Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Majestic Pakistan
Search
Learn more
Contents 21
1. FOREST TYPES: SH ARES
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 1/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 2/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
7.8.1. CHARACTERISTICS:
7.8.2. FLORISTICS:
7.8.2.1. (A) The characteristics genera are: Primary Topics
7.8.2.2. (B) Grasses includes:
7.8.3. DISTRIBUTION:
Agriculture
7.8.3.1. MOIST ALPINE PASTURE
7.9. IX. RIVERAIN, RIPARIAN, BELA OR INUNDATION FORESTS: Climate Change
7.9.1. CHARACTERISTICS:
EcoTech
7.9.2. EROSION STRIP:
7.9.3. LOCALITY FACTORS: Entomology
7.9.4. DISTRIBUTION:
Environment
7.9.5. FLORISTICS:
7.9.5.1. a) Flora of Riverian Forests of Punjab: Forest Biology
7.9.5.2. b) Flora of Riverian Forest of Sindh:
Forest Ecology
7.9.5.3. c) Shrubs:
7.9.5.4. d) Grasses: Forest Engineering
7.9.6. RIVERIAN FOREST IN PUNJAB SUCCESSION:
Forest Genetics
7.9.7. RIVERIAN FOREST, HYDERABAD, SINDH:
7.9.8. OBJECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF RIVERIAN FORESTS: Forest Law
7.9.9. SILVICULTURAL SYSTEM:
Forest Management
7.9.10. REGENERATION OF RIVERIAN FORESTS:
7.9.10.1. REGENERATION IN PUNJAB: Forest Mensuration
7.9.10.2. REGENERATION OF RIVERAIN FORESTS IN SINDH:
Forest Products and Timber
7.9.10.2.1. PRE-ABKALANI SOWING:
Technology
7.9.10.2.2. MID-ABKALANI SOWING:
7.9.10.2.3. POST-ABKALANI SOWING: Forest Recreation
7.9.10.2.4. KHAUF AREAS:
7.9.11. PROBLEMS IN RIVERAIN FORESTS: Forest Roads
7.10. X. IRRIGATED PLANTATIONS: Forest Statistics & Research
7.10.1. CHARACTERISTICS Methodology
7.10.2. LOCALITY FACTOR:
21
SH ARES
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 3/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
FOREST TYPES:
Resource Economics
Soil Science
Forest types may be de ned as:-
Space Science
“Unit of vegetation which possesses broad characteristics in physiognomy
Videos Section
and structure su ciently pronounced to permit of its di erent from other
such units”. Watershed Management
Wildlife
DOWNLOAD 21
SH ARES
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 4/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
On the basis of temperature data Pakistan can be divided into the Britannica Concise Encycl
following zones:- Complete Edition
204 downloads 202.55 MB
i. TROPICAL
DOWNLOAD
ii. SUB-TROPICAL
Landslide Stabilization
iii. TEMPERATE 183 downloads 125.58 MB
DOWNLOAD
iv. ALPINE
TEMPERATURE ZONES OF
PAKISTAN:
ZONE M.A M.A. JANUARY WINTER
TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE
CRITERIA FOR
CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST
TYPES:-
21
SH ARES
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 5/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
The possible bases for classi cation put forward by FOSBERG 1958 are
least seven viz;
1. Physiognomy
2. Structure
3. Function
4. Floristics
5. Dynamics
6. Environment
7. History
1. PHYSIOGNOMY:-
It is ordinarily taken to include characters such as Evergreen or
Deciduous habit and such structural or functional features as are
associated with very dry (XEROMORPJIC) or very wet
(HYDROMORPHIC) sites.
2. STRUCTURE:-
It means three factors;
ii. Dimensions
iii. Spacing
3. FUNCTION:-
Common morphological characters of species occurring together
with some being evidently related to site conditions e.g.
4. FLORISTICS:-
This basis as most objective and de nite. But apart from di culties
21
of identi cation, it observes the relationships between the SH ARES
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 6/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
5. DYNAMICS:-
It deals with the plant succession. This means a change of
vegetation from unstable to stable form with a change of soil and
climate even when an equilibrium appears to have been reached, it
only applies to the community as a whole. Changes occur due to the
soil, climate and climax types i.e.
The climax type may be Edaphic, climax, (Men and animals action),
pyric climax (due to re).
6. ENVIRONMENT:-
Climate and soil moisture are part of nearly all classi cations no
classi cation has yet been put forward based solely on habitat
factors.
The moisture of the soil and reaction between it and the vegetation
it supports obviously play an important role e.g.
The vegetation is the best and usually the only obtainable indication
of the climate.
7. HISTORY:-
The history of a site and vegetation on it are often of the present
importance in determining its resent condition and potentialities.
i. In Attock, there were thick Olea cuspidate and Acacia modesta
forests but there are no such Forests except Prosopis and Acacia 21
modesta. SH ARES
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 7/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
ii. In Kashmir, there was Oak Forest but now there is Chir pine.
WHY IS CLASSIFICATION
NECESSARY?
OR
NEED FOR
CLASSIFICATION
OR
5. It is easy for controlling and administrating the Forest area for
protection and production.
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 8/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
FOREST TYPES OF
PAKISTAN:-
1. Tropical Littoral and Swamp Forest (Mangrove Forest).
6 Mazri – – 24 – – – 24
Lands
7 Linear 14 – 2 – – – 16
Plantation 21
SH ARES
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 9/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
2) Trees have short bole and low branching crowns and usually,
height is up to 20-30 feet.
LOCALITY FACTORS:-
1) Mean annual temperature varies from 750F to 800F.
2) Mean annual rainfall is from 30″ down to 5″ with variation from
year to year.
3) Even this small quantity tends to come in the form of heavy
showers and most of it lost as surface run-o .
FLORISTICS:-
1) The species belong to “XEROPHYTE FAMILY” which survive in the
shortage of water in desert regions
2) They produce very deep and extensive roots they penetrate in the
soil up great distance and get some moist in the dry seasons
3) In the dry season, they shed their leaves for reducing the water
losses.
21
SH ARES
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 10/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
2) Salsola
3) Haloxula
2) Eleusis
3) Panicum
4) Cenchrus
5) Lasiurus
DISTRIBUTION:-
21
SH ARES
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 11/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
1) Mainwali
2) Sargodha
4) Deragazikhan
8) A huge percentage of this area has been irrigated with canal
water but still a vast area is barren land
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 12/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
Huge sand dunes and thorny bushes nothing can be seen there
Nomads living 22000 families Rs 3per cattle per annum for grazing known
“TIRNI”
Kharan desert is very near to the Afghan border so many afghan along
with their sheep, goats, cattle enter in these areas
No irrigation facilities
SILVICULTURAL SYSTEM:-
Very low percentage of the total area is under management i.e. only 3.5%
The whole of the trees in the speci ed block for felling and regeneration
are felled in one installment and is followed by obtaining natural or
arti cial regeneration
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 13/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
6) The forest adjoins the dry subtropical and also the
subtropical pine forest
LOCALITY FACTOR:-
1) Elevation 1500_3000 foothills
DISTRIBUTION
1) Scrub forests of Pabbi hills (KPK)
6) Foothills
FLORISTICS:-
21
SH ARES
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 14/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
1) Acacia modesta and Olea cuspidate are the dominant trees
of this type of forest
5. The trees and shrubs are mostly thorny and evergreen but
some are not thorny e.g.
LOCALITY FACTOR
1. M.A.T is 700 up to 800F with high summer temperature
reaching 110F or even more than marked cold season
FLORISTICS:
1. Acacia modesta
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 15/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
13. Indigofera
15. Adhatoda
16. Gymnosporia
17. Carissa
DISTRIBUTION:
1. Rawalpindi foothills
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Open in ammable pine forests are evergreen
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 16/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
5. The tree are mostly needle heaving high rate of transpiration
7. Chir from the top major parts of the top canopy
8. It normally attains the height of 120 feet, heaving girth of 7-8
feet
LOCALITY FACTOR
1. Mean annual temperature lies between 600 F – 700F
FLORISTICS:
1. Chir form the major canopy i.e. Pinus roxburgii
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 17/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
2. Daphane
3. Lonicera
4. Rose
5. Crisa
6. Dodoneaviscosa
9. Indigofera
10. Reinwardtria
11. Rubus
GRASSES:
Ø Hetropogon contortous
DISTRIBUTION:
1. Abbottabad
2. Mansehra
3. Butrasi
4. Shinkari
5. Dader
6. Haripur
7. Malakand
8. Bunair
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 18/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
SILVICULTURAL SYSTEM:
1. PRODUCTIVE ROLE
Ø Timber, fuelwood, fodder
Ø Resin
Ø Fruits
5. ECOTOURISM
Ø Aesthetic role
TEMPERATE FORESTS:
§ It extends along the Himalayas between the chir pine forests and
alpine forests
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 19/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
2. It is coniferous forests with tree varying from 100 to 150 feet
in height.
6. The soil is loamy and acidic due to being humus rich.
7. Conifers mostly occur on the slopes and tend to avoid hot
southern exposures. Growth rate is satisfactory.
8. Moist depression, steep cool slopes and the atter deep soil
carry deciduous broadleaved species.
10. Winters are long and severely cold. Summers are short.
FLORISTIC:
* Kail and deodar are typical dominant coniferous trees. The chief
coniferous species in Moist Temperate Forests are:-
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 20/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
6. Corylus
* Climbers:
1. Rosa
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 21/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
DISTRIBUTION/ LOCATIONS/
AREAS:
These forests occur in:
9. Shogran.
10. Nathiagali.
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 22/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
9. Winters are long and severely cold. Snow and hail storms are
common.
FLORISTICS:
Ø These forests are coniferous forests.
Ø The ground vegetation of this forest is also found there in aromatic
fashion.
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 23/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
DISTRIBUTION/ LOCATION:
These dry temperate forests are found in locations/ areas:
1. Chitral
4. Dir-Kohsitan
5. Shinghar
6. Ziarat
8. Zargharan
11. Takhte-Suleman
12. Parachinar
Or
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 24/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
FLORISTICS:
(A) Trees
1. Abies spectabilis (High-level form) and Betula utilis are the typical
tree species.
4. Lonicera.
5. Ribes.
6. Berberis.
(C) Grasses:
1. Poa
2. Primuland
2. Compositae
DISTRIBUTIONS/ LOCATION/
AREAS:
21
SH ARES
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 25/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
4. Dir
5. Swat
6. Chitral
3. Shrubs formation often forming a quite dense cover 0.6 to 1.8
meter high. Mostly deciduous and small leaves.
FLORISTICS:
(A) The characteristics genera are:
1. Salix spp.
2. Lonicera.
3. Cotoneaster.
5. Artemisia
6. Caragana
7. Eurotia
8. Juniperus
21
9. Hippophae. SH ARES
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 26/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
DISTRIBUTION:
1. Kashmir (A.J.K) => Dras, Aparwat, Pirpanjal (12000 to 12500
ft).
2. Dir-Kohistan.
3. Swat.
4. Chitral.
3. The meallows carry a fairly sward of grasses and other herbs.
i. Primula
ii. Anemone
iv. Gentiana
v. Ranuncalaceae
vi. Cruciferae
vii. Caryopkyllaceae
viii. Compositae
21
SH ARES
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 27/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
8. Flood water spills over the river banks. The river begins to
rise in May and keeps rising up to the end of September.
Ø The area outside the Bunds is called inland while the area inside is
termed riverain.
EROSION STRIP:
It is an elongated strip of land which is likely to be eroded in the current
year.
LOCALITY FACTORS:
21
SH ARES
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 28/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
5. Water.
DISTRIBUTION:
1. These forests cover about 7% of total forests area of the
country.
6. Saidabad.
FLORISTICS:
a) Flora of Riverian Forests of
Punjab:
1. Dalbergia sissoo.
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 29/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
c) Shrubs:
1. Tamarix Dioca.
d) Grasses:
1. Saccharum Munja (Clumps)
Presently tree becomes sparse and bush like and the landscape
gradually merges into Desert.
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 30/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
OBJECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF
RIVERIAN FORESTS:
Production of timber, fuelwood, and Charcoal.
SILVICULTURAL SYSTEM:
These forests are managed under “CLEAR FELLING SILVICULTURAL
SYSTEM” accompanied with arti cial seeding and regeneration from root-
suckers or root-shoot cuttings.
REGENERATION OF RIVERIAN
FORESTS:
(a) In Punjab
(b) In Sindh
REGENERATION IN PUNJAB:
1. Shisham is the principal species in the Riverian forest of Punjab.
21
SH ARES
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 31/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
PRE-ABKALANI SOWING:
Ø When less quantity of water is expected to be available
MID-ABKALANI SOWING:
Ø Flood water is expected to remain for a longer period.
Ø When ood waters are receding boats are used to spread out the
seed form the boats.
Ø Keeping the boat at the centre of the strip the seeds are thrown on
either side.
POST-ABKALANI SOWING:
Ø In those areas where the ood water has left the area completely.
KHAUF AREAS:
Ø It is a word of local language means “FEAR” which is supposed to be
eroded in coming rainy season by river Indus due to turbulent
ow. Here the river ows like a wild Elephant.
21
SH ARES
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 32/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
Ø The government trickily advised the people living in these regions
along with the river banks to shift their residences from ‘KHAUF’
areas to avoid damages not only to their valuables but also their
lives.
Ø The ruthless cutting of trees for fuelwood, due to lack of awareness.
X. IRRIGATED
PLANTATIONS:
CHARACTERISTICS
1. These forests are outcome of human e orts on sub-marginal
lands where irrigation water could be made available.
5. Size of such plantations varies from just 200 hectares to 800
hectares.
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 33/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
LOCALITY FACTOR:
1. The climate of this plantation in plains is extremely dry and
hot.
5. The soil varies from shifting sand dunes to heavy clay.
6. Kanker pans occur in places, the pH is always well over 7 and
the soils are mostly saline often with high sodium content
especially in the Bahawalpur and Ghulam Muhammad Barrage
areas.
11. The rst irrigation to 1foot delta requiring 12 cusecs per acre
for an hour should be given to the entire plantation.
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 34/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
rainfall.
FLORISTICS:
i. Dalbergia sissoo
DISTRIBUTION/ LOCATIONS:
1. Changa Manga national park
4. Chichawatni
5. Kamalia
6. Dialpur
7. Da ar
8. Pirowal
9. Khanewal
10. Inayat
11. Abbasia
PROBLEMS/ HURDLES OF
IRRIGATED PLANTATIONS:
21
SH ARES
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 35/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
4. Lack of nancial resources i.e. fund => insu cient funds.
8. The water budgets for irrigated plantations have been erratic
and insu cient for normal tree growth.
17. People cut and damage young timber trees for rewood and
steal valuable timber.
21
SH ARES
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 36/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
IMPROVEMENT / DEVELOPMENT
OF IRRIGATED PLANTATIONS:
1. The Justi cation to keep such plantations would be for
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 37/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
OR
MANGROVE FORESTS
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Mangrove forests grown inter-tidal coastlines, meaning every
24 hours, they are inundated by sea water.
2. The trees have high salt tolerance, Fosses aerial Roots to
collect-oxygen.
9. The accessible parts are much grazed and topped for fodder
and rewood.
12. Mangrove forest are also prime nesting and migratory sites
for hundreds of birds and animals species.
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 38/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
LOCALITY FACTORS:
1. Mangrove soils are also usually waterlogged and poorly
oxygenated.
2. The soft, silty and shall soils provide very little support for a
plant to establish itself.
6. The tidal action of sea causes erosion on one side of the
creek and Accretion on the other.
7. The soils generally are silty clays, silty clay loams, and very
ne sandy loams and usually dark grayish brown, greyish brown
or brown.
8. The soils are sticky to very sticky when WET, rm to very rm
when moist and hard to very hard when DRY.
9. The pH ranges from 8 to 8.2 and the organic matter content
is less then one percent.
15. Salinity of sea water is Relatively high due to Arid climate and
less in uence of River water.e.g.
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 39/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
DISTRIBUTION:-
1. The mangrove forests 2,57,500 hectares are found in
Pakistan, out of which 6,93,032 Acres are in Sindh. They are
protected forests having no right.
ii. From mal to seer creek, touching the Indian Border in
the Runn of Kuch.
FLORISTICS:-
1. Mangroves are considered a Tidal swamp forests by
Ecologists and are comparable TROPICAL RAIN Forests on small
scale.
4. In Indus delta, so far only Eight species have been reported
listed below:-
SILVICULTURAL SYSTEM
21
SH ARES
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 40/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
2. All Forests were divided into three working circles namely:-
Silvicultural System:-
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 41/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
5. Protect Road surface from drifting sand and dust by reducing
soil erosion and extreme exposure to heat and cold in order
to prolong highway life and Reduce Maintenance Cost.
(B) CRITERIA:
Ø The choice of species is made by the Ecological zones and availability
of water. The following Criteria should be used in making the
selection:-
1. The use of thorny trees should be avoided as they are liable
to damage car, cycle and feet of pedestrians.
4. It should be wind rm and its limbs should not unduly liable
to breakage by wind.
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 42/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
(D) SPECIES:
Usually these species are planted:-
7. Salix
12. Stereospermum 21
SH ARES
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 43/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
15. Millingtonia
17. Salvadira
20. E. Citrodora
21. E. toroliana
3. They save canals and adjoining Agricultural elds from the
ranges of wind storms.
FLORISTICS:-
1. Dalbergia sissoo
3. Poplar
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 44/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
Note: Roadside and Railway tract are almost the same Silvicultural
system.
———-
For Correction and Improvements please use the comments section
below.
Share this:
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 45/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
Leave a Reply
Logged in as admin. Log out?
Upload attachment (Allowed le types: jpg, gif, png, pdf, doc, docx, ppt, pptx, pps,
ppsx, xls, xlsx, mp3, m4a, wav, wma, mp4, m4v, mov, wmv, avi, mpg, 3gp, v,
maximum le size: 128MB.
Comment
Post Comment
Email Address
21
SH ARES
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 46/47
5/11/2019 Classification of Forests and Forest Types of Pakistan (Detailed Note)
Forestryp… Subscribe
🌴Total No of Trees 02:00
00:00
on Earth … 376 likes
Liked
21
SH ARES
https://forestrypedia.com/classification-of-forests-and-fores/ 47/47