Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note) 1

5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
Birds of Pakistan (Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)

Saturday, May 11, 2019 Latest:
8A i F t b tF t
     
 Home  Topics   Free Downloads   Videos  Lexicon of Forestry (LoF)   About US  
 Majestic Pakistan
Search
Forest Biology Forestrypedia General Silviculture
Classi cation of Forests and Forest

Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
 June 2, 2018  admin  0 Comments  Edit
Better Hosting from Pakistan -

24x7x365 Phone Chat Email
Free domain and free SSL included!
Ad
24x7x365 Local Phone Support and…
hosterpk.com
Learn more
Contents  21
1. FOREST TYPES: SH ARES
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 1/47
2. TEMPERATURE ZONES OF PAKISTAN: Top Posts & Pages

3. CRITERIA FOR CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST TYPES:-
3.1. 1. PHYSIOGNOMY:- Bentham and Hooker's
3.2. 2. STRUCTURE:- System
3.3. 3. FUNCTION:-
3.4. 4. FLORISTICS:-
3.5. 5. DYNAMICS:- Engler And Parantl's
3.6. 6. ENVIRONMENT:- System of Classi cation
3.7. 7. HISTORY:-

4. WHY IS CLASSIFICATION NECESSARY?
Tending Operations |
5. NEED FOR CLASSIFICATION Weeding | Cleaning |
6. WHY ARE FORESTS CLASSIFIED? Climber Control
7. FOREST TYPES OF PAKISTAN:-
7.1. I. TROPICAL THORN FOREST:- Coppice System - A
7.1.1. CHARACTERISTICS:- Detailed Note
7.1.2. LOCALITY FACTORS:-
7.1.3. FLORISTICS:-
7.1.3.1. SOME SPECIES OF THE XEROPHYTE:- Fungi Classi cation by
7.1.3.2. SAND DUNAL TRACTS ARE OVERGROWTH BY SPECIES (shrubs):- Ainsworth
7.1.3.3. PREVALENT GRASSES ARE:-
7.1.4. DISTRIBUTION:-
7.1.4.1. THE THAL DESERT
7.1.4.2. THE CHOLISTAN DESERT Recent Posts
7.1.4.3. THE NARA DESERT
7.1.4.4. THE THARPARKER DESERT
7.1.4.5. THE KHARAN DESERT
7.1.5. SILVICULTURAL SYSTEM:-
7.2. II. TROPICAL DRY DECIDUOUS FORESTS:-
7.2.1. CHARACTERISTICS
7.2.2. LOCALITY FACTOR:-
7.2.3. DISTRIBUTION
7.2.4. FLORISTICS:- Forestrypedia Livestock
7.3. III. DRY SUB-TROPICAL BROAD-LEAVED FOREST: Miscellaneous Wildlife

7.3.1. CHARACTERISTICS:
7.3.2. LOCALITY FACTOR How Horses Sleep
7.3.3. FLORISTICS: or Rest while
7.3.4. DISTRIBUTION: Standing?
7.4. IV. SUB-TROPICAL CHIR PINE FORESTS  May 11, 2019  admin  0
7.4.2. LOCALITY FACTOR The rst thing is that it is one
7.4.3. FLORISTICS: of the mistakes lots of people
7.4.3.1. SHRUBS GROWTH ARE: make about horses. It’s true
7.4.3.2. GRASSES: they
7.4.4. PROBLEMS IN THESE FORESTS:
7.4.5. DISTRIBUTION: Share this:
7.4.6. SILVICULTURAL SYSTEM:
7.4.6.1. 1. PRODUCTIVE ROLE
Share 12 Save 3
7.4.6.2. 2. ENVIRONMENTAL ROLE
7.4.6.3. 3. PROTECTIVE ROLE Tweet  WhatsApp
7.4.6.4. 4. STRATEGICAL ROLE
7.4.6.5. 5. ECOTOURISM  Email 21
SH ARES
7.5. V. HIMALAYAN MOIST TEMPERATE FOREST

7.5.1. CHARACTERISTICS AND LOCALITY FOREST
7.5.2. FLORISTIC: Birds of Pakistan (Punjab,
7.5.2.1. * Broadleaved species are: Sindh, Balochistan, Khyber
7.5.2.2. * Shrubs => Common shrubs are: Pakhtunkhwa)
7.5.2.3. * Climbers:  May 10, 2019  0
7.5.3. DISTRIBUTION/ LOCATIONS/ AREAS:

7.6. VI. THE HIMALAYAN DRY TEMPERATE FORESTS: 8 Amazing
7.6.1. CHARACTERISTICS: Facts
7.6.2. FLORISTICS: about
7.6.2.1. * Species are: Forests
7.6.2.2. * The common shrubs are:  May 8,
7.6.3. DISTRIBUTION/ LOCATION: 2019  0

7.7. VII. SUB-ALPINE FORESTS:
12
7.7.2. FLORISTICS: Powerpoin
7.7.2.1. (A) Trees t
7.7.2.2. (B) Tall shrubs Presentati
7.7.2.3. (C) Grasses: ons About
7.7.2.4. (D) Spring Herbaceous Flowers: Eucalyptus Species (By
7.7.3. DISTRIBUTIONS/ LOCATION/ AREAS: Forestry Expert)
7.8. VIII. ALPINE SCRUB:  May 3, 2019  0
7.8.2. FLORISTICS:
7.8.2.1. (A) The characteristics genera are: Primary Topics
7.8.2.2. (B) Grasses includes:
7.8.3. DISTRIBUTION:
Agriculture
7.8.3.1. MOIST ALPINE PASTURE
7.9. IX. RIVERAIN, RIPARIAN, BELA OR INUNDATION FORESTS: Climate Change
EcoTech
7.9.2. EROSION STRIP:
7.9.3. LOCALITY FACTORS: Entomology
7.9.4. DISTRIBUTION:
Environment
7.9.5. FLORISTICS:
7.9.5.1. a) Flora of Riverian Forests of Punjab: Forest Biology
7.9.5.2. b) Flora of Riverian Forest of Sindh:
Forest Ecology
7.9.5.3. c) Shrubs:
7.9.5.4. d) Grasses: Forest Engineering
7.9.6. RIVERIAN FOREST IN PUNJAB SUCCESSION:
Forest Genetics
7.9.7. RIVERIAN FOREST, HYDERABAD, SINDH:
7.9.8. OBJECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF RIVERIAN FORESTS: Forest Law
7.9.9. SILVICULTURAL SYSTEM:
Forest Management
7.9.10. REGENERATION OF RIVERIAN FORESTS:
7.9.10.1. REGENERATION IN PUNJAB: Forest Mensuration
7.9.10.2. REGENERATION OF RIVERAIN FORESTS IN SINDH:
Forest Products and Timber
7.9.10.2.1. PRE-ABKALANI SOWING:
Technology
7.9.10.2.2. MID-ABKALANI SOWING:
7.9.10.2.3. POST-ABKALANI SOWING: Forest Recreation
7.9.10.2.4. KHAUF AREAS:
7.9.11. PROBLEMS IN RIVERAIN FORESTS: Forest Roads
7.10. X. IRRIGATED PLANTATIONS: Forest Statistics & Research
7.10.1. CHARACTERISTICS Methodology
7.10.2. LOCALITY FACTOR:
21
SH ARES
7.10.3. FLORISTICS: Forest Surveying

7.10.4. DISTRIBUTION/ LOCATIONS:
7.10.5. PROBLEMS/ HURDLES OF IRRIGATED PLANTATIONS: Forestrypedia
7.10.6. IMPROVEMENT / DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATED PLANTATIONS: Free Downloads
7.11. TROPICAL TIDAL SWAMP FORESTS
General Silviculture
7.12. MANGROVE FORESTS
7.12.1. CHARACTERISTICS Geology
7.12.2. LOCALITY FACTORS:
Health & Fitness
7.12.3. DISTRIBUTION:-
7.12.4. FLORISTICS:- Lexicon of Forestry (LoF)
7.12.5. SILVICULTURAL SYSTEM
Livestock
7.13. XI: AMENITY PLANTING
7.13.1. (A) OBJECTIVE OF ROADSIDE PLANTATION Marine Sciences
7.13.1.1. (B) CRITERIA: Miscellaneous
7.13.1.2. (C) SILVICULTURAL SYSTEM
7.13.1.3. (D) SPECIES: Mycology and Pathology
7.13.2. (II) CANALSIDE PLANTATION
Plant Taxonomy
7.13.2.1. CHARACTERISTICS:-
7.13.2.2. FLORISTICS:- Range Management
7.13.3. Share this:
REDD
7.13.4. Posts Selected Based on Your Choice.
Remote Sensing & GIS
FOREST TYPES:
Resource Economics
Soil Plant Water Relationship
Soil Science
Forest types may be de ned as:-
Space Science
“Unit of vegetation which possesses broad characteristics in physiognomy
Videos Section
and structure su ciently pronounced to permit of its di erent from other
such units”. Watershed Management
Wildlife
Important Note: The Spellings of Botanical Names of Species

need careful consideration. To check any correct spelling, just
Most Downloaded
type it in google and you will see the correct spellings in Google
Suggestions. All Forest Acts Combined
Book (Download)
293 downloads 202.64 MB
TEMPERATURE:
DOWNLOAD
Temperature is a very important factor of climate in relation to forest types
Forest Products and
and it can be related to latitude giving a rough di erentiation into four Timber Technology
zones:- Notes by Naeem Javid
i. TROPICAL:- Very hot and winterless Muhammad Hassani

264 downloads 962.00 KB
ii. SUB-TROPICAL:- Hot with cool winter
DOWNLOAD
iii. TEMPERATE: – Warm summer and a pronounced winter. Trees of Pakistan
iv. ARTIC: – Short summer and long winter. 260 downloads 2.95 MB
DOWNLOAD 21
SH ARES
On the basis of temperature data Pakistan can be divided into the Britannica Concise Encycl
following zones:- Complete Edition
204 downloads 202.55 MB
i. TROPICAL
DOWNLOAD
ii. SUB-TROPICAL
Landslide Stabilization
iii. TEMPERATE 183 downloads 125.58 MB
DOWNLOAD
iv. ALPINE
Start Converting 1. 2019 Military Pay Chart a

Ad Convert Word Doc and PDF with
FileConvertor Free! 2. Dresses For Women Over 65 a
FileConvertor 3. Current Military Pay Chart a

Learn more 4. How To Clean A Bathtub a
Landscape Design For Front
5.
Yards a
TEMPERATURE ZONES OF
PAKISTAN:
ZONE M.A M.A. JANUARY WINTER
TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE
TROPICAL OVER 75 F Over 60 f None no frost
SUB-TROPICAL 65-75 F 50-60 F DEFINITE BUT

NOT SEVER,
FROST RARE
TEMPERATE 50-65 F 30-50 F PRONOUNCED

WITH FROST
SOME SNOW
ALPINE UNDER 50 F UNDER 30 F SEVERE WITH

MUCH SNOW
CRITERIA FOR
CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST
TYPES:-
21
SH ARES
The possible bases for classi cation put forward by FOSBERG 1958 are
least seven viz;
1. Physiognomy
2. Structure
3. Function
4. Floristics
5. Dynamics
6. Environment
7. History
1. PHYSIOGNOMY:-
It is ordinarily taken to include characters such as Evergreen or
Deciduous habit and such structural or functional features as are
associated with very dry (XEROMORPJIC) or very wet
(HYDROMORPHIC) sites.
2. STRUCTURE:-
It means three factors;
i. Strati cation
ii. Dimensions
iii. Spacing
Strati cation indicates single storey, two storey or three storey

forests.
Dimension means classi cation according to height and diameter of

trees.
Spacing stands for dense forest and open forest.
3. FUNCTION:-
Common morphological characters of species occurring together
with some being evidently related to site conditions e.g.
Lifeform, Buttressing, Bark Form, Leaf size, and Cauli ory.
4. FLORISTICS:-
This basis as most objective and de nite. But apart from di culties
21
of identi cation, it observes the relationships between the SH ARES
vegetation of di erent oristics region.
However, oristic characters are useful for designation of

subordinate units within a type and are often used for the ultimate
units of classi cation.
5. DYNAMICS:-
It deals with the plant succession. This means a change of
vegetation from unstable to stable form with a change of soil and
climate even when an equilibrium appears to have been reached, it
only applies to the community as a whole. Changes occur due to the
soil, climate and climax types i.e.
Pioneer types, Seral types, Sub-climax and climax types.
The climax type may be Edaphic, climax, (Men and animals action),
pyric climax (due to re).
6. ENVIRONMENT:-
Climate and soil moisture are part of nearly all classi cations no
classi cation has yet been put forward based solely on habitat
factors.
The moisture of the soil and reaction between it and the vegetation
it supports obviously play an important role e.g.
Physiography is patently important in the occurrence and

distribution of forest types.
The vegetation is the best and usually the only obtainable indication
of the climate.
7. HISTORY:-
The history of a site and vegetation on it are often of the present
importance in determining its resent condition and potentialities.
DANSEREAUI, 1951 have developed method “collection of data for

classi cation” recording the features of vegetation. These of such
methods facilities comparisons and mapping.
In 1964 SKS introduced Qualitative methods of studying Forest

Types of Pakistan. History tells us the status of forests on any
particular sites e.g.
i. In Attock, there were thick Olea cuspidate and Acacia modesta
forests but there are no such Forests except Prosopis and Acacia 21
modesta. SH ARES
ii. In Kashmir, there was Oak Forest but now there is Chir pine.
WHY IS CLASSIFICATION
NECESSARY?
OR
NEED FOR
CLASSIFICATION
OR
WHY ARE FORESTS

CLASSIFIED?
Classi cation of vegetation is important for the following needs and
reasons;
1. It is an aid to recognize soil type.
2. It helps in the choice of species for a orestation.
3. It is an aid to recognize Climatic conditions.
4. It facilitates the selection of Silvicultural systems.
5. It is easy for controlling and administrating the Forest area for
protection and production.
6. It facilitates the Watershed Management.
7. It helps us to understand the Evolutionary trend.
8. We should be able to correlate the vegetation with climate.
9. It facilitates the selection of Silvicultural operations. 21

SH ARES
FOREST TYPES OF
PAKISTAN:-
1. Tropical Littoral and Swamp Forest (Mangrove Forest).
2. Tropical Thorn Forest.
3. Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest.
4. Sub-Tropical Broad-Leaved Evergreen Forest.
5. Sub-Tropical pine forest.
6. Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest.
7. Himalayan Dry Temperate Forest.
8. Sub-Alpine Forest.
9. Alpine Scrub Forest.
10. Riverain Forest.
11. Irrigated plantations
12. Linear Plantations
i. Roadside Plantations.
ii. Railway track Plantations.
iii. Canalside Plantations.

S.No CATEGORY Punjab Sindh KPK Baloch Northern AJK Pakistan

Areas
istan
1 Coniferous 46 – 1105 131 286 361 1928
2 Riverian 54 241 – 5 – – 300
3 Coastal/ – 345 – – – – 345

Mangroves
4 Scrub 324 10 115 163 658 1 1271
5 Irrigated 136 82 – – 2 – 220

plantation
6 Mazri – – 24 – – – 24
Lands
7 Linear 14 – 2 – – – 16
Plantation 21
SH ARES
8 Private – – 159 – – – 159

Plantation
TOTAL 574 678 1405 299 945 362 4263
I. TROPICAL THORN

FOREST:-
CHARACTERISTICS:-
1) Forests in which thorny usually HARDWOOD species
predominate.
2) Trees have short bole and low branching crowns and usually,
height is up to 20-30 feet.
3) The leaves are small except Salvadora and caloptropis.
4) There is a lower story of smaller trees and large shrubs.
5) Heavy browsing, especially by Goat and Camel, is universal.
6) Cutting of trees for fuelwood has reduced the vegetation to

scrub form with scattered lopped trees.
7) Regeneration by root suckers is common.
LOCALITY FACTORS:-
1) Mean annual temperature varies from 750F to 800F.
2) Mean annual rainfall is from 30″ down to 5″ with variation from
year to year.
3) Even this small quantity tends to come in the form of heavy
showers and most of it lost as surface run-o .
4) Forest occurs as far south as sakrand.
FLORISTICS:-
1) The species belong to “XEROPHYTE FAMILY” which survive in the
shortage of water in desert regions
2) They produce very deep and extensive roots they penetrate in the
soil up great distance and get some moist in the dry seasons
3) In the dry season, they shed their leaves for reducing the water
losses.
21
SH ARES
SOME SPECIES OF THE XEROPHYTE:-

1) Acacia nilotica
2) Zizyphus mauratina
3) Zizyphus nummularia
4) Tamrix aphylla
5) Tamrix articulate
6) Prosopis spicigera
7) Prosopis cineraria
8) Salvadora oleoides
9) Acacia modesta
10) Acacia Senegal
11) Capparis aphylla (shrub)
12) Tecoma undulate
13) Acacia leucophlea
14) Acacia leucophlea
15) Calatropis Spp.
16) Spicara Spp.
SAND DUNAL TRACTS ARE

OVERGROWTH BY SPECIES (shrubs):-
1) Suaeda
2) Salsola
3) Haloxula
PREVALENT GRASSES ARE:-

1) Aristida
2) Eleusis
3) Panicum
4) Cenchrus
5) Lasiurus
DISTRIBUTION:-
21
SH ARES
1) The Tropical Thorn forests of Pakistan are located in the

desert areas 90 percent plants of Punjab and Sindh are arid or
semi-arid and having tropical thorn forests
2) These forests in the deserts of:
3) Thal deserts
4) Cholistan Nara desert
5) Thapparker desert Kharan deserts are found
THE THAL DESERT

Present between the planes of river Indus and river Jehlam this area is
known is Sindh sagar doab
Areas included are:
1) Mainwali
2) Sargodha
3) Muza argarh
4) Deragazikhan
5) Sands are found everywhere
6) Rainfall is drastically low
7) Dust storms are frequent
8) A huge percentage of this area has been irrigated with canal
water but still a vast area is barren land
THE CHOLISTAN DESERT

Found along the southern border area of Bahawalnagar
It is the part of Rajistan district which is situated adjacent to it in India
Thorny bushes and scattered dunes can be seen everywhere
THE NARA DESERT

The southern border area of Khanpur is Sindh is having a desert region
known as Nara
The driest part of Pakistan
Sand dunes and thorny bushes scattered everywhere
THE THARPARKER DESERT

Located at the border area of Mirpurkhas and sanshar 21
SH ARES
Is also the part of Rajistan desert in India.
Categorized as the driest part of Pakistan
The problem of salinity is at peak
Huge sand dunes and thorny bushes nothing can be seen there
Nomads living 22000 families Rs 3per cattle per annum for grazing known
“TIRNI”
THE KHARAN DESERT

Located in the province of Balochistan
Mainly these occur in the Ziarat region
Kharan desert is very near to the Afghan border so many afghan along
with their sheep, goats, cattle enter in these areas
A severe shortage of rainfall in barren land under climatic conditions are

very severe
Faced with droughts
Having severed and long summer
No irrigation facilities
SILVICULTURAL SYSTEM:-
Very low percentage of the total area is under management i.e. only 3.5%
These forests are managed under Clear felling silvicultural system
The whole of the trees in the speci ed block for felling and regeneration
are felled in one installment and is followed by obtaining natural or
arti cial regeneration
Nomads should be controlled
Sand dunes stabilization is a must
II. TROPICAL DRY

DECIDUOUS FORESTS:-
CHARACTERISTICS
1) An open rather low forest
21
SH ARES
2) Composed almost entirely of deciduous trees and a few trees

of the thorn forest type with a predominantly deciduous shrub
layer
3) There is no extensive occurrence of forests in Pakistan
4) The forest is subjected to repeated ground res
5) Grazing and browsing are heavy, close to habitation
6) The forest adjoins the dry subtropical and also the
subtropical pine forest
LOCALITY FACTOR:-
1) Elevation 1500_3000 foothills
2) The MAT is about 70F
3) MA Rainfall is between 20_40 inches
4) The forest is borne on sandstone, shale, and limestone
5) The forest occurs at suitable elevation merging Downwards

with the tropical thorn forest and Upward with the subtropical
Pine forest
6) Precipitation receive in July and August and again in the

January and February but erratic
7) There is a long period of drought
DISTRIBUTION
1) Scrub forests of Pabbi hills (KPK)
2) Kharian (Gujrat)
3) Margalla hills (Islamabad)
4) Kalachitta (Attock) hills
5) Also located in patches on small hills in KPK, AJK and

Balochistan==Quetta. Kalat division
6) Foothills
7) Lower slopes of Himalaya
8) Salt range
9) Suleman range
10) Hazara hills
FLORISTICS:-
21
SH ARES
1) Acacia modesta and Olea cuspidate are the dominant trees
of this type of forest
2) Olea ferruginea
3) Ziziphus mauritiana
III. DRY SUB-TROPICAL

BROAD-LEAVED FOREST:
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Commonly these are known as scrub forest
2. These scrub forest occur at height of 1500 to 3000 feet
3. Sub-humid, subtropical climate
4. The terrains of these forests are hilly
5. The trees and shrubs are mostly thorny and evergreen but
some are not thorny e.g.
6. Olea cuspidate
7. Pome granata
8. They produce small timber, fuelwood, and fodder, roof,

Handicraft, Handles Tools and Rural cots
9. Conspicuous erosion, Gullies and deep ravines.
LOCALITY FACTOR
1. M.A.T is 700 up to 800F with high summer temperature
reaching 110F or even more than marked cold season
2. Forest is usual but may occur
3. The annual rainfall is about 35″ or less
4. Short monsoon period of only three months.

5. Soil==> Recent deposit at the foothills with light sandy soil.
FLORISTICS:
1. Acacia modesta
2. Acacia catechu
3. Bauhinia verigata

21
SH ARES
4. Cacia stula
5. Bombox ceiba
6. Zizypus mauritiana
7. Sterculia villosa
8. Terminalia beterica
9. Flecourtia indica
10. Punica granatum
11. Ficus carica
12. Dalbergia sissoo
13. Indigofera
14. Dondonea viscosa
15. Adhatoda
16. Gymnosporia
17. Carissa
DISTRIBUTION:
1. Rawalpindi foothills
2. Murree= Kuhuta hills
3. Jhelum valley
4. Outer Mangla hills
5. Lehtar and Nurpur Shahan
IV. SUB-TROPICAL CHIR

PINE FORESTS
OR
SUB-TROPICAL CHIR FORESTS
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Open in ammable pine forests are evergreen
2. There is heavy Neel fall in the may
3. Chir forests occupy generally between 3000-5500 feet
4. The forest occurs on slopes of rocky mountains, hence its

soils is well drained and often dry 21
SH ARES
5. The tree are mostly needle heaving high rate of transpiration
6. Some broad-leaved species are also associated
7. Chir from the top major parts of the top canopy
8. It normally attains the height of 120 feet, heaving girth of 7-8
feet
9. Pine canopy has an even-aged cover
10. Usually catch re in summer
11. In depression, evergreen Quercus incana (oak) and some

deciduous plants grow
12. Shrubs are few
13. Herba and greenness occur in monsoon
LOCALITY FACTOR
1. Mean annual temperature lies between 600 F – 700F
2. Rainfall varying 30-50 mainly derived from the southwestern

monsoon, falling in July and August but there is appreciable
spring falling as well
3. Sandstone and limestone are abundant in soil
4. There is small overlap with Pinus wallichiana at the upper

limit
FLORISTICS:
1. Chir form the major canopy i.e. Pinus roxburgii
2. Quercus incana
3. Pyrus pashia
4. Pistacia integrima
5. Lyonia ovali
6. Rhododenron arboretum
7. Zyzygium cummini
8. Xylosoma longifolium
9. Quercus glauca
10. Mallotus philippinesis
11. Ficus spp
12. Olea cuspidate

21
13. Grevea oppositifolia SH ARES
SHRUBS GROWTH ARE:

1. Myrsine Africana
2. Daphane
3. Lonicera
4. Rose
5. Crisa
6. Dodoneaviscosa
7. Wood fordia
8. Berberis lysium
9. Indigofera
10. Reinwardtria
11. Rubus
GRASSES:
Ø Hetropogon contortous
PROBLEMS IN THESE FORESTS:

1. Summer heavy re
2. Uncontrolled continuous grazing/browsing
3. Excessive fuelwood collection
4. Shifting cultivation
DISTRIBUTION:
1. Abbottabad
2. Mansehra
3. Butrasi
4. Shinkari
5. Dader
6. Haripur
7. Malakand
8. Bunair
9. Dir lower

21
10. Swat SH ARES
11. Lower hills of Murree and Kahuta
12. Valley of Azad Jammu Kashmir
13. Gadoon Mardan District
SILVICULTURAL SYSTEM:
1. PRODUCTIVE ROLE
Ø Timber, fuelwood, fodder
Ø Resin
Ø Fruits
2. ENVIRONMENTAL ROLE

Ø Produce oxygen
Ø Sink CO2
Ø Making environment fresh and healthy
Ø Reduce global warming
3. PROTECTIVE ROLE

Ø Soil and water conservation
4. STRATEGICAL ROLE

Ø Forest belt stretched in A.J.K, Army commandos hide in it and have
a strict eye on an enemy army
5. ECOTOURISM
Ø Aesthetic role
TEMPERATE FORESTS:
§ It extends along the Himalayas between the chir pine forests and
alpine forests
§ It is divided into two types
i. Himalayan Moist temperate forests
ii. Himalayan Dry temperate forests
SEE ALSO: The Bene ts of Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

21
SH ARES
V. HIMALAYAN MOIST

TEMPERATE FOREST
CHARACTERISTICS AND
LOCALITY FOREST
1. It is found on hills at an altitude between 4500 to 10,000 feet.
2. It is coniferous forests with tree varying from 100 to 150 feet
in height.
3. The mat is 560F.
4. M.A. rainfall in 57 inches.
5. Precipitation is derived from the south-west monsoon (July –

September) while winter rainfall is due to northwestern
disturbance. Mostly the winter precipitation is in the form of
snow.
Ø These forests are the Pakistan’s most important watersheds of

Mangla and Tarbela lakes.
6. The soil is loamy and acidic due to being humus rich.
7. Conifers mostly occur on the slopes and tend to avoid hot
southern exposures. Growth rate is satisfactory.
8. Moist depression, steep cool slopes and the atter deep soil
carry deciduous broadleaved species.
9. All species are capable of attaining considerable girth of 4.5

meter or more.
10. Winters are long and severely cold. Summers are short.
11. Snow and hail storms during winters are common.
12. The forest vegetation is dense.
FLORISTIC:
* Kail and deodar are typical dominant coniferous trees. The chief
coniferous species in Moist Temperate Forests are:-
1. Pinus wallichina
2. Cedrus deodara 21

SH ARES
3. Picea smithiana
4. Abies pindrow
5. Taxus bacata
* Broadleaved species are:

1. Quercus incana
2. Quercus dilatata
3. Quercus semicarpifolia
4. Quercus ilex
5. Juglans regia (Walnut)
6. Acer caesium (Maple)
7. Aesculus indica (Horse Chestnut)
8. Populous ciliata
9. Salix babylonica
10. Alnus nitida
11. Ulmus wallichina
12. Pyrus pPashia
13. Pyrus malus
14. Pyrus communis
15. Farxinuls Spp.
16. Prunus padus
* Shrubs => Common shrubs are:

1. Berberis lysium
2. Indigofera spp.
3. Viburnum spp.
4. Rubus spp.
5. Rhododendron arboreum
6. Corylus
* Climbers:
1. Rosa
2. Hedera Nepalensis.
* Ferns, on the moist soil and rocks.

21
SH ARES
DISTRIBUTION/ LOCATIONS/
AREAS:
These forests occur in:
1. Tehsil Murree.
2. Abbottabad District.
3. Mansehra District.
4. Gallies e.g. Ayubia.
5. Kaghan valley.
6. Swat District.
7. Dir-Upper District.
8. A.J.K => Leepa Valley
9. Shogran.
10. Nathiagali.
11. Shangla District => Alpuri Tehsil
12. Tribal Areas (FATA)
VI. THE HIMALAYAN DRY

TEMPERATE FORESTS:
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. These are found in mountain ranges beyond the e ective
reach of the summer monsoon.
2. Elevation ranging from 5000 to 10,000 feet extending to

11,000 on southerly aspect.
3. The foliage is grayish and small-leaved aromatic shrubs

predominant notably:
i. Artemisia spp.
ii. Rosa spp.
iii. Ephedra is highly aromatic.
iv. Caragana spp.
v. Prunus spp.
4. Receive winter precipitation in the form of rain and snow.

21
SH ARES
5. Mean annual temperature is 600F or 60C to 160C.
6. The mean annual rainfall varies from 13 to 20 inches.
7. The depth of snowfall lays between 1.5 to 6.2 meter.
8. The summers are mild and short.
9. Winters are long and severely cold. Snow and hail storms are
common.
10. Rock avalanches and snow slides are common occurrence.
FLORISTICS:
Ø These forests are coniferous forests.
Ø The vegetation of this forests is if small to medium height

predominately on drier sites.
Ø The ground vegetation of this forest is also found there in aromatic
fashion.
* Species are:

1. Cedrus deodara
2. Pinus geradiana
3. Juniperous macropoda (pencil juniper)
4. Juniperous excelsa
5. Pinus wallichina
6. Picea smithana
7. Quercus ilex
8. Fraxinus spp.
9. Acer spp.
* The common shrubs are:

1. Artimisia spp.
2. Aphedra spp.
3. Astralgus spp.
4. Berberies Iysium
5. Punica spp.
6. Rosa spp.
7. Prunus spp.

21
SH ARES
8. Daphne spp.
9. Lunicera spp.
DISTRIBUTION/ LOCATION:
These dry temperate forests are found in locations/ areas:
1. Chitral
2. Kaghan Valley
3. Nelum valley (A.J.K)
4. Dir-Kohsitan
5. Shinghar
6. Ziarat
7. Zhob and district Lora Lai
8. Zargharan
9. Waziristan (FATA)
10. Diamer – Northern Areas
11. Takhte-Suleman
12. Parachinar

VII. SUB-ALPINE FORESTS:

CHARACTERISTICS:
1. It occurs between 3350 – 3800 meters
Or
Throughout the Himalayas from about 11,000 feet to the timber

limit or tree limit.
2. M.A.T is 100C or below 00C for 5 to 6 months. Maximum

temperature does not exceed than 15.60C.
3. Rainfall ranges between 660mm and 9mm.
4. Snowfall is of greater importance for which a depth of 2

meter and over.
5. Evergreen conifers.

21
SH ARES
6. The conifers rarely exceed 8 meter in height and broadleaved

trees reach about 9 meter.
7. There is a spring ush of herbaceous owers.
FLORISTICS:
(A) Trees
1. Abies spectabilis (High-level form) and Betula utilis are the typical
tree species.
2. High-levell Pinus Wallichina may occur on landslips or abandoned

clearings.
3. Salix and Pyrus in depressions.
(B) Tall shrubs

1. Virurnum and Salix.
2. Evergreen Dwarf Junipers are often abundant communis.
3. Rhododendron Anthopogon.
4. Lonicera.
5. Ribes.
6. Berberis.
(C) Grasses:
1. Poa
2. Primuland
3. Sorbus Trianshanica.

(D) Spring Herbaceous Flowers:

1. Ranunculaceae
2. Compositae
DISTRIBUTIONS/ LOCATION/
AREAS:
21
SH ARES
1. Naltar valley – Gilgit at 12000 feet
2. Kaghan valley – Hazara
3. Thajwas, sonamarg => Kashmir
4. Dir
5. Swat
6. Chitral
VIII. ALPINE SCRUB:

CHARACTERISTICS:
1. The type ascends normally to 150 meters or more above the
sub-alpine forests (About 500 feet or more).
2. Climate must be similar but more severe than in sub-alpine

forests.
3. Shrubs formation often forming a quite dense cover 0.6 to 1.8
meter high. Mostly deciduous and small leaves.
4. The stems are generally exible and adaptive to snow

pressure.
5. Due to heavy grazing and browsing a scrub formation in

summer.
6. Heavy snowfall is the predominant climatic factor.
7. Heaving alpine pastures/ Meadows.
FLORISTICS:
(A) The characteristics genera are:
1. Salix spp.
2. Lonicera.
3. Cotoneaster.
4. Occasionally Junipers dwarf Rhodendron or Ephedra.
5. Artemisia
6. Caragana
7. Eurotia
8. Juniperus
21
9. Hippophae. SH ARES
SEE ALSO: Delosperma cooperi
(B) Grasses includes:

1. Poageus spp.
2. Draba Trineriva.
3. Polygonum A ne.
4. Saxifrage Sibirica
DISTRIBUTION:
1. Kashmir (A.J.K) => Dras, Aparwat, Pirpanjal (12000 to 12500
ft).
2. Dir-Kohistan.
3. Swat.
4. Chitral.
5. Gilgit => Astor valley
6. Hazara Division.
MOIST ALPINE PASTURE

1. Appear natural and extended by heavy summer grazing and
are continuous with those of the Sub-Alpine Zone.
2. Shorter growing season.
3. The meallows carry a fairly sward of grasses and other herbs.
i. Primula
ii. Anemone
iii. Fartillar gud
iv. Gentiana
v. Ranuncalaceae
vi. Cruciferae
vii. Caryopkyllaceae
viii. Compositae
21
SH ARES
IX. RIVERAIN, RIPARIAN,

BELA OR INUNDATION
FORESTS:
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. These forests are located in the oodplains of major rivers of
Pakistan.
2. These forests grow on river banks and land subject to

periodical over ow to percolate from rivers.
3. The width of the ooded belt varies from 5 to 10 miles.
4. It is an important serial stage of tropical thorn forest type.
5. Proper management and existence of these forests depends

upon on a regular inundation and recharging of sub-soil water.
6. Erosion and deposition are common features => erosion

strips.
7. Water is available at shallow depth.
8. Flood water spills over the river banks. The river begins to
rise in May and keeps rising up to the end of September.
9. These are restricted on both sides of the river by two

continuous earthen embankments (Bunds).
Ø In these Bunds, Gates are provided.
Ø The area outside the Bunds is called inland while the area inside is
termed riverain.
10. Erosion and deposition are constantly in progress. It is

estimated that nearly 1/15th of the total area between the banks
is eroded and redeposited annually which is known as erosion
strips.
EROSION STRIP:
It is an elongated strip of land which is likely to be eroded in the current
year.
1. The vegetation is generally dense and tall.
LOCALITY FACTORS:
21
SH ARES
1. Climate is hot throughout the year.
2. The soil is deep and loamy.
3. Climate is sub-tropical arid.
4. The soil is moist, deep, sandy/silty alluvial.
5. Water.
DISTRIBUTION:
1. These forests cover about 7% of total forests area of the
country.
2. These forests cover an area of almost 3,04,200 hectare in

Sindh and Punjab.
3. Ding forest, Sukkur, Sindh.
4. Kabrani forests, Hyderabad Sindh.
5. Riverian tract of the Indus between Muza argarh and

Hyderabad.
6. Saidabad.
FLORISTICS:
a) Flora of Riverian Forests of
Punjab:
1. Dalbergia sissoo.
2. Morus alba.
3. Prosopis cineraria.
4. Cannabis sativa.
b) Flora of Riverian Forest of Sindh:

1. Acacia nilotica
2. Prosopis spicigera
3. Populous euphratica
4. Tamarix aphylla
5. Tamarix articula
6. Salvadora oledides
7. Zizyphus muratiana 21

SH ARES
8. Capparis decidua (kareer)
c) Shrubs:
1. Tamarix Dioca.
2. Tamarix Troup
d) Grasses:
1. Saccharum Munja (Clumps)
RIVERIAN FOREST IN PUNJAB

SUCCESSION:
The Riparian forest of Punjab is inhabited by:
i. Dalbergia sissoo
ii. Acacia nilotica
iii. Populous euphratica

As we move away from the rivers these trees gradually disappear and
replaced by:
i. Tamarix dioca
ii. Prosopis spicigera
iii. Salvadora oledides

Further away the lea ess Cappris aphylla appears.
Presently tree becomes sparse and bush like and the landscape
gradually merges into Desert.
RIVERIAN FOREST, HYDERABAD,

SINDH:
TYPICAL SUCCESSION:
i. The rst stage on new alluvium is Saccharum spontaneum

with Erianthus munja.
ii. This is followed by:
a) Tamarix dioca
b) Tamarix troup

21
c) Acacia nilotica SH ARES
iii. This stage is nally succeeded by:
a) Prosopis spicigera
b) Salvadora oleodies
c) Capparis decidua
OBJECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF
RIVERIAN FORESTS:
Production of timber, fuelwood, and Charcoal.
SILVICULTURAL SYSTEM:
These forests are managed under “CLEAR FELLING SILVICULTURAL
SYSTEM” accompanied with arti cial seeding and regeneration from root-
suckers or root-shoot cuttings.
REGENERATION OF RIVERIAN
FORESTS:
(a) In Punjab
(b) In Sindh
REGENERATION IN PUNJAB:
1. Shisham is the principal species in the Riverian forest of Punjab.
2. Usually, the groundwater is available near the surface.
3. Natural regeneration from root-suckers supplemented by

arti cial planting blanks stable areas are planted under well
known “BELA PLANTING TECHNIQUES” where the water table is
high.
i. Planting of Shisham stumps at 5×5 meter to 3×3 meter spacing

in boat-shaped pits is planted with hand watering from Kacha
wells dug in the centre of each 0.4-hectare plot.
ii. Rotation is xed for 60 years.
iii. Thinning are done at an interval of 5-6 years up to the age of 30

years and after that thinning cycle is 10 years in good block Bela
plantation.

21
SH ARES
REGENERATION OF RIVERAIN FORESTS

IN SINDH:
1. The main species in Sindh Reverain forests is Acacia nilotica.
2. Natural Regeneration is supplement by arti cial regeneration by

broadcasting seeds of Acacia nilotica during the rainy season or
in receding ood water.
3. This manual broadcasting of seeds is made through boats by the

workers of the forest department with help aerial sowing by the
following methods:-
i. Pre-Abkalani Sowing
ii. Mid-Abkalani Sowing
iii. Post-Abkalani Sowing
PRE-ABKALANI SOWING:
Ø When less quantity of water is expected to be available
Ø Sowing is done before oodwater engulfs the area
MID-ABKALANI SOWING:
Ø Flood water is expected to remain for a longer period.
Ø Strips of 20Km width are marked.
Ø When ood waters are receding boats are used to spread out the
seed form the boats.
Ø Keeping the boat at the centre of the strip the seeds are thrown on
either side.
Ø Ariel sowing is also done.
POST-ABKALANI SOWING:
Ø In those areas where the ood water has left the area completely.
Ø Particular areas which are categorized as “KHAUF” area.
Ø The width of this belt normally varies from 5 to 10 Km.
KHAUF AREAS:
Ø It is a word of local language means “FEAR” which is supposed to be
eroded in coming rainy season by river Indus due to turbulent
ow. Here the river ows like a wild Elephant.
21
SH ARES
Ø The width of this belt normally varies from 5 to 10 Km.
Ø The government trickily advised the people living in these regions
along with the river banks to shift their residences from ‘KHAUF’
areas to avoid damages not only to their valuables but also their
lives.
PROBLEMS IN RIVERAIN FORESTS:

The Riverain forests of Pakistan, in general, those in Sindh has particularly
little future due to facing the following problem:
Ø Due to the construction of Tarbela dam and a large number of

barrages on river Indus and its tributaries have deprived the
riverain forests of Sindh for their regular annual ood watering.
Ø At present these forests receive oodwater once in a while

whenever unusually continuous heavy rains are received in their
northern catchments.
Ø The presences of a large number of dacoits and outlaws in their

forests have brought down forest management to low and stand
still level.
Ø Timber ma a has also serious threats to the survival of these

forests.
Ø The ruthless cutting of trees for fuelwood, due to lack of awareness.
X. IRRIGATED
PLANTATIONS:
CHARACTERISTICS
1. These forests are outcome of human e orts on sub-marginal
lands where irrigation water could be made available.
2. These irrigated plantations were created after clearing

23,000,000 acres of the tropical thorn forests.
3. Irrigated plantation was rst started in 1866, 4860 hectares.
4. These plantations are raised over the plains of Pakistan

primarily in Punjab and Sindh.
5. Size of such plantations varies from just 200 hectares to 800
hectares.
6. An irrigated plantation depends upon arti cial substance

from irrigational canals.
21
SH ARES
7. Man-made forests were established for providing timber,

fuelwood for railways, population and sports good.
8. The man-made forests of Punjab alone cover about 3,67,200

acres of land and constitute about 29% of the total forest area of
the province.
LOCALITY FACTOR:
1. The climate of this plantation in plains is extremely dry and
hot.
2. The max temp during summer rises to 1200F.
3. M.A. rainfall is below 10″.
4. Hot, dry, dust-laden winds are a common feature during

summer.
5. The soil varies from shifting sand dunes to heavy clay.
6. Kanker pans occur in places, the pH is always well over 7 and
the soils are mostly saline often with high sodium content
especially in the Bahawalpur and Ghulam Muhammad Barrage
areas.
7. The water table remains as follows:
S. Name of Plantation Depth of Ground Water Depth of

No. Table When Plantation Was Present
Started ground
Water Table
1 Changa Manga 50’ – 57’ ft (1889) 30 ft
2 Chichawatni 56’ – ft (1913) 26 – 29 ft
3 Daphar 50 – 60 ft (1908) 7 – 125 ft
4 Wanbacharan (Thal) 30 ft (1979) 14 ft
8. In Daphar plantation waterlogged conditions have

developed.
9. Inmost plantations irrigation water is available from April to

May to the Middle of October.
10. The depth of irrigation requires 9″ deep trenches.
11. The rst irrigation to 1foot delta requiring 12 cusecs per acre
for an hour should be given to the entire plantation.
12. 12 cusecs is the minimum discharge required for raising 1000

acre of Shisham plantation. This corresponds to about 50″ of 21
SH ARES
rainfall.
FLORISTICS:
i. Dalbergia sissoo
ii. Acacia nilotica
iii. Morus alba
iv. Populus deltoides
v. Bombox ceiba
vi. Melia azedarach
vii. Azidrachta indica
viii. Leeucaena leucdephala
ix. Sesbbania sesbans
x. Eucalyptus camaldulensis
xi. Populous euramericiana
xii. Ailanthus excelsa/Altisima
xiii. Albizzia lebbek
xiv. Cedrela toona
DISTRIBUTION/ LOCATIONS:
1. Changa Manga national park
2. Gatwala national park
3. Lal Sohra national park
4. Chichawatni
5. Kamalia
6. Dialpur
7. Da ar
8. Pirowal
9. Khanewal
10. Inayat
11. Abbasia
PROBLEMS/ HURDLES OF
IRRIGATED PLANTATIONS:
21
SH ARES
1. Lack of canal water => inadequate water
2. Depictive irrigation system
3. Deposition of silt in channels, reduced water ow and

continuous lost to seepage and evaporation.
4. Lack of nancial resources i.e. fund => insu cient funds.
5. Deteriorated site conditions due to waterlogging and

alkalinity => semi-productive sites.
6. Improper selections of species.
7. Gender mismanagement.
8. The water budgets for irrigated plantations have been erratic
and insu cient for normal tree growth.
9. Political interference.
10. The future of these plantations is dark in the 21st Century if

managed in the present way.
11. An economic analysis of Chichawatni irrigated tree plantation

shows that the total cost of growing trees was Rs. 5456 per Acre
and the total income received was Rs. 1659 per acre which made
pure high timber forestry an unproductive enterprise.
12. Similar results have been concluded in an economic analysis

of kamalia irrigated tree plantation.
13. The Punjab forest department is spending three times more

(Rs. 120.6 million) than its earnings to maintain the resources of
the meager forest and to pay sta salaries.
14. The productivity is on decline and minus internal rate of

return and minus net present value.
15. High degree of theft, illicit grazing and browsing.
16. Cattle trample irrigation channels and young trees.
17. People cut and damage young timber trees for rewood and
steal valuable timber.
18. Inability of local sta to act promptly at critical situation.
19. Scattered small 300 irrigated plantations including Chak

(village) plantations do not make economic units for intensive
management.
20. There is no justi cation to continue keeping such irrigated

forest plantations and riverain forests with minus internal rate of
return and minus net present value.
21
SH ARES
IMPROVEMENT / DEVELOPMENT
OF IRRIGATED PLANTATIONS:
1. The Justi cation to keep such plantations would be for
(a) Parks and recreation
(b) Growing special purpose wood for the production of

industrial product
(c) Defense needs
2. Farm forestry/agroforestry should be considered as agroforestry

give almost 200 to 300 percent return
3. Call for a complete overhaul of irrigation system
4. Reclaiming saline / water logged soils by planting suitable

species
5. Tube wells should be installed
6. Land should be leveled
7. Encouraging active participation of local small farmers in the

early stage
8. The scattered small irrigation including Chak plantation should

be consolidated
9. The planting of valuable as well as fast-growing species
(a) Eucalyptus camaldulensis
(b) Populous deltoid
(c) Bombax ceiba
On 5 – 6 to 12 years rotation can make these forest high pro table
It is conservatively estimated that these private irrigation plantations

can make form Rs. 20,000 to 50,000 per acre per annum without pail
10. Broadening and scattering marketing system to encourage large

number of timber buyer to ensure healthy competition
11. Inspiring dynamism and competence in the eld sta /

formation
12. Restructuring the whole management system on economic

foundation.
TROPICAL TIDAL SWAMP

FORESTS 21
SH ARES
OR
MANGROVE FORESTS
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Mangrove forests grown inter-tidal coastlines, meaning every
24 hours, they are inundated by sea water.
2. The trees have high salt tolerance, Fosses aerial Roots to
collect-oxygen.
3. Live in the harsh and unpredictable interference between

Land and Sea.
4. Vivipary is usual.
5. Moreover less dense evergreen Forests.
6. Very low average height, often only 2-3 meter.
7. The best patches reach 6-7 height.
8. Mangroves have specially adapted Aerial and Salt ltering

Roots and salt existing leaves that enable them to occupy the
saline wetlands where other plant cannot survive.
9. The accessible parts are much grazed and topped for fodder
and rewood.
10. Lenticels are present on the stem and PNEUMATOPEHORES

on the Roots to make the desired oxygen for the growth of
mangrove Forests being growing in salty sea water.
11. The Mangrove Forests litter consisting mainly of fallen leaves

and branches provide Nutrients for marine Environment and
nursery ground for Juvenile Fish, Crabs, Shrimps and mollusks.
12. Mangrove forest are also prime nesting and migratory sites
for hundreds of birds and animals species.
13. Mangroves are also useful in treating e uent as the plant

absorb excess nitrates and phosphates thereby preventing
contaminated of nearshore waters.
14. Mangroves are principal coastal features of Tropical and Sub-

Tropical Climates.
15. Mangrove are currently characterised as on open Ecosystem.
16. The Coastal track in Pakistan carries mangrove forests in

varying densities of qualities.
21
SH ARES
LOCALITY FACTORS:
1. Mangrove soils are also usually waterlogged and poorly
oxygenated.
2. The soft, silty and shall soils provide very little support for a
plant to establish itself.
3. They consist mainly of limestone and clay.
4. The soil of the mangrove islands is Alluvium with plenty of

clay derived from land drainages and River discharge. It is reach
is slats like sodium chloride, sodium carbonate and nitrates with
some calcium.
5. The muddy clayey soil is very poor in other mineral

substances.
6. The tidal action of sea causes erosion on one side of the
creek and Accretion on the other.
7. The soils generally are silty clays, silty clay loams, and very
ne sandy loams and usually dark grayish brown, greyish brown
or brown.
8. The soils are sticky to very sticky when WET, rm to very rm
when moist and hard to very hard when DRY.
9. The pH ranges from 8 to 8.2 and the organic matter content
is less then one percent.
10. The entire coastal area of Sindh is included in the warm

monsoon climatic region.
11. Average rainfall is 221.2 mm falls in Monsoon season from

April to September.
12. January is a cooler month with minimum temperature of

9.50c.
13. Humidity is an important factor in Coastal Region. It is

generally higher in morning then in the afternoon.
14. The wind is another important factor of Coastal Region. The

speed increases during the day from morning to evening.
15. Salinity of sea water is Relatively high due to Arid climate and
less in uence of River water.e.g.
i. Chin Creek 3.6% observed in July, 1981.
ii. Korangi Creek 3.6% observed in October, 1985.
iii. Ket Bunder 4.3% observed in July, 1981.

21
SH ARES
iv. Shah Bunder 3-3.60% observed in October,

1985.
DISTRIBUTION:-
1. The mangrove forests 2,57,500 hectares are found in
Pakistan, out of which 6,93,032 Acres are in Sindh. They are
protected forests having no right.
2. Pakistan is the Seventh largest mangrove forest in the world.
3. The Indus deltic swamp forests are situated:
i. From Korngi to chan creek, near Keti Bunder.
ii. From mal to seer creek, touching the Indian Border in
the Runn of Kuch.
4. Coast of Gawadar
FLORISTICS:-
1. Mangroves are considered a Tidal swamp forests by
Ecologists and are comparable TROPICAL RAIN Forests on small
scale.
2. They are natural forests propagated by PROPAGULES which

are dispersed over the area of Islands accessible to Tidal water.
3. There are about 30 species of true mangrove trees and

approximately 60 species of associated mangrove plants
worldwide.
4. In Indus delta, so far only Eight species have been reported
listed below:-
i. Arecinnia marina
ii. Rhizophora mucronata
iii. Ceropes tagal
iv. Bruguiera conjugate
v. Ceriops roxburghiana
vi. Rhiozophara apiculata
vii. Aegiceras cerinculata
viii. Sonneratia caseolarix
SILVICULTURAL SYSTEM
21
SH ARES
1. Mangrove Forests of Sindh was brought under the

management, working plan by Mr. S.A. Khan in the year 1961.
2. All Forests were divided into three working circles namely:-
i. Selection-cum Improvement working circle
ii. A orestation working circle
iii. Lopping, Grazing, and Browsing working circle’
3. W.P. 1985-86 to 2004-05:- (M.Tahir Qureshi).
Silvicultural System:-
i. No intensive management of coastal forests is

prescribed.
ii. No Regular fellings would be carried out.
iii. No particular system of working is prescribed in this

plan. Only Dead, dying and fallen tree world continue to be
Removed on permit Royalty system unless the Research
work on Avicennia suggests otherwise.
SEE ALSO: E ects of Grazing on Range Area and How Plants

Tolerate Grazing
XI: AMENITY PLANTING

(a) Liner Plantations
i. Roadside plantation
ii. Canalside plantation
iii. Railway track plantation
(b) i. City Parks
ii. Air Ports
ii. New Townships
(A) OBJECTIVE OF ROADSIDE

PLANTATION
1. To provide shade and protection to the tra cs users against
scorching heat of the summer, torrential rains of monsoon.
2. Block the dazzling lights of vehicles confronting drivers on

21
opposite direction at night. SH ARES
3. Reduce crazy notice of the fast-moving tra c.
4. Absorb carbon emitting from vehicular movement.
5. Protect Road surface from drifting sand and dust by reducing
soil erosion and extreme exposure to heat and cold in order
to prolong highway life and Reduce Maintenance Cost.
6. Accentuate visibility of Road curvatures thus enhancing Road

safety.
7. During national emergency helps in concealment of troops

deployment and camou age.
8. Providing habitat for wildlife.
9. Establishment and strengthening the state of Encroachments.
10. Provide relief to the drivers and passengers by having

developed a severe and pleasant environment through
Raising ornamental and shade trees of Aesthetic value.
11. Enhance the Forest Resource base of the country by

promoting vegetation cover.
12. Combating global warming by reducing greenhouse e ects.
13. Sometimes provide income to the state.
(B) CRITERIA:
Ø The choice of species is made by the Ecological zones and availability
of water. The following Criteria should be used in making the
selection:-
1. The use of thorny trees should be avoided as they are liable
to damage car, cycle and feet of pedestrians.
2. The planting of fruit trees is not recommended on the high

way roadside. Fruit trees need lot of attention. The fallen trees
are conducive to suiting of fast tra c. Fruit trees also attract
urchins who are likely to be run by fact tra c. Similarly for wild
and domestic animals.
3. It should have a moderately fast rate of growth trees.
4. It should be wind rm and its limbs should not unduly liable
to breakage by wind.
5. It should preferably be of economic importance.
6. Where space permits the trees should have a spreading

shady crown where space is limited, trees of more pyramidal or
columnar form are preferable and cultivars.
21
7. Planning should be avoided in the following situations:- SH ARES
i. Inside of the curves and near crossroads.
ii. Failure chances in extremely Arid, very saline and

waterlogged areas, be avoided.
iii. To obscure a pleasant view from the Roadside.
iv. Failure near Gas pipelines as they frequently leak.
8. Length of plantation is usually given in Avenue Kilometer.
9. To plant pure avenues of a single species for considerable

length.
10. The extension of single or double line avenues at interval of a

kilometer in the form of a wider plot may be recommended to
provide resting spots and camping places, shady & branchy trees
most suitable (Mango).
11. The vicinity of dangerous curves or crossroads can be

indicated to tra c by planting white-stemmed trees e.g. Albizia
procure or Terminalia arjuna.
(C) SILVICULTURAL SYSTEM

1. Regular felling is not done only for Removal of dead, dying,
diseased, dry and wind-fallen trees are harvested.
2. However, over nature/enlisted silvicultural thinnings are carried

out.
(D) SPECIES:
Usually these species are planted:-
1. Dalbergia sissoo
2. Albizzia procora
3. Albizzia lebbek
4. Azadrachta indica
5. Melia azedaracha
6. Morus alba
7. Salix
8. Bauhina verigate
9. Cassia stula
10. Plantnus orientalis
11. Sterculia alata
12. Stereospermum 21
SH ARES
13. Polyathia longifolia
14. Cupresus sempervirness
15. Millingtonia
16. Baurina purpurea
17. Salvadira
18. Poplar spp.
19. Eucalyptus camaldulensis
20. E. Citrodora
21. E. toroliana
22. Magrifera indica
23. Jacarandu spp.
24. Terminalia arjuna
(II) CANALSIDE PLANTATION

CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. Growing of trees in strips available along main canals,
branches and in avenues along distributaries and minors due to
ease of getting water supply.
2. These plantations act as windbreaks.
3. They save canals and adjoining Agricultural elds from the
ranges of wind storms.
4. Serve as shade for service roads.
5. Also provide Timber, rewood, and tanbark to the market.
FLORISTICS:-
1. Dalbergia sissoo
2. Acacia nilotica
3. Poplar
4. Bombox ceiba
5. Moras alba
6. Albizzia lebbek
7. Syzygium cumini
8. Azadirachta indica

21
SH ARES
9. Eucalyptus spp.
Note: Roadside and Railway tract are almost the same Silvicultural
system.
———-
For Correction and Improvements please use the comments section
below.
Share this:
Share 15 Save 3 Tweet  WhatsApp  Email
Posts Selected Based on Your Choice.
Forest Types of Khuzdar Forest Types of Pakistan Physiography, Bio-

and Silvicultural Systems geographical and
In "Forest Ecology" | A Detailed Note Ecological zones
In "Forestrypedia" In "Forest Biology"
← What is Ecology? Branches of Ecology. Plant and Forest Ecology.
An Introduction to Silvicultural Systems Practiced in Pakistan. →
 You May Also Like
Epilobium hirsutum Runo – Types, Nannorrhops

21
 September 30, 2018  0 Components, ritchiana SH ARES
Factors and  September 30, 2018  0

Characteristics
 July 29, 2018  0
Leave a Reply
Logged in as admin. Log out?
Upload attachment (Allowed le types: jpg, gif, png, pdf, doc, docx, ppt, pptx, pps,
ppsx, xls, xlsx, mp3, m4a, wav, wma, mp4, m4v, mov, wmv, avi, mpg, 3gp, v,
maximum le size: 128MB.
Choose File No le chosen
Comment
Post Comment
Notify me of follow-up comments by email.
Notify me of new posts by email.
Top Video from Forestrypedia YouTube Naeem Javid Join Us on FB Subscribe to

Channel Muhammad Forestrypedia via
Hassani – Founder Email
of
Forestrypedia.com Enter your email
address to subscribe
to this blog and
receive noti cations
of new posts by email.
Email Address
21
SH ARES
Forestryp… Subscribe
🌴Total No of Trees 02:00
00:00
on Earth … 376 likes
Liked
You and 96 other friends

this
Copyright © 2019 Forestrypedia. All rights reserved.

Theme: ColorMag by ThemeGrill. Powered by WordPress.
     
21
SH ARES

Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note) 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note) 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)

Birds of Pakistan (Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)

 Home  Topics   Free Downloads   Videos  Lexicon of Forestry (LoF)   About US  

Forest Biology Forestrypedia General Silviculture

Classi cation of Forests and Forest

Better Hosting from Pakistan -

2. TEMPERATURE ZONES OF PAKISTAN: Top Posts & Pages

3.7. 7. HISTORY:-

7.3. III. DRY SUB-TROPICAL BROAD-LEAVED FOREST: Miscellaneous Wildlife

7.5. V. HIMALAYAN MOIST TEMPERATE FOREST

7.5.3. DISTRIBUTION/ LOCATIONS/ AREAS:

7.6.3. DISTRIBUTION/ LOCATION: 2019  0

7.10.3. FLORISTICS: Forest Surveying

Soil Plant Water Relationship

Important Note: The Spellings of Botanical Names of Species

i. TROPICAL:- Very hot and winterless Muhammad Hassani

Start Converting 1. 2019 Military Pay Chart a

FileConvertor 3. Current Military Pay Chart a

TROPICAL OVER 75 F Over 60 f None no frost

SUB-TROPICAL 65-75 F 50-60 F DEFINITE BUT

TEMPERATE 50-65 F 30-50 F PRONOUNCED

ALPINE UNDER 50 F UNDER 30 F SEVERE WITH

i. Strati cation

Strati cation indicates single storey, two storey or three storey

Dimension means classi cation according to height and diameter of

Spacing stands for dense forest and open forest.

Lifeform, Buttressing, Bark Form, Leaf size, and Cauli ory.

vegetation of di erent oristics region.

However, oristic characters are useful for designation of

Pioneer types, Seral types, Sub-climax and climax types.

Physiography is patently important in the occurrence and

DANSEREAUI, 1951 have developed method “collection of data for

In 1964 SKS introduced Qualitative methods of studying Forest

WHY ARE FORESTS

1. It is an aid to recognize soil type.

2. It helps in the choice of species for a orestation.

3. It is an aid to recognize Climatic conditions.

4. It facilitates the selection of Silvicultural systems.

6. It facilitates the Watershed Management.

7. It helps us to understand the Evolutionary trend.

8. We should be able to correlate the vegetation with climate.

9. It facilitates the selection of Silvicultural operations. 21

2. Tropical Thorn Forest.

3. Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest.

4. Sub-Tropical Broad-Leaved Evergreen Forest.

5. Sub-Tropical pine forest.

6. Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest.

7. Himalayan Dry Temperate Forest.

8. Sub-Alpine Forest.

9. Alpine Scrub Forest.

10. Riverain Forest.

11. Irrigated plantations

12. Linear Plantations

i. Roadside Plantations.

ii. Railway track Plantations.

iii. Canalside Plantations.

S.No CATEGORY Punjab Sindh KPK Baloch Northern AJK Pakistan

1 Coniferous 46 – 1105 131 286 361 1928

2 Riverian 54 241 – 5 – – 300

3 Coastal/ – 345 – – – – 345

4 Scrub 324 10 115 163 658 1 1271

5 Irrigated 136 82 – – 2 – 220

8 Private – – 159 – – – 159