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Assessment of different type of peat properties in Johor for carbon stock

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Eco. Env. & Cons. 25 (July Suppl. Issue) : 2019; pp. (S168-S173)
Copyright@ EM International
ISSN 0917–765X

Assessment of different type of peat properties in

Johor for carbon stock conservation
Junita Abd Rahman, 1Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed*, 1Nor Haakmal Ab Durahim, 1Syafik
1

Akmal Tajuddin, 1Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi and 2Nurina Fitriani

1
Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Department of Water and Environmental Engineering,
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit
Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
2
Study Program of Environmental Engineering, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and
Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia

(Received 26 March, 2019; Accepted 28 May, 2019)

ABSTRACT
Peat in Johor covered almost 30 % of the land and made Johor the third largest state in Malaysia with high
carbon stock. It is estimated that world carbon stock has decreased dramatically since year 1980 due to
deforestation, open/wild fires and replant for commercial purpose. Carbon stock is crucial to be maintained
as it helps the ecosystem balance through controlling greenhouse effect and climate mitigation This paper
aims to raise awareness among researchers that carbon stock in wetland could be conserved by understanding
the nature of the peat formation. Peat properties were given attention as it is the core knowledge on peat.
The fabric, hemic and sapric of Johor peat properties were characterized according to BS1377:1991 and
ASTM 1990 for its Loss on Ignition (LOI), fiber content, particle size distribution, moisture content, unconfined
compressive strength and pH while microbiological measurement using bacteria count and enzyme
assessment. For Johor peat, it was recognized that pH 3-5, moisture content of 150-700 % and bacteria count
of x1013 – x1015 CFU/g are an ideal condition to keep the peat formation on track. The formation of peat
should balance with the carbon consumption in respective peat area. The source of bacteria food which is
plant remains should be supplied consistently. It is recommended that the tree bunch to be scrapped and
put around the tree for efficient carbon replacement.

Key words : Ph, Carbon stock, Peat, Wetland, Organic soil

Introduction and 5.91 Mg ha–1 in Brazil in 2019 (De Oliveira et al.,

Carbon stock is important for inhabitant to maintain
its quality life. Carbon stock is involved directly in
life cycle through consumption of CO2 by trees in
photosynthesis, followed by production of CO2 in
respiratory process as well as industrial activities.
Less carbon stock will lead to greenhouse effect and
climate mitigation. Carbon stock can be divided into
sea, soil and atmospheres. In 2015, soil carbon stocks
in Europe recorded as 75 gigatonnes (EEA, 2015)
*Corresponding author’s email: maya@uthm.edu.my
2019) and the amount is decreased each year due to
human activities such as deforestation, replant and
open/wild fires. Most of world carbon stock in land
is from peat area. In Johor, Malaysia, peat covers 30%
of total land area (Wetlands International, 2010) with
the largest district with peat is Pontian and followed
by Batu Pahat. Almost 60 % of Pontian land is peat
(Jabatan Pertanian Johor, 2010). From this percentage,
almost 75% of the area is planted either with oil palm
tree or pineapples (Schrier-Uijl et al., 2013).
JUNITA ABD RAHMAN ET AL
The physico-chemical properties of peat is al-
ways a favour to gardener and planter for better
plant growth as it allows good air flow for the root
to breath. It also has the ability to retain water and
works as a sponge that can be simple reservoir for
the plant. Peat consists of more than 75% carbon.
Carbon helps plant in its micro nutrient. Hence,
planting tree on peat has been commercialized to in-
crease nation economic value.
Peat consist of three decomposition levels with
fabric is less decomposed (more than 67 % of fibre),
hemic is moderately decomposed and sapric is the
most decomposed (less than 33% of fibre). The de-
composition level influences the ability of peat to
retain water and the void between soil particles that
allow the movement of nitrogen and other nutrient.
Rahman and Chan (2015) claimed the detailed
study of peat include fibre content, pH, LOI and
particle size distribution is necessary to know all
type of decomposition level of peat.
Commodity plantation requires crop to be har-
vested as frequent as possible. The use of fertilizer is
essential to supply macro and micro nutrient to the
plant. A study shows that some tree species need
more nutrients such as palm oil and kernel (Cui et
al., 2019). Data recorded by Rahman et al., (2018) in
forest conversion to palm oil in Borneo shown that
carbon stock decreased by 42%, 24% and 18% after
29, 39 and 49 years of conversion respectively. For
commodity plantation, plant carbon intake in-
creased than the normal rate and makes the carbon
stock decrease rapidly due to nutrient needs. The
lack of carbon stock increases the possibility of
greenhouse effect through CO2 mitigation to the at-
mosphere. European Union (EU) taking serious of
this phenomenon thus do not support oil palm from
Malaysia and Indonesia as 40 % of the oil palm is
produced by trees planted on peat (Schrier-Uijl et al.,
2013). However, the action of protecting carbon
stock is not only limited to preserve it but one need
to understand the nature of peat itself where carbon
stock could be conserved by plantation activities
with certain method. Pugh et al. (2019) found that
more than half of the carbon sink in the world’s for-
ests is in areas where the trees are relatively young,
under 140 years old. Dos Santos et al., (2019) demon-
strated that Productive Brachiaria (a genus of plants
in the grass family native to tropical and subtropical
regions) can increase soil carbon stocks in a
humid tropical climate. Study by Mendoza-Ponce et
al., (2018) reveal that the global land-use and land
S169
cover change (LUCC) would be responsible for 1–
2% of LUCC global emissions but, if deforestation
were reduced and regeneration increased (green
scenario), carbon stocks would reach 2.14PgC (car-
bon stored in the geosphere) before 2050. A compre-
hensive study by Liu et al., (2018) in China proven
that species richness (3–20 tree species) and stand
age (22–116 years) will increase soil carbon stock by
29.4% In previous study, it is confirmed that plan-
tation activity may also contribute to upsurge of
carbon stocks. Therefore, keeping the peat area
maintain its pH, moisture content and nature of bac-
teria are crucial to ensure that formation of carbon is
balance with the carbon consumption. Thus, the aim
of the study is to build awareness among research-
ers that plantation might increase the soil carbon
stock thus conservation plan is doable as long as the
formation of the soil carbon is fully understood by
the authorities.
Materials and Methods
Field sampling
Peat samples with three different type (fabric, hemic
and sapric) were collected from Kampung Medan
Sari, Pontian and Parit Baru, Batu Pahat, Johor. Sur-
face soil was cleared from any plant and about 5 cm
thick was removed. Around 2 m 3 (100 kg) of each
samples were excavated with the depth of 5 – 30 cm
for fabric peat, 30 – 100 cm for hemic peat and more
than 100 cm for sapric peat. All samples were pre-
liminary identified its decomposition level by using
Van Post Scale. It was then confirmed after fibre
content test in the laboratory. Water table at the re-
spective area was 48 cm (Pontian) and 85 cm (Batu
Pahat). Samples were taken on April 2017 which is
the beginning of dry season in Malaysia. The peat is
expected represent the most ideal condition on
April where it is not over dry due to drought or too
wet due to inundation as peat is easily sway by cli-
mate (Kiew et al., 2015).
Laboratory testing
Loss on ignition (LOI), pH, moisture content, par-
ticle size distribution and bacteria count were tested
to all samples. These tests were considered crucial to
understand peat behavior in promoting decompose
process thus producing carbon stock.
LOI (BS1377: 1990) was conducted by drying 30 g
of peat at 105 oC for 24 hours. Dried peat was then
S170
heated in furnace at 450 oC for 5 hours in crucible.
After complete burning, the amount of ash was
weight and the value was calculated based on how
much unburned material over total sample used.
Moisture content test was carried out following
standard BS1377 Part 2:1990. 30 g of wet peat was
oven dried at 105 oC for 24 hours. The mass of the
dry peat was compared with the wet peat and the
moisture loss was calculated.
Fibre content test was done referring to ASTM
D1997-91. 100 g of wet peat was soak in 1000 mL of
15 % sodium hexamophosphate for minimum of 18
hours. The soaked peat was then washed in 2 mm
sieve and the remains was soaked with 2 % of HCl
for xx hours. It then put in oven for 24 hours at
105 oC and the mass of the samples was calculated.
The amount of fibre with size more than 2 mm is
known as fibre content. Triplicate samples were
taken for each test.
Particle size distribution of peat was done using
wet sieve technics (Method 1) from fibre size 10,000
micron until 100 micron. Particle finer than 100 mi-
cron was analyzed using particle size analyzer
(CILAS) (Method 2). The graph of particle size dis-
tribution is constructed based on these two meth-
ods.
pH test were done in accordance to BS1377
where 30 g of samples was diluted with 75 mL of
distilled water. Diluted samples was stirred for 10
minutes and let settle for 8 hours before reading was
taken using Hanna X1730 pH meter.
For bacteria count test, an agar for cellulose de-
grading bacteria was chosen as peat is made of
plant fragment which consist of plant cellulose. The
agar used was a combination of NaNO3 (2 g), KCl
(0.5 g), MgSO4 (0.5 g), K2HPO4 (1.0 g), yeast extract
(1.0 g), CMC (10.0 g) and agar (15.0 g) and heated in
Table 1. Mean ± stdev physico-chemical and biological properties of peat and p-value. Sampling was conducted on
April 2016 with n=10
Properties Fibric
Loss on ignition (%) 81.45 ± 2.71
Moisture content (%) 105.40 ± 7.80
Fiber content (%) 69.82 ± 4.67
pH 3.8 ± 0.7
Bacteria count (CFU/g) 4.0 × 1013
Halo zone* ++
N =3; *Negative (-) (no halo zone observed), positive (+) (halo zone < 1 cm), high production (++) (halo zone 1-5 cm);
NR = Not related; P-value <0.05 is significant
Eco. Env. & Cons. 25 (July Suppl. Issue) : 2019
1000 mL of distilled water until fully dissolved.
Agar was poured to agar plate and sealed with
parafilm then kept in 28 degree incubator for 24
hours before use. 1 g of wet peat was diluted in 99
mL distilled water. 1 mL of the dilution was diluted
with 10 mL distilled water and labelled as x10-1. This
process is repeated until x10 -20. 0.5 mL was taken
from each dilution and put in agar plate, reseal and
put in incubator at 28 oC for 24 hours to let the bac-
teria growth. After 24 hours, the plate with bacteria
less than 200 was calculated. After bacteria was
counted, the plate is pour with Congo red and kept
in incubator for 15 minutes. The halo zone indicate
the enzyme secrets by the bacteria was observed.
Results and Discussion
Peat is made of decomposition of plant material by
the action of bacteria. The properties of Johor peat is
presented in Table 1.
Determination of fibre content is crucial to distin-
guish the peat types. Fabric peat is determined with
70 % fibre content followed with 37 % for hemic and
15 % for sapric. The loss on ignition (LOI) for fabric,
hemic and sapric are at range of 81 – 97 % indicates
that all samples contain more than 75 % of carbon.
This finding is parallel with those found by Van
Asselen (2011) (LOI: 80 %- temperate region),
Hower et al. (2017) (LOI: 77.9 % - Europe) and
Turner et al. (2017) (LOI: 83 – 95 % - tropical). The
classification of organic soil in all peat sample is not
subjected to geography or plant origin but depend-
ing on amount of carbon in the soil sample. The
high amount of carbon owned by peat made it a
perfect condition for soil carbon storage compared
to tropical forest.
Batu Pahat and Pontian peat have high moisture
Peat type
Hemic Sapric P-value
89.97 ± 3.08 97.40 ± 2.16 0.0097
651.20 ± 22.40 617.86 ± 18.30 0.0001
37.02 ± 0.88 14.62 ± 0.51 0.0021
5.3 ± 0.6 4.9 ± 0.6 0.0001
1.72 × 1014 1.89 ± 1015 0.0082
+ + NR
JUNITA ABD RAHMAN ET AL
content for hemic and sapric peat with 651 % and
618 % respectively. Referring to soil profile, fabric
lies at the top of the soil followed with hemic and
sapric. The finer the soil particle (more decompose),
the deeper it will be. Hemic and sapric peat are im-
merse in the ground water (0.5 m depth from soil
surface) thus made the moisture content high. Peat
soil is normally found in wetland and having high
water content up to 2000 %. Unlike hemic and
sapric peat, fabric peat was found having less water
with only 105 %. The big chunks own by fabric peat
can be observed during von post scale determina-
tion. The big fiber has more ability to retain water
(Rezanezhad et al., 2016). However, the water in the
fiber can easily evaporate when expose to sunlight
especially during dry season (May to September)
(Khan et al., 2016). In this study, peat sample was
taken on April which fall on early stage of dry sea-
son in Malaysia. This is to ensure that the peat mois-
ture content is recorded at its best where the climate
is not too dry which may lead to peat fire and not
too wet where peat area is always saturated due to
flood.
The particle size distribution of the hemic and
sapric peat can be seen as quite similar as shown in
Figure 1. This is translated with the almost similar
moisture content for about 5% own by both soil. The
fabric peat on the other hand, has more large par-
ticles thus made the different between moisture con-
tent of fabric and hemic peat is 521%.
Moisture content of peat soil solely cannot be
used to determine a decomposition level of the soil.
This is because, the ability in retain water is much
Fig. 1. Particle size distribution of fabric, hemic and
sapric peat at Johor. Size determine from 10,000 to
0.001 micrometer
S171
influence by the fiber size (porosity and void ratio)
which also related to the plant origin at particular
sampling location. However, high water content is
best medium for the bacteria to work active in de-
composing the plant fragment. This is supported by
research conducted by Rahman and Chan (2015).
pH of Pontian peat is found acidic ranging 3.8 –
5.3. This is in line with study by Pal et al. (2014),
Nurulita et al. (2016) and Tonks et al. (2017) which
recorded pH of 3.4 – 4.8. According to Gorham and
Janssens (1992), bogs normally have pH of around 4
with low nutrient content and lower biodiversity
while fens with pH 7-8 has opposite characteristics.
This specify that Pontian peat is made of bogs rather
than fens. As mentioned earlier, peat made of bogs
has low nutrient thus, for Pontian peat to be success-
ful in agricultural activity, i.e. oil palm plantation,
application of fertilizer is a must. The use of fertil-
izer made the tree consume carbon in the soil more
than the normal usage. This phenomenon happen
due to i) changes in the quality and quantity of soil
carbon input ii) enhanced soil surface erosion (De
Blecourt et al., 2013). This is the reason of raid reduc-
tion of carbon stock when commodity plantation is
planted on peat.
Bacteria count test was also conducted on all
types of peat reveal that number of bacteria is relate
with peat decomposition level. Fabric peat having
average bacteria of 4.0 x 1013 while hemic peat 1.72
x 1014 and sapric peat 1.89 x 1015 CFU/g. Situmorang
et al., (2015) and Nurulita et al. (2016) study on
hemic peat having number of bacteria 3.38 x
107 and 4.3 × 10 6 CFU/g respectively while 3.5
×109 - 4.8 ×109 CFU/g recorded for fabric peat in
Fig. 2. Thick halo zone in fabric peat shows that bacteria
is in active phase in degrading plant fragment
S172
work by Evdokimova et al., (2018). The more de-
composed the peat, the more bacteria are identified
However, when tested using congo red, the bacteria
was found more active in fabric peat rather than
hemic and sapric peat (Fig. 2).
The active enzymatic activities in fabric peat
might result from more food in form of plant fiber in
fabric peat need to breakdown by the bacteria to get
energy. In this study, carboxylmethyl cellulose
(CMC) was used as main agar as cellulose is main
component in peat. As the bacteria can breakdown
the cellulose, enzyme cellulase is confirmed secretes
by the bacteria. Martin et al. (1982) reported a con-
tradicting finding where number of bacteria in peat
was found decreasing with depth (from 26 x 106 to
0.5 x 106). The only different that made the finding
significant is the originality of the peat-forming
plant. This study was carried out in tropical region
which is rich with bog as primary peat forming
plant while. Martin et al. (1982) conducted the re-
search at temperate region where moss and fern are
the major contributors. The supply of plant material
is importance to ensure the bacteria could maintain
its population and activity thus plantation on peat is
not a problem as long as the rate of carbon forming
should be parallel with carbon consumption.
Conclusion
In order to maintain the rate of carbon forming in
peat plantation area, the properties of the peat
should be kept as close as possible to the initial peat
condition. The pH should maintain at 3-5 with
moisture content of 150 - 700 % for fabric, hemic and
sapric peat. The oil palm branch should be cut as
small as possible and spread around the tree to help
replace the nutrient consumption by the plant. In-
spection of amount of bacteria in the area should be
done periodically to ensure the bacteria is in the
range of × 1013 to ×1015 CFU/g at all time.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to thank the Ministry of Education
for FRGS vot 1574, Mybrain15 and UTHM GPPS
U779 for their support in the research work.
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