Ba) i sia EWN ~ Leaning Sertes TRI-BUREAU OFFICER EXAM REVIEW MADE EASY 3-in-1 Reviewer for NAPOLCOM, PENOLOGY and FIRE OFFICER EXAM j / Gierhsy 9, Dili, lietaarta geet} Dyce aa De kobaolnddntetuentinaoad CT Ti teuA Critical Thinking Thinking cttically doesnt mean criticizing. it measures an individual's ability to objectively analyzo and evaluation the given information. Once you learn to think erlically, you might ercize an argument but with reasonable thinking and judgment. Critical Thinking requires: 4. Reasonable thinking 2, Use of logic 3, Judgment and application of real-life problem. WHAT IS LOGIC? tis the study of argumentation that leads us to a correct and reasonable thinking. We need to understand the good and bad arguments to draw a logical and reasonable conclusion from what we already know. + Verbal Reasoning measures one’s ability to understand and analyze written work and to reason objectively. + Argument is made to address a specific problem by giving a reason for a position. In order to have an argument: 1. Your reasons should support a conclusion. 2. The reasons should have a relationship and connection to a conclusion. PARTS OF AN ARGUMENT. | Premises Foundation and basis of a conclusion. It tends to be a statement of | fact to think for a conclusion. Once you've identified the premises, | you will need to evaluate their truth or strength. The assumption is | a hidden/untold premise that supports the conclusion. Conclusions | Final statement of the position based on the premises, When we talk about the conclusion of an argument, it doesn't mean a summary or overall review of what has been said. These {wo parts work together to give a specific position on an issue or problem. Example: Premise 1: No Medieval King has irrevocable power. Premise 2: — Henry Ill of England was a great medieval king. Conclusion: So, Henry Ill of England did not have irrevocable power. VALID ARGUMENT / * Aconclusion is based on a series of premises. Our example of a medieval king is an example of a valid argument because it makes sense that the conclusion follows from the premises. INVALID ARGUMENT '€ conclusion does not follow from the premises. “treay Officer Exam Review Made Easy ss zaPremise 1: No Medieval King had irrevocable power. Premise 2: Henry Ill of England was a great horseman, In tis exam, we cart craw tht concuson from tose promises So, ths ama n this . considered as an invalid argument. ~ REMEMBER ME! ! is valid or not, it has nothing to do whether the penises | the concusion are tus, Perhaps, itHeny I realy was acne ' ' t then all the premises and conclusion of the arguments are true. Yet, the argunen is still invalid, Dediictive Argument vs, Inductive Argument DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT f the premises are true, then it | Itis an argument where the premises a guarantees the truth of the conclusion, true and gives a reason to od + The only way for the conclusion of a Conclusion. But does not guarar deductive argument to be false is the conclusion is true. when one of your premisesassumptions is false. Ifyou believe that ‘something is false in Your premises, then your conclusion may end up being false, | Example Premise 1: No Canadian is humble, Premise 2: Hazel is Canadian, Conclusion: So, Hazel 1S not humble. This example is a valid argument although is premises are false and so ig the conclusion, i gts 0 gene REBning consis of using | Inductive Reasoning OOS it roa re MeS 10. deduce Specific | specific propositions towel tons, a general statements. _Saco ogto ous L ce exarel: | Exampl ] ‘; Mr. Catacutan always wears Premise 1: Mr. Catacutan wore black Prato vee shoes to work on Monday. 2: Mr. Catacutan will be coming | Premise 2: Mr. Catacuta Prem wieness. shoes towerkon Tuesday. a + Mr. Catacutan will wear | Premise 3: Mr. Catacutan wore black | Premise 4: Mr. Catacutan wore black Back shoes on Wednesday. | shoes to work on Wednesday. | shoes to work on Thursday. | Conclusion: Mr. Catacutan always wears | Explanation: Explanation: | ‘sruure of this argument begins by | In this example, | going 2 general Statement in premise 4, | specific propositions that are mentioned hr. Catacutan always wears black shoes | above. We move from those specific | tp work Then in conjunction with premise propositions to our conclusion which is | 2 moves to 2 Specific ‘condusion that Mr. general. Cetzcutan will wear black shoes on | Wednesday. Deductive arguments move | fon someting general to something | gecéc. This structure influences the qench of the conclusion of a deductive | agument, | (REMEMBER ME! ; + General statements jon in inductive reasoning and that they've 1 a a Thi ‘means that the strer of! it doe: be true, but it can also be fal en ng conclusion. They could be true, oF tic but not certain. ! | arrived at from specific propositions. This : i | conclusions in inductive reasoning are never going to be as certain as 1 1 : .en't necessarily mean that the | ' Ise. ' 1 1 1 + Inductive arguments do! | they could be false. They are just probabilis'Q LET’S TRY Example 4 Melissa is 14 years old. For four years, she has been asking her parents for a puppy. Her parents have told her that they believe a puppy would not be happy in a condo, but have given her permission to have a bird. Melissa has not yet decided what kind of bird she ‘would like to have. What can you conclude from that statement? A. Melissa does not like birds. B. Melissa and her parents would like to move to another city C. Melissa's parents like birds better than they like puppies D. Melissa and her parents live in a condo Answer: D Rationale: Sinoe Melissa's parents think a puppy would not be happy in a condo, we can reasonably conclude that the family lives in a condo. We don't have any prooflevidence i Melissa's parents dislike puppies (choice C) or if Melissa dislikes birds (choice A). There is ‘no support for choice B. Example 2 Four friends were sharing a pizza. They decided that the oldest friend would get the last piece. Brix is two months older than Migs, who is three months younger than Lawrence. Ryan is one month older than Migs. Who should get the last piece of pizza? A. Brix C. Lawrence | B. Migs D. Ryan | Answer: © | Rationale: If Brix is two months older than Migs, then Lawrence is three months older than Migs and one month older than Brix. Ryan is younger than both Brix and Lawrence. _ ‘Therefore, Lawrence is the oldest. Example 3: All the offices on the 6th floor have wall-to-wall carpeting. No wall-to-wall carpeting is yellow. None of the offices on the 6th floor has yellow wall-to-wall carpeting. Ifthe first two statements are true, the third statement is: A. Tue B, False C. Uncertain Answer: A | Rationale: If no wall-to-wall carpeting is yellow and all offices on the 6th floor have wall-to- wall carpeting, then it is rue that none of the offices on the 6th floor has yellow wall-to-wall carpeting. Tr-Bureau Officer Exam Review Made EasyLogical Rules 4. Dont apply real life experiences. 2. Read and understand the first sentence before proceeding to the next. 3. Underfine or encircle the important words and subject Example 1: Al Flings are hospitable. Marea is hospitable. Is Marco a Filipino? A Tne B. False C. Uncertain All Filipinos Hospitable Rationale: In the first line, it says that all Filipinos are hospitable. if Marco is hospitable, then he is inside the circle of Hospitable. Is Marco a Filipino? The answer will be uncertain, because he can be hospitable without being a Filipino. Example 2: Al scientists are good at Science. ‘Al people who are good at Science are smart. Kesha is good at Science. Wich statement is true? A. Keshais a scientist B. Kesha is smart C. Kesha is a smart scientist Rationale: If Kesha is good at Science, we can conclude that she is smart. It supports the Statement, all people who are good at Science are smart. Example 3: abies drink mi. My sister does not drink milk, Therefore, My sister is allergic to milk. B. Babies also drink other beverages. - My sister is not a baby. None of the above tr "ureau otticer Exam Review Made Easy " a[El] sampLe TEST QUESTIONS WITH RATIONALE I the 3rd day ofthe meth fals on Friday, what day ofthe week wil rece hy 7 day of the month. 1. Tr-Bureau Officer Exam Review Made Easy C. Wednesday 4 nae D. Thursday Answer: B Rationale: 3rd day of the month- Friday 6th day of the month- Monday 4th day of the month- Saturday 7th day of the month- Tuesday | Sth day of the month- Sunday 8th day of the month- Wednesday | We are looking for the day before the &th day, so the answer willbe Tuesday, Either Stacy will mary Nicko or Stacy will work abroad. Stacy did not work abroad Therefore, : ; A Stacy will work abroad. C, Stacy does not love Nicko. B. Stacy loves Nicko. D._ Stacy will marry Nicko. Answer: D . Rationale: The argument follows this reasoning: If A or B, and not A, then B. Since Stacy did not work abroad, she will marry Nicko, which is in choice D. E00, GQQ, ISs, A KIT Cc. JT B. KUU D. JUU Answer: B Ronald's daughter is the cousin of Ellaine's daughter. Ronald has no sister. How i Ronald related to Ellaine? A. Ronald is the brother of Ellaine 8. Ronaldis the brother-in-law of Ellaine C. Ronaldis the father of Ellaine D. Ronald and Ellaine are close friends, Answer: B cis Rationale: Choice A is not true because Ronald has no sister. Also, Choice possible because Rona Choice D is incorrect b connected to Ellaine? na sin cannot be a ater of Elaine since ther davies 9° ecause it cannot be derived from the argument. Ronald must be the brotherindaw of Ellaine. 7 ied, IF Ralph loves Aira, then Kaye needs to find a boytiend, If Kaye finds a boy roy happy. Thereof Ralph eves Aa, then e's mom will not be happy. . ibe happy. 8. Kaye'smomvillbe happy, g(a wil be nap PY. D. Kaye will not be happy- Answer: B cat? g C. SO, eee The argument follows the reasoning: If A, then B. If B, then FR loves Ara then Kaye's mom wl be happy.| ot HorbalHOnantitntine-Logho-Constiinnia adstract Reasoning 1 oforrd 10 diagrammatic reasoning. It aims to identity relationships between forms, Ips ant iguros. It measures your abily to identify patterns and logical rules in each set ‘aaa. Ths logical reasoning aims to devolop our spatial abilly to work out naw abstract jdoas and concepts, How do you calculate abstract reasoning? 4, Take note of the shapes and figures. (numbers of shapes, size of shapes, and orientation of each shape) 2, Look for a possible pattern and connections 3. Choose for the best answor that should come next in the pattern Example 1: Which square comes next in the sequence? eRl[Po)f0 jo 2 cpl > ou D> A B c o ||P {JO o vo Answer: C Rationale: In each step, the number of shapes is decreasing by one. While the total number of sides is decreasing by 2. Example 2: Which square comes next in the sequence? PoP ape o oO plo’ pl lo’ lo e Answer: B Rationale: In each step, the number of ‘2 Shapes on the upper left and lower rig "Fotating for about 180°. 1" "Miuteau oticer Exam Review Made Easy bh dots in the middle is decreasing by 1. The side on ht comers is decreasing by one. The other shapes 105part: Herhal-Onantiiative-logle-tonstitntion Example 3: Which square comes next in the sequence? : dS Al| © A 2 OC ol|ho A B c D oD | [AS] of BSNS BHO yas Answer: A Rationale: The total number of shapes is increasing by one in each step and the number of sides is increasing by three. Example 4: ‘Arrange them based on their speed, starting from the fastest. Bus Bullet Train Jeepney Bicycle CDAB B. ABDC C. DCAB D. BACD Answer: D > pomp Example 5: Which drawing is an exact replica of the picture shown below? 7 ' 3 _ wee ; / od tal The objec or the craing locks diferent when cated dere. Visual Tre-Bureau Oiticer Exam Review Made Easy srQuers TRY ‘percise 1: |e ‘© | o answer: C exercise 2: AY By a @y Answer: D Example 3: @ | Answer: A [ovantitative Reasoning What is a Number? ‘Anumber is a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label. Prime Numbers Whole en greater than 1 that is divisible by one and itself only (Note: Wes ly Odd numbers ) Composite Numbers Eaqean number is a whole number (greater than 1) that is not prime. imple: 2,9,15 (Note All even numbers and odd numbers with at least two factors ) PERATIONS ON INTEGERS: I the integers have the same sign, just add the positive equivalents of the integers Nd attach the common sign to the result. | Example: ®) 27+ 30 = +(271 +/30) = +(/57/) = + 87 2) (20) + (45 (20+15) =- (35)=- 35 + (20 + /15/) —— oe 107 Officer Exam Review Made Easy _ferent signs, get the difference of the positive [a athe integers have dif > te ef atach the sign of the larger number to the result. Example: eT (38) + (+ : eine difference between 38 and 20:18 : ; Since 38 is greater than 20, the sign of the sum is positive, Hence 38 + -20= 18 b) (42) + (16) SS he difference between 42 and 16: 26 : Since 42 is greater than 16, the sum will have a negative sign, Hence -42 + 16=-26 3, If there are more than two addends in the problem the first step to do is to addends with same signs and then get the difference of their sums. Example: a) -14+2248+-16 = -144-16 +2248 -30+30=0 b) 31+70+9+-155 = 31+70+9+ -155 110+ -155 = -45, Subtraction of Integers To subtract integers, change the sign on the integer that is to be subtracted. 1. If both signs are positive, the answer will be positive. 2. If both signs are negative, the answer will be negative. 3. If the signs are different, subtract the smaller absolute value from the larg absolute value. Example: a) 8-(-4)=8+4=12 b) 8 (4)=8+(4)=4 Multiplication of Integers |n multiplying integers, find the product of their positive equivalents. 1. Ifthe integers have the same signs, their product is positive. 2. Ifthe integers have different signs their product is negative. Example: a) ~(8)-(3)= 424 b) -(8)+(3)=-24 Division of integers the quotett 1. The quotient of two int a of two integers having ‘ot possible, legers with the same signs is a positive integer and Unlike signs is a negative integer. However, division bY Example: a) (51) +(3)=17 L_»)_61)+¢3) 7 Tri-Bureau Officer Exam Review Mate EasyMultiplication is the inverse of | {and vieewersa Division and vice-versa : 1 ner aa Integer Mult /Division ' ' e > Add ++ > Answor is + | = a i ' ' + > Subtract z B ae ist | i -+ > Subtract ea oe i : 1 always use the sign of the largest iswer is - ' \ 1 ‘ ’ number for the sign of the answer, DIVISIBILITY RULES | A ruber can be divided by 2 ifthe last digit is even (0, 2, 4, | Example: 78 , 3470 | Disibilty Rules (5) ] Anumberis divisible by 5 if the last digitis a 5 ora0 | Examples: 615, 1480 | Divisbilty Rules (10) | Anumber can be divided by 10 ifthe last digitis a0 Examples: 320 Dvisibiity Rules (3) | A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of the digits is 3 or a multiple of 3 Examples: 75, 369 | Divisibility Rules (9) | A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of all the digits will add to | 9 or a multiple of 9 7 Examples: 963, 5445 Dwvisbilty Rules (6) | A number can be divided by 6 if the last digit is_even and the | sum of al the digits is 3. or a multiple of 3. Example: 234 _ visibility Rules (4) | A number is divisible by 4 ifthe number made by the last two digits can be divided by 4 | _ Examples: 13206720 | Dhisbty Rules (8) | A number is divisible by 8 if the number “made by the last three digits will be divisible by 8 pu Examples: 2560 | ea Officer Exam Review Made Easy bedar is divisible by 11 if the difference of sum Divisibilty Rules (11) ee sum of odd places is equal to zero, Of even le: 1236431460 Bren ones (2+6+3+440) — Odd places: ( 1+3+4+146) 15 : 15 =o Divisbiliy Rules (15) | A number is divisible by 15 if the number is divisible by Sang 3. PEMDAS and ORDER OF OPERATIONS P | Parentheses E | Exponents M | Muttiplication D | Division A | Addition S | Subtraction Example 1: 3x(12+4)+ 2517 Example 2: 3B - 172 3-3(3-6))+1}441 Solution: 348 -1/2 [3-9+18}+1) +1 348-112 (12]+1) +41 348 -6+1} 4 3841 =10 WPrime Factorization Prime Number is @ whole number greater than 1 that has exactly two positive fact a | Composite Number is a vitole number that Jive factors. | * Composite Number oe ‘al has more than two positive ig called i wri it This is calle?" Prime factorization ofthe nu Pee as the product of its prime factors. luct of 2 positive numbers. imbers are prime, g & z u § 2 z 2 ; ) Nou can write prime factorizati ot tls now times to use the base ea a by using exponents. The expone' Tri-Bureau Officer Exam Review tress 1FACTOR TREE Write the prime factorization of the number. 24 24 /\ Be 3 /\ \ 40203 The prime factorization of 24is 2020203 0r203, LCM and LeD LCM means Least Common Multiple. Multiple in this context is used for integers. LCD, on the other hand, means Least Common Denominator. ‘As we know, denominator is used in fractions. Example 1: Find the LCM of 20 and 28 Answer: 140 Example 2: Find the LCM of 24 and 36 Answer: 72 Example 3: Find the LCD of 1/20 and 1/28 Answer: 140 Example 4: Find the LCD of 2/24 and 4/36 Answer: 72 GCF GCF means Greatest Common Factor. A factor of an integer is an integer that can be multiplied with another integer to get the given integer. Example 1; Find the GCF of 20 and 28 Answer: 4 Example 2: Find the GCF of 24 and 36 Answer: 12ve REMEMBER MEI ~~ ~~ 77-7" "77007 e een 2=-- 22 ll ~ a CM and GCF of a number, % 1’ We can use the Factor Tree to get the L 24 36 To cet the LOM /\ /\ 6 4 6 6 Combine all factors 24 36 To get the GCF ‘Combine common factors chi dake | A Rate, Base and Percentage Percentage = Rate x Base Rate = Percentage/Baso Base = PercentagelRate Tri-Bureau Officer Eyam poss...c. .Example 2: VWinat is 25% of 2507 P=RxB | P=025x30 | P=75 sample 3: 14h of what number is 2207 Ergot what numb fs 2007 . 00 y-- REMEMBER ME! --------------------------------- : Percentage (portion, part or share), always P without a % sign Rate or Percent, usually with a % sign, itis R the percentage in relation to the base B Base, the original amount, usually the whole Calculating Discounts using PRB Example 1: A DVD player is on sale at a price of P2,000. Ifthe discount is 20%, what is the igre price of the DVD player? Percentage = 2,000 i What does 20% represents? The common misconception Rete = 20% (a is that the given % quantity in the problem is the rate, but Base =? —Y —this is not always the case. The correct rate is (100% - 20%) = 80% Solution: B=PR B= 700008 B=2,500 Therefore, the original price is 2, 500 Brame 2: During a sale with all items srarked 20% off, Manuel bought a t-shirt at Php ” 00, Wit was thes criginal price ofthe tshirt? Pectin <9 | Rely po 2:00 Solution: a “Oh BPIR a B= 200108 B= 20 ‘Therefore, the original price is 250 1 "eau ontcer Exam neview Made asy 1Calculating Discounts using Discount Formula D=PxR N=P-D Peng i N=Net Price _ Raper R= Discount rato (usuelly writen in decimal Example {: ADVD player i onsale ata pico of 2,000. Ifthe discounts 20%, wg i ‘original price of the DVD player? Net price = 2,000 Solution: Rate = 80% Marked price= ? Therefore, the original price is 2, 500 Example 2: Mr. Cruz received a commission of P 40,000 for Selling real state in Sta worth P 2,000,000. What is the rate of commission? ‘Net price/oommission = 40,000 Solution: Rate =? Marked price = 2,000,000 ~~~ REMEMBER MEI {In solving Discount Problem, 1. Whatare Given in the the following questions need to ponder: Problem? What do we need to find out? 2 3. What does the 4. What does the Given the given rate represents? given price represents? Simple Interest and Future Value 1=PRT F=P (14) I Interest P -Paincipal amount + percentage rate (usually written in der 7 -No.of years invested / Wen in decimal F -Future Value/ {olal accumulated Tre-Rureau Officer ‘Exam Review wc. .part: w Cardo deposited 3,000 at a bank at 20 % interest, i om on ars denaied 3900 a ob lerest. Compute the interest and fi solution: (1+ rt) 1=PRT 1=(3, ,000 (1 + (0.2)(4) \=8 100 (1+ (0244) .000(0.2)(4)) a Trereore, Cardo has Php 5,400 after four years with tho total interost accumulated of Php 2400. Example 2: Mr. Thomas invested an amount of P 13,900 divided in two different schemes A andB atthe simple interest rate of 14% p.a. and 11% p.a. respectively. f the total amount of sng ners eamed in 2 yeas be P 3,508, wal was the aroun invested in Scheme B? How much would he get from each scheme after 2 years? How Ct ‘rom his investments after two years? we rue money we fe oat Solution: itis best to have an illustrations of the given. pe Principal _ [ shemes ‘Amount ite Time Interest | A x 0.14 2 3,508 8 13,900 - x on 2 {{(0.14)(x)2] +{(0.11)(13,900 — x)2] = 3,508) 0.28x + 0.22(13,800 — x) = 3,508 ' ‘ 100{0.28x + 0.22(13,900 - x) = 3,508) 100 \Maliply both side s by >ax-+'22(13,900 ~ x} = 350,800 : ee auhole 28x + 305,800 ~ 22x = 350,800 - 6x = 45,000 x= 7,500 ‘Therefore, amount invested in scheme A is Php 75,000 while on Scheme B is Php 64,000. For Scheme A For Scheme B F=P(t=n) F = 7,500( 1 4(0.14)2)) F = 9600 ‘Therefore, Mr. Thomas has a total amount of Php 17, 408 from both investments after two years. Tha 'We2uOtcer Exam Review Made Easy "! 1 ' \ 1 1SPRT ' { PSuRT ! 1 RelPr 1 1 T=uPR ' ' ' ' 1 ' ' \ ' i A Worded Problems Key Words for Operation Addition (+) Subraction (-) Multiplication (x) Division (+) Equal ] cae a sore | ls Cierenca, “| Times, Mutioed | — prided by, | I, Resut Tea, Er eee ata ee Lint ele | econ | eee Problems on Ages Tricks 1. Ifthe current age is x, then n times the age is nx 2. Ifthe current age is x, then age n years latet/hence = x#n 3. Ifthe current age is x, then age n years ago = x-n Example 1: Raman's age after 15 years will be 5 times his age 5 years back. What isis Present age? Solution: Let's assume right now itis year 2000 Age of Raman in 1995 Age of Raman in 2015 = 5x Present age of Raman (in 2000) = x+6 or 5x - 15 We will solve these two ‘equation to find the value of x. X+5=5x—15 4x=20 x=5 Therefore, Raman's present age is becomes xt = 10 Example 2: Rahul was 4 times old a Son after 8 years. Caloulate Rahul a Solution: Translate the given statement into ‘mathematical equation arr 8 his son 8 years back and he will be 2 times 8 nd his son's age, AK+X-8= x+y 48, Sk-8= 3x 48, 2x= 16 gp +82 16 Therefore, Raman's present aga is 4(8) +8 = 40, while his sonis 8 *+ Te-Bureau Officer Exam Review Mate Easy Aproblems pert Distance = Speed x Time /o. Distance ime ome AEN D = Distance TH Time = “Seed Example 1: A man walks 7 km East in 2 hours and then 2.5 km West in 1 hour. What is the man's average speed for the whole journey? Solution: ‘Speed = Distance/Time Speed = (7 + 2.5) /(2#1) Speed = 9.5/3 Speed = 3.2km/h Therefore, man walks for an average speed of 3.2 kmih for the whole joumey. Example 2: If Allen drove his car at a constant rate of 80 kph. How many km does it run in minutes? Solution: Distance = Speed x Time First, get the rate per minute( Hint: thr = 60 minutes) Speed/min = 80/60 =1.33kmim Applying the formula, D=1.33x25 D=33.33 km Therefore, Allen runs his car for 33.33 km in 25 minutes Problems on Time and Work Tricks | ‘An effective time and work trick is to remember this Fraction Conversion Table. Number of days required) | Work that can be done Etsteney in to comy work day ercel — om men [ (100/n)% | —___ 2 3 4 5 - 6 116 16.66% — ~ 7 aT 14.28% |} 8 116 - 12.5% _ 9 419 11.11% enn tet wit 9.09% i eau Officer Exam Review Made Easy m ai job i . do the same job in § days, | Example 1: Anil can do a job in 10 days. Babu can nha soetey can complete the job if they work together? ing Efficiency Method ; a ‘Anil can do a job in 10 days, so efficiency of Anil = 100/10 = 10% ‘Similarly, Babu's efficiency = 100/5 = 20% Combine efficiency of Anil and Babu per day, 10% + 20% = 30% Now, let's find out the number of days taken by both to do 100% work, Since they can do 30% work in a day, they will 100% work in 100/30 = 3.33 dayg Therefore, they can finish the job in 3.33 days. (Note: Efficiencies get added directly) ‘Solution: Using Fraction Method Letx = days Anil can do a job in 10 days = 1/10x Babucan do a jon in 5 days = 1/5x Anil and Babu together = 1/1 Putting together, we have this equation: 1/10 2+ 1/5 x=1] ; get the LCD then divide it to both sides 10[1/10 x+ 1/5 x=1}10 [xt 22-10}; Solve for x 3x=10 x= 3.33 days [Perimeter and Areas of Geometric Figures TER NAME ae A FERDIE! JCIRCUMITERENCE | M mice bxh iB A=—— | panavenPoPM > AEF A=bxh |papeser-roroD + le acres p= b4b+o+d | — <> A=bxh racrascts |P =2L+2w lnezerow _| 4A=P P= 4 Wy PRRs (watynn |PrROrNPD 4 Baden "| ost A = nr |Cn 2 aad Tr-Bureau Officer Exam Review Made Easy ie.N verbal Reasoning Bang agement © asic Rule "Wtteay Officer Exam Review Made Easy ~~. ‘able to find the right Two singular subj BN ect and verb will help you comect emors 0 subjectiverty A singular subject (sha, Bil, car) takes a singular verb ('8, goos, shines), whereas a plural subject takes a plural verb. Example: The list of items is/are on the desk, |Fyou know that lst is the suibject, then you will choose is for the verb. ; A subject will come before a phrase baginning with of, This is a key rule for understanding subjects. The word of is the culprit in many, perhaps most, subject-verb mistakes, Hasty writers, speakers, readers, and listeners might miss the alltoo- common mistake in the following sentence: Incorrect: A bouquet of yellow roses lend color and fragrance to the room, Correct: A bouquet of yellow rosas lands . .. (bouquet lends, not roses lend) singular verb, Examples: 4. My aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today. 2. Neither Juan nor Carmen is available. 3. Either Kiana or Casey is helping today with stage decorations. The verb in an or, either/or, or neither/nor sentence agrees with the: noun or pronoun closest to it. Examples: : 4. Neither the plates nor the serving bowl goes on that shel. 2. Neither the serving bow! nor the plates go on that shelf. This rule can lead to bumps in the road. For example, if is one of two (or more) subjects, it could lead to this odd sentence: ‘Awkward: Neither she, my friends, nor | am going to the festival. If possible, it's best to reword such grammatically correct but awkward sentences. Better: Neither she, |, nor my Hondas are going to the festival. She, my friends, and | are not going tothe festival. 19’AS a general rule, use a plural verb with two or are connected by and. Ot Subject wg Example: A car anda bike re my means of ranspotaen But note these exceptions: Exceptions: 1. Breaking and entering is against the law. 2. The bed and breakfast was charming. In those sentences, breaking and entering and bed and trata a compound nouns. Rule 53 Sometimes the subject is separated from the verb by sah as along with, as well as, besides, not, ete. These words and are not part ofthe subject. Ignore them and use a singular verb key the subject is singular. Examples: 1. The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected short. 2. Excitement, as well as nervousness, is the cause of her shckng. Rule 5b Parentheses are not part of the subject. Example: Joe (and his trusty mutt) was always welcome. Itthis seems awkward, try rewriting the sentence. Rule 6 Rule 7 Use there's with a plural subject. StS with a plural subje 'n sentences beginning with here or there, the true subject follows he verb, Examples: 1. There are four hurdles to jump. There is a high hurdle to jump. | 3. Here are the keys, | NOTE: its The word there's, a contraction of there is, leads 10 oe ou Case ees ko There's alot of people here ody. PO ©asier to say "there's" than “there are.” Take ct Use a singular verb with distances, periods of time, sums étc., when considered as a unit. Examples: - Three miles is too far to walk. 2. Five years is the maximum sentence for that offens®- * Ten dollars is a high price to pay. BUT Ten dolla ollar bills) were scattered on the floor 5 Tureau otticey Exam Review Maria cocs, jWith words that indicate portions—e.g., a lot, a majority, some, all—Rule 1 given earlier in this section is reversed, and we are guided by the noun after of. f the noun after of is singular, uso a singular verb, If itis plural, use a plural verb. Examples: Alot of the pie has disappeared, 2. Alotof the pies have disappeared. 3. Athid of the city is unemployed. 4. A thitd of the people are unemployed. 5. Allofthe pie is gone. 6. Allof the pies are gone. 7. Some of the ple is missing. 8. Some of the pies are missing. NOTE: In recent years, the SAT testing service has considered none to be stricly singular. However, according to Merriar-Webster’s Dictionary of English Usage: "Clearly none has been both singular and plural since | Old English and stil is. The notion that itis singular only is a myth of unknown origin that appears to have arisen in the 19th century. If in context it seems like a singular to you, use a singular verb; if it seems like a plural, use a plural verb. Both are acceptable beyond serious citicism." When none is clearly intended to mean “not one," it is followed by a singular verb. = "teay Officer Exam Review Made Easy With collective nouns such as group, jury, family, audience, population, the verb might be singular or plural, depending on the writers intent. Examples: 1. All of my family has arrived OR have arrived. 2. Most of the jury is here OR are here. : 3. A third of the population was not in favor OR were not in favor of the bill NOTE: ‘Anyone who uses a plural verb with a collective noun must take care to be accurate—and also consistent. It must not be done carelessly. The following is the sort of flawed sentence one sees and hears a lot these days: The staff is deciding how they want to vote. | Careful speakers and writers would avoid assigning the singular is and the plural they to staff in the same sentence. Consistent: The staff are deciding how they want to vote. Rewriting such sentences is recommended whenever possible. The Preceding sentence would read even better as: The staff members are deciding how they want fo vote. 1mThe word were replaces was in sentences that express a contrary to fact: Wish oF arg | Example: If Joe were here, you'd be sorry. ‘Should not Joe be followed by was, Not were, given that Joe is singua But Joe isnt actually here, So we say were, not was. The sontcg demonstrates the subjunctive mood, which is used to express thi that are hypothetical, wishful, imaginary, or factually contradictoy. Tes subjunctive mood pairs singular subjects with what we usually think of | as plural verbs. | Examples: | 4. wish it were Friday. 2. She requested that he raise his hand. In the first example, a wishful statement, not a fact, is being expressed, therefore, were, which we usually think of as a plural verb, is used wih the singular it. (Technically, itis the singular subject of the object clause | in the subjunctive mood: it were Friday.) | Normally, he raise would sound terrible to us. However, in the second example, where a request is being expressed, the subjunctive mood is correct. | Note: The subjunctive mood is losing ground in spoken English but should stil be used in formal speech and writing. [Prepositions ! + Prepositions of time show the relationship of time between the nouns to the other parts of a sentence. vl * Common preposition of time: On, at, in, from, to, for, since, ago, before, til by, etc. re the most common, AT always indicates an exact and specific time. Example: 1. I started working at 10 AM, 2. The movie starts at 6 PM | 3. The shop closes at 3:00 AM. | . it Note: Exceptions are that we say ~ at the weekend, at night, at Christmas, at East ® __the moment, etc. . : : | ON generally iicates a fixed date or a day. Example: 1. Ill see her on Friday. 2. He broke a record on Monday moming, 3.__I have a meeting on 25 October. rr Tri-Bureau Officer Exam Review Made Easy| pe esc a generally indicates an indefinite and unspecific time of months, seasons, years, ‘centuries, etc. le: frail gta holday in December. 7. Murphy was born in 2004 3, love playing cricket in summer, | Note: Some very common exceptions are ~ in the morning, in the evening, in the aftemoon, in five minutes, in six days, in two years, etc, FROM. TO; UNTIL, SINCE, FOR FROM....TO . From...1o indicates a fixed time-span with the beginning and the end. Example: 4. |worked there from 2010 to 2017. 2. usually work from Saturday to Thursday. 3. [will stay there from 10 AM to 6 PM. UNTIUTILL, | Untill indicates a specific or unspecific time/event up to a point. | Example: 4. They will not retum until Friday. 2. Wait for me until | retum. 3. Ido not give up until | am succeeded 4. willbe there until Monday. SINCE | Since indicates a time-span beginning in a time in the past and stil continuing in the Present (now). Example: 1. Alex has been in the village since Sunday. 2. He has been suffering from fever sinoe Friday. 3._ Robin and Susan have been friends since childhood. ees FOR For indicates a period of time (amount of time) in the past, present or future. Example: : He stayed there for four days. ' will be staying there for five months. a Work with them for a year. le as standing there for a long time. Tatu '’U Officer Exam Review Made Easy fhBEFORE) AFTER) DURING, BY BEFORE: a Before indicates a prior event! period of time from a point. Exampl a 4. Robin was very nervous before the interview. 2. [want to leave before lunch. 3. These batsmen should not get out before the tea break. 4. Before going, close all the window. | ——| AFTER: After indicates a following event/period of time from a point. This preposition is the exact opposite of before, Example: 4. Robin felt confident after the interview. 2. | want to leave after lunch, 3. After playing football, we went home. DURING: During indicates @ period of time throughout the course or duration of any event o action. Example: 1. Robert was sleeping during the film. 2. They don't talk during dinner. 3.__I don't usually smoke during office time. BY means ‘within the extent or period of; during’ something. Example: 1. I will complete the assignment by ‘Sunday. 2. He will retum by 6 PM. {will submit the list by 11 AM. on i * Prepositions of place show the relationship of place between the nouns to the of parts of a sentence. * Common prepositions of places and direction: On, at, in, by, from, t0, down, across, between, among, through, in front of behind, above, over below, et. are the most common, yrds, Us end vical) IN indicates something to be present in a place or enclosure. It does not Say Pa! where but gives an enclosure to the noun it connects with, Example: 1. Your shirt is in the closet. indi 2 Henenti ihe dose, (Does not indicate an exact place) 3.__Alex works in that building Tri-Bureau Officer Exam Review Matie Easy dgeonpt attied 2 lam fom: Fat 13/4 Ge 3. Heisathome. ‘ON| ABOVE, OVER (ONindicates a position above but touching the object. | Example: {._ The phone is on the table. (Phone is touching with the table) 2. Heis on the third floor. 3. Sitonthe sofa. ‘ABOVE indicates a much higher position than the preposition on does. It also indicates | something out of reach, Example: 4, The sky is above my head. 2. Hold your hands above your head. 4. Stas are above the sky. "OVER means a position between on and above which is not touching. le: 1. There are clouds over the hills. 2. Abird flew over my head. 3. My fiat is over that shop. UNDER, BELOW I UNDER is the opposite of on and means ‘below the surface of something. Example: 1 is cat is under the table. carpet under my feet is very soft. | 3. That book is under my alasses. “FeLow indicates something at a slightly lower position than what under indicates. Sample: 7 2 ee scar just below my right eye. 3, Dovou see the line below the paper? [ Please, don't write below this line. SEs To; "nticates a motion in the direction of a place. Sample: : He unt to coll 3. yjo 2 going to Mexico LS We ‘walked from the farm to the beach. he ’U Officer Exam Review Made Easy =pata from England. 1. He came from. . 2. We walked from the beach to the farm. 3. He drove here from Atlanta. INTO, OUT OF INTO indicates a motion towards/going inside something, It has many uses, Example: 1. He came into the house. 2. The police broke into the bar. 3. My car crashed into a street sign. OUT OF means the opposite of into. It indicates a motion towards outside of ‘something. Example: 1. Heis going out of the town. 2. Get out of my house. 3.__ Please, remain out ofthis. (Not indicating a place but an issue) THROUGH; AGROSS; BESIDE, INFRONT OF BEHIND) UOT SHNG THROUGH indicates a motion in the middle of something. Example: 1. We drove through the tunnel. 2. They came through a forest. 3. He came through a wedding gate, ACROSS means going to the other side of a river or road or something straight. Example: 1. He went across the river. 2. | walked across the road, 3._ My house is aoross the bank. (There is a road between the house and the bank) BESIDE means at the side of ornext to something ~=~=~CS*~CS* Example: 1. The car beside the cycle is mine, 2. He is standing beside the shop. 3._ Iwill always be beside you. IN FRONT OF means a position facing someone/something. Example: 3. He parked his car in front of my house. 2. Ihave a poo in front of my rest house | 3._Hewas nervous in front of me, a Tr-Bureay Officer Exam Review Mate EasyBEHIND means at the far side of something (might be out of sight), It ks opposite of in front of | ‘Example: 1 He parked his car behind my car, 2. Ihave a poo! behind my house. 3. Gobehind that tree. | Towards means a motion in the direction of something literary or motaphorically. Example: 4. Take five steps towards the post and stand there. 2. They moved towards the Labor Party, 3. Iwalked towards the car when you were standing. BY means ‘near to or next to’ something or someone. Example: 1. He has a house by the river. | 2. Iwas standing by the car. 3. Myflatis by the saloon, UP; DOWN! UP means a motion towards a higher place or position. Example: 4. Wewere climbing up the mountain. 2. Lit your hands up, 3. John is going up to London. (From a lower place of the country) 4. Climb up the stairs. DOWN indicates the opposite meaning of up. It means a motion towards a lower place or postion 1. He was walking down t 2. lam dimbing down the hil Go down the stairs. BETWEEN) AMONG BETWEEN indicates something/someone to be in the middle of two other things or Persons, Example: 2 Alex is sitting between Robin and Robert, 3 The cats between the two boxes. (This matter is between you and him. ee Thy eau Otte " er Exam Review Made EasyAMONG indicates something/someone to be in the middle of three or ™0Fe other or persons, thing Example: 1. Alex is sitting among the patients. 2. Hes the best among them. 3. Among all the people, John had the courage to speak up, Wi Philippine Constitution and History CONCEPTS OF STATE AND GOVERNMENT ‘State - A community of persons more or less numerous, Permanently occupying efinite portion of territory, having a government of their own to which great 7 body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying freedom from extemal conta. Philippines a state. Elements of the State People | Territory - includes | Government = | Sovereignty - the mass of | not only the land but | refers to the ‘Supreme power of the Population | also the rivers and | agency through | state to command and living within | lakes therein, a | which the will of the | enforce obedience to the state. | certain area of the | state is formulated, | its will from peogle sea which abuts | expressed and | within its jurisdiction upon its coast and | carried out. and to have freedom | the air space above from foreign contol. it Two Manifestations of Sovereignty I Internal - the power of state to rule within | External - freedom of the state to cary is tenttory ut its activities without subjection to or | control by other state. It is often refered | toas Independence. de Origin of State “_ 4. Divine Right The state is a divine creation and the ruler is ordained by Got. Theory This theory isthe basis of monarchial government —| 2 Necessity or | States must have been created through force by warriors WP Force Theory | impose his will upon the weak, —— ~ ————_—_—— fami Frcnalisic | ‘Altibutes the origin of state tothe enlargement ofthe Er, Theory which remained under the authority of the father oF ation 24 family grew into a clan, a clan into a tribe then eventually became a stale. ma — n) Social Contract | States must have been formed by deliberate and vo Theory Compact among the people to form a socely and Po government. This justifies people's revolution of 0US ic Unjust government : Tri-Bureau Officer Exam Review Made Easy a‘STATE DISTINGUISHED FROM NATION ‘Though sometimes used interchangeable its important to note that state is different from state. Nation by definition is a group of people bound together by certain characteristics such as common social origin, language, customs, and traditions. Nation in short is an ethic concept while state by nature is a political or legal one. A nation may comprise several states, good example is the Arab ‘ration consisting of several states mostly in the middle east in Asia and parts of Africa. State likewise maybe consist of different nation like the United States of America a melting pot of different nationality. STATE DISTINGUISHED FROM GOVERNMENT. ‘STATE cannot exist without GOVERNMENT. Itis possible to have a GOVERNMENT without a STATE. The STATE, as long as its essential element are present, remains the same. AGOVERNMENT may change its form. Government is only the agency to which the STATE expresses its will. (Suggestion to be put in table form) FORMS OF GOVERNMENT As to Number of Persons exercising Sovereign Powers Monarchy The supreme and final authority is in the hand of a single person. With no regard from the source of election or nature of his term or tenure of office, a) Absolute Monarchy - ruler rules by divine right. b) Limited Monarchy - ruler rules in accordance with the constitution. | Atistocracy Political power is exercised by few privileged classes. Democracy | Political power is exercised by a majority of the people. a) Direct/Pure Democracy - will of the state is expressed directly through mass meeting. : b) _Indirect/RepresentativelRepublican Democracy - the will of the state is formulated or expressed through the agency of a small selected body, chosen by the people to act as their representative. As to Extent of Powers Exercised by the Central or National Government Unitary Control of national and local government is exercised by the central oon or national government. SL Federal Powers of government are divided for national and the other fr local ) affairs. S to Relationship between the Executive and Legislative Branches of the ‘Government Pati : “tliamentary | The state confers upon the legislature the power to terminate the tenure of office of the real executive. Ty Yureau ticer Exam Review Made Easy bad >[ Presidential | Pre-Spanish Government Baran + Named after Balangay, Malayan term Meaning “boat cad * Consists of more or less 100 families, Every barangay was, state for it possessed four elements of statehood . Datu Each barangay was ruled by a chief called Datu, Rajah, Suita, g Rajih in some places. It can be attained by Wealth, wisdom, inheritance, or power. Early Laws ‘ | + Whitten laws were Promulgated by the Datus with the help of advisers or elders in the | tribe, Early Filipinos has both written and unwritten laws. | + Aneminent scholar had written that the Filipino People had shown high inteligence and moral virtue even in pre-historic times, | Maragtas Code - said to | Kalantiaw Code - written | Unwritten Law - consi | have been written about | in 1443 AD. by Datu | of customs and traditons | G50 AD. | by Datu | KalantiawLaso of Panay, | which had been posse | Sumakwel of Panay. down from generations 10 | generations. Government during the Spanish Period Seen Artval of Ferdinand Magellan Court of fons of The Royal Audencia, established in 1853 was the SA | the Philippines during Spanish times. Also performs ——__| Beontve and Legislative Nature. _ Filipino from primitive culture and introduce Christianity = _ ust ser 26, 1896. Organized by Andres Bonifacio, signed wih MOF" i. _| suy7, 1892. ee Rlak-naBato | Established by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo on Nov. The secret society that preceded our glorious revoluion | ilippines 4 the aim of the revolution was to separate Philippi ae ew oe Until Dec. 15, 1897. ——— Cictatoria Established on May 23, 1898. Prodlaimed Philp 2 Soverment at Kawit, Cavite on id july 12, 1898. —— duly 12,1898,lutionary | Established on June 29, 1898 by Gen, Aguinaldo replacing the Te ment Dictatorial Government. " I First The free and independent Philippine Republic which was paiippine inaugurated on Jan. 23, 1899. Republic Government during the American Regime 1 itary Began on Aug. 14, 1898. Gen. Wesley Meritt - first American | Government Military Govemor; second is Gen. Elwell E. Otis; and third and last was Major Gen. Arthur McArthur. FeiGovernment | Inaugurated in Manila on July 4, 1901 headed by a civil govemor whose position was created on Oct. 29, 1901. ‘Commonwealth Established by an act passed on March 24, 1934 a law also Government known as Tydings-McDuffie. It provides that a ten years transition period will take place, from a commonwealth to an independent country. This will be abruptly interrupted by the arrival of the Japanese. Government during the Japanese Regime Japanese Military | Established in Manila on Jan. 3, 1942 under a proclamation ‘Administration issued by the Japanese High Command. The sovereignty of US. over the Philippines was terminated. Philippine Composed of Filipinos with Jose Vargas as chairman. Exercised Executive both the executive and legislative powers. Commission Japanese Inaugurated on Oct. 14, 1943 with Jose P. Laurel as the Sponsored President. August 17, 1945, Pres. Laurel proclaimed the Republic of the dissolution of the Republic when the Japanese surrender after Philippines, the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The Previous Philippine Republics | | When the Japanese leave the Philippines, a new government known as the 3rd Philippine republic was formally inaugurated on July 4, 1946 with Manuel A. Roxas as | te fist President and Elpidio Quirino as the Vice President. Both served from May 2A946-Juy 4, 1946 as the last Commonwealth President and Vice-President, | spectively. nuary 23, 1899 | First Republic was established under the Malolos Constitution. | er, 1943 | Second Republic under the Japanese - sponsored 1943 constitution si 1946 | Third Republic under the 1936 Constitution ——__ eS une 30, 1984 Prociaimed the birth of the fourth Republic under the 1973 ~ Constitution hh “Area oticer Eyam Review Made Easy m > _lutiona Because it was instituted not in accordance wit Goverment” | providedin an existing Constitution the poeta De jure _—_| Founded in accordance with the existing constitution a act State be De facto Not consiuled or founded but has the general support ogo people Constitutional and | The provisional government was not a purely revolutionary am | Transitory but a hybrid constitutional revolutionary government. Powers A revolutionary government being a direct creation of te | people, derives its powers from the people to whom alone i's | accountable. | Provisional By its very nature, the Provisional Constitution sef-destc | Constitution upon the ratification and effectivity of the new constitution on Feb. 2, 1987. Cosa Smo | Constitution | Constitutional Law + The body of rules and principles in acoordance with which the powers of sovereignty are regularly exercised. Other definition may include supreme law of the land, mother of laws or fundamental law of the land. + May be defined as that ba ui public law — which treat Consiitutions, their nature, formation amendment, and interpretation. KINDS OF CONSTITUTION As to Origin and History | 2s#2 Origin and History ConventionallEnacted | One which is enacted by the constituent assembly granted by a monarch. _—— arene Cumulative/Evolved One which is a product of growth or @ long it raditions, ¢C- development originating in customs, tradiions, °° | As to Form Which has been given definite form at @ Z | Entiren ve ting ar Unwritten Entirely a product of political evolution cos ee mass of customs, usage, etc. Asto Manner of Amending them which i sy wl Rigid/inelasti e sone stic Regard as a document or a SP&C2t Ptnactnet_— | easiy altered or amended by a simple 3s FlexiblelElastic | Possess Possesses no higher legal au - rity ta ei laws: which may be altered in the same WaY 25 TH _ ‘Bureau Officer Exam Review Mate Easy1897. Also known as the Malolos constitution ratified on January 21, 1899 and used for the Malolos republic. | Basis for the establishment for the Commonwealth used | from 1935 to 1941 and reinsttuted from 1946 to 1973. This also used for the 3rd Philippine republic. ~4a43 Constitution Used during the Japanese occupation from 1943 to 1945 and the basis of the Japanese sponsored republic. _ __ 4973 Constitution | Ratified during the Marcos era after declaration of martial | law a gave birth to the 4th republic. Used from 1973 until the fall of the dictatorial regime on 1986, {966 Provisional Created thru an executive order of Corazon Aquino giving Constitution her broad powers and a directive to enact a new and formal constitution to be used by the new government. 1987 Constitution Created thru constitutional commission headed by Cecilia Munoz-Palma. Inaugurated on February 2, 1897 and currently used for the 5th republic of the Philippines. NOTE: The Philippine constitution is enacted, written and rigid in form. PREAMBLE + Derived from the latin word “preambulare”, which means “to walk before.” It is a prologue or introduction of the main subject. NOTE: Preamble confers no actual right or privilege nor maybe invoked as a source of right ut provides for the purpose, as to why and to whom the constitution is written. The Philippine preamble is among the longest in the world and in a form of prayer. ARTICLE I: NATIONAL TERRITORY Archipelago - from Greek word pelagos, meaning “sea” or “part of a sea studded with islands’. It includes both sea and land which geographically may be considered as an independent whole. 7 Phiippines territory consist of its Terrestrial, Fluvial and Aerial Domains. * Tentitorial Sea - part of the sea extending 12 nautical miles (19kms) from the low Walermark. Also known as “marginal sea’, “marine bell.” {he seabed (sea floor or sea bottom) - land that holds the sea, lying beyond the sea Store, including mineral and natural resources. * Subsoil «refers to everything beneath the surface soil and the seabed including mineral nd natural resources. ur Tureau oticer Exam Review Made Easy Ed =+ Insular Shelves - submerged bert rata continent or offshore island, which, slope, ont if seaward also known as continental sI + Archipelagic principle or doctrine - provides thal the islands and waters a rege their breadth and dimension forms part the archipelago and is cong single or one unit. ARTICLE II: DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLicy round |b dered g Section 1: The Phippne isa democratic and Republican State, Sovereignty resides inte people and all government authority emanates from them. + Republican Government — government by representation. Representatives ‘acts upen the will of the people who chose them by district or at large. Manifestation of a Democratic and Republican State: 1. Existence of Bill of Rights (Art. Il) 2. Observance ofthe rule of Majority 3. Observance of the principles that ours is a government of laws and not of men. 4. Presence of election through popular will (Art, V) 5. Observance of the principles of separation of powers and the system of checks and balances (Art. VI sec. 8. Observance of the principles thatthe legislature cannot pass irreparable laws (At sec, 26). Observance on the law on public officers (Art. XI) Observance of the principles that the State cannot be sued without its consent (At. XVI sec. 3) On Sovereignty of the people: 1. Implies the supreme authority to govern 2. Can be exercised indirectly through public officials 5. Can be exercised directly through suffrage Right of People to Revolt of ri as the ultimate judges of their destiny, can resort to revolution as a matter Fight, Section 2: The Philippines Fenounces we i i /ar @s an instrument of national policy. ines | The Philppines is it allowed to initiate a war of aggression against any state, The Pre | however with Concurrence of congress via 2/3 voles of all its members voting separa clare existence of stato of war (Ar, Vi Soc. 29 Par. 1) ons Gfemationa Laws - refers to the body of rules and principles wic governs the rea ations and ther respective people in their intercourse with one another ction 3: Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the military Seramacy of Clan Authority over the Military gee secure the sof the Philippines - protector & the people and the Stat. Th? °reignty of the State and the integrity of the national territory is! 4 Tri-Bureay Officer Eyam Rowan er... ie F 5 . Terbaouantitatine-logie-Constitntion pal ne ° of Civilian Authority over the Military supreerent in a republican system - the idea of the supremacy of civilian authority. The "highest of such authority being the President feguard against military dictatorship - a civilian, the President is the command 2 Sele of all armed forces ofthe Philippines = seation 4: The prime duty of the Government isto serve and protect the people. wiitary and Civil Defense by the People: 1. Defense of State performed by the people - the duty of the government and the people to defend the State, cannot be performed except through an army. 2. Compulsory - citizen may be compelled to render personal military or civil service. 3. Givil Service - refers to any service for the defense of the State other than as soldiers, like as workers in ammunition factories 4. Personal - one cannot render the service required through another. The service must be “personal.” 5. By Law - the phrase “under conditions provided by law’ is intended to prevent arbitrariness on the part of certain officials to require military or civil service. Section 5: The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty, and property. Section 6: The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable. Section 7: The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. + Foreign Policy - is the basic direction underlying the conduct by a state of its affairs vis- ‘@-vis those of other States. Section 8: Freedom from nuclear weapons in its territory. Section 9: The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order. Section 10: The State shall promote social justice. * Social Justice - stale must give preferential attention to the welfare of the less fortunate members of the community. Section 11; The State values the dignity and guarantees full respect for human rights. Section 12: The State recognizes the sanity of family life. * Family - as the basic autonomous social institution @) Right to life of the unborn from conception and of the mother. b) Rearing of the youth for civic efficiency and development of moral character 1 : duty both of parents and government {Right of State to interfere with education of children «Power of state to regulate all schools 532 and parental obigation 'y of the State to encourage educational institutions Séetion 13: state recognize the vital roe ofthe youth for Nation Building Section finda 14 The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building, and shall ensure the lal equality before the law of women and men. Th Yuteau oticer Exam Review Made Easy % iRole of women in Nation-Building: 1 ipino women - history shows that our wy Proven cape thacopaitis inal felés of human endeavor, Fy Spans role - the consituion gives recognition to the rag Fil 2. Expense" splayed and continue to play as partner in te task of nation building 4, Revaity of men before the law ~ Men and women are fundamentaty r * tule, women had narrower occupational choices and have lower earnings than, fia 3 present, hi i : jht to health of the people and instill health consciousness Stine atc physical social and mental wel-being rather than merely the ee of physical disease. Section 16: The right ofthe people to balanced and healthful ecology in accord th hy ind harmony of nature. : Hk ology branch of science that deals with the study of the interrelationshps of ivng things and their environment Section 17: The State shall give priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture, and sports. Section 18: The State affirms labor as a primary social economic force. Section 19: The State shall develop a self-reliant and independent national eooony effectively controlled by Filipinos. Section 20: The State recognizes the indispensable role of the private sector, encourages Private enterprise, and provides incentives to needed investments. Section 21: The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reer Comprehensive rural Development - covers all phases of rural development - econ social, politcal, cultural and industrial Section 22: The State fecognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultva communities within the framework of national unity and development. ad * Indigenous cultural community - refers to those non-dominant group wie possess wish to preserve characteristic markedly different from the rest of the population. EX Ethnic, religious and linguistic traditions Section 23: The State cor sectoral organizations that prox shall encourage non-governmental, community-based, mote the welfare of the nation, i \. sation" badien 24: The Slate recognizes the vital role of communication and information it ™ Section 25: tion 25: The State shall ensure the autonomy of local governments. Section 26: “ prohibit rors? Slate shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for publ =" Poltcal dynasties as may be defined by law, Equal va ‘EEE © Crores for Public Service: term - enhance equal access to political opportunities qT Bureau Otcer Exam Review Mane roc, 4Gyr pt: SAMO oo one hibition of political dynasties + expresses a national commitment to FPomoctalize olections an! appointment 0 postions i tw qavernment Prohibition consitullonsly manclate a 27; Tho Stato shall maintain honesty and Integrity in the publlo wonvce and takes SiN and affective measiires against graft and corruption, P section 28: Subject to reasonable conditions proscribed by lay, the Glale adopls and inploments a policy of fll publie disclosure of all ite tansnctlons Involving publi Interest ARTICLE Ill: BILL OF RIGHTS + Bill of rights - may be dofined as a declaration and enumeration of # person's sight and privilegas which the constitutlon designed to protect agalnst violations: by the government or by an individual or groups of Individuals, Classes of Rights: 4, Natural Rights ~ Rights possoasod by avory ailizan without olny grantod by the state for they are given to man by God as human belng created to his Imago, 2. Constitutional Rights - Rights which aro confarrad by the constutlon, 3. Statutory Rights - Rights which are providad by laws by the lavanaking body and ‘consequently maybe abolish by the samo body. Classification of Constitutional Rights: 4. Political Rights - Givos tho citizen the powor fo participate diracily or indirectly, in the establishment or administration of govornmont. 2. Civil Rights - Rights which tho law onforco at tho Instance of private Individuals for the purpose of securing them the enjoymont and moans of happlnans, Includos the rights to due process and equal protection ofthe law. 3. Social and Economic Rights - Includos the right which aro Intended to Insure the well-being and economic socurlty of the individual. 4. Rights of the Accused - Civil rights Inlondod for tho protection of the person accused of any crime, Like the right fo prsumplion of Innocanoa, * Due Process of Law ~ Duo to divorso situations that the tar can be used, thera Is: no exact definition for the expression, But for this purpose, wa can safaly assume that 4eprivation of life, liberty and property can only be dono if (1) undor the authority of the law that is valid or the constitution itself, and (2) after compliance with fair and reasonable ‘methods of procedure prescribed by law for the deprivation, Aspects of Due Process of Law: 1. Procedural Due Process - rofers to the mothod or mannor by which the law is enforced 2. Substantive Due Process - requires that the law Itself not meroly the procedure by Which the law would be enforced is falr, reavonablo, and just. Procedural Due Process: Requisite for Judicial Proceedings : * An impartial court clothed by law with authority to hear and determine the matter betore it * Jurisdiction lawfully acquired over the person of the defendant or property wie is {he subject mattar of tho proceedings. Mh Tureau oticer Exam Review Maule Easy "Ipart VorhaiH(nanitaline-Loche-Consiaag, ‘ ark: ; : Opportunity to be heard given the defendant, : ee be rendered after lawful hearing, inistrative Proceedings - notice and hearing may be dis, . * exnsocf pblined or for practical reasons ne not fea "vy Substantive Due Process - Law requires that the law in Question Affecting ite, i property be a valid law. they Life - means something more than mere animal existence. Prohibition of its 7 extends to all the limbs and faculties by which life is enjoyed, Sepriaioy Liberty ~ denotes merely not just freedom from physical restraint, It also emty, sifis Fan owe Ne tee wih which he has been endowed by his Creat fe Property - may refer tothe thing itself or the right over a thing, Equal protection of the law — signifies that “all persons st treated alike, under like circumstances and Conditions both liabilities imposed.” ubject to legislation shoud te in the privileges contend an Search warrant — an order in writing, issued in the name of the People of the Phiiprns, Signed by a judge and directed to a peace officer Commanding him to search for cetain Personal property and bring it before the court. Warrant of arrest — to arrest a person designated and to take him into custody in order tat he may be bound to. answer for the commission of an Offense. ‘Scope of the Protection: 1. Persons - the protection applies to ev body. 2. Houses - the protection is not limited to dwelling houses but extends to see Warehouse, shop, store, office, and even a safety deposit vault, It does not exe puen spaces and fields belonging to one, 5 which may 2 3. Papers and effects - include sealed letters and packages in the mail whic ‘Opened and exami ined only in pursuance of a valid search warrant. Requisites for Valid Search Warrant or’ Warrant of Arrest: | Must be issued upon probable cause; {Probable cause must be detommruse Personally by the judge himself; att | "Such determination of the existomee or Probable cause must be Mi ad 5, ft Mua rato by the judge ofthe complainant onthe aitacces ne may things 0° Tab Paticulary describe the place to be search and the person oF Seized. ot | Pr z of the wa sien 8 Suh ats ang Gieumstances antoondent tothe ssn ps | thereof, remselves to induce a cautious man to rely upon them al When sea Whee te Sel2ure may be made without warrant: Where suet 1° cOMSent and waiver a TrBureay Otticer Exam Raw...band oF forfeited goods b 7 Inthe case ‘of contrat d goods being transported by ship, aut 3. fp vehicle, where the officer making it has reasonable cause for Doleving tate Jatter contains Be a Where without a search, the possession of the articles prohibited ; toplain view or is open to eye and hand, Prohibited by law is disclosed 5, Asan incident of inspection, supervision and regulation in the exercise of police power. Routinary searches usually made at the border or at ports of entry in the interest of national security. when Arrest may be made Without Warrant: When in his presence, the person to be arrested has committed or attempting to commit an offense, 2, When an offense has in fact just been committed and he has personal knowledge of facs indicating that the person to be arrested has committed it. 3. When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal establishment or place where he is serving final judgment, or has escaped while being transferred to one confinement to another. Section 3: Right of privacy — right to be left alone Limitations on the Right of Privacy of Communications. 4. Permissible interference — the privacy of communication is not violated is made: Upon lawful order of the court When public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by law. 2. Intervention of the court - means that the right is subject to the police power of the state. NOTE: Evidences obtained in violation of the right against unreasonable searches and seizure and the right to privacy of communication and correspondence is inadmissible as for ‘ty purpose in any proceeding, judicial or administrative. Wit of habeas data — judicial remedy available to any individual whose right to privacy, in le, iberty, or security is violated or threatened by aa unlawful act or omission of a public ficial or employee or of private individual or employee or of a private individual or entity £2984 in the gathering, collecting, or storing of data or information regarding the person, ‘amily, home and correspondence of the aggrieved party. Section 4: No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the 57€Ss Meaning of Freedom of speech, expression and of the press the right to freely utter and publish nd to be protected against any the law. It also includes the right to hate Also known as freedom of expression, implies repanet one pleases without previous restraint, al cae hilty for so doing as long as it does not violate Ate what is published. “pe of terms of Speech, Expression and Press: 2 and expression includes any form of oral utterances Press covers a sort of publication, Radio and television as instrument of mass ommunication is included within the term. ion Officer Exam Review Made Easy "of Expression not Absolute: . ‘Subject ‘o regulation by the State - it is always subject to some Tegulation ty State in order that it may not be injurious to the right of the community o Society the 2. Subject one to liability when abused - the following may be penalized: + Anyone who Slanders or Libels + Lewd and obscene speech + Fighting words + Seditious speeches ight of Assembly and Right of Petition: *° Right of ‘Assembly - the right on the part of the citizens to meet peaceably fy consultation in respect to public affairs. 2. Right of Petition - right of any person or group of persons to apply, without fear of Penalty to the appropriate branch or office of the government ‘for redress. of grievances. Section 5: No aw shal be made respecting an establishment of religion, or pring he | free exercise thereof. | + Religious Freedom - right of man to worship God, and to entertain such religious views as appeal to his individual conscience without dictation or interference by any person or power, civil or ecclesiastical. + Religion - includes all forms of belief in the existence of superior beings exercising power over human beings. Section 6: The liberty of abode and travel * Liberty of Abode and Travel - right of a person to have his home in whatever place chosen by him and thereafter to change it at will, and to go where he pleases without interference from any source. Limitations: z 1. Permissible interference - “except upon lawful order of the court” and except in he ‘rational security, public safety or public health according to law. . 2. Intervention of the court - note that under the second limitation, a court orderis not Necessary a person whose liberty of abode is violated may petition for a writ of habess Corpus against another holding him in detention Section 7: The right of the people to information on matters of public conoem shal b® recognized. Scope of the right. J. Embraces all matters of public concems; access 0 2. Limited to citizens only but without prejudice to the right of aliens to have ‘ecords of cases to which they are litigants; and 3. Exercise is subject to limitations as may be provided by law. fo , . - iran action 8: The right of the people, to form unions, associations, or societies not ™ 4 . af of any The right to form an association - is the freedom to organize or to be a meme ua? n ipers | Soup oF association, union or society and to adopt the rules which the mer gpor trast BPpropriate to achieve their purpose. Grants government employees '° ns, Tr-Bureau Officer Exam Review Matte Easyjon 9: Private property shall not be taken for public use without just eompensation Powers of Government met of govemmental power, Contains three great powers: ‘bower of Eminent Domain - power of the state to take pri i 4. ion paying the owner just compensation. ee 2, Police Power - power ofthe state to enact laws and regulations in relation to ' person and property as may promote public health, public morals, publi welfare of the people. rals, public safety, and general 4. Power of Taxation - power of the state to impose charge or burden u i pon persons, property, or property rights forthe use and support of the gover i fp aischarge its appropriate functions. pe ae iystrations of Police Power: 4. Public Health — those regulating the medical profession 2. Public Morals — those punishing vagrancy and prostitution, prohibiting gambling, etc. 3. Public Safety —e.g. those requiring a license to drive a motor vehicle 4 General welfare and convenience — those requiring compulsory registration of lands, authorizing the removal of billboard offensive to sight, etc. + Taxes - are enforced proportional contributions from persons and property levied by the lawmaking body of the State. Section 10: No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed. + Obligation of Contract - is the law or duty which binds the parties to perform their agreement according to its terms and intent if it is not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order or public policy. Section 14: Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance. Constitutional Rights of the Accused in Criminal Cases: 1. Right to adequate legal assistance. 2. The right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have a counsel. 3. Right against the use of torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiates the free will. 4. Right against being held in secret, incom detention. Right to bail and against excessive bail Right to due process of law. Right to presumption of innocence. Right to be heard by himself and counsel. ae Right to be informed of the nature and cause of the aocusation against Kim. iy Fgh tohave a speedy, impartial tial to i face to face. ; "2 Rott toate eraor ‘ocess to secure the attendance of witnesses and the 18 Rin of evidence in his behalf. : ‘against self-incrimination. 9 "4 Rah against deletion by reason of poll bts and aprons te, oh against excessive fines. ‘shment. . Right against cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment. municado, or similar forms of solitary i tLureau Officer Exam Review Made Easv 717. Right against infliction of the death penalty except for heinous crimes 48. Right against double jeopardy. i yuards: lingering Peer aeael Contest - it sof necessity, unequal contest bea . fe th. 2 Pel saaonrt ay serous mattrthe defendant by merely being may find himself in immediate trouble whether guity or not, his reputation Pe question. The accused therefore needs every possible opportunity to defend 3. Protection of innocent, the underlying purpose-the purpose is to assure that truth yi be discovered and that justice will be done Right to Free access to courts and Quasi-judicial bodies - for the Protection ofthe, persans ‘and properties, the prevention and redress of wrongs and the enforcement dt contracts. Right to adequate legal assistance - the State has a duty to provide free and leg assistance to citizens when needed. Section 12: Right to be informed of one's rights and be free from any forms of violence, torture or forve. Rights of Person under investigation: 1. To be informed of his right to remain silent; 2. To have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice or to be provided with one; 3. Against the use of torture, force, Violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means we vitiates the free wil; 4 Against being held in secret, sotary, incommunicado, or other similar foms o detention. Section 13: Right to bail, except those charged with reclusion perpetua. “Ball Secuy required by a cour and ven fr te eee temporary release of9 Person who is inthe custody of the laws Purpose and form of Bail: 2 Potelleve an accused from imprisonment until conviction; an conviction; is presumed 2. Right fo ball ranted because inal rnin prosecutions, the accused is pre innocent; 3 Mt may be 3 form of cash deposit, property bond, bond oe Who may not invoke the right to Bail? 1. Applicant is not yet In Custody of the law: perpal reclusion 2 Charged with Capital offense or an Offense punishable ( ns by bail shall be allowed after th 6 Commenced to serve Sentence, * Capital Offense is ¢ 4 IS an offe Teclusion Perpetua’, life inn eit co0s Judgment has become final or after the sje! nist Wignc Wich under the law existing may be Pu prisonment, or death, yw Tri-Bureau Officer tyes...secon" No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law pight to Due Process of Law: , Due process in its procedural aspect - a person cannot be held to answer without + que process of law. + The accused must be: a) Tried before a competent court (ex. Court having jurisdiction) b) Given fair and impartial trial c) Allowed to use all legal means and opportunity to defend himself +The judgment awarded against him must be within the authority ofa valid law. 2. Observance of fundamental fairness Right to presumptions of innocence: Inall criminal prosecutions, the accused is presumed innocent until the contrary is proved. 1, Safeguard against false conviction - the presumption is no person shall be convicted of a crime except upon confession or his guilt is an established proof beyond reasonable doubt. 2 Requirement of proof of guilt beyond reasonable doubt - “it is better to acquit a person upon the ground of reasonable doubt even though he may, in reality be guilty, than to infict imprisonment on one who may be innocent’. Right to be heard by himself and counsel The Rules of Court provides: 1. Inall criminal prosecution, the defendant shall be entitled to be present and defend in person and by counsel at every stage of the proceedings. 2. The accused must be present at the arraignment and must personally enter his plea. 3. After 2 plea of not guilty, the accused is entitled to 2 days to prepare for trial unless the court. For good cause grants him further time, 4. Before arraignment, the court shall inform him of his right to counsel and shall ask him ithe desires to have one, * Arraignment - is made in an open court by the judge or clerk, and consist in furnishing the accused of the copy of the complaint, Fight to be informed of the Cause and Nature of the Accusations Against Him: 1. Specific allegations of crimes charged - implies that the offense which a person is 2, *tused of be made known to him. . Remedy of accused whose rights is violated - this requirement of notice is Indispensable in as much as in criminal cases not only the liberty but even the life of ‘he accused maybe at stake. Right to hy ‘5 ‘ave a Speedy, Impartial and Public Trial: a © Speedy trial pee that can be has as soon as possible, after a person is indicted and ilthin Such time as the prosecution with reasonable diligence, could prepare for it. Impartial trial - absence of actual bias in the trial of cases "Public tial - itis not of necessity one to wic the whole public is admitted, butitis one Pen to al, 3 My Yareau oticer Exam Review Made Easy 7 | anfrontation of Witnesses: ; Fe coued person has the right fo confront witness face to face. Reasons are; Section 15; The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not cases of invasion, rebellion when the public safety requires it. Section 16: All persons shall have the ri Sat i od 1. Cross-examination of witness by the accuse 2. Assessment by the court of witness’ credibility Trials in the Absence of the Accused: 4. Conditions on Trial In the absence of the Accused: a) He has been arraigned ; b) He has been duly notified of the trial ¢) Failure to appear is unjustifiable 2. Reason for rule - an accused cannot, by simply escaping, thwart his " " wi Prosecution any possibly eventual conviction provided only that the three conditions al ove are presen, t be suspended exoen in Writ of habeas corpus = Order issued by the court directed to the another, commanding him to produce the body of the prisoner at a d Place. May be suspended by the president incase only if invasion public safety requires it. Purpose of the writ: To inquire into all manner of involuntary restraint or detention es Gistinguished from voluntary and to relieve a person therefrom if such restraints sd illegal. Person detzining lesignated time ang OF rebellion vten Writ -is a written the order from a court. Writ of Amparo - This special writ Prohibits respondents from using the defense of simple denial. Can be invoked by the families of victims of extrajudicial killings, and enforced disappearances when the Tight to life, liberty or security of a person is violated or threatened, ight to a speedy disposition of their cases before al judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies, Section 17: No person shall be com, Basis: 5 as ipelled to be a witness against himself. Nn - No person shall be compelled to be a witness agaist 0 criminal liability Right against Self-incrimination himsetf which may expose him t Public policy - because ifthe party is thus required to testify, He would be pace! under the strongest temptation to commit perry. Humanity - prevents extortion of confession by duress, mani al Right to silence -his failure or refusal to testy may not be used as a presumolen Qui or taken as evidence against him, oN Section 18: No person shall “7 fs ond be detained solel ‘ason of his political bele! Spralions. Protection against in voluntary senda, eon rete Right Against Detention sole) Te-Bureau Officer Exam Review Matie Easy y by Reason of Political Beliefs and Aspirations. | yee areseritln witout charges of poical pisos © ionsance of Poo? 2 rested and jailed during Martial law 7 3. Proenst” FBrivlege of wit of habeas corpus even afer tng of Mati? ; won a guarantee against having prisoners of eocecionce,juntary servitude - denotes a condition of enforced, compulsory service of one to Itindudes: invol \ ther. . — ary iavery - the state of entire subjection of one person to the will of another. a) Beonage - voluntary submission of a person to the will of another because of his b) debt. igand Purpose of the Prohibition: ‘Ihe prohibition is grounded on the value accorded to human dignity in a democratic 1. s andfree society. 2, The purpose is fo maintain a system of completely free and voluntary labor. sxcoptions tothe Prohibition: 777 hen the involuntary servitude is imposed as a punishment for a crime. 2. When personal military or civil service is required of citizens to defend the State. 5 The injunctions requiring the striking laborers to retum to work pending settlement of anindustal dispute. 4, Toexceptional services such as military and naval enlistment. 5, To exercise by parents their authority to require their children to perform reasonable amount of work. 6, When there is a proper exercise of the police power of the State. Section 19: Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman purishment inficted. Neither death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes. + Right against excessive fines - The question as to the amount ofthe fines that shall be imposed is the sound discretion of the court, if it keeps within the limit of the Statute, it cannot be held unreasonable. + Right against cruel, degrading, or inhuman punishment - This right can only be invoked after conviction for a crime. Section 20: No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax. * Debt - any liability to pay money arising out of a contract, express or implied. Refers to Civil or contractual debt or one not arising from a criminal offense. : aa “is a criminal offense where you a person van be imprisoned for non-payment of * Poll Tax - tax of a fixed amount imposed on individuals rescinding within a specified leritory, whether citizens or not. ishment for the same offense. arged with an offense, and the ot again be charged of Section 21: No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of puni Right against double jeopardy - When a person is ché Case is terminated either by acquittal or conviction, the latter cann¢ ‘Same or identical offense. Existence of Double Jeopardy: | ’equisites — under the ener taw and jurisprudence, the accused is place in double ieopardy if: ok a) " He has been previously brought to trial in a court of competent jurisdiction; a Under Valid complaint or information nat uly le has been arraigned and pleaded guilty 0 ys ee He has boos see gered on equitted or the case against him has been dismissed OF otherwise terminated without his express consent. a n “ Rule in case of mistrial if the right cannot be invoked in case of mistrial. Tha \T2tUOticer Exam Review Made Easydy: Canoes ot DOU erent = the protectin fe ageist double j ° . P for the jt the same act, provided that he is charged with a Gifferent ofr: 38 2 Por the come act - double jeopardy of punishment for the same act. " Si i Ibe enacted, : No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall e Ss oat Paco taw = An ex post facto law is one which operating retrospect; a) Makes an act done before the passage of a law, innocent when done, cnn shes such act; or ; ; Lang b) pogravates crimes or makes it greater than when it was commited: ¢) Changes the punishment and inflicts a greater Punishment than ‘What the annexed to the crime, when committed; or lew 4) Alters the legal rules of evidence, and receives less testimon Tequired at the time of the commission of the offender. ¥y from, Offense, in order ‘ocaey et Characteristic of Ex post Facto Law: 1. They relate to penal and criminal matters only 2. Retroactive in their operation 3. They deprive the person accused Of crime of some protection or defense rey available to their advantage. Bill of Attainder - legislative act which inf icts punishment without a judicial ‘tial, f the Punishments less than death, the act is call led bill of pains and penalties. ARTICLE IV: CITIZENSHIP Section 1: The following are citizens ofthe Philippines: _ 1 Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the ime of the adoption of tis Constitution; 2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines; an 3. Those bom before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Phi Slizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and 4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with lave Citizen = a person having the title Community who enjoys full civil and Citizenship - aterm ic , of citzenship. He is a member of a damon! poltcal rights. / lenoting membership of a citizen in a political society. Subject and Alien: ful avi 2 * Sonect« sizen is at member of a democratic community who eriys Political rights. In a Monarchal state, he is called a “subject.” ‘Alien = a citizen ofa country wy e count 1 is residing on or passing through another 'SPopulaty called as a “foreigner” General ways of Acquiring Citizenship: th. Verna Method -by bith, because of toad elaonshi by are tb Voluntary Method « ization i lective naturaliZzal™ ar inhabitants of a by naturalization, except in case of collecti erry which takes place hen iris eae by one State OO 3 result of conquest or treaty, Pace when Trureau oticer Exam Review mane rc...tzons by Birth: - “jus Sanguinis - Blood relationship is the bass for the acquisition of this rule. The ' Gyiidren follow the citizenship of the parent, The Philippines user this rule, 2. Jus soli/ Jus loc! place of birth serves as the basis for acquiring citizenship under "this rule. The U.S. uses this rule. The person become the cilizen where he is bom inespective of the citizenship of the parents. Naturalization - act of formally adapting a foreigner into the political body of the state and dothing him with the rights and privileges of citizenship. Ways of Acquiring Citizenship by Naturalization: 4, By judgment of the court - the foreigner who wants to become a Filipina snust apply for Naturalization with the proper Regional Trial Court. 2. By direct act of Congress - our law-making body simply enacts an act directly conferring citizenship on a foreigner. 3. By administrative proceedings - under R.A.No.9139 (Jan.8, 2001) known as the “Administrative naturalization Law of 2000", aliens born and residing in the Philippines may be granted citizenship by administrative proceedings by a special committee on Naturalization. Section 2: Philippine citizenship Kinds of Citizen under the Constitution: 1. Natural born citizen - who at the moment of their birth are already citizens of the Philippines and do not have to perform any act to acquire his Filipino Citizenship 2. Citizen at the time of adoption of the new Constitution - refer to those who are considered citizens of the Philippines under the 1973 Constitution at the time of the adoption of the new constitution. 3. Citizen through election - refers to those born on Filipino mothers before Jan. 17, 1973, who upon reaching the age of majority, elect Philippine citizenship after the ‘atfcation of the 1973 Constitution. 4. Naturalized citizens - refers to those who were originally citizens of another country but who, by an intervening act (naturalization), have acquired new citizenship in a different country. Section 3: Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law. 8) By naturalization in a foreign coun ) By express renunciation of citizenship; ; ©) By subscribing to an oath of allegiance to a foreign country; : 4) By rendering service to or accepting commission in the armed forces of a foreign Country 2a Involuntarily sonby cout 8) By cancellation of his certificate of naturalization by court; _ ) Having been deciared by competent authority a deserter of the Philippine Armed forces in the time of war thy bt Twreau oticer Exam Review Maule Easy iial ilippine Citizenship: a Rescate poe the applicant possesses none of the disqualfcaten | * rovided in the naturalization law ! 2. an of deserters of the Philippine armed forces and women who lost their * Bi serchip by reason of mariage to an alien, after termination oftheir marital status 3. By direct act of the Congress of the Philippines. ation = i th of allegiance t : {riation ~ is affected by merely taking the necessary oath of all te Republe of the Philippines and registering the same in the proper civil registry. Section 4: Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless by thei he rontsion they ae teemed, under the law, to have renounced i, ] Effects of Marriage of Citizen to an Alien: i - ; a 4+. AFlligino cizen who marries an alien does not lose his citizenship even if by the lavs of hisIher wife's/ husband's country, he/she acquires herthis nationality. 2. The exception is if they renounce their citizenship. Section 5: Dual allegiance of citizens shall be dealt with by law. + Dual allegiance - refers to the continued allegiance of naturalized nationals to their mother country even after they have acquired Filipino Citizenship. + Dual Citizenship - refers to the possession of two citizenships by an individual, that of tis original citizenship and that of the country where he became a naturalized citizen. 1f u | t | t Duties and Obligations of Citizens: \) 1. To be loyal to the Republic - loyalty means faith and confidence in the Republic and love and devotion to the country. i + Pride in one’s country ‘Absolute and permanent allegiance to his government iT 2. Tolove and defend the country + Love of country shown not by words but by deeds * Readiness to sacrifice his life in defense on his country rae 3. To contribute to the development and welfare of the State + Many ways of contributing to the country * Working together for the common good - citizens do not live for themselves and} for their families alone. They are a part of i hey owe a defile? responaiity ley are a part of the sociely to wic t 4. To uphold the constitution and obey the law 5. To cooperate with duly constituted authori ity lv ligation ities - ses oblig and responsibilties upon the individual, O™UNIY Hing imo + Active concem with affairs of the government "Need for civic courage and pride or sense of civic values 6. To exercise rights responsibly and with +” Exercise of rights o prejeaing ou f28ard forthe rights of others 4 | \ i \ * Rightto liberty not absolute Permissible \ Tri-Bureau Officer Exam Review Made Easy “part $ in gainful work ~ employment is not the obligation solely of 7 Toemito bo a useful and productive member ofthe Pail) ee + Duly to work hard rogister and to vote 8. Tomy to voto responsibly + Duty to guard and protect the integrity of his vote ARTICLE V: SUFFRAGE section 4: Sullrago may bo exercised by all citizens of the Philippines not otherwise jalifiod by law. : dsfrago - isthe right and obligation to vote of qualified citizens in the election of certain rational and local officers of the government and in the decision of public questions ‘submitted to the people. Nature of Suffrage: 1, Amore privilege - not a natural right of the citizen but merely a privilege to be given or withheld by the law-making power subject to constitutional limitations. 2 A political right - in the sense of a right conferred by the Constitution. Suffrage is classified as a politcal right. Scope of Suffrage: 4. Election - means by which the people chose their officials. 2. Plebiscite - name given to vote of the people expressing their choice for or against a proposed law 3. Referendum - submission of a law or part thereof passed by the national or local legislative body 4. Initiative - process whereby the people directly propose and enact law. 5. Recall - method by which a public officer may be removed from office during his tenure or before the expiration of his term. Qualification of Voters: ‘Must be a citizen (male or female) of the Philippines Not otherwise disqualified by law Atleast 18 years of age , Have resided in the Philippines for at least 1 year and in the place wherein he Proposes to vote at least six months preceding the election, NOTE: No property or iteracy requirement shall be imposed in the exercise of suffrage. Persons Disqualified to Vote: Q \y Person who has been sentenced by final judgment to suffer imprisonment by not 2, lessthan 4 year. : Any person who has been adjudged by final judgment by competent court of having 3, Committed any crime involving disloyalty, rebellion, sedition, etc. 'nsane or incompetent person declared by a competent authority. son 2: The Congress secure the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot as wel as system for entee voting, q “Ateau oticer Exam Review Made Easy “ hheas Jative r shall be vested in the Congress of the Phi ease are pee by IGT A AE referendum, Scope of Legislative Power of Congress: 1. 2 Two Classification of Power of Congress: Primary function of Congress is to legislate 1. 2 Section a) He b) Tr-Bureay Otticer Exam pr; Section 2, the Ser thiny-five years of ection; 3 le to read ang ‘we. of age on the day of the el ® ARTICLE VI: THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT Legislative power - authority under the constitution to make laws and Subsequent when the need arises, to alter and repeal them. Law - refers to statutes which are the written enactments of the le relations of the people among themselves or between them and agencies. Gislature governing the the government and ts Plenary or General - grant of legislative power means the grant of all lise ower for all purposes of civil government. Legislative powers not expressly delegated deemed granted - the delezdd Powers of our Congress are broader than the legislative power of American Congess General Legislative Power - power to enact laws intended as rules of conduc govern the relationship among individuals and the State. . Specific Power - powers which the Constitution expressly directs or authorizes Congress to exercise like the power to choose who shall become President in Ged {wo or more have the highest or equal number of votes or to confirm oefsh appointment made by the President. , ise of te Implied Power - they are those essential or Necessary to the effective exerise of Powers expressly granted. Like the power to conduct inquiry and investigation legislation to punish for contempt and to determine the rules of its po wey Inherent Power - powers Which are possessed and can be exercised Severnment because they exist as an attribute of sovereignty. _ sting, Frinciple of Separation of Powers — under the principle of co-equal, est Powerful and coordinate powers ‘among the branches of the government, 0 the 10 Bretcise the power of each branch are not permitted to encroach upon ‘granted to other, consi? Brincple of check and balance - Constitutional provisions aulhoiz @ Cer Srount of encroachment or checking by one department in the affairs o Joctod a 00° i week The Senate shall be Composed of 24 Senators who shall be ele “Walfed voters of the Philippines as may be provided by law. 4 3. No person shall be a Ser f 7 ; isa natual-born pee lator unless: Paes eN of the Philippines; we | ) Atealstered voter: ang ek fa fesident i mediately dayottre ihe Philippines for not less than two years iin \ Re ya 90 | i al n | disquaiet VOI = is one who has all the qualification for a Wisi oth, yi | 9 ons Plovided by law and who has registered himself in he 7 and ) it Whenever lace where one has his. true permane” n “sen he has the intention returning. # “te4: The term of office of the Senators: sectional be six years and shall commence, unless otherwise provided by law, at noon on the thiieth day of June next following their election. No Senator shall serve for more than two consecutive terms. 6) Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of his service for the full term of which he was elected. b) 1 5, Composition of The House of Representatives: 'Not more than 250 members, who shall be elected from legislative districts apportioned among the provinces, cities, and the Metropolitan Manila area in ‘accordance with the number of their respective inhabitants, Shall be elected through a party-list system of registered national, regional, and sectoral parties or organizations. The party-list representatives shall constitute 20% of the total number of representatives including those under the party list. For three consecutive terms after the ratification of this Constitution, one-half of the seals allocated to party-list representatives shall be filled, by selection or election from the labor, peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural communities, women, youth, and such other sectors as may be provided by law, except the religious sector. Each legislative district shall comprise, as far as practicable, continuous, compact, and adjacent territory. ) Each city with a population of at least two hundred fifty thousand, or each province, shall have at least one representative. Within three years following the return of every census, the Congress shall make a reapportionment of legislative districts based on the standards provided in this section, ecto a) ) 9) 4) @) 9 Section 6: Qualification of member of House of representative: @) Heis a natural-born citizen of the Philippines; ) Isat least 25 years of age, on the day of the election; ©) Able to read and write, and; 4) Except the party-list representatives, a registered voter in the district in which he shall be elected: and a ©) Resident thereof for a period of not less than one year immediately preceding the day Of the election, Section 7: The Members of the House of Representatives shall be elected; ®) For a term of three years which shall begin, unless otherwise provided by law, at t) 120" on the thirieth day of June next following their election. ) No Member of the House of Representatives shall serve for more than three oy Pnsecutve terms, /oluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be considered as e interypion in the continuity of his service for the full term for which he was ‘ected, ro renne:, Regular election of the Senators and the Members of the House of “nlatives shall be held on the second Monday of May. Section g: ; 2) 14" case of vacancy in the Senate or in the House of Representatives: b) Geta election may be called to fil such vacancy in the manner prescribed by law, onyti® Senator or Member of the House of Representatives thus elected shall serve " forthe unexpired term. "urea 'Otficer Exam Review Made Easy = aElection for Members of Congress: Minds et lar Election - held on the 2nd Monday of May. 2. Special Election - may be called incase a vacancy arises in the senate or ” Representative to fil such vacancy in the manner prescribed by law. House Section 10; The salaries of Senators and Members of the House of Representatives be determined by law. | No increase in sad compensation shall ake effect unt afte the expiration ofthe fl ten allthe Members of the Senate and the House of Representatives approving such incre Section 11: A Senator or Member of the House of Representatives shall, in all punishable by not more than six years imprisonment, be privileged from arrest while ‘Congress is in session. No member shall be questioned nor be held liable in any other place for any speech or debate in the congress or in any committee thereof. + Parliamentary immunities - every members of congress are privileged from ames for crimes punishable for not less than 6 years and be free being questioned for al speeches and debate in any committee while the congress is in session. When immunity cannot be invoked? 4. The offense committed is punishable of more than 6 years imprisonment; and 2. When the congress is not in session. NOTE: The immunity is personal in nature and can be waived. Section 12: All Members of the Senate and the House of Representatives shall upon assumption of office: 2) Make @ full disclosure of their financial and business interests. ») They shall notify the House concemed of a potential conflict of interest that may ats° from the fling of a proposed legislation of which they are authors. Section 13: No Senator or Member of the House of Representatives may: 2) hold any other office or employment in the Government ned ot 5) or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including government o® eat Controled corporations or their subsidiaries, during his term without forfeltng °° ©) Nether shall he be appointed to any office which may have been crea! emoluments thereof increased during the term for which he was elected Section 14: No Senator or Member of the House of Representatives may: the Electoe! ) personally appear as counsel before any court of justice or before Tribunals, or quasi-judicial and other administrative bodies. tract with oF 5) neither shall he, directly or indirectly, be interested financially in any CON on, in any franchise or special privilege granted by the Government, of 2° e004 instrumentality thereof, including any govemment-own a ration, or its subsidiary, durir ice. q ©) he shall not intervene in. Say mater bes, om office of the Gover Pecuniary benefit or where he may be called upon to act on account © Section 15: The Co its regular session, for of bY a ngre85 shall convene once every year on the fourth Monday Unless a different date is fixed by law. Tr-Bureau Officer Exam Review Made Easy