
1
(d) does not exist
6. ò
If sin -1 çç
è 1 + x ÷÷
ø
dx = A( x) tan -1 ( x ) + B ( x ) + C , wher e
2
C is a constant of integration, then the ordered pair (A(x),
-x (e x + e - x ) x -x
If ò (e + 2e - e - 1) e dx = g ( x)e(e + e ) + c ,
2x x B(x)) can be : [Sep. 03, 2020 (II)]
2.
where c is a constant of integeration, then g (0) is equal to: (a) ( x + 1, - x ) (b) ( x + 1, x)
[Sep. 05, 2020 (I)] (c) ( x - 1, - x ) (d) ( x - 1, x)
(a) e (b) e 2 (c) 1 (d) 2
cos q dx
3. If ò 5 + 7 sin q - 2 cos 2 qd q = A loge | B(q) | +C , where 7. The integral ò ( x + 4)8/7 ( x - 3)6/7 is equal to:
(where C is a constant of integration) [Jan. 9, 2020 (I)]
B (q )
C is a constant of integration, then can be : 1/7 -1/7
A æ x-3 ö æ x -3ö
(a) ç ÷ +C (b) - ç ÷ +C
[Sep. 05, 2020 (II)] è x+4ø è x+4ø
2sin q + 1 -13/7
2sin q + 1 1æ x-3 ö
3/7
1 æ x-3 ö
+C (d) - +C
2 çè x + 4 ÷ø 13 çè x + 4 ÷ø
(a) (b) (c)
sin q + 3 5(sin q + 3)
5(sin q + 3) 5(2 sin q + 1) dq
(c)
2 sin q + 1
(d)
sin q + 3 8. If ò cos2 q(tan 2q + sec 2q) = ltanq + 2loge|f(q)| + C where

æ x ö
2 C is a constant of integration, then the ordered pair
4. The integral ò ç ÷ dx is equal to (l, f(q)) is equal to: [Jan. 9, 2020 (II)]
è x sin x + cos x ø (a) (1, 1 – tanq) (b) (–1, 1 – tanq)
(where C is a constant of integration) : [Sep. 04, 2020 (I)] (c) (–1, 1 + tanq) (d) (1, 1 + tanq)
x sec x
(a) tan x - +C cos x dx 1/l
ò sin3 x(1 + sin 6 x)2/3 = f ( x)(1 + sin
6
x sin x + cos x 9. If x) + c where c is
x tan x
(b) sec x + +C
æ pö
x sin x + cos x
a constant of integration, then lf çè ÷ø is equal to:
x tan x 3
(c) sec x - +C [Jan. 8, 2020 (II)]
x sin x + cos x
x sec x 9 9
(d) tan x + +C (a) - (b) 2 (c) (d) –2
x sin x + cos x 8 8

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Integrals M-375

If ò esec (sec x tan x f ( x ) + (sec x tan x + sec 2 x )) dx

x
2 x3 - 1 15.
10. The integral ò x4 + x dx is equal to : = esec x f(x) + C, then a possible choice of f(x) is:
(Here C is a constant of integration) [April 12, 2019 (I)] [April 09, 2019 (II)]
( x 3 + 1)2 1 1
1 x3 + 1 1
log e +C (a) sec x + tan x + (b) sec x - tan x -
(a) log e +C (b) 2 x3
2 2
2 x2 1 1
(c) sec x + x tan x - (d) x sec x + tan x +
x3 + 1 x3 + 1 2 2
(c) log e +C (d) log e +C
x x2 5x
sin
Let a Î (0, p/2) be fixed. If the integral
11.
tan x + tan a
16. ò 2x dx is equal to :
ò tan x - tan a dx = A(x) cos2a+B(x) sin2a+C, where C is
sin
2
a constant of integration, then the functions A(x) and (where c is a constant of integration.) [April 08, 2019 (I)]
B(x) are respectively : [April 12, 2019 (II)] (a) 2x + sinx + 2 sin2x + c (b) x + 2 sinx + 2 sin2x + c
(c) x + 2 sinx + sin2x + c (d) 2x + sinx + sin2x + c
(a) x + a and loge sin( x + a) 1
dx
(b) x - a and loge sin( x - a) 17. If ò 3 = xf ( x ) (1 + x ) + C , where C is a
6 3
x (1 + x )
6 2/3
(c) x - a and loge cos( x - a) constant of integration, then the function f(x) is equal to :
(d) x + a and loge sin( x - a) [April 08, 2019 (II)]
3 1 1 1
dx (a) 2 (b) – 3 (c) – 2 (d) – 3
12. If ò ( x2 - 2 x + 10) 2 x 6x 2x 2x
18. Theintegral ò cos ( log e x )dx is equal to :
æ x -1 ö ö
= A ç tan -1 çæ
f ( x)
÷+ 2 ÷ + C where C is a (where C is a constant of integration) [Jan. 12, 2019 (I)]
è è 3 ø x - 2 x + 10 ø
x
ésin ( log e x ) - cos ( log e x ) ûù + C
2ë
constant of integration, then : [April 10, 2019 (I)] (a)
1
(a) A = and f(x) = 3 (x – 1) (b) x éëcos ( log e x ) + sin ( log e x ) ùû + C
54
x
écos ( loge x ) + sin ( log e x ) ûù + C
1
A=
2ë
(b) and f(x) = 3 (x – 1) (c)
81
1 (d) x éëcos ( log e x ) - sin ( log e x ) ùû + C
(c) A = and f(x) = 9 (x – 1)
27
3x13 + 2 x11
(d) A =
1
and f(x) = 9 (x – 1)2
19. The integral ò (2 x 4 + 3x 2 + 1) 4 dx is equal to:
54
13. If f(x) is a non-ero polynomial of degree four, having (where C is a constant of integration) [Jan. 12, 2019 (II)]
local extreme points at x = –1, 0, 1; then the set
S = {x Î R : f(x) = f(0)}contains exactly: x4 x12
(a) + C (b) +C
[April 09, 2019 (I)] 6(2 x 4 + 3x 2 + 1)3 6(2 x 4 + 3x 2 + 1)3
(a) four irrational numbers.
(b) four rational numbers.
x4 x12
(c) two irrational and two rational numbers. (c) + C (d) +C
(d) two irrational and one rational number. (2 x 4 + 3 x 2 + 1)3 (2 x 4 + 3 x 2 + 1)3
14. The integral ò sec 2/3 x cosec 4/3 xdx is equal to:
1 - x2 m
[April 09, 2019 (I)] 20. If ò dx = A(x) æç 1 - x 2 ö÷ + C , for a suitable
x4 è ø
3
(a) –3 tan–1/3 x + C (b) – tan–4/3 x + C chosen integer m and a function A (x), where C is a constant
4
(c) –3 cot–1/3 x + C (d) 3 tan–1/3 x + C of integration, then (A(x))m equals : [Jan. 11, 2019 (I)]
(Here C is a constant of integration) -1 -1 1 1
(a) 9 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d)
27x 3x 27x 9x 4

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 EBD_8344
M-376 Mathematics

x +1 25. The integral

21. If ò dx = f ( x ) 2 x - 1 + C , where C is a constant
2x -1 sin 2 x cos 2 x
of integration, then f(x) is equal to: [Jan. 11, 2019 (II)]
ò (sin5 x + cos3x sin 2 x + sin 3x cos2 x + cos5x)2 dx is equal

1 2 to: [2018]
(a) ( x + 1) (b) ( x + 2) -1
3 3 1
(a) +C (b) +C
2 1 3(1 + tan x)
3
1 + cot 3 x
(c) ( x - 4) (d) ( x + 4 )
3 3 -1 1
+C +C
p (c)
1 + cot 3 x
(d)
3(1 + tan3 x)
22. Let n ³ 2 be a natural number and 0 < q <
2 (where C is a constant of integration)
1 26. If
(sin n q + sin q) n cos q
Then ò dq is equal to: tan x Kæ K tan x + 1 ö
sin n + 1 q ò 1 + tan x + tan 2 x dx = x - A
tan -1 ç
è A
÷ + C,
ø
[Jan 10, 2019(I)]
n +1 (C is a constant of integration), then the ordered pair
n æ 1 ö n (K, A) is euqal to [Online April 16, 2018]
(a) ç1 - ÷ +C (a) (2, 3) (b) (2, 1) (c) (– 2, 1) (d) (– 2, 3)
n2 - 1 è sin n - 1 q ø
n +1 æ x – 4ö
n æ 1 ö 27. If f ç ÷ = 2x + 1, (x Î R = {1, – 2}), then ò f (x) dx is
è x + 2ø
n
(b) 2 ç1 - n -1 ÷
+C
n +1è sin qø equal to (where C is a constant of integration)
n +1 [Online April 15, 2018]
n æ 1 ö n
ç1 + +C (a) 12 loge |1 – x| – 3x + c
(c) 2 n -1 ÷
n -1 è sin qø (b) – 12 loge |1 – x| – 3x + c
n +1 (c) – 12 loge |1 – x| + 3x + c
n æ 1 ö n (d) 12 loge |1 – x| + 3x + c
(d) 2 ç1 - ÷ +C
n -1 è sin n + 1 q ø 2x + 5 æ x +3ö
(where C is a constant of integration)
28. ò 7 - 6x - x
dx = A 7 - 6 x - x 2 + B sin -1 ç
2 è 4 ø
÷+C
23. For x2 ¹ np + 1, nÎN (the set of natural numbers), the (where C is a constant of integration), then the ordered
integral [Jan. 09, 2019(I)] pair (A, B) is equal to [Online April 15, 2018]

( ) dx
(a) (– 2, – 1) (b) (2, – 1)
2 sin ( x 2 - 1) - sin 2 x 2 - 1 (c) (– 2, 1) (d) (2, 1)
òx 2 sin ( x 2 - 1) + sin 2 ( x 2
- 1)
is equal to:
æ 3x - 4 ö 4
29. If f ç ÷ = x + 2, x ¹ - , and
è 3 x + 4 ø 3
(a) log e
1
2
(
sec 2 x 2 - 1 + c ) ò f (x) dx = A log |1 – x | + Bx + C, then the ordered pair
(A, B) is equal to : [Online April 9, 2017]
1
(b) log e | sec ( x 2 - 1) | + c (where C is a constant of integration)
2
æ8 2ö æ 8 2ö
1 2 æ x -1ö
2
(a) ç , ÷ (b) ç - , ÷
(c) 2 log e sec çç 2 ÷÷ + c è3 3ø è 3 3ø
è ø
æ 8 2ö æ8 2ö
æ x2 - 1 ö (c) ç - , - ÷ (d) ç , - ÷
è3 3ø
ç 2 ÷÷ + c
(d) log e sec ç è 3 3ø
è ø
(where c is a constant of integration) 30. The integral ò 1 + 2 cot x(cosec x + cot x)dx

5 x8 + 7 x 6 æ pö
24. If f ( x ) = ò dx, ( x ³ 0 ) , ç 0 < x < ÷ is equal to : [Online April 8, 2017]
(x ) è 2ø
2
2
+ 1 + 2 x7
(where C is a constant of integration)
and f(0) = 0, then the value of f(1) is: [Jan. 09, 2019 (II)]
x x
1 1 (a) 2 log sin +C (b) 4 log sin +C
(a) – (b) – 2 2
2 4
x x
1 1 (c) 2 log cos +C (d) 4 log cos +C
(c) (d) 2 2
2 4

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Integrals M-377

ò f ( x)dx = y(x), then ò x

5
dx f ( x 3 )dx is equal to [2013]
31. If ò cos3 x2sin 2x
= (tan x) A + C(tan x) B + k , where k 37. If
1é 3
is a constant of integration, then A + B + C equals : (a) x y ( x 3 ) - ò x 2 y ( x3 )dx ùû + C
[Online April 9, 2016] 3ë
1 3
(a)
16
(b)
27
(c)
7
(d)
21 (b) x y ( x3 ) - 3ò x 3 y ( x 3 )dx + C
5 10 10 5 3
1 3
log(t + 1 + t 2 ) 1 (c) x y ( x3 ) - ò x 2 y ( x3 )dx + C
32. If ò dt = ( g (t )) 2 + C , where C is a
2
3
1+ t2 1é 3
(d) x y ( x 3 ) - ò x3 y ( x3 ) dx ùû + C
constant, then g(b) is equal to : 3ë
[Online April 11, 2015] 38. If the integral
1 1 cos8 x + 1
log(2 + 5) log(2 + 5)
ò cot 2 x - tan 2 x dx = A cos8 x + k ,
(a) (b)
5 2
(c) 2 log(2 + 5) (d) log(2 + 5) where k is an arbitrary constant, then A is equal to :
[Online April 25, 2013]
1
x+
33. The integral ò æç1 + x - 1 ö÷ e x dx is equal to [2014] (a) -
1
(b)
1
(c)
1
(d) -
1
è xø 16 16 8 8
If the 5tan x dx = x + a ln sin x - 2cos x + k, then a is
1
x+
ò tan x - 2
1 39.
x+
(a) ( x + 1) e x +c (b) - xe x +c
1
equal to : [2012]
1 x+
x+ (a) – 1 (b) – 2 (c) 1 (d) 2
(c) ( x - 1) e x +c (d) xe x +c
æ x 2 + sin 2 x ö
2 2 40. If f ( x ) = ò ç 2
÷ sec x dx and f (0) = 0, then f (1)
sin x cos x è 1+ x 2
ø
34. The integral ò dx is equal to:
( )
2
sin 3 x + cos3 x equals [Online May 19, 2012]
p
[Online April 12, 2014] (a) tan1 - (b) tan1 + 1
4
1 1 p p
+c (b) - +c (c) (d) 1 -
(1 + cot x) ( )
(a) 4 4
3
3 1 + tan 3 x
x2 - x
41. The integral of 3 w.r.t. x is
sin 3 x cos3 x x - x2 + x - 1
(d) - +c
( )
+c
( )
(c)
1 + cos3 x 3 1 + sin 3 x [Online May 12, 2012]

æ
-1 1 - x
2ö (a)
1
2
(
log x 2 + 1 + C) (b)
1
2
log x 2 - 1 + C
35. The integral ò x cos ç ÷
ç 1 + x 2 ÷ dx (x > 0) is equal to:
è ø
[Online April 11, 2014]
2
(
(c) log x + 1 + C ) 2
(d) log x - 1 + C
(a) – x + (1 + x2) tan–1 x + c 42. Let f(x) be an indefinite integral of cos3x.
(b) x – (1 + x2) cot–1 x + c Statement 1:f(x) is a periodic function of period p.
(c) – x + (1 + x2) cot–1x + c
(d) x – (1 + x2) tan– 1 x + c Statement 2: cos3x is a periodic function.
[Online May 7, 2012]
sin8 x - cos8 x
ò (a) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is false.
(1 - 2sin2 x cos2 x)
36. dx is equal to:
(b) Both the Statements are true, but Statement 2 is not
[Online April 9, 2014] the correct explanation of Statement 1.
(c) Both the Statements are true, and Statement 2 is correct
1 1
(a) sin 2x + c (b) - sin 2x + c explanation of Statement 1.
2 2 (d) Statement 1 is false, Statement 2 is true.
1
(c) - sin x + c (d) - sin 2 x + c 43. The value of 2ò
sin xdx
is [2008]
2 æ pö
sin ç x – ÷
è 4ø

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 EBD_8344
M-378 Mathematics

æ pö Integration of the Forms: òex(f(x) +

(a) x + log | cos ç x – ÷ | + c
è 4ø f'(x))dx, òekx(df(x) + f'(x))dx,
Integration by Partial Fractions,
æ pö TOPIC n Integration of Some Special
(b) x – log | sin ç x – ÷ | + c
è 4ø Irrational Algebraic Functions,
Integration of Different
æ pö Expressions of ex
(c) x + log | sin ç x – ÷ | +c
è 4ø
2 x x
æ pö 48. The integral ò1 e . x (2 + log e x) dx equals:
(d) x – log | cos ç x - ÷ | + c
è 4ø [Sep. 06, 2020 (II)]
(a) e (4e +1) (b) 4e2 – 1
dx
ò cos x +
44. equals [2007] (c) e (4e–1) (d) e (2e – 1)
3 sin x 49. A value of a such that

æx pö a+1
dx æ9ö
(a) log tan ç + ÷ + C
è 2 12 ø ò ( x + a)( x + a + 1)
= log e ç ÷ is : [April 12, 2019 (II)]
è8ø
a

(b) log tan æç x - p ö÷ + C 1 1

è 2 12 ø (a) –2 (b) (c) - (d) 2
2 2
x p
log tan çæ + ÷ö + C
1 5 - x2
òx e dx = g ( x)e - x + c , where c is a constant of
2
(c) 50. If
2 è 2 12 ø
integration, then g(–1) is equal to : [April 10, 2019 (II)]
1 æx pö 5 1
(d) log tan ç - ÷ + C (a) –1 (b) 1 (c) - (d) -
2 è 2 12 ø 2 2
dx 1 - 4 x3
45. ò cos x - sin x is equal to [2004] 51. If òx
5 - 4 x3
e
48
dx =
e f ( x) + C, where C is a

constant of integration, then f (x) is equal to:

1 æ x 3p ö
(a) log tan ç + ÷ + C [Jan. 10, 2019 (II)]
2 è2 8 ø
(a) – 2x3 – 1 (b) – 4x3 – 1
(c) – 2x3 + 1 (d) 4x3 + 1
1 æ xö
(b) log cot ç ÷ + C dx
è 2ø
2 52. The integral ò is equal to :
(1 + x ) x - x 2
1 æ x 3p ö (where C is a constant of integration)
(c) log tan ç - ÷ + C
2 è2 8 ø [Online April 10, 2016]

1 æ x pö 1+ x 1- x
(d) log tan ç - ÷ + C (a) -2 +C (b) - +C
2 è 2 8ø 1- x 1+ x

sin x 1- x 1+ x
46. If ò sin( x - a) dx = Ax + B log sin( x - a), +C , then value (c) -2
1+ x
+C (d) 2
1- x
+C

of (A, B) is [2004]
dx
(a) (- cos a, sin a) (b) (cos a, sin a) 53. The integral ò x 2 (x 4 + 1)3/4 equals : [2015]

(c) (- sin a, cos a) (d) (sin a, cos a) 1

1 æ x 4 + 1ö 4
47. f(x) and g(x) are two differentiable functions on [0, 2] such (a) - (x 4 + 1) 4 +c (b) - ç 4 ÷ + c
è x ø
that f ¢¢( x ) - g ¢¢ ( x) = 0, f ¢(1) = 2 g ¢(1) = 4 f(2) = 3g(2) = 9
1
then f (x)–g(x) at x = 3/2 is [2002]
æ x 4 + 1ö 4 1
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 10 (d) 5 (c) ç 4 ÷ + c (d) (x 4 + 1) 4 + c
è x ø

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Integrals M-379

dx
54. The integral ò 3 5 is equal to : Evaluation of Definite Integral
TOPIC Đ by Substitution, Properties of
( x + 1) 4 (x - 2) 4 Definite Integrals
[Online April 10, 2015]
1 1
dx and I2 = ò (1 - x ) dx such
ò0 (1 - x
1 1 50 100 50 101
60. If I1 = )
x +1ö 4 x +1ö 4
(a) - çæ (b) 4 æç
4 0
÷ +C +C
3 è x - 2ø è x - 2 ÷ø that I2 = aI1 then a equals to : [Sep. 06, 2020 (I)]
1 1 5049 5050 5050 5051
(a) (b) (c) (d)
æ x - 2 ö4 4 æ x - 2 ö4 5050 5049 5051 5050
(c) 4 ç ÷ +C (d) - ç ÷ +C
è x +1 ø 3 è x +1 ø p/2
1
55. If m is a non-ero number and 61. The value of ò sin x
dx is: [Sep. 05, 2020 (I)]
5m -1 4m-1 -p / 2 1 + e
x + 2x
ò dx = f ( x ) + c , p 3p
p
( )
3
x 2m + x m + 1 (a) (b) p (c) (d)
4 2 2
then f(x) is: [Online April 19, 2014] 62. Let f ( x) =| x - 2 | and g ( x) = f ( f ( x)), x Î [0, 4].
5m 4m
x x 3
(a) (b) Then ò ( g ( x) - f ( x)) dx is equal to :
( ) ( )
2 2 [Sep. 04, 2020 (I)]
2m x 2m + x m + 1 2m x 2m + x m + 1 0

2m ( x5m + x 4m ) ( x5m - x4m ) 1 3

(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) (d)
(c) (d) 2 2
( x 2m + xm + 1) 2m ( x 2m + x m + 1)
2 2 63. The integral
p /3
xdx ò tan 3 x × sin 2 3 x (2 sec 2 x × sin 2 3 x + 3 tan x × sin 6 x ) dx
56. The integral ò equals : p /6
2 - x 2 + 2 - x2 is equal to : [Sep. 04, 2020 (II)]
[Online April 23, 2013]
7 1 1 9
(a) (b) - (c) - (d)
(a) log 1 + 2 + x 2 + c (b) - log 1 + 2 - x 2 + c 18 9 18 2
64. Let {x} and [x] denote the fractional part of x and the
greatest integer £ x respectively of a real number x. If
(c) - x log 1 - 2 - x2 + c (d) x log 1 - 2 + x +c
2
n n

x - x + 1 cot
2 -1 -1
ò0 {x} dx, ò0 [ x] dx and 10(n2 – n), (n Î N, n > 1) are
ò dx = A( x )ecot + C , then A(x) is
x x
57. If e three consecutive terms of a G.P., then n is equal to
x2 + 1
_______________. [NA Sep. 04, 2020 (II)]
equal to : [Online April 22, 2013]
p
(a) – x (b) x (c) 1 - x (d) 1 + x
65. ò | p- | x || dx is equal to : [Sep. 03, 2020 (I)]
dx x6 -p
58. If ò x + x7 = p( x) then, ò x + x7 dx is equal to:
[Online April 9, 2013] p2
(a) 2p2 (b) 2p2 (c) p2 (d)
(a) ln | x | – p (x) + c (b) ln | x | + p (x) + c 2
(c) x – p (x) + c (d) x + p (x) + c
1/ 2 x2 k
ïì (log x - 1) ïü
2 66. If the value of the integral ò (1 - x )
dx is , then
ò íï1 + (log x)2 ýï dx is equal to 0 2 3/ 2 6
59. [2005]
î þ k is equal to : [Sep. 03, 2020 (II)]
log x x (a) 2 3 - p (b) 2 3 + p
(a) +C (b) +C
(log x)2 + 1 x2 + 1 (c) 3 2 + p (d) 3 2 - p
x x 2
xe +C
+C
(c)
1+ x 2
(d)
(log x) + 12 67. The integral ò | x - 1| - x dx is equal to ________.
0
[NA Sep. 02, 2020 (I)]

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 EBD_8344
M-380 Mathematics

68. Let [t] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to t. 75. Let f : R ® R be a continuously differentiable function
2 1
Then the value of
ò
1
| 2 x - [3x] | dx is ___________. such that f(2) = 6 and f’(2) = .
48
[NA Sep. 02, 2020 (II)] f ( x)
69. If for all real triplets (a, b, c), f(x) = a + bx + cx2; then If ò6 4t3dt = (x – 2) g (x), then lim g(x) is equal to :
x ®2
1 [April 12, 2019 (I)]
ò f ( x) dx is equal to: [Jan. 9, 2020 (I)] (a) 18
x
(b) 24 (c) 12 (d) 36
0 cot x
ì
76. If ò 2
cot x + cosec x
dx = m (p + n) , then m.n is equal to :
æ 1 öü 1ì æ 1 öü
0
(a) 2 í3 f (1) + 2 f ç ÷ý (b) 2 í f (1) + 3 f ç ÷ý [April 12, 2019 (I)]
î è 2 øþ î è 2 øþ
1 1
1ì æ 1 öü 1ì æ 1 öü (a) - (b) 1 (c) (d) –1
(c) 3 í f (0) + f ç ÷ý (d) 6 í f (0) + f (1) + 4 f ç 2 ÷ý 2 2
î è 2 øþ î è øþ 2p
2p
x sin8 x
77. The value of ò éësin 2x (1 + cos3x )ùû dx , where [t] denotes
70. The value of ò sin8 x + cos8 x
dx is equal to: 0
the greatest integer function, is: [April 10, 2019 (I)]
0
[Jan. 9, 2020 (I)] (a) p (b) –p (c) –2p (d) 2p
(b) 2p2 (c) p2 p/3
òp/6 sec
(a) 2p (d) 4p 78. The integral 2/3
x cos ec 4/3 x dx is equal to :
2
dx [April 10, 2019 (II)]
71. If I = ò , then: [Jan. 8, 2020 (II)]
1 2 x - 9 x + 12 x + 4
3 2
(a) 3 - 3 5/6 2/3 (b) 3 - 31/3
4/3

1 1 1 1 (c) 37/6 - 35/6 (d) 35/3 - 31/3

(a) < I2 < (b) < I2 <
8 4 9 8 p /2
sin 3 x
1 1 1 1 79. The value of ò sin x + cos x
dx is: [April 9, 2019 (I)]
(c) < I2 < (d) < I2 < 0
16 9 6 2
p-2 p-2 p -1
72. If f (a + b + 1 – x) = f(x), for all x, where a and b are fixed (a) (b) p - 1 (c) (d)
b
8 4 4 2
1
positive real numbers, then a + b ò x(f (x) + f (x + l))dx
1
-1
The value of the integral ò x cot (1 - x + x )dx is:
2 4
a 80.
0
is equal to: [Jan. 7, 2020 (I)]
[April 09, 2019 (II)]
b +1 b -1
(a) òa+1 f ( x)dx (b) òa-1 f ( x)dx (a)
p 1
- loge 2 (b)
p
- loge 2
2 2 4
b -1 b +1
(c) òa-1 f ( x + 1)dx (d) òa+1 f ( x + 1)dx (c)
p
- loge 2 (d)
p 1
- loge 2
2 4 2
2
- a| x| 81. If f : R ® R is a differentiable function and f (2) = 6, then
73. The value of a for which 4a òe dx = 5 , is :
f (x)
-1 2t dt
[Jan. 7, 2020 (II)]
lim
x ®2 ò ( x - 2) is: [April 09, 2019 (II)]
6
(a) 24 f ¢ (2) (b) 2 f ¢ (2) (c) 0 (d) 12 f ¢ (2)
(b) loge æç ö÷ (c) loge (d) loge æç ö÷
3 4
(a) loge2
è 2ø 2 è 3ø 2 - x cos x
If q1 and q2 be respectively the smallest and the largest 82. If f ( x) = and g ( x) = loge x, (x > 0) then the
74. 2 + x cos x
values of q in (0,2p) – {p} which satisfy the equation,
p
q2 4
5
2cot 2 q - + 4 = 0 , then
ò cos ò
2
3q dq is equal to: value of the integral g ( f ( x))dx is :
sin q
q1 p
-
4
[Jan. 7, 2020 (II)]
[April 8, 2019 (I)]
p 2p p 1 p (a) loge3 (b) logee (c) loge2 (d) loge1
(a) (b) (c) + (d)
3 3 3 6 9

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Integrals M-381

83.
x
Let f(x) = ò g ( t ) dt , where g is a non-ero even function. If
(a) ( 0, 2 ) (b) (- 2, 0 )
0
(c) ( 2, - 2 ) (d) (- 2, 2 )
x

ò f ( t ) dt equals : [April 08, 2019 (II)]

x 1
f(x + 5) = g(x), then
0
89. If ò f (t) dt = x 2 + ò t 2 f (t) dt, then f ¢ (1/2) is:
0 x
5 x +5 [Jan. 10, 2019 (II)]
(a) ò g ( t ) dt (b) ò g ( t ) dt 24 18 4 6
x +5 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
25 25 5 25
x +5 5 p /2
g ( t ) dt dx
(c) 2 ò (d) 5 ò g ( t ) dt 90. The value of ò [ x ] + [sin x] + 4
, where [t] denotes the
5 x +5 - p /2
84. Let f and g be continuous functions on [0, a] such that greatest integer less than or equal to t, is:
a [Jan. 10, 2019 (II)]
f(x) = f(a – x) and g(x) + g(a – x) = 4, then ò f ( x ) g ( x ) dx (a)
1
(7p + 5) (b)
1
(7p - 5)
0 12 12
is equal to: [Jan. 12, 2019 (I)]
3 3
a a (c) (4p - 3) (d) (4p - 3)
20 10
(a) 4 ò f ( x ) dx (b) ò f ( x ) dx p

ò cos x
0 0 3
91. The value of dx is: [Jan 9, 2019 (I)]
a a 0
(c) 2 ò f ( x ) dx (d) –3ò f ( x ) dx 4 2 4
0 0 (a) 0 (b) (c) (d) -
3 3 3
eì 92. Let f be a differentiable function from R to R such that |f (x)
æ e ö üï
2x x
ïæ x ö – f (y)| £ 2|x – y|3/2, for all x, y, Î R. If f (0) = 1 then
85. The integral ò íç ÷ - ç ÷ ý loge x dx is equal to :
1îïè e ø è x ø þï 1

ò f ( x ) dx is equal to :
2
[Jan. 12, 2019 (II)] [Jan. 09, 2019 (II)]
0
1 1 1 1 1
(a) -e- 2 (b) - + - 1
2 e 2 e 2e2 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) (d) 0
2
3 1 1 3 1 p /3
- - -e- 2 tan q 1
, ( k > 0 ) then the value of k
(c) (d)
2 e 2e 2 2 2e 93. If ò
2k sec q
dq = 1 -
2
0
2
sin 2 x is: [Jan. 09, 2019 (II)]
86. The value of the integral 1
dx ò éxù 1
-2
êë p úû + 2
(a) 4 (b) (c) 1 (d) 2
2
(where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal p
2
to x) is : [Jan. 11, 2019 (I)] sin 2 x
(a) 0 (b) sin 4 (c) 4 (d) 4 –sin 4 94. The value of ò x
dx is : [2018]
p 1+ 2
p /4 dx -
òp/6 sin 2 x 2
( tan5 x + cot5 x )
87. The integral equals :
p p p
(a) (b) 4p (c) (d)
[Jan. 11, 2019 (II)] 2 4 8
x
1 æ 1 ö
tan -1 ç
1 æp -1 æ 1 ö ö
95. If f (x) = ò0 t (sin x - sin t ) dt then
(a) ÷ (b) 10 ç 4 - tan ç ÷÷
20 è9 3ø è è 9 3 øø [Online April 16, 2018]
(a) f ²¢(x) + f ¢(x) = cos x – 2x sin x
p 1æp -1 æ 1 ö ö (b) f ²¢(x) + f ²(x) – f ¢(x) = cos x
(c) (d) 5 ç 4 - tan ç ÷÷ (c) f ²¢(x) – f ²(x) = cos x – 2x sin x
40 è è 3 3 øø
(d) f ²¢ (x) + f ²(x) = sin x
b
88. Let I = ò ( x 4 - 2 x 2 )dx. If I is minimum then the ordered
a
pair (a, b) is: [Jan 10, 2019 (I)]

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 EBD_8344
M-382 Mathematics

3p 104. For x Î R, x ¹ 0, if y(x) is a differentiable function such

x
96. The value of integral ò p
4
1 + sin x
dx is x x
4 that x ò y(t)dt = (x + 1) ò ty(t)dt , then y(x) equals :
[Online April 15, 2018] 1 1
p (where C is a constant) [Online April 10, 2016]
(a) ( 2 + 1) (b) p ( 2 - 1)
2 1 1 1
1 C - C -x C -
(c) 2p ( 2 - 1) (d) p 2 (a) (b) e x (c) e (d) e x
Cx 3e x x2 x x3
1 1 2 1 3
97. If I1 = ò e - x cos2 x dx; I2 = ò e - x cos2 x dx and I3 = ò e - x 105. The value of the integral
0 0 0
10
dx; then [Online April 15, 2018] [x 2 ]dx
(a) I2 > I3 > I1 (b) I3 > I1 > I2 ò é x 2 - 28x + 196ù + [x 2 ] , where [x]
(c) I2 > I1 > I3 (d) I3 > I2 > I1 4ë û
p denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, is :
æ æ 2 + sin x ö ö
ò sin 4 x çç1 + log ç [Online April 10, 2016]
÷ ÷÷ dx
98. The value of the integral 2
p
–
2 è è 2 – sin x ø ø 1
(a) (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 3
is [Online April 15, 2018] 3
-1
1 -1 1
106. If 2 ò tan xdx = ò cot (1 - x + x )dx , then
3 3 3 2
(a) p (b) 0 (c) p (d) 0 0
16 8 4
1 -1
3p
4
ò0 tan (1 - x + x 2 )dx is equal to :
dx
99. The integral ò 1 + cos x is equal to : [2017] [Online April 9, 2016]
p p
(a) + log 2 (b) log2
4 2
(a) –1 (b) –2 (c) 2 (d) 4 p
(c) - log 4 (d) log4
ò tan
n
100. Let In = x dx,(n > 1) . I4 + I6 = a tan5x + bx5 + C, 2
where C is constant of integration, then the ordered pair 107. The integral [2015]
(a, b) is equal to : [2017] 4
log x 2

æ 1 ö æ 1 ö æ1 ö æ1 ö ò log x 2 + log(36 - 12 x + x 2 ) dx is equal to :

(a) çè - , 0÷ø (b) çè - ,1÷ø (c) çè , 0÷ø (d) çè , -1÷ø 2
5 5 5 5 (a) 1 (b) 6 (c) 2 (d) 4
2 108. Let f : R ® R be a function such that
dx k
101. If ò 3
=
k +5
then k is equal to : f(2 – x) = f(2 + x) and f(4 – x) = f(4 + x), for all xÎR and
1 2 2
( x - 2 x + 4) 2 50
[Online April 9, 2017] ò f (x) dx = 5. Then the value of ò10 f (x) dx is :
0
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
[Online April 11, 2015]
p (a) 125 (b) 80 (c) 100 (d) 200
8cos 2x
102. The integral ò 4
p
(tan x + cot x)3
dx equals : 109. Let f : (–1, 1) ® R be a continuous function. If
sin x
12 3 æ 3ö
[Online April 8, 2017] ò f (t )dt =
2
x, then f ç
ç 2 ÷÷ is equal to :
0 è ø
15 15 13 15
(a) (b) (c) (d) [Online April 11, 2015]
128 64 32 256
1 3 3
2x12 + 5x 9 (a) (b) (c) (d) 3
103. The integral ò dx is equal to : [2016] 2 2 2

(x )
5 3
+ x3 + 1 x
dt. Then f (x) + f æç ö÷ is equal to:
log t 1
5 10
110. For x > 0, let f (x) = ò 1+ t è xø
x -x 1
(a) +C (b) +C
( ) ( )
2 2 [Online April 10, 2015]
2 x5 + x3 +1 2 x5 + x3 +1
1
5 10
(a) ( log x ) 2 (b) log x
-x x 4
(c) +C (d) +C
( ) ( )
2 2 1 1
x5 + x3 +1 2 x5 + x3 +1 (c) ( log x ) 2 (d) log x 2
2 4

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Integrals M-383

p (a) ± 1 (b) ± 2 (c) ± 3 (d) ± 4

x x
111. The integral ò 1 + 4sin 2
2
- 4sin dx equals:
2
[2014] 118. Statement-1 : The value of the integral
p /3
0 dx
p ò is equal to p/6
(a) 4 3 - 4 (b) 4 3 - 4 - p/61+ tan x
3
b b
2p
(c) p - 4 (d)
3
- 4- 4 3 Statement-2 : ò f ( x)dx = ò f (a + b - x)dx. [2013]
a a
x t
e (a) Statement-1 is true; Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
112. Let function F be defined as F(x) = ò dt, x > 0 then the
t is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
1 (b) Statement-1 is true; Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
x t
e is not a correct explanation for Statement-1.
value of the integral ò t + a dt, where a > 0, is: (c) Statement-1 is true; Statement-2 is false.
1 (d) Statement-1 is false; Statement-2 is true.
[Online April 19, 2014]
p
(a) e ëé F ( x ) - F (1 + a ) ûù
a 119. For 0 £ x £ , the value of
2
(b) e -a éë F ( x + a ) - F ( a ) ùû sin 2 x cos 2 x
-1
ò sin ( t )dt + ò cos -1 ( t ) dt equals :
(c) e éë F ( x + a ) - F (1 + a ) ùû
a
0 0
[Online April 25, 2013]
(d) e -a éëF ( x + a ) - F (1 + a ) ùû
p p
t
(a) (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) -
4 4
113. If for a continuous function f(x), ò ( f ( x ) + x ) dx = p2 – p/2
sin 2 x
-p
120. The value of ò dx is :
-p / 2 1 + 2
x
æ pö
t2, for all t ³ – p, then f ç - ÷ is equal to: [Online April 23, 2013]
è 3ø
[Online April 12, 2014] p p
(a) p (b) (c) 4p (d)
p p p 2 4
(a) p (b) (c) (d)
2 3 6 7p / 3
114. If [ ] denotes the greatest integer function, then the integral
p
121. The integral ò tan 2 x dx is equal to :
7p / 4
ò [ cos x ] dx is equal to: [Online April 12, 2014] [Online April 22, 2013]
0
(a) log 2 2 (b) log 2
p p
(a) (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) - (c) 2 log 2 (d) log 2
2 2
y
e dt d2y
115. If for n ³ 1, Pn = ò ( log x ) dx , then P10 – 90P8 is equal to:
n 122. If x = ò , then is equal to :
0 1+ t
2 dx 2
1
[Online April 11, 2014] [Online April 9, 2013]
(a) – 9 (b) 10e (c) – 9 e (d) 10
(a) y (b) 1+ y 2
1
2 ln
(1 + 2x ) x
(d) y 2
116. The integral ò 1 + 4x 2 dx , equals: (c)
1+ y 2
0
[Online April 9, 2014] x

p
ln2 (b)
p
ln2
p
ln2 (d)
p
ln2
ò
123. If g (x) = cos 4t dt , then g (x + p) equals [2012]
(a) (c) 0
4 8 16 32
g ( x)
117. The intercepts on x-axis made by tangents to the curve, (a) (b) g (x) + g (p)
x
g ( p)
y= ò t dt , x Î R, which are parallel to the line y = 2x, are (c) g (x) – g (p) (d) g (x) . g (p)
0
equal to : [2013]

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 EBD_8344
M-384 Mathematics

124. If [x] is the greatest integer £ x, then the value of the integral 2 2
(a) I > and J > 2 (b) I < and J < 2
0.9 æ 2 æ 2 - xöö
ò ç éë x ùû + log ç
3 3
è 2 + x ÷ø ÷ø
dx is [Online May 26, 2012]
-0.9 è 2 2
(a) 0.486 (b) 0.243 (c) 1.8 (d) 0 (c) I < and J > 2 (d) I > and J < 2
3 3
0.9 133. The solution for x of the equation
125. The value of the integral ò ëé x - 2 [ x ]ùû dx , x
dt p
0
ò 2
=
2
is [2007]
where [.] denotes the greatest integer function is 2 t t -1
[Online May 19, 2012]
(a) 0.9 (b) 1.8 (c) – 0.9 (d) 0 3
(a) (b) 2 2
d e tan x 2
126. If G( x ) = , x Î (0, p 2), then (c) 2 (d) None of these
dx x
x
134. Let F(x) = f (x) + f æç ö÷ ,where f ( x) = ò
12 2 tan(p x 2 ) 1 log t
dt , Then
ò .e dx is equal to [Online May 12, 2012] è xø 1+ t
14 x l
F(e) equals [2007]
(a) G (p 4) - G (p 16) (b) 2[G (p 4) - G(p 16)] (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 1/2 (d) 0,
(c) p[G (1 2) - G (1 4)] (d) G (1 2) - G (1 2) a
135. The value of ò [ x ] f '( x )dx , a > 1 where [x] denotes the
x x2
127. If ò t f ( t ) dt = sin x - x cos x - , for all x Î R - { 0} , 1
e 2 greatest integer not exceeding x is [2006]
æ pö (a) af (a) - { f (1) + f (2) + .............. f ([ a])}
then the value of f ç ÷ is [Online May 7, 2012]
è 6ø (b) [a ] f (a) - { f (1) + f (2) + .............. f ([a ])}
(a) 1/2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) – 1/2 (c) [a ] f ([a ]) - { f (1) + f (2) + .............. f ( a)}
128. Let [.] denote the greatest integer function then the value
1.5
(d) af ([ a]) - { f (1) + f (2) + .............. f ( a )}
ò x éë x
2ù
of û dx is :. [2011 RS] p
-
0 2

(a) 0 (b)
3
(c)
3
(d)
5 136. ò [( x + p )3 + cos 2 ( x + 3p )]dx is equal to [2006]
2 4 4 3p
-
1 2
8log(1 + x)
129. The value of
1+ x2
ò
dx is [2011] p4 p4 p p p
0 (a) (b) + (c) (d) -1
p p 32 32 2 2 4
(a) log 2 (b) log 2 (c) log 2 (d) p log 2
8 2 p
130. Let p(x) be a function defin ed on R such that
p¢(x) = p¢(1 – x), for all x Î [0, 1], p (0) = 1 and p (1) = 41.
137. ò xf (sin x)dx is equal to [2006]
0
1
Then ò p( x) dx equals [2010] p p
0 (a) p ò f (cos x )dx (b) p ò f (sin x )dx
0 0
(a) 21 (b) 41 (c) 42 (d) 41
p p /2 p /2
ò [cot x] dx , where [ . ] denotes the greatest integer (c) p (d) p ò
131.
2 ò f (sin x)dx f (cos x )dx
0 0 0
function, is equal to : [2009]
p p 6
x
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) - (d) I =ò
138. The value of integral, dx is [2006]
2 2
3
9- x + x
1 1
sin x cos x
132. Let I = ò dx and J = ò dx. Then which one of (a)
1
(b)
3
(c) 2 (d) 1
0
x 0
x 2 2
the following is true? [2008]

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Integrals M-385

p 147. Let f(x) be a function satisfying f '(x) = f(x) with

cos 2 x
ò
139. The value of dx , a > 0, is [2005] f(0)=1 and g(x) be a function that satisfies
x
- p 1+ a f(x) + g(x) = x 2 . Then the value of the integral
p p 1
(a) a p (b) (c) (d) 2p ò f ( x ) g ( x ) dx, is [2003]
2 a 0
1
2
1
3 2 e2 5 e2 5
(a) e + + (b) e - -
ò 2 dx , I3 =
2
ò 2 dx , I 2 = ò 2 dx and
x x x
140. If I1 = 2 2 2 2
0 0 1
e2 3 e2 3
2 (c) e + - (d) e - - .
3 2 2 2 2
I 4 = ò 2 dx then
x
[2005] b
1 148. If f (a + b - x) = f ( x) then ò xf ( x )dx is equal to [2003]
a
(a) I 2 > I1 (b) I1 > I 2 (c) I3 = I 4 (d) I3 > I 4
141. Let f : R ® R be a differentiable function having f (2) = 6, a+b
b
a+b b
f ( x)
4t 3
(a)
2 ò f (a + b + x )dx (b)
2 a
ò f (b - x)dx
æ 1 ö
ò
a
f '(2) = ç ÷ . Then lim dt equals [2005]
è 48 ø x®2 x-2
6 a +b b b-a b
(c) ò f ( x)dx (d) ò f ( x )dx .
(a) 24 (b) 36 (c) 12 (d) 18 2 a 2 a
f ( a)
ex x2
142. If f ( x) =
1+ ex
, I1 = ò xg{x (1 - x )}dx 2
ò sec tdt
f (-a ) 0
149. The value of lim is [2003]
f ( a) x ®0 x sin x
and I 2 = ò g{x (1 - x )}dx, (a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
f (-a ) 150. If f ( y ) = e y , g ( y ) = y; y > 0 and
I2 t
then the value of
I1
is [2004] F (t ) = ò f (t - y ) g ( y ) dy , then [2003]
0
(a) 1 (b) –3 (c) –1 (d) 2
p p/2 (a) F (t ) = te -t (b) F (t ) = 1 - te -t (1 + t )
143. If ò xf (sin x)dx = A ò f (sin x )dx, then A is [2004]
(c) F (t ) = e t - (1 + t ) (d) F (t ) = tet .
0 0

p p 2 x (1 + sin x )
(a) 2p (b) p
ò
(c) (d) 0
4 151. dx is [2002]
-p 1 + cos 2 x
p/2
(sin x + cos x ) 2
144. The value of I = ò 1 + sin 2 x
dx is [2004]
(a)
p2
(b) p 2 (c) ero (d)
p
0 2
4
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 0
2
ò [x
3 2
152. ]dx is [2002]
ò
2
145. The value of | 1 - x |dx is [2004]
0
-2
1 14 7 28 (a) 2 – 2 (b) 2 + 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3 (c) 2 –1 (d) - 2 - 3 + 5
1 p/4
146. The value of the integral I = ò x(1 - x ) n dx is [2003] 153. I n = ò tan n x dx then lim n[ I n + I n + 2 ] equals
n®¥
[2002]
0 0
1 1 1
(a) + (b) (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) ¥ (d) ero
n +1 n + 2 n +1
2
1 1 1 10 p
-
(c)
n+2
(d)
n +1 n + 2
. 154. ò0 | sin x | dx is [2002]
(a) 20 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 18

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 EBD_8344
M-386 Mathematics

1
Reduction Formulae for Definite
Integration, Gamma & Beta æ ( n + 1) (n + 2)...3n ö n
159. lim ç ÷ is equal to: [2016]
TOPIC Ė Function, Walli's Formula, n ®¥ è n 2n ø
Summation of Series by
Integration 9
(a) (b) 3 log 3 – 2
e2
155. Let a function f : [0, 5] ® R be continuous, f (1) = 3 and
F be defined as: 18 27
(c) 4 (d)
x x e e2
F(x) = òt
2
g (t )dt , where g(t) = ò f (u )du 160. f ( x ) = ò
dx
is a polynomial of degree
1
1
sin 6 x
Then for the function F, the point x = 1 is :
[Jan. 9, 2020 (II)] [Online May 26, 2012]
(a) 5 in cot x (b) 5 in tan x
(a) a point of local minima.
(c) 3 in tan x (d) 3 in cot x
(b) not a critical point.
é1 1 2 4 1 ù
(c) a point of local maxima. 161. nLim ê sec2 + sec 2 ............ + sec 2 1ú
®¥ ë n2 n2 n2 n2 n û
(d) a point of inflection.
equals [2005]
æ (n + 1)1/3 (n + 2)1/3 (2n)1/3 ö 1 1
156. nlim çç + + ..... + 4/3 ÷ is equal to : (a) sec 1 (b) cosec 1
®¥ 4/3 4/3 ÷
è n n n ø 2 2
[April 10, 2019 (I)] 1
(c) tan 1 (d) tan 1
3 4/3 3 4 4/3 2
(a) (2) - (b) (2)
4 4 3 n r
1
(c)
3 4/3 4
(2) - (d)
4 3/4
(2) 162.
Lim
n®¥ å n e n is [2004]
2 3 3 r =1
(a) e + 1 (b) e – 1 (c) 1 – e (d) e
æ n n n 1 ö
157. lim ç 2 2 + 2 2
+
2 2
+ ..... + ÷ is equal 1 + 2 + 3 + ...n
4 4 4
1 + 2 + 3 + ...n3
3 3
n ®¥ è n + 1 n +2 n +3 5n ø 163. lim - lim [2003]
to : [Jan. 12, 2019 (II)] n®¥ n5 n®¥ n5
p p 1 1 1
(a) (b) tan–1(3) (c) (d) tan–1(2) (a) (b) (c) Zero (d)
4 2 5 30 4
1a + 2a + ......... + na 1 1 p + 2 p + 3 p + ..... + n p
158. If lim = 164. lim is [2002]
n ®¥ ( n + 1)a -1 [ (na + 2) + .....(na + n) ] 60 n ®¥ n p +1
for some positive real number a, then a is equal to : 1 1
[Online April 9, 2017] (a) (b)
p +1 1- p
15 17
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) (d) 1 1 1
2 2 (c) - (d)
p p -1 p+2

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