Se 4th Edition Workbook Dr Charles Chew * Chow Siew Foong Dr Ho BoonTiong * Tan Peng Yeon Marshall Cavendish Gig eePreface Physics Matters for GCE ‘0" Level Workbook (4th Edition) is the companion workbook to our exciting new Physics Matters for GCE ‘0’ Level textbook. It is specifically developed to fulfil the latest GCE ‘0° Level syllabus requirements set by the Ministry of Education (MOE). All aspects of this new edition have been redesigned to strengthen understanding of concepts, provide emple practice and equip you with the edge and confidence to excel in Physics. Comprehensive exercises Each worksheet comprises a complete range of exercises — multiple-choice, structured and freevesponse — to give you all the practice you need. The questions are designed to support leaming with understanding and give you & ficm grounding in conceptual understanding. Selfdlirected learning Work On It! is an enhanced self-diagnostic tool at the end of each worksheet. It will help you identify concepts that still need working ‘on, In addition, it matches each question to the relovant learning outcome and Textbook section, This matching gives you the option of building your understanding by topical revision.Handling Information and solving problems Data-based questions in the worksheets present information and problems in reallife contexts. You will evaluate, interpret data and solve interesting problems applicable to everyday situations. 7 Answer It Right! Answer It Right! guides you on how to interpret questions, so you understand exactly what a question is asking for. As you go through the pointers and accompanying worked examples, you will pick up the secrets to answering questions well. ‘Thomo 3: Light, Waves and Sound |Contents THEME 1: GENERAL PHYSICS Answer It Right! 1 Chapter Measurement Worksheet 1 All topics 5 Chapter 2 Kinematics Worksheet 24 2.1 Distance and Displacement Err 2.2 Speed, Velocity and Acceleration 2.3. Displacement-Time Graphs Worksheet 2B 2.2 Speed, Velocity and Acceleration 15 2.3 Velocity-Time Graphs 2.4 Acceleration due to Gravity Chapter3 Forces Worksheet 3 All topies 23 Chapter 4 Mass, Weight and Worksheet 4 Ail topios 33 Density Chapter 5 Turning Effect of Forces Worksheet 5 All topics 39 Chapter 6 Energy, Work and Power Worksheet 6 All topics 45 Chapter 7 Pressure Worksheet 7 All topics 55 THEME 2: THERMAL PHYSICS Answer It Right! 63 Chapter 8 Temperature Worksheet 8 All topics 67 Chapter 9 Kinetic Model of Matter Worksheet 9 All topics, cr Chapter 10 Transfer of Thermal Worksheet 10 All topics 77 Energy Chapter 14. Thermal Properties Worksheet 14 All topics 87 of MatterTHEME 3: LIGHT, WAVES AND SOUND Answer It Right! 99 Chapter 12 Light Worksheet 124 12.1 Reflection of Light 103 12.2 Refraction of Light 12.3 Total Internal Reflection Worksheet 128 12.4 Refraction by Thin Lenses 145 12.5 Ray Diagrams for Thin Converging Lenses Chapter 13 Waves Worksheet 13 All topics 123 Chapter 14 Electromagnetic Worksheet 14 All topics 133 Waves Chapter 15 Sound Worksheet 15 All topics 137 THEME 4: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM Answer ft Right! 147 Chapter 16 Static Electricity Worksheet 16 All topics 154. Chapter 17 Current Electricity Worksheet 17 Al topics 164 Chapter 18 D.C. Circuits Worksheet 184 18.1 Series Circuits 169 48.2 Parallel Circuits 18.3. Resistors in Series and Parallel Worksheet 188 18.4 Potential Dividers 175: 18.5 Input Transducers. Chapter 19 Practical Electricity Worksheet 18 All topics 179 Chapter 20 Magnetism Worksheet 20 All topics 189 Chapter 21 Electromagnetism Worksheet 21 All topics 197 Chapter 22 Electromagnetic Worksheet 224 22.1 Electromagnetic Induction 207 Induetion 22.2. Alternating Current Generators Worksheet 228 22.3 Transformers 2a. 22.4 Cathode-Ray OscilloscopesBLANKTheme ‘1: General Physics Answer It Right! Go through the following worked examples. Use the questions well. Worked Example 1 provided to help you answer | A car travels along a straight road from rest. The velocity of the car at various intervals is recorded and tabulated as shown below. Velocity/ms™ ‘0.00 | 850 | 15.00 | 20.00 | 28,00 | 24.00 ; Time/s _ 0.0 2.0 40 6.0 8.0 10.0 S (a) Plot a graph of velocity against time for the car from time t= 0.0 s to time t = 10.0 s, using a best fit curve. ‘Answer Vetoety/m s* 2400 22.00 20.00 ' “Hi 16000 foe | i 2400 | H V7 i 19.00 2.00 600 FA Time /s 40 50 60 79 89 90 100 {© 2013 Marshall Cavendish Internationa (Singapore) Private Limited Gonerat Physics | A.3800 14.00 4 1200 10.00 44 8.00 600 2.00 + 0.00 H 00 19 20 30 49 50 60 70 a0 90 100. = (24.00 = 8.00) _ Att =5.0 s, gradient = CECO~BOO = 25 «The acceleration at time t= 5.0 s is 2.5m s* Sear in mind to diaw the tangent to the curve at the correct point. A large triangle should be used to determine the gradient. The hypotenuse of this tangle ls the tangont to the curve. Worked Example 2 A box is pulled along a rough horizontal surface at constant velocity with a force of 45 N. ox moving at constant vloaty 15H eee eee ec ‘ough hoteortal surface ae (a) On the diagram, draw an arrow to indicate the frictional force on the horizontal surface that acts ‘on the box, Label this frictional force R. Answer box moving at constant velocity 25M —— ‘ough hozental surface R Pa ‘= When d/aving an arrov/ to show how a force acts on a body, remember that the arrow should originate ‘horn the point where the foroe acts, The arrow should be attached to the body, spd not ‘loat’ In the ‘lagiam. Give the arrow an appropiate label, and according to what is asked by the question, In this example, you are asked to daw an arrow 10 indieate the fictional force on the horizontal Surface, Thus, the e1ron should lle along the horizontal Surfece, and the direction of the avvow should bbe opposite to the motion of the box. ‘© 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited{b) Determine the value of the frictional force. Answer Since the box is moving at constant velocity, the resultant force on the box is zero. Frictional force = pulling force 45N (c) The box is then pulled along the surface with a force of 40 N, over a distance of 100 m in 2.5 minutes. Determine the power of the 40 N force. Answer Time taken = 2.5 min x 60 = 150s ‘When converting the time from minutes to seconds, take note that 2.6 minutes is not equal to 260 seconds, Likewise, 2 minutes 50 seconds is not equal to 2.5 minutes, (a) Suggest a method of reducing the frictional force between the box and the horizontal surface. “Suggest” means that there could be more than one possible answer. You may also need to apply your general knowledge (not found in textbooks) to ansver the question, Answer ‘Small wheels of rollers can be attached to the bottom ofthe box to reduce the fictional ores. /AWwricant can be applied to the surface to reduce the frictional force. Thome a (Anewor lt Right!) '© 2013 Marshal Cavendish ntemational (Singapore) Private LimitedName: Class: _____ ate: Worksheet 1 Ute Multiple-Choice Questions 1, The diagram shows a pair of vernier calipers used to measure the diameter of a ball. What is the diameter of the ball? A 1.44em B 1.34cm © 2440m D 2.24cm 2. The diagram shows the reading on a pair of vernier calipers. What is the reading shown? 3 Litiidiy ° ; hi | TTT] 10 A 0.07 em B 337m © 3.42cm DB 4.47cm nail and the internal diameter of a test tube? Diameter of an iron nail Micrometer screw gauge Intemal diameter of a test tube Metre rule Micrometer screw gauge Vernier calipers Metre rule Micrometer screw gauge vous Metre rule Vernier calipers (© 2013 Marshall Cavendish international (Singapore) Private Limited () Which instruments are most suitable for taking accurate measurements of the diameter of an Iron 54. The diagram shows a simple pendulum. The bob of the pendulum is released at X. If the pendulum takes 6.4 s to make ten oscillations, how tong will it take to swing from X to Y? A 016s B 0.328 © 064s D 6.45 (eee) 5. The diagram shows a simple pendulum. Which of the following statements about the period of the pendulum is/are not true? 1 Itis the time taken for the bob to swing from Q to P and back to Q. 2 Itis independent of the mass of the bob. 3. It increases as the length of the pendulum increases. A Lonly B iend2only © dend3ony D 2andSony( ) Section B: Siem oles 4. (a). State the SI unit of length, —__________ (b) The diameter of the Earth is about 10 Mm, while the diameter of an atom is 0.5 nm. Express the diameters of the Earth and the atom in metres. (©) How many atoms, when lined up next to each other, make up the diameter of the Earth? GG worksheot 2 © 2013 Marshall Cavendish ntemational (singapore) Pat LimitedA student measures the diameter of a garden hose using a pair of vernier calipers (Figure 1.4). \ is 20 _30\ \tucluatuniTu ete Figure 24 (a) Write down the reading of the diameter of the garden hose. Diameter d= —__em {b) Describe one precaution you need to take when using vernier calipers to measure length. (e) Describe briefly how you can improve the accuracy of the student's measurement. 3. Table 1.4 shows some readings of a micrometer screw gauge. Complete the table by stating the readings obtained before and after correcting the zero errors. ‘Tablet Readings of micrometer screw gauge ‘| Corrected readings for the following zero enors: 2 ai inn | Observation | Uncorrected Es reading atu ne atime | “thimble scale ‘himole sea Zei0 Maik on thimble scale | Zero mark on thimble scale is below datum line, Le. zero | is ahove datum line, Le. error = mm zero e1701 mm. OES P mm _—_ mm —_ mm 48 of-20 oa mm —_ mm ——— mm 20 {© 2013 Marshall Cavendish international Singapore) Private Limited ‘Measurement4, Astudent checks the accuracy of an antique clack (Figure 1.2). He uses a digital stopwatch to find the period of the clook’s pendulum. (a) (b) (c) If X and Y are the two extreme positions of each oscillation, state the path of one complete oscillation. His timings for two separate measurements of 20 oscillations are 35.70 s and 34,98 s, Calculate the average period of the cclock’s pendulum. ‘4 Figure 1.2 e © Using the terms “increases”, “decreases” or “remains unchanged”, state the effect (if any) on the period of the pendulum when (i) a heavier pendulum bob is used: pesEEEESSSISISEISESESSES EES Seseszasusuuceeeeeeer (i) the number of oscillations is increased; (ili) 2 smaller angle of swing is used: See (iv) @ longer pendulum is used: EesavesvegeEeE Cee eet seeseEEe SESE Section C: [aGeiCo ine eiestoeic 4. There are various ways to measure the average diemeter of a wire. (a) With the aid of a diagram, describe how you would determine the average diameter of a long, wire using only a pencil and a ruler. e 8 Woresneot 2 (© 2013 Marshall Cavendish Internationa (Singapore) Private Limited(b) Suppose you are given a metre rule, 2 tape measure, a pair of vernier calipers and a micrometer sorew gauge, (i) If the average diameter of the long wire in (a) is found to be 0.47 mm, which of these Instruments would you use to confirm your result? Explain your answer. If the wire is about 70 om tong, which of these instruments would you use to confirm its length? Data-Based Question 2. Astudentis given a square, steel plate of known density 7500 kgm. Using measuring Instruments, he attempts to derive the density of the steel plate. Table 1.2 shows the dimensions of the steel plate he has measured, Table 1.2 Length of stesi plate/em Width of steel plate/em Mass of steel plate/g 30.0 30.0 651.2 ‘The student then uses @ micrometer screw gauge to measure the thickness of the steel plate Figure 1.3(a) shows the zero reading of the micrometer screw gauge. Figure 1.3(b) shows the reading of the thickness of the steel plate. 10 T er of = E~o a a 40 4 Figwe 1.310) 4 Figure 2.365) {a) What is the thickness of the steel plate? (b) Using the values in Table 1.2, calculate the volume of the steel plate. Give your answer in cubic centimetres. 1© 2013 Matsall Cavendish international (singapore) Private Limited Measurement 9(c) (i) State the formula for density. (Hint: Think of a unit of density such as kg m-* or gem.) i) Calculate the density of the steel plate correct to two significant figures. Give your answer in kg m-, (d) Suggest one possible reason why the density of the steel plate derived by the student differs so greatly from its known density. ° WORK ON IT! In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the relevant section(s) In the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). Question(s) Learning Objective haute Snes Choice | Stet! | Response Textbook Section(s) (a) Show understanding that all ohysical quantities consist of a numerical - - - 12 Oo magnitude and a unit (b) List the seven base quantities and their Slunits, a Ate) 210) 1.2 {e) Use prefixes and symbols to indicate 10) very large or very sinall S| quantities. 2b) oa (@) Show an understanding of how the sizes of objects, such as an atom ‘and the Earth, can range in orders of magnitude, (e) Describe how to messure a variety of lengths using the appropriate instruments (e.g. tape measure, mete | 4, 2, 3 2,3 |4,2(@,2)] 13 rule, vernier calipers, micrometer screw gouge). (Describe how to measure a short period of time with appropriate accuracy, using 48 a} = 14 appropriate instruments, 7 to) 7 13 LO Worksheot 2 © 2013 Marshall Cavendish Intemational Singapore) Private Limited‘Name: ( For topics 2. Distance and Class: Date: Displacement 2.2. Speed, Velocity and Acceleration Wo rks heet QA 2.3. Displacement-Time Graphs Section A: les @ tee Olea 1. Aman takes 20 s to walk briskly due east for 10 m and then due west for 12 m. What are the average speed and average velocity of the man during the 20 s? (Take due east to be the positive direction.) Average speed Average velocity. A O1mst im s* B 14amst O.Amst c 1imst -O.ims* D Lims# dims? Ge Working/Explanation 2. When an object is accelerating, which of the following has to change? 1 The speed at which the abject is moving 2 The velocity at which the object is moving 3 _ The force applied to the object a 1 only B 2only 3. Aman walks at a velocity of 3 m s-* before accelerating at a rate of 2 ms for 4 s. What Is his velocity at the end of the 4s? A 10ms* Bo tims c c 3 only 4ams* D D 1, 2and3 24mst «9 Working/Explanation (© 2013 Marshall Cavendish international (singapore) Private Limited Kinematics ~ Jadeyo, soneweuly aa4. car's journey is desorbed in the table. SBSTUEGG Tie Which of the following displacement-time of jolney, 3 a . graphs shows the motion of the car for the First part jonstant velocity whole journey? Second part Not moving Third part ‘Accelerates A Displocoment B. Displscement © Dieghacament D_Displacoment d 7 ooo 0) Eatin Stroctured| Questions 4. (a) (I) Define velocity. i) State what is meant by uniform acceleration. (b) A cyclist starts from rest and accelerates at 1.5 m s~. Calculate the amount of time taken for his velocity to reach 2.25 m s+, (© 2013 Marshall Covendish International (Singapore) Private Limited2. (a) Define speed. (b) Is speed a scalar or vector quantity? Explain your answer. {c) Aman leaves Singapore at 8.00 e.m. for Kual Lumpur, which is 384 km away. If he reaches his destination at 4.00 p.m., calculate his average speed in kmh (i) mst. Section Free-Resnonse Questions 4. Figure 2.1. shows the displacement-time graph of an object. {a) Determine the velocity of the object during the first 3s. {b) Determine the velocity of the object from t= 3 sto t= 10s, {e) Determine the velocity of the object from t= 10 s to t= 45 s. (© 2013 MasshallCovendish Internationa (Singapore) Privat Limited Kinematics 13(d)_ Determine the acceleration of the object at t= 11s. (e) Determine the value of b. (f) Find the distance travelled in the first 12 s. (g) State the displacement at t= 12 s. @workonmm In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). a Question(s) 3 : Textbook Learning Objective Multiple. Free | Section(s) Structured | ion(s). Choice £ Response (a) Understand and distinguish between scalar . and vector quantities, a - aa (b) Distinguish between speed and velociy. 1 ley), 21a) = 22 1 stance travelled (¢) Find average speed using ance taelied 1 210) Hee eto (@) State what uniform acceleration is end | Calculate the value of acceleration using 23 46M), 4) - 22 change in veloalty | time taken (©) Plot and understand a displacement-time . ae 4 a 23 (A) Deduce information about motion from the 7 . : ae shape of a dispiacement-time graph 14 Workshest 20 {© 2012 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private LimitedTrp eneansnsae an eoencesesssesassstoesoeaceesssssissstosioreseneetesnaa 2 Sea Yebcty (Class: —__ Date: and Acceleration coors Worksheet 2B 24 Seaton Section Multiple-Choice Questions 4. Acyclist riding at a velocity of 5 m s* braked with uniform deceleration and travelled 3 m before she came to a stop. How long did she take to stop? A 06s B 12s c 133s D 30s Cee sonewieury 2z Jedeu9, Working/Explanation 2, Which ofthe following velocity-time graphs shows the motion of a piace of paper dropping vertically through alr? A Netooty B veosty lV sine 0 rime © Wetoxity D Wociy : ime c Tine tay ‘© 2013 Marshall Cavendish international (Singapore) Private Limited Kinematics 25A car's journey is described in the table. Which of the following velocity-time graphs shows the motion of the car for the whole journey? A veloaty © Votocty Part of journey Motion First part Accelerates from rest Second part Constant velocity Third part Decelerates to rest nes NEA 4. Which of the following graphs shows a moving object undergoing increasing deceleration? A Vetocity ° sme © velosty a A stone Is thrown upwards into the air. The velocity-time graph of the stone during the first 2 s of its motion is shown. What is the acceleration of the stone at its maximum height? A toms? B 20ms* 16 wonsheet 28 Baty D wrciy : ° 0 ne (> vines 20 0 a a 2 3 i © 30ms? D 40ms? ¢ ) © 2013 Marshall Cavendih Internationa (Singapore) Private Limited6. The graph below shows how the velocity of an object changes with time, wms* 25: vs Which of the following graphs shows how the acceleration of the object varies with time? A ams? Bo oamst ys ° +> vs. é us Cams Dams? | _,u ah No ye ° q] Sate oes structured Questions 4. Figure 2.2 shows the velocity-time graph for Vesciy/m s* the first 125 s of the journey of a lorry. i (a) During the journey of the lorry, describe 20 what happens to 2s (i) the velocity of the lorry; 20 15 10 5 ° Timers 6 2% 4 6 8 100 120 (ii). the acceleration of the lorry. Figure 2.2 {b) Determine the maximum velocity of the lorry in km h (© 2013 Marshall Cavendish Intemational (Singapore) Private Limited Kinematics2. (a) Complete Table 2.1 by sketching the correct velocity-time graphs of an object in motion. ¥ Table 2.4 Motion of object Velocity-time graph (i) Object is moving with constant acceleration. (i) Object is moving with zero acceleration. ) (iii) Object Is moving with increasing acceleration, {b) A ball is thrown upwards vertically. The initial velocity of the ball is 20 ms“, The ball takes 2's to reach the maximum height. (i) Draw the velocity-time graph for the first two seconds of its motion. (Assume that air lance is negiigible.) (li) Using the graph in (b)(i), calculate the acceleration due to gravity 18 Worssnest 28 {© 2013 Marshall Cavendish international (Singapec) Private tied3. Figure 2.3 shows the velocity-time graph of a car travelling a straight path. vim s Ys 3 oe OT 4 Figure 23 (a) Determine the acceleration in each of the four phases A, B, C and D. {b) Determine the total distance travelled. (e) Calculate the average speed for the whole journey. 4, Air is removed from a tall jar to create a vacuum. A feather and a coin that are released together from the top of the jar reach the bottom of the jar at the same time. (@) Describe the motion of the two falling objects. (© 2013 marshall Cavendish international (Singapare) Private Limited Kinematics | 19.{b) Sketch the velocitytime granh of the two falling objects, Section Free-Response Questions 1, Cars A and B are in a race. The velocity-time graph “0 5* in Figure 2.4 shows the motion of both cars during 5 ae ‘the race. Both cars are at the same starting position atts 38 cor 10 5 ° us > Figure 2.4 2 4 «60 {a)_ Describe the motion of cars A and 8 up until the time when their velocities become constant. (b) Calculate the distance travelled by both cars at t= 40 s. (6) Determine the distance separating both cars at t= 40 s. State which car is in the lead. = 40 s onwards. (d) (i) Describe the motion of cars A and B from © 20 Worksheet 28, £2015 nasal Coens ternational (Singapore) Private ited(ii) Calculate the time when both cars are at the same position again. Data-Based Question 2, Figure 2.5 shows an athlete training to achieve maximum distance in the long jump. The objective ‘of the approach run is for the athlete to achieve the ideal velocity before he takes off. Figure 2.5 Table 2.2 shows how the horizontal velocity of the athlete changes from the start of his approach run to the moment he takes off. (a) On the grid provided, plot the velocity-time graph for the athlete. wm et * 100. 90. 30 40. © 2013 Marshall Cavendish international (singapore) Private timited(b) Estimate his maximum acceleration. (c) Estimate the distance the long jumper runs before he takes off. @werkonm In the table helow, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). Learning Objective (6) Understand examples of nonuniform 7 acceleration ax) - 22 (h) Plot and understand a velocity-time graph. 3 1, 2, 4{b) 1,2 23 () — Deduce information about motion from the 1,2,3,4, ‘shape of a velocity-time graph, re 1, 200M. 3. 4,2 23 @ Determine displacement by calculating area under a velocity-time graph, . 340) 1b), ae) | 2.8 (i) State that the acceleration of free fall near the Earth's surface is constant, at 5 200i - 24 approximately 10m s-*. (1) Descrise the motion of free-falling bodies with or without air resistance, and 2 4 - 24 Understand what terminal velocity is. (© 2013 Marshall Cavendish Intemational (Singapore) Private LimitedName: [Ty plsidsHatBebSbeBBESBHMSHSSPOEODAREERRA 1 Worksheet 3 EC Cce Multiple-Choice Questions Jeydey9, $e0104 4. In.which of the following is F the resultant force? A B c D 7 A F F 2. The diagram below shows twa forces acting at right angles to each other. an Which of the following shows the resultant force? A B c . D _ a Me Sw 5N Working/Explanation 3. Which of the following is/are possible when an object experiences two equal and opposite forces, as shown below? 1 The object remains stationary, object 2 The object accelerates. 3. The object moves at constant speed. A only B dand2ony © and ony D 41,2and3 od © 2013 Marshall Cavencish International (Singapore) Private Limited Forces 23,4, Two forces are applied to a block of mass 0.25 kg in the directions shown below. Assuming no friction is present, what is the acceleration of the block? a5 2N < 025 1g A 12ms? B 48ms* c 60ms* D 108ms* «9 5. Two unequal forces act on a moving object as shown below. What is @ possible effect of these two forces acting on the moving object? Alezction of motion, 4 The object accelerates. ae 2 The object decelerates. i aa 3 The object stops moving and does not move again, 84, object Ss A only B tand2ony © dand3only 0 2andSony ( ) 6. The diagram shows a car of mass 1000 kg travelling at a uniform speed of 12 m resistive force tomoton foxwarscxiving force IF the forward driving force is 2000 N, what is the magnitude of the resistive force to motion thet acts on the car? A ON B 2000N © 3000N D 12000N et), 2A Worksheet 3 {© 2013 Marshall Cavendish iterational (Singapore) Private Limited‘forward force Facts on a block moving on a rough surface. A frictional force f acts in the opposite direction. If Fis equal in magnitude to f, the block will undergo constant acceleration. undergo constant deceleration. move forward with constant velocity. move in the opposite direction with constant velocity. co) voa> 8. The diagram below shows three forces acting on an object Q Which of the following forces, if added above, will result in object Q being at equilibrium? A B c D a ~, pee fee ©) 9. The diagram shows a box resting on the floor. The following forces are at work, Hae fe Fg: Gravitational force acting on the box by the Earth 4 Fa: Contact force acting on the floor by the box i Fi Contact force acting on the box by the floor ££ Gravitational force acting on the Earth by the box Te te Which of the following pairs show action-reaction forces at work? 1 feand fy 2 FyandF, 3 Fyand Fy, 4 Fyand Fig A tand2 only B 2and3 only © Band 4 only D- tand3 only (ee) © 203 Marshall Covendish international (Singepore) Private Limited Forces | 2510. A42N force acts on a 1 kg mass and a3 kg mass ‘as shown. Which of the following paits of forces fa is correct? fe licae Force of 1 ke mass Force of 3 kg mass acting on 3 kg mass _acting on 4 kg mass A a 3N ON B ON 3N c sa Nee 3N > ON ON Gea Working/Explanation Section SOTO oT} 4. Figures 3.1 to 3.4, drawn to scale (1. cm: 2 N), each show @ 3 N force and 4 N force acting on an object. Find the resultant force when the two forces (a) _ in the same direction; (b) an——>| | ean 4 Figure 3. (o) at right angles; «@ an 20 an a Figure 3.3 26 Wonsneet 2 e201 act in opposite directions; 3N aN a Figure 3.2 at angles to each other. 3N ca 4N a Fgwe 3.4 '3 Marshal Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited2. Figure 3.5 shows a bob of weight 40 N suspended by a string at P. The bob is pulled to one side by a spring balance, which registers @ reading of 30 N. With the aid of a diagram, determine the magnitude and direction of the tension in the string acting on the bob. sping balance “on a Figure 3.5, 3. Two forces F, and F, act on a small bead P as shown in Figure 3.6 (scale 1.cm : 4 N). A third force F, acts on P So that P is in equilibrium. Find the magnitude and the direction of F,, Z| ‘Lom a Figure 3.8 © 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited Fores 274, (a) Write down (in symbols) the equation relating the resultant force F, mass m and acceleration a of a booy. (b) A trolley of mass 3 kg is pulled by a constant force on a frictionless surfece. (i) If the acceleration of the trolley is 2 m s*, calculate the resultant force. (ii) If the force applied is 3 N, calculate the acceleration of the trolley. (c) When the trolley in (b) is pushed along a different surface with a force of 6 N, it moves with @ constant speed of 0.40 m s. When the trolley Is pushed along the surface with a force of 15 N, describe and explain what happens in terms of the acceleration of the trolley. 5. Acar is travelling at a constant speed of 20 m s* along a road with a frictional force of 500 N. {a) (i) State the resultant force acting on the car. (i) State the driving force of the car. {b) When the speed is 20 m s*, the car engine is switched off. (i) State and explain what happens to the motion of the car when its engine is switched off. (ii) Given that the car has @ mass of 400 kg, calculate the deceleration of the car. (iil) Calculate the speed of the car 4 s after its engine is switched off. 28 Worksheet 3 ‘© 2013 Marshall Cavendish Intemational (singapore) Private Limited e 66. (a) Give one example each of how friction can act as a constructive force and a destructive force. (b) Figure 3.7 shows a 2 kg box being pushed by an external force F of 10 N along @ rough tabletop. This causes the box to move at constant speed. constant speed Fe1on ——> Figure 3.7 rough tabletop i) There is another horizontal force acting on the box in Figure 3.7. Name this force. (ii) On Figure 3.7, draw the other horizantal force. Include its direction and magnitude. (ili) if Fis increased to 20 N, calculate the acceleration produced Se baer eC 4. A metal box attached to a small parachute is dropped from a helicopter. The parachute opens shortly after the metal box is dropped. (a) Explain, in terms of the forces acting, why (i) the velocity of the metal box increases immediately after being dronped; © 2013 Matsall Cavendish international (Singapore) Private Limited Forces 29(ii) the metal box reaches uniform velocity after a short time. (b) The total force opposing the motion of the metal box and parachute at a particular instant during their fall is 30 N. The combined mass of the box and parachute is 5 kg. (i) Calculate the resultant force acting on the box and parachute. (Take g= 10m s*) (ii) Briefly describe the motion of the box and parachute at this instant. Data-Based Question ‘The G-Max Reverse Bungy (Figure 3.8) is “ste buney cords- a thrlling ride at Clarke Quay in Singapore. A specially designed opentair reinforced steel capsule, which seats up to three passengers, is attached by two 15 m bungy cords to two towers. Each tower is 35 m high. pes eeetea ea ‘Atthe start of each ride, the cords are tightened cor and then released, catapulting the capsule as high as 60 mi reinfocad stostcapsise 2 Figure 3.8 Just before releasing the capsule, the cords are stretched 20 m to a length of 35 m each. The elastic force Fon each cord is given by the following formula (Hooke's Law): Feaxe where a. = proportionality constant (in N mt); = extension (in m). (© 2013 Marshall Cavendish international (singapore) Piva LimitedFor a particular ride, the total mass of the capsule and its passengers is 250 kg. Figure 3.9 shows the Fre graph for one of the cords. Fp «Figure 3.9 erm (a) Determine the value of (b) Draw the freebody diagram of the capsule just after it is released. Identify all the forces acting on the capsule and indicate their magnitudes (take F, to be a vertical force). Include your working to show how you derved the magnitudes of these forces. (Take g= 10 N ket) © 2013 Marshall Cavendish nternational (Singapore) Private Limited{c) Using Newton's Second Law of Motion and assuming that the cords are vertically hung, calculate the acceleration of the capsule just after itis released. WORK ON ITE In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revi section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). the relevant Question’) ] oe | Leaming Objective | Textbook Multiple: | structured pies: Section(s) Choice Response (a) Add two vectors, including using @ z graphical method 1.2.8 1.2.3 32 {b) Solve problems that involve three | forces acting on a static body using a 8 23 20) 32 graphical method, (©) Apply Newton's Laws of Motion to describe how a force may change the 5.7 4), (O40) 1a) 33 ‘mation of a body. (0) Goethe tho tect of balanced ae escrbe the effects of balance : forces and unbalanced forces acting 3,5,6,7 | S{byi), G(DXi), | fa}, Utb)(ii) 33 on body sexi (©) Apply Newton's Laws of Motion to Identify action-reaction forces acting 9,10 - - 33 e ‘on two Interacting bodies, (f) Solve problems by applying the 4, S{b)ll), formula force= mass acceleration, | 4 10 ‘sain | MOXD- 20) 33 1 (8) Explain how friction affects the motion of a body. 7 S¢eXi) if oe (h)_ Identty the forces acting on a body and sketch a free-body diagram to = 2 20) 35 represent these forces. 32 womsneet 3 (© 2013 Marshall Cavendish ntenational (Singapore) Pivate LimitedSARE Sete ee ee etter ee eee ee ee eee eee ee tatty ) [ofr sassataeeaeesnasastansneaseaeesenitae (7 Worksheet 4 1. Mass is the amount of ‘A space between the particles in a body, B gravitational force acting on a body. © substance in a body. D charge in a body. (es 2, An aeroplane cruises at normal speed. Upon flying into turbulent (unstable) air, it suddenly drops downwards vertically. Passengers in the aeroplane who are not wearing seat belts will A hit the seats in front of them. B hit the ceiling of the aeroptane. © _ be pushed against the back of their seats. D__ be pushed down into their seats. eee 3. An astronaut conducts an experiment in outer space by throwing a bowling ball upwards. Which of the following statements is correct? A Itis easier to throw the bowling ball upwards in outer space than on Earth, B tis easier to throw the bowling ball upwards on Earth than in outer space. © tis as difficult throwing the bowling ball upwards in outer space as it is on Earth. The bowling ball is heavier in outer space. (4 4, A paperweight is placed on a newton balance A and then on a beam balance B. What does each balance measure? balanse A blanco 8 o Balance A Balance B B ‘Mass Weight ce Weight Mass D Weight Weight (Ga en e operselght paperweight 5. The weight of an object on the Moon is 34 N. What is the weight of the object on Earth? (Take gesey = 10 N KE Binoy = 1.7 N KE) A 58N B 34N © 20N D 200N ae: Working/Explanation © 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (singapore) Private Limited ‘Mass, Weight and Density co} 2 5 2 @ ‘Alsueg pue IWBieMm ‘Sse 33.6. Which biock, P, Q, R or S, is made of the densest material? “Block _Mass/g | Length/cm | Breadth/cm | Helght/cm | A P 360 6 4 3 B Q 480 5 4 4 ec [Rk 600 8 8 3 D s 800 10 5 3 aD Working/Explanation 7. The table shows the results of an experiment in which a solid object is placed in three different liquids. “Liquid | __ Density of liquid/kg m: : at ss Mercury 14.000 The object floats. Seawater 1100 The object floats. Paraffin 700 The object sinks. What is the density of the object? ‘A Exactly 700 ke m-? B Between 700 kg mand 1100 kgm? © Exactly 4:100 kg mr? D Between 1400 kg mand 14.000 kg mr") Se nm Se Te MOT EC) fey Ey 8 4. Explain the following observations. (a) The mass of an apple is the same on Earth and on the Moon. (b)_ The weight of an apple is different on Earth and on the Moon. (34 Worksheet 4 ‘© 2013 marshall Cavendish international (Singapore) Private Limited2. 3. (a) (i) Distinguish between mass and inertia. (ii) Explain which has more inertia, a person or a truck, (b) In many countries, it is mandatory for vehicles to be fitted with seat belts, in order to protect, passengers in the event of an accident. Explain why. (©) Figure 4.1. shows a truck transporting a passenger and logs of wood. Ropes are used to secure the logs to the truck. Ifthe ropes come loose and the moving truck comes to a sudden halt, explain why the passenger in front of the logs is in danger of becoming seriously injured. logs of wood ropes 4 Figure 4, (a) Aman has amass of 70 kg. The gravitational field strength on the Moon is 4 of that on Earth, ‘The gravitational field strength on Jupiter is 2.64 times greater than that on Earth. Find his ‘weight on the Moon and on Jupiter. (Take gia = 10m s*) {b) Explain whether it would be easier for a man to lift a 10 kg box on Earth or on the Moon. (© 2013 Marshall Cavendish international (singapore) Private Limited Mass, Weight and Density | 354 (a) (by (e) (a) ) Define the density of a substance. Given that a wooden cube of length 10 om has a mass of 600 g, calculate the density of the wood in g cm. lron has a density of 7900 kg rm, Calculate the volume of 2 kg of iron. Given that the density of air is 1.25 kg nv’, calculate the mass of air in an empty room of size 6mx5mx3m. A copper ball has a mass of 1 kg. Calculate the radius of the ball, given that the density of copper is 8900 kg m-. ‘An empty beaker has a mass of 88 g. When 20 om® of mercury is poured into the beaker, the total mass of the beaker and mercury is 360 g. Calculate the density of mercury in g om-® and kg ms, 36 Worksheet 4 {© 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private LimitedECs Eree-Response Questions 4. (a) Explain why a piece of expanded polystyrene feels much lighter than a plece of lead of equal volume. (b)_ Air is made up of about 80% nitrogen and 20% oxygen by volume. The densities of air and oxygen are 1.29 kg mand 1.43 kg mr respectively. Find the density of nitrogen. Data-Based Question 2. Df. X has developed a new liquid. The volume of this new liquid changes when placed in different surroundings (e.g. on different planets). (a) State how the mass of the liquid is affected on different planets. (b) Complete Table 4.1 to show how the density of the new liquid changes on different planets and on the Moon. Table 44 Be Mass of | Gravitational | Volume of | Weight of | Density of new liquid | field strength | new liquid | newliquid | new liquid Earth 100g 10Nkg* 10 cm? Moon 16 N kgs Som? Mars 3.7 N ket 0.25 gem? Jupiter 24.9 N ket 5000 cm? 2.49 N {c) The gravitational fietd strength, g, depends on the mass of a planet and the distance from its, centre of gravity. It is given by the formula: 7 x 10" x mass of planet (radius of planet)? @ © 2013 Marshall Cavendish international (Singapore) Private Limited ‘Mass, Wolght and Donsity BT(i) Suggest why the gravitational field strength is different on different planets. I) The radius of the Earth is 6.4 x 10% m and its mass is 6.0 x 10 kg, Calculate Earth's gravitational field strength using the formula given. (lil) To find the mass of a planet, scientists estimate its radius and calculate its mass by using the given formula for g. Ifthe radius of unter Is estimated tobe 7.1% 10"m, find >) Its mass using the data in Table 4.4. o @workonm In the table below, ircle tho question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). / “Textbook || Seotion(s) (a) Define mass. 1 Ala), 2¢ay() a) 4. (b) Define gravitational field. 3 Afb), Sb) Bet 4.4 (6) _Detne gravitational eld strength € : a 2) aa (a) Differentiate between mass and weignt | _@ 1 : aa {e) Recall and apply the formula weight = fase gravatonal fol strong to 5 3) 21b) aa Soe prcbiems (Define era, 2 2 7 a2 (g) Recall and apply the formula mass 67 45 4, 20) 43 consi = 88° cove srobioms. 38 worksheet 4 ‘© 2013 Marshall Covendish international (Slogapore) Private LimitedName: {eet piasiasesessseabeseeeeesessssssseeeeebeig, ~ ¥ Worksheet 5 Leis ueideyo Section A: Uns Question: a. The diagram shows a non-uniform tree trunk with a weight of 1000 N, It rests horizontally on two. supports at Q and S. The centre of the mass of the tree trunk is at R. What is the minimum downward force that must be applied at point P to lift the tree trunk off the support at S? $e0104 Jo 198)J3 Suluiny A 500N B 750N © 1000N D 1250N ( ) The diagram shows a thin irregularshaped piece of aluminium sheet of uniform thickness. It hangs freely from a nail at position X. An iron block is attached to the aluminium sheet. Which position, A, B, C or D, is most likely to be the centre of gravity of the setup? Working/Explanation on block 3. The diagram shows two egg-shaped objects X and Y. Objects X and Y each have a piece of lead embedded within, in the positions shown. ead sts she Which of the following correctly describes the types of 7 equilibrium for objects X and ¥? » x Object X Object ¥ a Stable Unstable B __ Stable Neutral ce Unstable Stable > Unstable Neutral (9 ‘© 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited Turing Effect of Forces | 39|. The diagram shows a toy bird pivoted on a support a and in stable equilibrium. Wen designing the toy bird, ‘the manufacturer needs to plan the position of its centre of gravity. Which position, A, B, C or D, should the centre of gravity be? vog > ae structured Questions 1. (a) Suppose you are supplied with a plane mirror (Figure 5.1), @ concave mirror (Figure 5.2), ‘@ convex mirror (Figure 5.3) and three small rubber balls. On Figures 5.4 to 5.3, indicate where you would place the balls to illustrate the three kinds of equilibrium. Also, state the type of equilibrium in each case: stable, unstable or neutral. a Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2 a Figue 5.3 equilibium = _____ equilibrium = ____ equllibrium {b) Explain the following observations, (i) The base of a Bunsen burner is designed to be large and heavy. (ii) The inverted conical flask in Figure 6.6 is easier to topple over when disturved than the Identical Inverted flask in Figure 5.4. empty a Figure 5.4 Workshect 5 © 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (singapore) Private Limited2. (a) Figure 5.6 shows a balanced uniform a 8 beam that is supported at te centre, a_i, Find the ratio of mass A to mass B. ‘apa aay 1 S0.0m he sem Figure 5.6 (b) Figure 5.7 shows a 1m tong beam of Nn 2g 4 negligible mass pivoted at P, A mass of 2 kg rests on the beam, at 60 om from P. eee eee je At Q, the beam rests on a support that tee! F support exerts a force R on the beam. Calculate the eae magnitude of R. (Take g= 10 N kg") 4 Flewe 5.7 3. (a) Define centre of gravity. (b) A300 g walking stick is placed on a 1008 pivot and balanced by a 100 g mass, as shown in Figure 5.8. Calculate the 7 distance of the centre of gravity of the tL stick from the pivot. 4. Figure 5.9 shows 2 person supporting a book SS between his fngers end thumb, IF the point of contact is at the commer of the book a and the weight W of the book is 1.N, calculate the moment of the force provided by the oa0m (a) weight W of the book about the point of wean contact; Figure 5.9 (© 2013 Marshall Cavendish intemational (Singapore) Private Limited Tuming EHect of Forces 4A.{b) person to support the book 5. (a) Figure 5.10 shows a heavy uniform : 30m ' plank of length 3.0 m supported by reece ereere reece verre TEC ‘two forces Fy and fF. Calculate the ' A ratio i woigtotplenk Figure 5.10 (b) Figure 5.41 shows a uniform 1 m plank XY of weight 200 N hinged to a wall at X. A 600 N force acts ‘ downwards on the plank 20 cm from X. The plank is am held horizontally by a force F acting upwards from Y. ap Caloulate the magnitude of force F. <1 ies Eree-Response Questions 1. (a) Explain the moment of a force and state its SI unit. {b) State the Principle of Moments. ‘workshest 5 (© 2013 Marshall Cavendish international (singapore) Privat LiedData-Based Question 2. (e) Figure 5.12 shows the same force Fbeing applied to a metal rod at positions A, 8 and C on separate occasions to lift a large stone. {position 8) |, (positon ¢} State the position, A, B or C, in which force F exerts the largest moment about the small stone. Give a reason for your answer. (positon A) (d)_ Figure 5.43 shows an angler holding a stiff fishing rod (of negligible mass) in a horizontal position to support a fish of mass 3 kg. Calculate the force Fneeded to keep the cod in the horizontal position, sporting ti (lake g= 10 N kg") ond hand ake 2 Figue 5.43, Cranes such as the one in Figure 5.14 are used to move heavy loads across large distances. ‘The maximum load a crane can carry depends on its working radius, i.e. the maximum length of the jib at @ specific angle. A crane operator ‘can refer to the data in Table 5.1 to find out the maximum load a crane can lift for a particular working radius at an angle of 30°. QIITIITITI TITY TIDY PITT ITIT TIDIVIVIVTT 4 Figure 5.14 Table 54 Working radiuis/m 14 20 28 36 Maximum load/N 300 | 630 450 350 (a) Using the data in Table 5.1, deduce the maximum moment provided by the crane. {© 2013 Marshall Cavendish Intemational (singapore) Private Limited Turing Elect of Forces | 43,{b) Suppose the crane has @ minimum working radius of 8 m. Calculate the maximum load the rane can carry when its working radius is at the minimum length, (e) State why it is important that the crane operator works within the load specified. (a) In Table 6.2, fill in the missing values for the working radius and the maximum load when the jib is horizontal. ¥ Table 8.2 Working radius/m 14 20 36 Maximum load /N 390 WORK ON IT! In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). Question(s) Ae rextboo! Leaming Objective ‘Multiple. | Free : Section(s) Choice | Setuted Response (2) State the moment ofa force as a measure of the tuming effec of a a 2 foree, end relate to everydey Fs a a examples. | (b) State the formula moment of a force joca (or torque) ~ force x perpendicular i 2, 30), (a), | Hr 2. a distance from the pivot, an use it to 5 2a) solve proaleme. {@) State the Principle of Moments for a Seyi oqotan - 7 2% 82 (@)_Use the Principle of Moments to 2, 3(0), 4), solve problems, a % 18) 52 (©) Explain what fs meant by the centre of gravity ofa body. 2 bee - 53 () Desoribe the relationship between the position ofthe centre of gravy of | 3, 4 1 - 54 an object and its stably AA Wonushoot § ‘© 2013 marshall Cavendish international (singapore) Private Limited °Res eee eee CEE Class: __ Date: Worksheet 6 Section A: AU ijal 9 saydeyg, 4. The diagram below shows the side view of a roller coaster track. The car is released from position P. Jamod PUB YOM ‘AB19UR ‘Which of the following statements is/are true? 1 The total energy is the same at each of the three positions shown. 2 The kinetic energy of the car is greater at Q than at R. 3. The gravitational potential energy of the car is greater at R than at P. A only B Land 2only © dand3 only D 4,2an3 ( ) A boy drops a ball from a height. Ignoring the effects of air resistance, the total energy is bal Oe O3 TTT A greatest at point 1. B greatest at point 2. C greatest at point 3. D the same at all three points. Co) © 2013 Marshall Cavendish intenatonal Singapore) Private timed Energy, Work and Power 45.‘An arrow is shot vertically upward with an initial speed of 12 m s“, What is the maximum height the arrow can reach? (Take g = 10 N ke) A 7.2m B 72m © 144m D Cannot be determined ( ) Working/Explanation 4, A 2 kg box slides from the top to the bottom of a ramp. Given that the speed of the box Is ° 410 ms“ at the bottom of the ramp, calculate the total amount of energy lost to the surroundings. (Take g = 10 N kg) 20m A 205 B 80) © 100) D 120) ee Working/Explanation 4B) Wonanests (© 2013 Marshall Cavendish internatlonal (Singapore) Private Limited5. An 80 kg man walks up a flight of steps to reach a height of 4 m in 16 seconds, Calculate the minimum power required by the man, (Take g = 10 N kg*) A 20W B 80W © 200w D s120W (¢ ) Working/Explanation 6. A box is pushed 10 m along a horizontal surface by a force of 8 N. The frictional force opposing the motion is 6 N. How much of the work done is converted to thermal energy and kinetic energy? an en _Thermal energy/3__ Kinetic energy/J a 20 60 B 60, 20 c 60 80 D> 60 140 (on Working/Explanation © 2013 Macshall Cavendish international (Singapore) Privat Limited Eons, Work and Power48 Section B: ed Ouestio 4. Complete Table 6.4 with the correct forms of energy. rae Forms of energy Sources of energy eee re All objects in motion fib) energy _| Atomie bombs and nuclear reactors eee The Sun, fires, fluorescent lamps and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) (@) —___eneray Dry cells (e) Potential energy | w energy | Fuels (such as oil, wood and coal), electric cells, food and explosives (ii), —__________ energy | Waterfalls and raised objects (iii) ________ energy | Stretched or compressed objects 2. Figure 6.1 shows a simple pendulum set into oscillation in a vacuum, with P and S as the two extreme positions of the oscillation. R is the lowest or equilibrium position, while Q is an intermediate position between P and R. A Figure 6.4 (a) Describe the energy changes that occur as the pendulum oscillates from P to Q to R to S. Worksheet 6 © 2013 Marshal Cavendish international (Singapore) Private Limited{b) In an ideal situation, the pendulum will oscillate forever. State how the Principle of Conservation of Energy can be used to explain this. 3. A 1 Kg ball is dropped from an 80 m high buliding. Assuming thet no energy is lost to ait resistance, complete Table 6.2, (Take g = 10 N kg") ¥ Table 6.2 Gravitational Height of ball/m | potential energy of ball/J Kinetic energy Speed of Total energy of ball/J ball/m s* of ball/J 80 60 40 20 ° (just before the ball strikes the floor) An object of mass 1 kg at rest falls through a height of 5 m before hitting the ground. (Take g= 10 ms”) (a) Calculate the initial gravitational potential energy of the object. {b) (i) Assuming that air resistance is negligible, state the gain in kinetic energy when the object hits the ground, (Derive your answer without calculation.) (ii) Explain how you derived the answer to (b)(i). © 2013 Marshall Cavendish ntesmationa (singgpore) Private Limited nergy, Wor{c) Find the maximum speed of the object just before it hits the ground. 5. student of mass 50 kg walks up a flight of stairs of vertical height 2 m in ten seconds. (a) Calculate the power of the student if the work done by him in walking up the flight of stairs is 1200 J (b) Calculate the gain in gravitational potential energy of the student when he reaches the top of the flight of stairs. (Take g= 10 N kg“) (ec) Suggest why the gain in gravitational potential energy is different from the work done by ‘the student. 6. 20.000 kg of rice is raised in a grain elevator through a vertical distance of 10 m in 80 seconds. (a) Calculate the gain in gravitational potential energy of the 20 000 Kg of rice. e (b) After the rice is lifted by a height of 10 m, a force of 5 x 10" N is used to move the rice across a horizontal distance. Given that the work done by the force is 345 Ki, calculate the distance moved. BO) Worksheet © ©2013 Marsal cvend nerational (Singapore) Piva ited7. Awooden box of mass 10 kg is subjected to different types of motion. (a) The box is dragged at constant speed through @ horizontal distance of 3 m on @ rough surface. If the average frictional force between the box and the surface is 50 N, calculate the work done by the applied force. (b) The box is carried in a lift from level 1 to level 10 of @ building. if the vertical distance between two levels is 3 m, calculate the work done on the box. (Take g = 10 m s) 8. A dam situated 600 m above a hydroelectric power station supplies water at a rate of 4.00 x 10° kg s* to drive the generators. (a) Assuming the power station is 100% efficient, calculate the amount of electrical power generated {b)_ if the power station is 90% efficient, calculate the amount of electrical power generated. © 2013 Marshall Cavendish Intemational (Singapore) Private Limited Energy, Work and Power 54.Section Free-Response Questions 4. A2 kg box is initially at rest at the bottom of a smooth slope. Figure 6.2 shows the box being pulled up the slope by a 26 N force at a speed of 8 ms. The distange moved by the box along the slope is 4m. fctionless surtoce a Figure 6.2 {a) Calculate the (i) work done by the 26 N force; ) (i) gain in kinetic energy of the box; (iii). gain in gravitational potential energy of the box (take g = 10 ms). (b) State and explain the significance of the values obtained in (a)(i), (a)(ii) and (a)(ii). © 52 workenest 6 ‘© 2013 Marshall Cavendish ternational (Singapore) Private LiritedData-Based Question 2. top reservoir turbines and pipes Figure 6.3 Figure 6.3 shows the layout of a pumped storage power station. Water collects in the lower reservoir, and is pumped up to the top reservoir (62 m above) at night, when the demand for Power is low. When there is an increased demand for power, head gates are opened, releasing the water in the top reservoir. The water then rushes down the tunnel to turn the turbines, which drive Powerful generators. The flow rate of the water is given by (unit: kg S*). The useful output power of the generators is 35 MW. {a) State the energy changes that take place when water rushes {tom the top reservoir to the lower reservoir. {b) The generator is 55% efficient. Calculate the total power of the falling water. (e) Calculate the rate of water flow when the head gates are opened. © 2013 Marshall Covendsh international (Singapore) Private Limited Energy; Work and Power | 53.(@) Suggest one advantage of the type of power station shown in Figure 6.3. (e) State one way of improving the efficiency of the power station. WORK ON IT! In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook, to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). Questonta) oe os — a eae utiole | “structed |S | Sectbonls) Choice Response (2) Identity cifferent forms of ener. 1 4 210) 64 {b) Stato tne Prinepie of Conservation of Enorgy and use te pancipte to sove | 3,2,3,4,6 | 23,40) | 40 ea problems, (©) Use the formula efticiency ‘energy converted to useful outout energy | total energy input - 8b) 20), 26) 64 to calculate the efficiency of an energy conversion, (@) State and use the formula ‘work done = force x distance moved Inthe crecton of he foes 5.6 | em, 70) | ateK | 62 10 solve problems. (2) State end use the formula kinetic energy &,= Sv" to solve problems. a4 3,440) Yani) 62 (f) State end use the formula 2, A(a), 51D), gravitational potential eneray 34 6(e), 700), | atid, 206) 62 E, = meh to Solve problems. ala) (8) State and use the formula power = HOH EDN to solve problems. 5 5a), Bia) - 63 54 worksheet 6 © 2018 Marshall Cavendish International (Siogapore) Pivat LimitedName: ( ) 9 = s ass: Date: 2 Class: ate 8 a Worksheet 7 4. The diagram shows a manometer filled with water ‘connected to @ gas supply. What is the pressure of the gas? BUNSSAld, ‘05 supply 8 cm of water more than atmospheric pressure 12 om of water more than atmospheric pressure 8 om of water less than atmospheric pressure water. 12 om of water less than atmospheric pressure vom> 2. The diagram shows a simple mercury barometer. The height of the mercury column is h. Which of tec the following will cause to change? 1 Evaporation of mercury from the mercury reservoir C E- eae 2 Changes in the gravitational field strength 3 Replacing mercury with water Sonly Land 2 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2and3 3. The diagram shows a force f of 10 N supporting the weight W of a 1500 kg 20N 2500 he load on a hydraulic press. Both pistons gaxon_| ¥ are of negligible weight. Calculate piston a8 2-= z area A. (Take gravitational field strength B= 10 NIE) mercury tweenor —¢ vom> piston arco A 15cm? B 150m? © 1500 em? DB 15000cm? ( —) Working/Explanation © 2013 al coved eatin! Gg) te ied preseue | 5S4, Two cylinders placed on the ground are made of the same material but are of different sizes. The larger cylinder exerts a pressure of 18 Pa on the ground. The weight of the larger oylinder is six times greater than that of the smaller cylinder, while its base area Is four times larger than that of the smaller cylinder, What is the pressure exerted by the smaller cylinder on the ground? A 12Pa B 18Pa © 15Pa D 27Pe coe) Working/Explanation Binea ences ‘L (a)_ Define pressure. What is the SI unit of pressure? (b) (i) Arhinoceros weighing 20 KN stands on the ground. If each of its four feet has an area of 200 om? in contact with the ground, calculete the average pressure {in N cm) exerted on the ground by each foot. (il) A person weighs 600 N. He exerts a pressure on the ground that is equal to the average pressure exerted by one foot of the rhinoceros in (b)(i). Calculate the area the person is, standing on. 2. Amarine biologist dives in the sea to observe marine life. Given that the density of seawater p is 1025 kg mv, gravitational field strength g is 10 N ke and atmospheric pressure p, is 1.01 x 108 Pa, {a) calculate the pressure acting on the marine biologist when he is (i) at the surface of the sea; 56 Workahoet 7 (© 2013 Marshall Cavendish Interational(siogapore) Private Limited ©(ii) 5 m below the surface of the sea. {b) calculate the difference in pressure exerted on the marine biologist when he is at the sea surface and when he is 5 m below the sea surface. 3. Figure 7.1 shows a hydraulic press. eee The small piston and the large piston have areas of 20 cm* and 300 cm? respectively. | sma piston A student applies a force of 120 Non the small piston to lift a load placed on the tw large piston. Calculate the ee ae (a) pressure exerted on the liquid by the small piston; (b) pressure exerted on the large piston; (e) total weight lifted by the student. {a) meteorologist makes an observation of a mercury barometer. He states that “The mercury barometric height is 76.0 om.” What does his statement mean? (b) Calculate the atmospheric pressure in Pa, based on the meteorologist’s observation in (a). (Take density of mercury p = 13 600 kg mr; gravitational field strength g= 10 N kg-*) © 2013 matsall Cavenish international (singapore) Private United Pressure 875. (a) Figure 7.2 shows a simple mercury barometer. The height of the mercury column is hem. ‘What Is the pressure (in Pa) at points 0, P and Q in terms of h? (Take density of mercury 13 600 kg m*; gravitational field strength ON Ke) 2 Figure 7.2 (b) Explain three advantages of using mercury over water in a barometer. 6. Figure 7.3 shows an inflated balloon that has just been attached to the left arm of a mercury manometer. {a) What will happen to the mercury level in the manometer immediately after the balloon is attached? Explain your answer. Figure 7.3 (b) Describe what would happen to the mercury level if there was a small hole in the balloon. (c) Suggest how the manometer set-up could be adjusted in order for the pressure in the balloon to produce a larger difference in liquid level. (© 2013 Marshal Covencish International (Singapore) Private Limited7. (a) Figures 7.4 and 7.5 each show a mercury manometer connected to a large vessel containing neon gas. Ifthe atmospheric pressure 9, is 760 mm Hg, calculate the pressure pof the neon gas in the vessels in Figures 7.4 and 7.5. n=20.em < Figure 7.4 (b) Name one use of the manometer other than in the measurement of gas pressure. 8. Three rectangular blocks X, Y and Z are made of different materials of densities 2.00 g on, 5.00 g cm and 10.00 g emr* respectively. The side of block X resting on a fiat, horizontal surface has an area of 2 om, If the height of block X is 40 cm and g= 10 N kg, calculate the (a) weight of block x; {b) pressure exerted by block X on the surface in Pa; 1© 2013 Marshall Cavendish international (Singapore) Private Limited(c)_ heights of blocks Y and Z if the pressure exerted by blocks X, Y and Z on the surface is the same. Section C: [acco Cenk CCS oes 4. (a) State one factor (other than liquid depth and gravitational field strength) that affects the pressure in a liquid. (b) With the aid of 2 diagram, describe how a column of mercury can be used to measure ©) atmospheric pressure. GO Workshoot 7 © 2013 Masshall Cavendish Intemational (Singapore Pivate Limited{e) Calculate the height of a water column (density = 4.0 g erm) that would exert the same pressure as a 20 cm high mercury column (density = 13.6 g cm"). Data-Based Question Civil engineers help to build structures such as bridges. They need to choose strong but cost- effective materials when constructing a bridge. Figure 7.6 shaws a bridge supported by five circular pillars. The weight of the bridge is 2 x 40* N, ridge 45m 1. evoportng tae 4 Figure 7.6 TTTTTVTTVIT TT Table 7.1 shows two types of materials that could be used to make the supporting pillars. Table 74 Maximum pressure that the raw = Raw material Tuaterialcan eupport/N met | Matetlal eost/S High-grade concrete 500 000 | 150 Reinforced steel 5 000 000 | 400 (a) Assuming the pillars are evenly spaced, how much weight does each pillar support? (b) Calculate the minimum cross-sectional area of each pillar needed to support the bridge when using (i) high-grade concrete; © 2012 Marshall Cavendish international (Singapore) Prvate Limited Pressure GL.(ii) reinforced steel. (c) Calculate the total volume of material needed to make all five pillars If (high-grade concrete is used; (ii) reinforced steel is used. (d) Based on the costs of the materials and your earlier calculations, recommend the material you would use to build the pillars. Explain your recommendation. WORK ON I In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly, Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). Question(s) Textbook arming Ober ‘Multiplo- Free ; Section(s) choice | SMUTHO! | Response | (2) Explain whet pressure means in terms of free and area e xe) = i (b) Recall and use the formula | pressure = 22 10 solve prob ie os. ie re= PE tg solve problems. 30), 8 (6) Deserve and expain how pressure is - transmitted in hydraulic systems. 3 = a (€)__ Use the formula pressure due to 2 2, 400), 5a), liquid p = hpgto SoWve probiems. 7 Bt) eee ae (@) Describe how the height ofa liquid column may be used to measure atmospherie pressure (.. now 8 : 4¢0), 60) am) a barometer worrs). | (9 Describe how a manometer A ae a _ ‘measures pressure difference. G2 Worksheet 7 (© 2013 Matshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private LimitedTheme 2: Thermal Physics Answer It Righ' Go through the following worked examples. Use the tips provided to help you answer questions well. Z ewoUL Worked Example 4. ‘A300 W electric heater is used to heat a conper block of mass 500 g for two minutes. The specific heat capacity of copper is 400 J kg °C", nusiy a1 Jamsuy [ (a) Define the term specific heat capacity. ‘The term “define” requires you to staie the meaning of specife heat capacity. Answer Specific heat capacity is defined as the amount of thermal energy required to Increase the temperature of a unit mass (e.g. 1 kg) of a substance by 4 K oF 1°C. White only the answer required by the question. Any additional explanation of how specific heat capacity depends on ths nature of tyoe of suibstence Is not required. {b) Assuming no heat is lost to the surroundings, calculate the increase in temperature of the copper block after two minutes. 's The term “calaulate” means that a numerical answer Is expected. © Your working should be clear and in a sufficient number of steps, including stating the formula Used. Answer Given: mass m of copper block = 500 g= 0.5 Kg, specific heat capacity ¢ of copper = 400 J kg* °C power P provided by electric heater = 300 W time ¢ = 2 min x 60 = 1208 Make sure that the units of the physical quantities that you use in your calculations are consistent. The Specie neat capacity of copper has the unit.) ke *O%, therefore we need to convert the unit of the mass Of the copper block from g to hg. Likewise, the unit of me needs to be converted from min‘o s, ‘© 2013 Marshall Cavendish international (singapore) Private Limited Thermal Physics 63Pe= moto) 300 x 420 = 0.5 x 400 x (6) 40 = 180°C Increase in temperature = 180°C Ensure the following are giver '* Correat formula, 2. k= meiAa © Cortect values substituted into the formula, 800 x 120 = 0.5 x 400 x (Ai '* Correct answer with unit, Le, 480°C, Worked Example 2 ‘A microprocessor is a microchip that resides in desktop computers. As the microprocessor performs ‘computational tasks, it generates heat. To prevent damage to the microprocessor, the heat produced is conducted away using 2 device called a heat sink. metal heat sink icroprocessor (a) Describe, in terms of particles, how thermal energy is conducted away from the microprocessor by ‘the heat sink. ‘+ When you encounter the term “describe”, you need to write down the important points relating to the stent felt enced ne aston, THs iclaes destin te wpa cla sent eins ‘or how to carry out @ oertain exseriment, 2 + In contrast, you are esked to “ciscuss’, you need to wit a erlcal account (organise your answer a8 an argument), For exemple, if you are asked to “discuss the factors that affect the rate at vhioh thermal energy is transferred from the microprocessor", your discussion should include not just 2 list of the factors, but also, pethaps, a commentary on vihich factor plays a greater role in heat loss. GA Theme 2 (Answer it Right) (© 2013 Marshall Cavendish Intemational singapore Private LimitedAnswer As the particles in the warmer microprocessor gain thermal energy and vibrate more vigorously, they collide with the neighbouring particles in the cooler heat sink. Hence, thermal energy is transferred from the ‘leroprocessor to the heat sink. Since the question specifically asks you to describe heat conduction by particles, you must refer to heat ‘conduction in your answer. Toles cect ee cee en ei ie “Ar particles in the warmer region of the heat sink rise,” 18 fectuelly correct. However, this sentence descibes the convection stoves, and not the conduction process, 50 even trough particles are mentioned, the question is not answered. (b) The diagram below shows a simplified cross-sectional diagram, showing the components within the casing of a desktop computer. In addition to the heat sink, tivo small fans are installed near the top and the bottom of the computer casing to help maintain a coo! internal environment. (top) ‘computer casing (backs (front) fen other components, microprocessor fan (bottom) Explain how installing the two fans as shown can help to maintain a cool environment in the interior of the computer. When asked to “explain” something, you need to write more than facts or definitions that you have memorised, Your answer needs to include some reasoning or reference to a theory, You will need to link ‘he facts with the situation desorbed in the question, © 2013 Marshall Cavendish Internationa Singapore) Private Limited Themmal Physics G5.Answer ‘The heat generated by the components within the computer is conducted to the surrounding ait. When the. ‘surrounding air gains heet, it expands, becomes lower in density and rises, transferring heat to the top of the internal space within the casing, The fan neerer the top of the computer draws the hot air out of the computer, dissipating the heat to the surroundings. The fan at the bottom of the computer draws in cooler, denser air from the surroundings into the computer. Thus, the fans help to maintain a coo! environment in the interior of the computer. Worked Example 3 A beaker containing 0.2 kg of water is heated using @ Bunsen burner until the water in the beaker comes, to a boll. The water is then left at room temperature. Thermal energy is transferred from the hot water. (2) to the surroundings by radiation, as shown by a hand that feels warmth when brought close to the outer surface of the beaker. (a) List two other processes by which thermal energy can be transferred from the hot water to the surroundings. + Wen you are asked to “list™, there is usually no need to prow supporting statements or detailed ‘calculations. A'short answer wilco, + Sine the question asi 107 only wo orooesses of thermal energy transfer tothe surroundings, you only need to provide two processes in your answer. Answer Conduction and convection {b) The outer surface of the beaker is painted black and the experiment is repeated. State and explain whether the water in the beaker will cool down faster. ‘State and explain’ suggests that youl need fo both provide e short answer to the qUeston, and offer an ‘explanation to support your statement. ‘Answer ‘The water will cool down faster as black surfaces are better e ters of heat by radiation. © 66 Thome 2 (answer t Right!) {© 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private LimitedPEAR eee eee eee ee eee eee eee ) Class: ___ bate: Worksheet 8 4. The general equation used to define the Celsius scale of temperature is #°C = “°° x 100%0, where x is the physical property of a thermometric substance. Which of the following statements is false? A For a mercury-in-glass thermometer, X is the volume of the mercury. B Fora resistance thermometer, X, is the resistance of the wire at ice point. € The equation works on the assumption that the physical property of the thermometric substance changes proportionally with the temperature, D Xo and X, are the physical property at the steam point and ice point respectively.) 2. The resistance of a piece of platinum wire in melting ice and boiling water is 800 Q and 910 0 respectively. What is the temperature when the resistance is 1000 0? A 55°C B 110°C © 182°C D 222°C ae Working/Explanation Section B: EXCiiCuChesieng 4. In nuclear power plants, resistance thermometers are used to measure temperatures. (a) resistance thermometer has a resistance of 1000 0 at ice point (0°C) and 2000 @ at steam point (100°C). The thermometer, when placed in water in a nuclear reactor core, has @ resistance of 4070 2. What Is the temperature of the water in the nuclear reactor core? (b) If the water in the nuclear reactor core in (a) reaches a temperature of 325°C, what would be the resistance of the resistance thermometer? (© 2013 Marshall Covendish international (Singapore) Private Limited ‘Temperature g Jadeug. aumeseduia, 872, (a) Amillivoltmeter attached to a thermocouple reads 1.0.0 mV when the cold junction is immersed in ice (0°C) and the hot junction in steam (100°C). When the hot junction of the thermocouple is placed in a warm liquid, the millivoltmeter reads 4.8 mV. What is the temperature of the warm liquid? (b)_ In another thermocouple thermometer, an e.m.f. of 4.6 mV is generated when the hot junction is in bolling water and the cold junction is in melting Ice. if the hot junction is placed in a boiling liquia of temperature 300°C, what would be the e.m-f, generated? Section C: aGoies mies Cle dns 4. (a) State the main steps involved in setting up a Celsius temperature scale, using a liquid contained in 2 narrow glass tube. (b) Give two examples of physical properties, other than the example in (a), that vary continuously with temperature, (©) A column of thermometic liquid measures 2 om in length when immersed in pure melting ice and 30 cm when placed in a liquid of temperature 25°C. What is the length of the liquid column at steam point? 6B wosheors © 2013 Marsal Cvenish nerational singapte) Prvte LinedData-Based Question A student sets up three temperature scales using three identical columns contalning liquids X, Y and Z of the same mass. In the process, he records the variation of length L of all three liquid columns with temperature. Figure 8.1. shows the values of ( at cifferent temnperatures. Length Lfom uw 6 13 Figure 8 + is Temporatur/*¢ {a) State the column lengths L,, (, and L, for liquids X, Y and Z respectively at the two fixed points of O°C and 100°C. () Aor, 4, (i) Atore, 4, Gil) At 0°6, L, or t 100°C, L, = ______em _—— cm; at 100°, t,= _____em (om; at 100°C, L, om (b) What is the increase in column length for liquids X and Y when the temperature rises from 0°C. t0 100°C? {e) Comparing the results for liquids X and Y, explain why liquid Y is more suitable as a thermometric substance. © 2013 Marshall Cavendish international (singapore) Pivatetimited Temperature 69(d) Liquids X and Y expand uniformly with temperature. This is represented by the two straight lines in Figure 8.1. The formula L = Aq + B can be used to express the length L of the llauld column, In the formula, q Is the temperature, and A and B are constants. (i) Calculate the values of A and 8 for liquids X and Y. (ii) Using the values you obtained in (a)(I), at which temperatures do the column lengths for liquids X and Y theoretically become zero? (e) Explain why liquid Z is not a suitable thermometric substance for the temperature range of 0°C to 100°C, WORK ON In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). Question(s) aS fexthook Learning objective Muttipte- Fee: aa ‘structured Choice Response (a) Explain how a physical property that | aa changes with temperature Is used to 42 4,2 1.2 oa construct a temperature scale, | (b) Describe how a liquicin-glass thermometer is calibrated and | exolain why we need fixed points, 1 - (a), 146), 2 8.2 ‘such as the ice point and steam point, for calibrating a thermometer. I 70 worisnoot {© 2013 Marshall Cavendish international (Singapore) Pivate LimitedName: Class: Worksheet 9 Section A: fitiedeeenene hoe ie 1. Which of the following statements concerning the Brownian motion of smoke particles is/are true? 1 It is due to the random bombardments of smoke particles by invisible air molecules. 2 tis due to the vibration of smoke particles at a specific temperature, 3 Its due to the strong attractive forces between gas molecules and smoke particles. A only B Land 3only © 1and 2only D 2and3only( —) 2. According to the kinetic model of gases, the pressure of a fixed mass of a gas in a container of fixed capacity decreases because the 1 average speed of the gas molecules decreases. 2 gas molecules bombard the container walls less frequently, 3 _ temperature of the gas decreases. Which statement(s) is/are correct? A 2only B 4and3 only © and 3 only D 4,2and3 ( ) 3. For a fixed mass of gas at constant volume, it is observed that the gas pressure increases with temperature. Which of the following statements may explain this observation? 4 The molecules collide with the container walls more frequently. 2 The molecules collide with one another more frequently. 3 The molecules combine into bigger molecules before colliding with the walls of the container. A tonly B 4 and2 only © 1and3 only D 42ad3 ( 3} 4. A partially inflated balloon is placed in a bell jar. The attached vacuum pump is turned on for Several minutes. The volume of the balloon increases. What pressure changes occur within the bell Jar and within the balloon? bol ar aa ait eat a met taba te vaskum pum 12 veeulm pump Pressure change in the bell jar | Pressure change In the balloon A Decrease Decrease B Increase Increase c Increase Decrease > Decrease Increase (ey (© 2013 Marshall Caventish Internationa (Singapore) Private Limited inotie Model of Matter JANEW JO J@PO\\| oNeury 26 seydeug, 7mSection ‘Stroctured Questions 4. Distinguish between the three states of matter — solid, iquid and gas terms of the (a) movernent of molecules; {b) arrangement and spacing between molecules. 2. The Brownian motion of smoke particles in a glass cell is observed using @ microscope. {a) Draw and describe the typical path of a smoke particle in the glass cell. (b) The temperature in the glass cell is raised. (i) Whats the effect on the motion of the air molecules in the glass cell? (ii) State the evidence that supports your answer to (b)(i). Explain your answer. 72 wonsrect 9 (© 2013 Marshall Cavendish intentional (Singapore) Private Limited3. ‘occupied by the gas is 1000 cm? and the pressure of the gas Is 2.5 x 10° Pa. (a) The gas is compressed using the piston. What is ‘the new volume of the gas if its new pressure is 5.0 x 10° Pa? Assume that the temperature of the gas remains constant, 4 Figure 9. A fixed mass of gas is enclosed in a vessel with a movable piston (Figure 9.1). The volume movable piston vessel (b) Using the kinetic model of gases, explain why the pressure of the fixed mass of gas increases. when its volume Is reduced at constant temperature. 4 gas and its temperature, Table 9.1 shows the data collected. An experitment is performed to investigate the relationship between the diffusion speed of bromine Table 94 Temperature /*C 283 | 293 | 303 313 323 Time taken to diffuse through eerie 305 300 295 200 | 285 (a) What is the diffusion speed of the bromine gas at 313°C in em $27 (b) From the data, what conclusion can you draw about the relationship between the diffusion speed of bromine gas and the temperature? (e) Explain your answer to (b) in terms of the energy of bromine gas molecules. (© 2013 Marshall Cavendish nteational (singapore) Private Lied Kinetic Model of Matter 73Se lageeass eer OS TS 4. Figure 9.2 shows a fixed mass of air trapped in a cylinder with @ smooth piston. The initial temperature of the air is 25°C. incor ‘reap air « Feue 9.2 (a) The cylinder is heated and the temperature of the trapped air rises. The piston is observed to move outwards. Using the kinetic mode! of gases, account for the increase in volume of the trapped air. e {b) The piston continues to move outwards and finally stops when a steady temperature of 90°C is reached, State how the following physical quantities of the heated air have changed when the piston stops moving at 90°C, compared to the initial temperature of 25°C. Complete Table 9.2, using the terms “increased”, “decreased” or “unchanged” for each answer. 1 Table 9.2 Physical quantity g Change Average intermolecular distance e Air pressure Average kinetic energy of the air molecules Rate of collisions between the air molecules and the piston Average size of the air molecules (© 2013 Marshall Cavendish Intemational (singapore) Pivate LimitedData-Based Question 2. Pneumatics is a scientific field that studies the effects and use of pressurised gas on mechanical motion. When designing a pneumatic system, engineers must ensure that the gas pressure does not become so high that it bursts the pneumatic cylinder. Figure 9.3 shows a pneumatic system with a steel pneumatic cylinder. pneumatic cinder ston es force _—_ < Figure 9.3 compressed gas {a) Give a possible reason for using gas in the pneumatic cylinder instead of liquid. (b) A sample of the gas used in the pneumatic cylinder in Figure 9.3 is tested in the laboratory. It is trapped in a very strong container with a movable piston. Figure 9.4 shows the test results recorded in a pressure-volume graph. Preseure/MPa Figure 9.4 Volumen? (i) The pneumatic cylinder can take @ maximum pressure of 20 MPa. Using the test data in Figure 9.4, estimate the minimum volume to which the gas can be compressed in the pneumatic cylinder {© 2013 Matshall Cavendish Internationa Singapore) Pivate Limited Kinetic Model of Matter 75.(li) Calculate the gas pressure in the pneumatic cylinder when the volume of the gas is 0.6 m*. (iii) State two assumptions that you have made in your answers to (b)(i) and (b)(ii) with respect to the sample of gas tested in the laboratory. WORK ON IT! In the table below, circle the question(s) that you have answered incorrectly. Revisit the relevant section(s) in the textbook to strengthen your understanding of the key concept(s). ‘Question(s) oS Leaming Objective Muttipie: Free: ai e ion(s) Choice | Sete’ | Response (a) Distinguish between solids, liquids and gases in terms of their physical - Ua) 200) oa properties. (b) Describe the molecular structure of : 7 it Solids, liquids and gases. (©) Deduce from the Brownian motion experiment that particles are in 1 2 7 92 continuous motion. (d) Describe how the mation of particles is affected by temperature, A ple up) oe (e) Explain how the pressure of a gas is related to its molecular motion. 7 4b) 2 (f)Desoribe the effects of changes in pressure, volume and temperature of 3.4 tb) fa) 93 ages (&) Solve problems related to the effects of changes in pressure, volume and - 31a) 2(b) 93 temperature of a ges. 76 workenest & © 2013 Massel! Cavenéish Intemational (singapore) Private Lirio See cece ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeSeSee (ETE) (Gees es eeeceecec se eseeeeeeeeeeeCeeCe Dee Worksheet 10 What are processes 1 and 2? Process 1: Transfer of thermal energy caused by a difference in fluid density Process 2: Transfer of thermal energy from an energetic atom or molecule to @ less energetic atom or molecule when they collide ABiauy |eWLaU) Jo Je/sued| :OT Jeldeu9 Process 4. Process 2 A Evaporation ‘Conduction 8 ‘Conduction Radiation c Convection ‘Conduction’ > Convection Radiation Coe Why are solids better conductors of heat than liquids? A The particies in solids are not free to move about. B The particles in solids are arranged more closely together. © The particles in solids vibrate faster. D The particles in solids move more randomly. (aay Which types of surfaces are good absorbers and poor emitters of radiation? Good absorbers | Poor emitters A | Black and shiny | Black and dull B | White and shiny | White and shiny c Black and dull Black and dull D Black and dull_| White and shiny ae A heating coil at the bottom of a rice cooker heats the base of a rice pot. The rice pot is filled with ‘a mixture of uncooked rice and water. What are the main processes by which the following heat. transfers take place? Transfer of heat from heating ‘Transfer of heat inside coil to base of tice pot rice pot mixture A Conduction Convection B Convection Conduction c Radiation Convection D Conduction Radiation fee © 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited ‘Transfer of Thermal Energy 7°