Grammar Focus 1A Review of tenses Om Present simple We use the present simple + forhabits, repeat eral tue valy do my Norework inthe She wits crime sores + wi state verb for shorter | want to go home, actions facts and things which are ne. tates, verbs of preference and 5 of the senses, Present perfect simple We use the present perfect simple * for experiences in our ie without saying when they happened ve seen this fin three times, * to focus on present states which stared in the past and have ontinued up to the present Ve lived hore i * to focus on past completed actions which are recent with Jusé) or which hav ("ve posted your Present continuous We use the present continuous: 35 a chit, (often onnection withthe present * for actions in progress now (atthe moment of speaking) oF Sorry 1 att tlk now — fm ding my ng ‘She's writing a book about * for temporary situations, 1m studying E 1 work in Mil shin Cambridge this semester but. Past simple \We use the past simple * tolalk about completed past actions and states. We otter specity the tn ast with the past simple: Host my phone fast week, but then | found itn my car Past perect simple We use the past perfect simple + for actions and events that ha noment in tin re a particular home beca 2 | had forgotten my bu se the past continuous: * to describe actions that were in progress at a particular moment in the past ‘+ for actions or events in progress atthe time of a shorter past simple action, He phoned while | was doing my tiomework ee eer ee 1B Question forms (©IIED Positive and negative questions Most questions have an auxiliary verb ‘modal verbs) before the subject positive or negative How do you spel that? he auslany verb car Why isnt my compu Prepositions usually come at Wn In very form: 1 end of questions, are you fram? NOT From wtiere-seyou? lestions they can goat the | beginning, cean make short questions from who/ y preposition going to a party tonight. ‘your phone Who with? B: What for? (why?) Be A an | boro e use negative questions to express surprise Haven't they finished yei?('n surprised) When we ask about the subject of a sentence the word order doesn't change and we don't use an auxiliary verb, Somebody wrote this book. -> Who wrote this book? NOT Who act nite this book? 134 (iM Indirect questions We use indirect questions to sound polit. Start indirect ‘questions with Can you tell me.../ Do you know... We don't use ‘an auxiliary verb and the word order doesn't change: Use if in indirect yes / no questions, Why did she become famous? -> Do you knaw why she became famous? D0 you lke foreign films? > Can you tell me if you like foreign films? ‘We can also use inditect questions in sentences 1m not sure... | know / don’t know... I wonder. remember... te Js this answer correct? > tm not sure if this answer is correct. Where have they been?-> | wonder where they've been, tating with Tean't “UTip- We use which + noun when there isa limited number of options and what + noun when there are many possibile We can have our meeting at 10.00, 12.15 or 14.30. Which time would you preter? {im ree al day. What time do you wGrammar Focus’ 1A Review of tenses Correct the mistakes in the sentences. Think about spelling, tense and form. 1. 'm studing hard atthe moment because | try to pass my final exams ing. Lm Internet stopping becomes more and more popular these days \We looking for new members of cur group. Do you want ta join? This food is tasting abit strange. I think | preter food from my ow county ‘We think of buying a new car but they're costing a ot of money. | write to apply forthe job of sales assistant. | send my C.¥. with this letter. ouasun Match the sentence halves. When | arrived 2 (1 While my brother was cooking, 3 C1 Iwas waiting for the plumber 4 C1 have been to Istanbul 5 Cl Robert stayed in my flat 6 Cl I moved to Singapore | was watching television twice in my life, Sally had already let, when he phoned me to cancel in.2004 to work abroad for a year. both this summer and last summer too, Now go back to p.9 1B Question forms d Choose the best word or phrase to complete each question, Where we are/ are we going to eat? What you thought did you think ofthe film? Did you enjoy i? We've got cheese sandwiches and egg sandwiches, What/ Which flavour do you prefer? Why you didn't didn't you call me? | hear you're a musician. What / Which kind of music do you play? | got this watch for my birthday. Who from? / What from? What happened! was happened to the window? Noosene Write questions about the underlined words and phrases. 1 Who discovered pulsars? Jocelyn Bell-Burnell discovered pulsars. 2 ‘She's interested in classical music. 3 ‘Qver 2000 people watched the match. 4 ‘They haven't started yet because they'e waiting for you, 5 My left foot hurts 6 She heard the news from Raloh, Rewrite the sentences and questions using the prompts. 1 What do you want? | don't know —hatyouwant 2 Why didn't they come back? wonder 3. Where are they going? Where do you think 4 Have you ever met him? ‘Can you tell me Beeb TEMP con 5 Who wrote this story? Do you know 6 Does this pen work? | wonder 7 What's your sister's name? Can you tell me 8 When will it be ready? When do you think BB Now go back to p.13 want2A Narrative tenses We use narrative tenses to tell stories about what happened in the past. The most important Narrative tenses are: past simple, past continuous, past perfect simple and past perfect continuous, Oma ‘We use the past simple for completed past actions and states which happened at = a specific time in the past: We spotted therm on the mountain so we rescued them and teak then to hospital ‘We use the past continuous for actions (not slates) that were in progress at the time of the main events in the story When we spotted them, they were standing next to some stones. They were waving their arms but we couldn't hear what they were shouting. \We use the past perfect simple / continuous for events and activities that happened before the main events in the story and to give explanations or reasons. Itoften occurs after because We spotted them because they had built the word help out of stones. We finaly spotted them after we had been searching for over a wook. Past perfect simple or continuous? We use the past perfect simple, ‘+ To focus on the result ofan earlier completed action: * To talk about ‘time upto then’ with a state verb (e.g. know, have, be): past When we found them, they'd been on the mountain fora week. We use the past perfect continuous * before 2 result in the past to show the effect ofan earlier activity They were tired (result) because they'd been building a big sign (earlier activity). ‘+ To emphasize the duration of time with an action verb (e.g. wat, search, drive) We found ther after we'd been searching for a week. 2B Future time clauses and conditionals ‘We use future time clauses to tak about future possbllis, future plans or to give ‘advice We can normally use wil, be going to, or the imperative inthe main clause ‘We normally use a present tense inthe subordinate clause with words ike i when, as soon as, unless, as lang as, provided, in case, etc, We can also use the Same time clauses to talk about facts and things which are generally rue. In these sentences we oflen use a present tense verb in the main clause. om When we go hiking next weekend, we'l try a new path. Myou see a bear, dont run. ‘It won't attack you provided you're standing stil Unless you know the way wel, bring a map. Aly’ bring a snack in case you get hungry. As soon as it gets 00 Cold, wel g0 home. Up When ifmeans whether we normaly ned wilor going toto refer tothe future | don't know f/ whether 1 see any wid animals wien tm on haiay NOT; #300 (OME as soon as ‘4s soon as shows that something wil happen immediatly ater another thing ‘As soon as | ge home, I eral ou, tp We can use present perfect or present simple after words ike as soon as ‘or when to talk about completed processes inthe future, There i litle difference in meaning: Weil leave when /as soon as I've finished my work, (Or: .. finish ..) y, 136 they built the word we searched we spotted them ERR We spotted thom (esut) because they'd built a big sign eater actor). yg, nnn They stood Now (@lNE it, unless, as long as, provided aid incase Unless means if no. The verb after unless is usualy postive: You won't see any animals unless you stay quiet {You won't see any animals if you don't stay viet) ‘As long as and provided are similar to only if: We'll be safe provided / as long as we stay here. (But only if we stay here) You can go out tonight as fong as you're back by 10. (But only if you're back by 10), ‘We use in case ta talk about preparations for possible future situations: Take your keys in ease we're out when you get Gre2A Narrative tenses ‘@ Complete the sentences with the past simple or past continuous form of the verbs in brackets. 1 While he _was walking (walk) inthe forest, he tripped (tip) and __cut___ (cut) his knee. 21 (not notice) what the thiet (wear) because | (hide) under the desk the whole time. 3 When I (get) home, everyone (watch) TV, Nobody —___ (even / say) ‘hello’ 4 Rs Where (you / be) when you {hear the news? B: (be) on the bus 1 (travel to work, 5 Fortunately, | (not / hurt) myself when | (fal) because | (wear) a helmet, 6 A: What page number (the teacher / just / sayy? B: Sorry, | ____(not / hear) anything, (not / listen). b Choose the best verb form. 1 She was out of breath because she'd run / she'd been running. 2 Iwas sad to sell my old car ’0 had! / 'd been having’ since | was a student. The party was great. They'd planned They'd been planning it for ‘months. We were really pleased because we'd finished / we'd been finishing ‘our project 5 Everything was wet because it had rained / had been raining. How long had they known ! had they been knowing each other when they decided to get married? 7 They weren't very happy because they'd waited / they’d been waiting for six hours. | didn't watch the film because Id already seen / I'd already been ‘seeing it four times, 3 Grammar Focus* © Choose the best verb forms, It happened I had happened on the lst day of ‘ur holiday. We “were geting got up and saw were seeing that, at lst, the sun “was shining hack shone. We were leaving! letthe hotel and were starting started walking along the narow cif path Then, ater 7we'd been walking we walked for about two hous, the path #was suddenly becoming 1 suddenly became much narrower = it was no more than 10cm wide. There "had beer being ‘had been a storm the previous nigh, and the sea "had washed was washing part ofthe path away, The cif wast very high, so "we'd decided! we decided to keep going, along the narrow path U2 yent? was going fst, and "had made! made it safely to the other side. But then | was hearing 1 heard shout and a splash. Mike "had falion feflnto the sea below. There were sharp racks all around him, but luckiy "het landed! he'd been ‘anding safely inthe water, and wasn't hurting / hadn't hurt himselt. So | Sclimbed was climbing own the cif to help him to safety Later, back atthe hotel, he !had been ‘explaining | explained whet had gone wrong: he'd been trying he tied to take a photograph atthe time of his a BD Now go back to p.22 2B Future time clauses and conditionals @ Tick (¥) the correct sentences. Correct the mistakes. 1 I'llsend you a postcard when we'll be on holiday, 2. We'll come out as soon as we've eaten dinner. 2. My parents don’t mind if| go out as long as I'l tell them where I'm going, 4 You wor't pass the exam unless you don't study harder, 5 Ifit's stil raining when you'l finish work, I'l pick you up, 6 I'm going to leave my laptop at home in case itll get damaged, 7 end you my car provided you won't dive too fast Join the sentences using the words in brackets. Maybe Ill see Joseph. Il tell him to call you. (if) ‘She'l finish university. She wants to be a teacher. (when) ‘They'l be late if they don't hurty up. (unless) ‘You can take photographs but you mustn't use a flash, (provided) aVooaune He won't bite you but you must be careful. (as long as) ‘You'll only understand if you listen very carefully. (unless) © B Now go back to p.24 I check your work. Then I'l send it back to you immediately. (as soon 25) ‘You should take some money because you might need to take a taxi, (n case) ooo000803A Multi-word verbs (@IIED Mut-word verbs consist ofa verb and one or two particles: We came up wit some good ideas, and decided to ty them out ‘Sometimes the meaning ofthe mul-word verb is clear from the meaning ofthe verb and the paticle (eg, sit down), but often you have to learn the meaning of each mutt-word ver. Transitive and intransitive multi-word verbs * Transitive mutt-word verbs need an abject. The objact can come before the particle (e.g throw sth away) or after the particle (e.g, ook after sb), depending on the type of mult-word verb. ‘+ Intransitive multi-word verbs don't have an abject, e.g. go away NOT ge-somebody away ‘Type 1 has no direct abject (intransitive): ‘wake up; go away; fall ver; stay up; break up; sit down; verb + particle take off; calm down ‘Type 2 has an object (transitive) | wake up; fall over; take off; calm down; try sth out ver + noun / pronoun + petite | gure sth out; make stun; throw th away pick sth un OR verb + patticle + noun / pronoun | let sb down Type 3 has an object (transitive) look into sth; focus on sth; believe in sth; live for sth verb + particle + noun / pronoun | tbe into sth; look after sb | Type 4 has two particles and always has an object: | come up with sth; look down an sb; look up to sb; tun out verb + particle 1+ particle 2+ noun/ pronoun | of sth; fal outwith sb; go on about sth; get away with sth ‘Type 2 multi-word verbs ‘When the abject i a long noun phrase, it normally comes after the particle Please throw away those old shoes that are nearly falling apart! ‘When the object is a pronoun (e.g it, me, sb, it almost always comes before the particle Those shoes are really old. Please throw them away! NOT: Please-tirow- away them! ‘When the object isa short noun phrase (e.g. up to three words), it can come before or after the particle: Please throw those old shoes away/ Please throw away those old shoes. “Tip Mary mutsword verbs are both transitive and intranstive (eg wake Up fall overtake of caim down) Wien you wake up rere), ry not ‘0 wake the dog up renstve) to! ‘ter the lane took af transite) took my shoes of (rans). Use 2 dictionary to fin ou ita mutword Verbs transitive or intransitive. 3B Present perfect simple and continuous (@MEA We use the present perfect simple: ‘We use the present perfect continuous: *+ otal about experiences without soying when they happened + when arecently completed action has @ result now ‘He's tied to sun a marathon four times in his fi She's ted because she's been training hard. *+ for experiences during any present period of time + todescrie repeated activites which started recently What have you tart so tar his year? ‘ve been going tothe gyn alot recent + ith superlatives + to talk about unfinished actives using how long and ‘She's the nicest person Ive over mt. for! since * forrecent completed actions which have a resutinthe present. We've heen walking singe the sun came up. Oh no! ve broken my key + with already, just and yet 1've already done the shopping, '¥e just put the food inthe ‘oven, but (havent laid the table yet. ‘to talk about how fong wit state verbs (with for /since) ‘ve known them for years but haven't seen them since January, with how many, how much and how often to talk about experiences, How many essays have you written? 138Grammar Focus 3A Multi-word verbs @ Tick the correct sentences. Sometimes more than one sentence is correct, ein these new language learning techniques, © 1 don't believe in ther these new language learning techniques in, d. Idont believe them in Do you want to try the new guitar | got for my birthday out? © Do you want to try out it? Do you want to try out the new guitar I got for my birthday? Do you want to try it out? b 3 a We've fallen out with our neighbours, We've fallen them out with, b_ We've fallen with our neighbours out, ‘We've fallen out with them, 4 a Did you make up that story? bb Did you make that story up? Did you make up it? Did you make it up? 'b Rewrite these sentences replacing the verbs in bold with multi-word verbs. Use a verb from A and one or two particles from B. A 8 come be go take look let figure run up into out off about of with into out down on 1 How did you invent 2 name for your shop? ———Howdidyoucomeupuithaname for your shape 2 Have you Investigated the cause ofthe accident? EA 3. Ive liked jazz since | was at university SSS eee 4 We've alrmost used all our food ae a ee are 5 | hate to disappoint you See ee eee 6 I can't understand it an NO eee 7 | know | was wrong. Stop repeating it eee ee eee ee ee ere y Foe 8 Doyou think this product will be suecesstul? © B Now go back to p.34 3B present perfect simple and continuous ‘@ What are the most likely combinations? Match the sentence halves. C7 1m realy proud of myself because 1... ve been building 2 wallin my garden, Gi rm exraustea because Ie built a wall in my garden 2 a [J They've been on holiday 1 CJ They/ve been going on holiday 2 2 (Wve writen 1 > 2 1 2 three times this year. tothe same place for 20 years, sixemails already Ci tve been wating emails all morning (she's been playing b E] she's played tennis twice this week, alot of tennis recently, OV on aw Re b Tick (v) the correct sentences. Correct the mistakes. How long have you worked here? Pease don't come in - we haven't been finishing yet, Have you ever been sailing? We've been giving three presentations this week. ‘This room has been emply since our son left home, Ive been watching alot of fims lately ... maybe too many. | haven't been hearing that old song since | was a child ‘Those people have been calling me five times today, @VOoRaNE ooon0000! © Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets, Use the present perfect simple or the present perfect continuous, 1 | —\ajust spent (ust /spend) over £100 on football classes for you, and now you're saying you don 2 | Aabissp— a eos eee YYou, and now you're saying you don't ike football! 3 How long —_____ (you / study) to become a doctor? 4 Sne (not / say) a word all day ~ think she's angry with me, 5 —____{you/clean) the car yet, or is it stil dirty? 6 A: Your eyes are red, you ery) B: No, 1 (chop) onionst dB Now go back to p.37AR used to and would (CARB used to and would We often use used toto describe pas stations. In general, these Situations conned for along time and are not ue now. They can be states (eke, ve, have) or habits (= peated actions): Wen ! asa chi, did’ use to ke vegeabies, but now | ove the. Wen we were students, we used to go dancing evry week We can also use would to describe past habits. Don't use would for past states: When we were students, we'd go dancing every week We often use a mixture of used to, would and the past simple vwhen talking about our past When / was young, we never used to go.on holiday. Instead, we'd spend the whole summer playing in the felds near our house, We loved i. Tip. Don use usec oor woul or tigs that happened only nee, when we sa how many times somethin hapoened in the pst Tread that book nce /a feu tines when | asa teenager. | NOT Hed trod (@XB no longer and any move We use no longer before a posite verb or after be: We no longer go to the ol forest. t's mo longer there. We use any more at the end of a sentence with a negative ver: We don't goto the old forest any mare. Is nat there any more. (CAB be /get used to Don't confuse used fo wih be / get used to, They have very diferent meanings. Aer be /get used fo, we use a gerund or noun phrase {used to study for many years. (This wes my habit nthe past) 1m getting used to working in an office. i's becoming normal for me now) {'m used tothe job now. (W's normal for me. It's ot dificult.) {Tip We can also use usually + the present simple to talk ‘bout habits in the present tense: ‘usually get up at 6.30 ar. Before Imode my fortune, Miele ae thet 4B obligation and permission om [ The speaker is making a rule | The speaker is describing somebady else's rule | | Present | Pest | Strong positive | You must wear a helmet. | won't | We have to / need to wear a ‘helmet. it's | We had to / needed to wear a | obization | letyou ride without the law | helmet to go on the motorbike Sitongnezave | You must not must move Were nt alfomed t/ eat rove our | we mere aflwed 0 romave ablation | Your helmet. I's tar to hemes. The instructor wil get very cross | our helmets. | dangerous with os | cen | i ou shuld eve ought ton supposed ove the money Back, but | Twas suppased to ive the obligation _| give the money back. Sdon't want to. | money back, but forgot | No obligation | You dont have to / dont need to / needa bya ticket | You dat have to / didnt need | | to buy a ticket Permission ‘Yes, it's OK, you ean go home, can /|'m allowed to go home now. | could / was allowed to go home before Spm. No permission home yet ‘must and mustn't are very strong. In most \No, lm som You eamnot/ can'tgo | can't/m not allowed to go home yet | couldn't /1 wasn't allowed t> ‘go home early. (@IBID make and let; be forced to and te allowed to situations, i's more natural to use have fo, need to, needn't, can't, be not allowed to, etc, Questions with must are very rare ‘© should is much more cammmon than ought to Questions and negatives with ought fo are very rare, + Need 10's ike have towhereas need (usually found in the negative) is a modal. ‘make and let are special because they are followed by an object + infinitive without co: They made me pay extra, NOT They made-me-te-pay-ontc They let me come in for fre. NOT Fhey-tetme-o-come-intortrec: We often use the verbs force and allow in passive constructions. Both are followed by to + infinitive: | was forced to pay extra. (Loss common: was made to pay extra) | was allowed to come infor free. NOT #was-tet come-intortee. "40Grammar Focus® 4A used to and would c Tick (¥) the possible forms in each sentence. 1 She good a maths when she was litle. a usedtobe IY] would be [] 2 Laura was my bestfriend - we —____for hours every day. a used totalk (would tak () 3 |___five swimming competitions when | was at school a won C) b would win [_] 4. Our teacher, Mr Wiliams, was very strict. He ___ allow us to speak at all during lessons. a didn't useto[] wouldn't [] 5 I'l never forget the time |__ my log, | couldnt walk for weeks! a used to break [] broke [] 6 We —___a dog but he died about five years ago a usedtohave[] b would have [] Choose the correct form, | used to would be really good at football when I was young, but now I'm terrible at it | aidn't use to! did't used to like jazz, but now its my favourite type of music. Vim used to used toliving on my own. It was strange at fist, but now it’ fine, | don't think I'l ever get used to / get use to writing on a tablet computer - it's much easier on a laptop, \Where did you use fo go/ used to go on holiday when you were a child? How long did it take you to get used to / used fo working from home? oosene DB Now go back to p.45 4B obligation and permission c Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. 1 You can wear whatever you want. [need to} dont 2 unitorm, 2 [think you should write to them, fought high SS ed 3. They made me give them my phone. (forced) They SS ee 4. They won't et you park there, [allowed You won't Eiees ase 5. You don't have to stay hee. (ean SS eee a ey Aeris 6 They advised us to bring strong shoes. [supposed] We 7 | wasn't allowed to use a dictionary et] Tie) ea EESTI It was raining so we were forced to stop. [made] Therain Look at the rules for a computer training course. And ty explains the rules to his friend Dan. Complete the conversation with one word or a contraction (e.g. mu: istn't) in each space, So how was the course? pItwas OK, but the security was really tight. We had / needed to change our password straight away, why? They said we 2 cone. We were 9 butt Wow... that's long! js Yes, but it was ®. remember. OK, so the name of your football team then? No, it was © to be something that's not easy to guess, = All users must change their passwords after first logging in. “= You are not allowed to access the ‘computer system without a new password © You can choose your own password. © Your new password must be at least 20 characters long, Your password should be easy to remember but it shouldn't be easy to guess, ‘© You must not tell anyone else your password, — access the system without a new to choose our own passwords, ‘0 contain atleast 20 characters? {0 be something that's easy to tellyoul We're not® to tat anyone else! D> Now go back to p.495A Future probability ‘We use a wide range of modals verbs, adverbs, adjectives, etc. to describe what we think 's the probability of future events: Degree of probability | Modal verbs Other expressions ‘Adjectives room We will go Vi sure vol go. 1s certain that we'l go. high We will containly co. We will probably go We coutd wel go. st (very) likely that wel go. We may well go. | We might wel go, 50% We could go. There's a (good) chance that i's possible that we'l go medio | Wemay go. wel go. | We might eo. i | We probably won't go 1 don't suppose we'l go 1 (very) unlikely that wei go. | 1 doubt if 120 g0. | 1 shouldnt think wel go om | We wont go There's no cance that low | We certainly won't go wel go. | 1 can" imagine that we'l go IEE Positive and negative forms (@XBED Adjective + to + infinitive ‘We can make negate statements of probably with might nator may With the adjectives sure/ fkely/untkely certain / ‘ot, Dont use couldnt in this way ~ tof to the past abit, not future ‘bound we can use the pattem: be-+ adjective + fo + probability: infinite We could go out on Friday. (= it's possible that well eo out next Friday). They'e. "mm sure that they!l be late.) We couldn't go out on Friday. (= we weren't able to go out last Friday) ee eS iJ He's certain / likely / unlikely to see you. ‘Adverbs like certainly and probably increase or decrease the level of There's bound to be someone who knows the answer. Certainty and come after wil, but they come before won't 'm sure someone knows the answer) It probably be a nice day today but it probably won't be nice tomorron, 5B Future perfect and future continuous (©0PED Futurepertect (P12 Future continuous Positive | Negative Question | Short answer | Positive | Negative | Question _| Short answer Welllhave | She won't | Willthey | Yes, theywil/ | | Hellbe | We won't be | Willyou be | Yes, I will/ No, left havelett, | havelet? | No, they wont. || driving. | diving diving? | Iwon't We use future perc to describe what we expect tohappen We use future continuous for actives that wil be in progress before aspect time in the future around a particular time inthe future ‘dont know exact en somebody wil buy my car. hope Dont phone me at Som. si be driving home from work at IH have sod itty the enc of the month that tine. an a eve home Tip. We otten use ture perfect wih by a Weil have finished by Friday /by the time they get here. Now | Future ator Spm iw [= We can also use future continuous for things thet are already planned Theendot 1 be tough in my rej ~ be geting up at dam every day themonthGrammar Focus® 5A Future probability a Complete the sentences with one word from the box. b Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. Use each word once. Keep the meaning the same as the original. oe 1 ts certain that et pay you.) can't chance if Tkely might no ree pee probebly shouldn't suppose sure 2 ts vry ural hat wel eave. (erobabhy i: a ee a ee 1 pata. get up a about 8 tomorron, 3. Hel eran win medal (oun) 2 dont ever se them again re Fee ist see nemml satel allen 4 These new phones are unlikely to sell wel, (until 4l imagine that they'll move to another country. Its i is y paler Fee ee an 5 Its possible that she won't notice. (ight) 6 That well othe best dea, eg a eer ree 6 I'm sure there'll be anather chance. (to be) 8 | think too many people wil be interested Pa 9 There's a good _______that I'll be back before 10. See eee 10 | doubt hey beable otic my printer, © B Now go back to p.58 5B Future perfect and future continuous Tick (¥) the sentences which are correct. Correct the mistakes. 1d prefer to visit you in August because I'l be finishing my exams then, 2 | don't want to be late - they'll have eaten all the food before we get there! 3 I can't take you to the airport at 10 because I'l have attended a very important meeting at that time. 4 The presentation is scheduled for the 15th, so 'm sure Il be writing it then. 5 Thursday is the best day to call me at home because I'll have worked from home then. Sa eet 6 | can pass the message on to Arthur — I'll be seeing him tomorrow at college. [_] 7 A: How will | recognize you at the airport? B: I'l have carried a sign with your name on it. ee 8 I canttaccess the internet right now. Can you try again in 10 minutes — hopefully itl be working again then, QO Serene eran b Look at Christina's calendar for tomorrow. Complete her conversation with Zofia with the future continuous or future perfect form of the verb in brackets. Zofia: So, what time can | come and visit you tomorrow? What about 8.30? Sorting: No, sory, "stil be zaking (17 stil/ take) the Kids to school atthattime. 5, OK, so maybe when you're back home. ?__ (you / get) back by 9:30? : Yes, probably. But? (L/ stil/ dead with my emails then. Ive got ‘ome urgent emails that | need to reply to, But you could come at about 11 Him sure (1 finish) before. Does that suit you? Er. not really. Could we make ita bit later? What about 14,00? ina: Yes, tht’ ine, but il only give us an hour. 8 18,00 to pick the kids up from schoo, Zofia: OK. yes, an hour should be perfect. Oh, ane thing. Can you lend me that 1280-1400 DYD you were telling me about? 800-900 “ake children to school 2.00-10.45(%) (eave) about Dealwith emails Christin: Wo Hanes pat the sont She vats teh ten Sa meg sel earueeae es enor nes 1000 i! (she / watch) it by then. be - - © B Now go back to p.616A Gerunds and infinitives (©XEE ver + -ing When verb +-/nafunctons ikea noun tis caled a gerund We use grands + wine a vorbis (part ofthe subject ofa sentence ‘Swimming is good for you. | Meeting you last week was 2100 pleasure + ater prepostons (e.g. about, by, without, of et.) ‘wary too mach abaut making mistakes: They escaped by digging a tune! under he we (CARD to + infinitive We use fo infinite: + ater adjectives (eg, happy, pleased, easy, iffcut, dlargerous, sale, possibo {easy tfnd your way ito te city centre, but its very fica to get out again + to express purpose (= what @ person wants to achieve): Were going tothe beach tte inthe sun. (= because we want oi in the sun) To watch the cl agate, press ‘reply. to watch again) you want {Tip Be caret wit vero fos arf. The word ‘ois sometimes a pepston and sometimes po 0 + infinite Jim looking forward to seeing you, hope to see you. (NOT Hiepe-0 seeing? (CORED verb + verb There are many vers which ae followed by gerunds (e.g, enoy painting) and many which are flowed by fo + ifr (e.g, J want to wate. There are ako afew which allow both patterns wih a change of meaning: + 074 10-+ininitve: | ried fo talk oir, but he dct answer his phone. (= attempted todo it) + toy gerund | tied talking to hi, but he stil angry didn't work) + remember! forget + 10+ intinve: Pease remember / con forget to ‘uy some mi (= a job forthe future) + reaiember! forget + gerund: | remember / it never forget hearing that tune the first time. (= an experience inthe past) + goon + 10+ infinitive: Aer explaining the theory go onto deseribe some examples. (= stop one thing and sar the nex) + go.on + gorund: The professor wen am talking fr over an hour. nt stop) | id it but it {Tin stop can be followed by a gerund, or an infinitive of purpose: | stopped drinking cotee. (= | don cink it now) | stoped to erin corto, (=| sopped because | wanted to drink coer in a café) (ClBED Sense verbs Verbs connected wit senses can be followed by an object and verb + “ing (©, look at see / watch /notiee / observe / hear /isten t / feel / smell /‘aste | watehed tne people walking around. | could smelt something buming 6B The passive (@XBED We can use the passive; when we don't know who did something / what caused something, lor when this is not important These words were writen thousands of years ago, + when the agent (the doer) is vey obvious, Which languages are spoken in your family? ‘+ when the main thing we ae talking about is the object ofthe verb, (CIBEA Prepositions after made We can use a range of prepositions after passives with ‘made. + Made + by-+ method: These cakes are made by hand / by mixing cornflakes with chocolate + Made + with-+ tool: J think these marks were made with We really interesting ar toc ‘someone ae wsateayeaag ie neon e+ Me en he a mat ya The mses me wh evr ein the app nse + +‘Made + e/au of gn ele: Our abe ie made pest pip fom’ out of no door Active | Passive Present simple | They use ‘tis used. Pastsinpe They we it. ‘was wed Present continuous | They are using it. tis being used Past continuous | They were using | was beng wed | Present perfect | They have usedit. | tas been used. | Pastprlect | They had used t | had boon used Future They will use it, ‘twill be used. | They are eoing to use i. ti gong obo - used. | Infinitive (e.g. after | TH it, can be. } ecole tah | rer cieares eet | eter ees | our tabsionads om / oon mould 1446A Gerunds and infinitives @ Underline the correct verb form. 11 was looking forward to hear hearing your ideas. x Grammar Focus 2 We need to book an appointment to see / seeing them again. 3 I'm sil geting used to be/ being a manager 4. Riding an elephant is similar to ride / riding a horse. 5 He doesn't find it easy to talk talking to anyone, latch the sentence halves, 1 oh maxon Cl inner trget Why dont ou ty Were ging toy Can you please stop Start withthe easy questions and then go on We started in the morning and went on . o Complete the sentences with the correct form of the He spent two years without tive) in another count Can | borrow your laptop Suddenly, | noticed @ young man I'm afraid of ry isthe easiest way of (check) my emails? (be) alone in the dark. (avoid) the risk of misunderstandings, ‘Would it be possible (spend) a year as a volui AAs he waited for his results, he coul Sewvaaaune Id fee! his heart dB Now go back to p.69 6B The passive a towin the match. It be hard but we've stl gt a chance, to turn off the lights before you went out? playing until it was dark. to pay the phone bill. really sory. to buy some petrol. You going to run out soon. restarting the computer? That usually works for me, Lot the one tt are ‘making that noise? | can't concentrate. meeting the President it was the most memorable day of my lite buying these shoes. Are you sure they're mine? verb in brackets. Vl be happy _totelp (help) you find somewhere to stay. (speak) to another person. (learn) a foreign language. (run) towards me. IM explain everything twice (leave) five minutes early? inteer teacher was one of the best experiences of my life (beat) in his chest. ‘Complete the sentences with the correct passive form of the verb in brackets. 3 7he local People are any because these old trees __are going tobe cut (cut) down next week. 2 The fist email between two organisations (send) In 1971 3 Currently, Engish __ (use) as an official language in almost 60 countries. 4 | promise that you inform) as soon as your bags ative, 5 The thief _(not/ catch) yet, but 'm sure theyll catch him soon, © By the time we ative, al the best seats (already take), so we had to sit right a the back. b Rewrite the sentences in the passive. 1 | wrote that report. ‘That report__waswrittenbyme 2. My sister told us about this restaurant We 3 We can only dream ofthe technology af 2100. The technology of 2100 3 Jomeone had already bul this bridge 1000 years ago. The bridge 5 You can't aways depend on Martina Mayting 6 Hm sure they'l look after you well tm sure you c Complete the sentence with the correct preposition. 1 Jam ismade_outof fruit 2 This toy car was made an old shoe box. 3 can't believe this musics made computer, 4 Ifyou wanta perfect paper aeroplane, it must be made 5 Windows ina plane are made. 6 Allourclothes are made “local wool and. local dB Now go back to p.73, scissors and glue, Special glass, so they don't break easily people,TA too / enough; so / such (© 152 too and enough We use fooand not enough to explain problems, when something is ‘more than the right amount or less than the right amount Of no, there are tao many people and there fn't enough food! What's everybody going to eat? (7s wach beaut ful city be there ae to ars people (U' sacha shame! We often use enough to tel somebody not to worry Don't worry. We've got enough food. | bought lots of food this morning, We use adjective + enough and enough + noun More than the ight amount | The right amount Less than the right amount With adjectives Its to warm o play tennis, | 1S warm enough to go to | It ism wax enough to have | | the beach. a picnic With countable nouns There are too many people. There are enough poopie for | Thoro arent enough people I can't see anything a game of volley bal. for a game of football. With uncountable nouns spend too much time in| ave enough tine to bake There sat enough tne to. | oil cater SO | a col mskenoke | iS poe eerie mI is con tse sc a+ cour to exres pastve or rogativa SUTip After too and enough, we often use to-+ opinion: infritive 1 sucha pity / shame you missed the beginning! (= Ir so sorry / sac.) You'e such a genius! (= You're so clever!) The meal was such a waste of money! 1S too late to walk hore but I don't have enough money to pay fora tax ae Its ainays suc a pleasure to tak you We use so and such to draw attention to the extreme EL «ual of something, We can use so before an Alor so/such, we olen use a that cause: adjective and such bere adjective + noun ‘tas sucha nice place that we decided to stay another week + 50+ adjective: Why are you so happy? why are decided to stay because it was extemely nice) You 8 happy as you are?) {ate s0 mc foods that il + such + a/an-+ adjective + singular noun: It's sueh a beautiful day! (= W's a very beautiful day) ‘© such + adjective + plural naun: They're such friendly people! TB Causative have / get We use the structure ave /go + object + past patil to ak about things that we arrange or pay for but don't actually do ourselves, Have is slightly more formal than get We can use the structure have + something + past participle to talk about experiences thal are caused by ‘ther people, These experiences are usually negative: om He had his phone stolen (= He experienced the situation were somebody stole his phone) have! get | Object Past particle : ‘ We can use the structure get + something + pas Theyre having thee | “é = Meher _| pate | participle to focus on the end results of an activity rather Wen ae you gor to got you hair eutt than the activity its Ne fad | year | fed | don't care how you do it~ just get this wrk done! She wants hae hor book | pubisbed, | fish tor pay for somebody to fish id We can mention the agent (the person who di he ation) after by Tatantad to She had her dress ade by a top designe. sobry erasers Z shortened, but om | exe tees ne Tstoo. Sgn as eee canese treraphats Sat we eh writen ony tr oaratedy ee eae rte come Fieger tous street wes to expense, cord tame "1467A too / enough; so / such a Complete the sentences with one phrase from the. box in each space. Use each phrase twice. enough too too many too much 1. She speaks quite quickly but she makes too many. mistakes. 2 Ohno... we haven't got to the shop and buy some? 3 They're nice children, but they make —____ noise. 4. We wanted to go out, but itwas cold 5. They spend time watching TV. It's not healthy! 6 Your project isn't brilliant but i's good You don't need to do it again. 7. You should take a bus ~ it — milk. Can you go far to walk. = people attended the meeting — everyone was talking atthe sarme time and they couldn't make any decisions bb Match the sentence halves. a There so : 2 [J ttwas such a b 3 [J Youve read that book somany... € 4 [_] She wrote her complaint in such a a 5 There was so much a 6 CI theyre such t 1B causative have/get x Grammar Focus © Rewrite the second sentence so that it means the same as, the first. Use the words in brackets and so, such, f00 or enough. 1 They went by plane because they're rich (that) Theyre _sorich that_ they went by plane. 2 I'm so sorry that we didn't see you. (pty) Its __that we dint see you. 3 He's too young to be a doctor. (old) He isn't be a doctor 4 I didr't go out because | was so tired, (100) Iwas __ go out. 5 That player's so good that he plays for his national team. (Such) He's ___ he plays for his national team. 6 Itwas such a serious situation that they had to cal the police. (50) The situation they had to call the police, dB Now go back to p.81 times that you must know every word by now. way that we thought she was being kind, nice people that fm sure youl ike them! boring film that we left halfway through. lazy that they never do any homework. - food that we couldn't eat ital a Match the sentences with reasons A-C for using causative have/get 1 [5] Have you had your hair done? It ooks lovely C1 My neighbours ad their car stolen lat weak, 6 7 thad my porta painted by a wonder art 8 Last time I went to the dentist! had to have two teeth taken out | My boss isn't very good at getting his team motivated, | I've had my heart broken too many times —I don't want to fallin ove again, 4 [J | need to get my eyes checked. | can't see very wel | just want to get this work done quickly 50 | can relax again. ‘A The subject arranges or pays for somebody to do something B The subject has a bad experience caused by someone else © The speaker focuses on the end result rather than the activi itset Rewrite the phrases in bold with causative have/get. Don't include the words in brackets. rm going to (pay sb) to clean my flat. 1 Carange for sb to install the new programs. ‘Can you try to finish the project as quickly as possibie? (sb) stole my email password last weok Robert, would you like to start the meeting? ‘We really need to tidy the flat is such a mess, ooaene ¢ B Now go back to p.848A First and second conditionals (©1BEA We can use both frst conditionals and second conditionals to talk We often use other past / present tenses in the ifclause: about future possibilities, {you've finished your test and you'te wating to leave, ‘you should come o my desk Tne mia We a \peratives in the main clause: ‘The first conditional describes possible or likely future events and the eee a eee ee a eet reas of twe evr youve ished yur test and you're waling 1 ave is present simple, wil + infinitive please come to my desk tL save a ile every month, Ml be able to afford a new car soon, We often use other modals than wif would in the main clause (e.g. might, could, can, et.) Uae lee IF) werent feeling so tire, | might go fora run We use the second conditional to talk about imagined events or states and ther convenes. Tey canbe about the uel presen or unkely ——— future ever [eieam a iticowey\ { fthad tl foresee it pas simple, would nitive ontitlibe listo” )( tine he rear that 1 Sad £1 for every tie Fe heard that, be 2 mitonae Corda nen car Tbe mitonire 1 saved £50 every mont, Phare enough fr anew computer bythe end ofthe year ‘Tip. We use the phrase if were you to give advice: Mh were you, | wouldn't barrow so much money ‘Tip We can use going to instead of win first conditional sentences. 111 see her tomorrow, Im going tte her ay nes 8B Third conditional; should have + past participle (©iB2A should have + past participle We can use the structure should have + past participle to ercse other people's past actions: You shouldn't have tol hem about the party 1 wanted ito be a surprise Third conditional We use the third conitonal o tak about imagined past events or states and their consequences: {1d atrved five minutes earier, I have seen the robbery. (But rived alter the robbery, so | dit see i) Fea | haan H+ past prec would have past parcinle ‘| I you had olde he ansner, I'd have checked on the etre. | ‘there ad been more tine, | we wouldnt have had to fury | (Tip be careful wth ts shor for ain the clause but would in the main clause fl known eater, have fl you, We can use past perfect continuous in tho clause. We can aso use might or could inthe main clause. twas a pasty accigent. 1 hadnt been wearing a hei, | might have ben very badly burt. But | was wearing a helmet, 50 wasn bely hurt) (©)EED Mixed conditionals ‘We combine clauses from the second and the thd conditional to talk about past conditions witha result in the present, o present conditions with a result in the past. i T ifelause | 1 those burglars hadn't damaged that painting lat year, it would be worth a fortune now. (Third conditional ~ unreal past) {Second conditional ~ unreal present] IF didn't have such a good relationship with my family, | would have left the city yoars ago. [Second conditional - unreal present] [Third conditional - unreal past] 148