LUEKAIUKA NOK TEAMTEXICANA, fe Early nein ead flso bemay (od) Wasluiglon PC (USIR) #964 CHAPTER:-ONE THE AMERICAN ising hinton, The New World and he Old Weld. The wane fete ps the te New Woe wil sly be ifeet bute 308 Jun, oppo ol and wort, A re Spanish bop of ste ent Noh Amer, Do Vso de Qui appreated te ames ol ‘Mon. eottecane ine fod, brane iin pope an ia ‘crenhing a weet sand goin ae. "Te wey ee all te New Wer aye yh the stro sew glen agen begin fora te Adam The ane cnsped wit teen of {Gi cny arpeansalieved the New Woo bein st” coin ten Str tab prevaig yh fhe New Ward wold be it of ew Gade of ‘len Toe nie nye fan inh Wes-—mbetathe Grek ie of Es Fis, wt bse res of Cece wet afer eth oh el sei {be Romania of do he Ble, chs potenenealyprodced ob the off he supp eoraia lat of the Coitan Caren of ders e eahatthe New Weld was a new pari. Ind ovate eplrinn oAerica nd ea npr oe. [us The very name stat tt oc tee om (05-500 athe Jn te Gude of aes ° rns meine is nw dso, Sebastian Br ce iin re Shpof Foot (er Darn Sb. 1) Th nares espe Tome 1616 tr its Ty Ping ey IO nes NWP Stine Cderel nmin une puna pan el pe {ht renner cry pana eqn sa pe oe ‘ut dove tc han ero ae oe a either awl ee Ves aw Sr oper oye a et Me (Nene sb by Seats eran or etd igre Ear oa fo ‘Less 580), ade Aner te mt vif peapl—but yp. pene scotiag Wo Monee, ao be cada. Ia The Temper Mies, Ising ina vert of he New Wo, xin pon st ssn he pope fe (lc War, "O bane New Wo, asst pope init” To whic roving far Prosper sly arma, “Tir nw whe” Bt fw ey Amer explorer and cloists wee cosa ons, They wanted to elev the ~ ‘iv And when ey wre aoa the New Won. her ha sein ro cor Deum Te eet tonnes tne a ea ‘Tappoming ay. Te vin of nares pre pal fe By te sence, won Eos of be Rew Woo esp 0 ‘inde og of obs df pl See al wad he he Iv ou, bt mse fn ald The Spe lu! New Wet te at isn jen ean, te aes weld tot sans fcc ort esi whose erent ru nA tte i, de hl ope. Te Eas ahve dite ier ets, ol ents abies bn tnd oh vel a menge bite nd ho weld t become ne Tea Egan un ies Tits, A atone bn of coi ho we ef at Roma, Noth Cent a 387 (teats) myn pene 30g Cette wor "CROATOANScanedon san Thay epee trent ln cache pea pect fr ‘Anse nts Poems Eyre onf Pal (19), Mel Dao S83 (ied te recming Egon stem Hs pce Vigo ove tes: You rae Herigue Mn, Word your Commies Name, “frou al pare (Gor, and bd, Wht iri nds {rere ar hme, wih ahem, fem and thaw Ana cere aS, Scene yo si ine Toe de Pearle and Cal Eo sonely Paral, ‘Theat sna clase sundance fate in th New Word, esis ‘Vigna 6 tl puri Whee Namre hati ort Powe, Venton and Fs “hd hei Sy Pheer mere AROO OE OOD BEA OOAB HO OBOHADNDNIIINDDThere owed een. Mot ey loi stave ned "hs Fa permanent English soit in Anta etl sown, Vi na 1. Empat cameo At fr al pose eons. Bu oe Vr ia Company of London, the bss cp spond he steer, eran expected pot. The ova, peitng te ethene, oped fore pire pov, snd ot. The cca who alle Vii wanted oy ad {Te jr eto ore seem of Vlas oat mote, A ‘tough some earn contineda hp rds won eee at inter fh, fr, sd aco were bt pose sro Ama wel. ‘While fol condo ok for orate he Sth Ses a the Sled went of he Ose, ces gral read tat Amex east ea yin ery baie ele a ‘Star tn postion In Eglnd sl Earp were ad wp towne of lon The sein itt of Arie Engl ety the iy of ew ffl aos in Aner, But wha ged were nant oe? ‘he Vii Company ound tht enigats walt goto Ames dep te owing ceseipsons. Fal, 168, enh Vina Company began vg ‘ty sre oftnd every inva who tape Hmsl eAer, he ‘neo Amercancolnation wis cued. aerial een wih Vii tems. The fecols stent gars afl esponsib e peaping ‘Aen Capa So Sri epee epee of motes" Who ands mare cone, at ath al et orton ha er sdrance taney pla hat round ah pcs basa er Lands et wey and wari cloit. At art ‘canes silent cag mutes 1m 160, he Plier Phymoudh, Macht, for eis reso, Tey ene ost peo form of Peta ion in Ae Toe {et Pram eign o Mace Bay a [30 loa pie el {vs resons, Stoo asthe Catholiretement of Malena 1693, Ros Wi ass ge (Rane ann 134, on Will ens etemest of Quaker caloy in Pemsyvai i 68. But st pl mip een he een ‘eth ceuy, teas Ame feed esteomc opin Bese he re of Arey, Epes socal cna sed enigaticn, ‘hips, over, wr, and opps (cal wd goes in England “Thecuest Ameria tees pronto eae ely psedasa aca aexplnton and Scorer. Nataly the wits letra he ae ‘iow of Ameri They geen eggete te plese of te cite, {endef he ins nd he aanane of wei fod. Tey eye ‘agg he mbes pope bene wel Ants The oso ity of weath, they bout. was the moa eri atracon. Copa Joka Seni realises“ gt snp aso ink hat rer any oer mate dh ‘elo, vit ever ee heres Comaoored or a compa om ee TZ humours at hone 1 yin New Eglnd eet my pores” She romuin ws pres eof pnt deaf e New Woda Adee ol Amick woul epi y ape. Te mh he oman ce and ped war hat starring man oIBCOnE (eamenin. Nurse pes bce ot he uh of the th Ba at [Pan ced oo be sien, Peaps oe eat ron wre ely ought at greater pepion of Amen thn Engines eae Wey. ‘hod pray hy hop th he Aner poo wert ier a he opan pox, Bet mot scene or cgheetrccry Ane a tesone wea . the dant mati erson fh Aeran Dre as be peices ‘oy. Even teeny New Engg Patan wits eer vein fis finden como, Cte Mate nts hay of New Expand. Mes la hve Amerie (178), Wis Pign ry ot “Ths eo Gat ‘ess mae” when Pips Scone he ane Sih on, Ete, Inti tory oer Eland (163, Evaro (1938-1672), a ala ‘ew England Pa, ys at ee enabling me, whe ‘eh gS ts eon meh atest Ferme when te is Aneta he se of plo al ior tpt of eliicvey In GoodNews Fron Hew England 168), oon Sth ein ve ene Sed ee ent tnt coceees soe tong pion fr ch ey ie tobe wid, ett eve hi along oye an Beep ot oe.” But [een war aes ad nica drying vs, bane Hey 17New, world mee popper rewarming ernment aise oe Sean emmca lon Vpress (Rieke ? Cedumect) wranljent aus gin me hate of people Sere ea Grstre cnoreee = formes [geen PANE rotated aeeg tc Secatawem fenersner) Socal hruchuces minhans § eka Nats: sajimor tant ho expe at teeta me re wcude 18 Old world lows ~» paterniy)-s monarch prea soctal erverunt 98 moby: « ansvoersey AR RRR RR ARR RARAAARANANAAANANAANAAAS180 + St. Joon de Créveccur Tinsentt in the Pench auny patest = French Sonal see Moatay cet Ree ed Neves and Co Nesta the Git ke > er (or He ape eter “im he ‘np wnpebithad and for re ee ty oben Pe in 198. al ine of let od ural were ties exenmeady popu, Canesrar bed tbe ae ne PERE eae on ‘ent sod ia Engl, ecimes fra ine 2 the dawebing ot are tence of ain end Trews foes weed Bp seta PRS Se ere 2 aa ryan me atte Peg se EXETGhGN Seine yom ep ras Pasi z i From Letters ftom an American Farmer What Tn Aerie» 1 wit 1 nud be aeqnnted withthe flings and taps ~ sna site he tat an Feat Se ote sd Fas ealigtoed gin wien ft ons con Ses. He mst peat rc Wat he ed at tie to 2 Ee county dared sete be mut ney fel ¢ [Bis of tt! pide, shen be ew te chal of tement ‘eaten, took leflge Here, Tey bought slong ith thew ie ‘hey pic ove wbat sy they they poses. Here he ee he iy ve county plied ns te manaee ted aes it the enor of ll he at, sence dod Jgenity ich in Eupe. Hae be Beeld free, snl ef an mene ny ih eet dg whee an "i, ey, sod sac Wht 2 fa pec met spent» ro ‘heh mst pies goad eizen with the mor ext “The lielty cont in the manner of viewng. = Etenive «scone. Hele sted on s ew emtiesty © men EELS es he contepitn cet fm vist be Sal ihe seen, 1 ne compe, an Euope, ot get fs ‘ho peer eveying snd of a people nw se wena. He HA is He Mee a 4 = a Few se no sient fle, o curt, 0 kp, na Diop 1920 182+ St, Joan de Criveccrur ex vie oe: a ge ennai eying towns, 99 beat etnenen of fray. The i and he fot ae aot Br hnved lo ech oe they nef Eau: Soe fe wes ‘cepted we seal tle of the a Fos No Seto Wat Fk, Weer «pope of catntn steel ows oe nen Tet, commenting wit ech oer by mets of pod eat Sd sateen, ontelby he wen bode oft ger ‘tot al ragecog the las, wit drain ter power be. ‘Sin they egal. We ne a suimated wih Be mk of Se indety WAS onto and waren, eae ch nob fr his tbe te hong oor nie vin oot the bole cane, snd the Inehty sso, com atl fr te eybuit hut iod mile ble, where nd en hp ta Taep each ote Warm, adel eines Sole, ah tng pling eemty of dct compe. tox aphaw ‘Groupoat our Mblntoor The octet of Sr legen ns dy connie hablo, ange or marcha 2 theft tes or tora afr ato x fre the oni ‘positon f the lian focus emit ke eine ox beer conce hl too Stan, wich Sete wn of gy wd mame of honor, he 3 sed, bese a conten of Topecabefamen sad thee sire al clef et Nomen, el mowed or wg Ber om hone magne, Thee stot among Hea sn ca, Sieg Se anletecd agit Thon bese # eon a7 le SME out + emer mo doe aot dt on the bra of oe Werle no pincer or whom wet area Weed: we ste the mt pedetstety now eating Sate wold Here man fea be ought ter nr ths plas euaty 2 aisoy tran othe ate Méay ages wil notes he ore of oo et ier eplented with ited steno he wnlnown aunts of [Nor Amen eel people, Who ca tl bow Br i extend Nie ca ch the rile 6 en who 8 wl ed od conta? Forno Evopsn fot bats jet ovale ha the ent of i gy content “Fo cest ih ofthe tava wl be to Know whence cme Thee pl thy ata are of Bag, Sochy ea, ch, Butts, Cesats, an Svcd, From tis pomiewous ni tat met sow led etn tae nee The eter Provse™ most iced te cxplel, a beng the wmined Ecce of Eaglshen. ave herd any wh that hey ha ‘cee mow ltd ao foray pat sm to wir, ad ink ions be sits bppened Pe eats me comin: igen ths gat abd eged pers ey to eae fer 8 Ser Baio ‘What Is an American? + 183 rot share in the plesog peeve deplyed in thee iter, fc 1 Lao I hina to redet on them, but pect [tater wit they have don for he sremcy sad wisdom with Mth the have ned ht feito, for Oe dzency of hie tansy fo i ely Tove of Tete hie ace alge the Ent ths bene for the fa, which to me we 2 ets fame, the etn of evayling, Thee sere wat = ‘pois sted ot they sr, wbo wl 9 agate tl ve En ihee wo short # Ge Do you think ht the omaha isqedens wiih ae nove prose In other poeramet, Mave aged then fom fou das Tol hte ae We oo- tay. i the gaat Amecan anam, the poor of Euope tae by sone epi nd cng of re {erat purpose shed they atk one ssther what countsymen {hey me Ay to ti of em fad no emery. Can 2 etch wea wander anak, a ess tod ses, whore Hl 3 om Total seen of tore 2eleton or pinching pene, cn. tat an tal agld or any ler Magy his oust A eaunty that fil to ed fos Ray nie es proce hin ao eve wo fact with moting butte oma of the ie, he seve) of he five wth pil abd pment wh owmed nat slg fot of {he ence sata of tis planet? Nol aged by 2 vty of lavtnen here tory come. Ene thing ha tended to cegene (Gem; new lw new mde of Eva, ¢ now sei gates hee {bay ate Become mont a Eup they were ab 0 many usin len venting vege sould, aod vetehing thowes they ‘herd aad wee towed down by wast beng, and war Dut tow by te power of tanplantaton, ie all eer plans, hey ‘hve tien ot sn fouhed! Ferme they mee aot named 42 oy cl lit of the comty ext in toe ofthe poor Hee {Bey tak as atnenn By what ile power has Di sping ‘mchowphess been pefomes? By Wat of the iws znd that of ‘Be indy ‘Tae we, the dln am, pec hem 25 they ne damplog on the the syol of adoption ey mee le rena or thet abossy the, scum owas ee Er te ly tore lac cole othe the eof Eee, nd to What Se ey Benet aBsed which men Gn poy feu, This i the gest opention dally eforned by our ve Fim wince psced th lan? From om govern. Whence {he gverameat t's devel fom the ogi! gets 20d song AGE of the peuple ied and conBrmed by the cow, Tis {he pest chai wh Ene al thi the pce which © Drones exits Nowe Sota ceptel Ther the crown at {Ciera ed 86 tn ee186 = Sond rv ae ye erp a ch SAS w gamer asen Sy Lie Spe ele Ee Det eee mis Shenae te eevee tees SEE ee et lmme ee RMA putt ton as ee EET Se Se Ma Seng ha «tare me ge 2 ee ere iti mace eerie es BCAAs Por iar meat Seal nee i pitilont s ak Se UR See ware, Tae SRARSoioe oo beaters El kiceeaars dat ce errs Sica Teale gre venToce pe rs Wag ler Gk rachael ie So ceria See ae Castes PToiac eee Se Se eee ices ite cons Sin eae SOLE Ss SS oe Fees Senay Sere eee Bone ees Reale eae eerie Se eee Shoe roar oe reat SSUES Scie iee ane SSE Se es Eecari ney Sia gc aan SoS oe eens ere Siocee eee corer tan Seiegheictanc er ee erie oe a oa Sr eos whe SerSare oie Scena arial Sopehen ie afin tober got igs Ataris Water Set ae Sere ee Seo hel sha tt SERIES PRET onan Whot Ie an Amercon? + 185 eee pris 4 ch abbot ot 2 iy ie saat dom ot tb sa cy a ester nd gts fo Goh ce ‘lie theet The Ames i new a, wot pon Seu ‘tuples be mst lherore eater se ios a frm Se" Upson. Fro vlna ney, sre Sependence, Petr, fd ues labour as pane fo ts of ey Seen tne, ‘errdd by aie bence“Tis ian Anca, = = Tew.we aiteen fhe grat woh nar the hit habe tng there ten sets fo be paced sll ter beyond the Soh ol government, eich enone moe lave then ten Sven & perder ere ae ey mee en te By mifotes, secsty of bepmaap, dese of qa Inge et ofan, ee, Inquest want exon, act es the venom of such pope does not ald very esnng pee tice, When tir wat of ty an feds whee else dhunieanar or esos pod in fck remote Sit cater to, inet, and oetthenes mat ene, There te ot the sn redo thew ed long let comment ‘The few magnates they ber ase genoa IMSe Sete ne these they se ten a's pede te of wan at of an i man, oie eed by How, somes by esa ely that of man spat ee wd nhbiton of ese per sBle woot, of which they av come 10 dipowes them. Thr ‘2a tpt bo ete han cvs tina oper ‘al, lg om he eho wd anim when fy an sh ‘Ea, and when thy arent abe, they sbt on gi. He who soa wah se Kerri 8 ppt Ip ahve te TESr's tebe begins snd benwor adnety mt Gr etzaded tne of fasten nice te ites del, sad Whee fe may vr De Gt Bose of setbenent, he ole ot he cath nl thier apres, where mes se nly 1 dependent on he nate ee a the ‘paral worn ry, hi een fit cn ook oS pkey of afew mal mes Tae ete one poet af sample in check of shame, any foes cst tee ftttou aro of oa city. Tey ae nd of folom ope _prcalng by tea tee yao the ak epee say oh “eras wc come ster en I that spt prspesiy al Polit sone, vse ad he aw wl ive of her no sng Ena wih che he thensce wi ede biter ated fom for mor dustin peopl, wae nl Bah hl hapowe eypas ie maaan ow = 2422 186 + St. Jean de Crdveccrur rely, coors the loghoae to + conveiet hubtion, and ‘og tht theft ey abo ane Ee, ll hang a 8 ‘Grryes that hitesto baboon ito Ee fel, vel felted date, Sach oor proges, ssh the ate of the ‘EXopenns lowe the Inter ps of thr ceninent. Tp al =. eter tev re cats ange pst sven oar peru Ot ploseay ny ater hin ar ut of at lan? bale cme ‘Spam oer pice aad as therefor one ofthe fw who Bele be by eooi condst and teopennes, be Narsnitel oe his [Er ebettace, when sot sboe oe i fourten of cortex Dotti ba theme pod fate ony gets ago ti oiling county was ths faba i oy pga, geen deoney of manos Peal throughout, odo ha bec the te of cor coats = * “ATT hae eodewoued to how you how Eampent become snr i ay at be diaprestle to sew jou ewe how ‘he mons Chita et inode, eat ot, nd bow religous Ineace Secret poolet. When any consnble numer of 2D yuricustect apden to vel coniunor tech oer, they intmedatly est + tne sb ee worip the Dsl ape Sy to thle ovm pec idee NoSoy dtu them I tay for sot spiag up ie Eaope ft may poen tat many of i profeons il cme sod sete i Amests As they bug thei ET wt deems ae a ery 2 mae poses they ca, nd fo butt meting and to low the Gites ofthat cow” ‘Siacey for scther St povemment nor any her poet ie fey If hey ae pcs rjc nd re ado, te th neous how snd what maner they shin Beto ‘Mess the pen fo te Sapeace Beng? Bot the sect ‘ene sede Coe topethr hey se aed with ote: denon ebony, th seal ll cool fe aot of fal sd be ext fuibel i's lle te, Then the Ameren Become 2 to eligi, Sst they ave a fo county, bled ty al In ther the mame of Eeglihstn, Freacsaay std Etspen is Jr a ithe man tnt te tet moder of Chistanty sr pact in Borpe ce Io ano, Tas elect voll etd te rll ater eater, and though tht may appeae to you af erange Hen, ye Hb a vey tron esa le efpr bese oem msl Beer {2 the meanwhile et the falowag example seme 3s my fst jester Tet cr soppse you and {to be tmelng we ebucetht io thi hou te Heb ter + Cabal, who pa to God a he fas bes ut and belies fn tnebztintian: be werk and Iber oben ar «hug fay of chen al hale and cbs What Is an Amercun? * 187 i ble ie pes tnd sty. Aboot ene mie ahr on te sme vn tno yes pd one oc Geman Eston, who sneer Hite the tne Co, the Ge lagi the sb te een eed nd eines in cousins by doing he minis ain, tho wods in be dy ntti the tty sews samp ‘What hs te wond to dosh Bs Lae pine EE ‘escoite acbody and nhmdy pests in he ste sp {ears aot us neehbon st hin Net ne eee thet atone ol ata sel sot any bat sented she fom tht of ie ste compos bes Srvc his ot tat fo, wae Be sup eal a sip regu pre i Soldy vary He Tere at tol cop histo © homely pte, hs omar sone {Fine it oe mepiowihond Hoy sk snsen De we {ne af the cay, oro te pone Inge oh i eas ‘gu seamed se, ray wheter be any? Bes Tifol ener bet sey paeable god coer Wil, beta howl wold ot thor moe. * Sach ee fel irs cen a wel ay eo, bt tho se cole hee youth of epost Gara Emap te cer tens Bow pes salen td move dest i mate of tigen {Se ee pe fot vin ote he fo of malo Frit ison bem they have no tinge ean ot fora ti aan sod tu Ya ae ns iho wil cls stnage sigur medey. tat ‘chhe pow Cobclson or fre Conon #2 “The Qo ese oly ple no ein fondo fo tir nn de SE won orb yee eet ts ech ote, ey Silt of roonaoe wih te sncty nd wld dpe fom fue atm Bs eouty, Tho ecu a nel wel a al stony Soren dence seperti ‘ised Fe i nt tf ewan ‘roast on fie snget cut ee Aan ESSE to Se an gelag tn ewe vec 9 see oe tens. Promos, regen pol, lhc ef common, see on of st he wo omen? ie eignn Thee motes have sed ew setm Eup SEnfoe brit capone ite gat duce tbo te {See tie ps of ponder tales ae ars sey inte Cpa, sd Soren put eer "to mao oor tac ee mat loo that hr saneting inthe prety of the wap ih vey agin Tei th co bw he plat and Pls ate and4188+ St, Joon de Crbvecorur pesca Soiree wins sete eae ee Sore eae aie re Seebicn aon reese Sere iete Beeuneye eee i pe aN a ocr ieee ee: Elie eee es Eases cucaiee asa SSeS omeeoe pase iSmvouratem, mcs Tia iee eee eas aio can aemeaeeye ie, compared with Us Euopen med. Their wes 2 en lve il a acy and ang mo pope ilo eat lat he see Tt a der nde have nohing ee fo contemplate bat the eae of Teapnts ht they Gor op ong! Sec dated al rope ecept ane tac of eae cat {atonal popes That seb, ie vluptoossatine pone (Gat sulk them 9 forbly, the posesiea of that fetes no Ainge coney to ther mide the nme plese ad pide To aT Bes near you mort aii, ther loediystaton 2 you rome umagioe wt 10 eet on manned We gra astaces (Eop le fam exc other at! Conder one of the le bedamens Safe at ver of whut tk compen Eazopeay obo Bee Bt hat scan sha of tawledge ey og 0 have order to penper people no have needy ped fem open, Esta feof aa te te ‘ve weal Ti shen change pest ve a vey pe cet ot fee nam, and op thet Sn farslicy. Eetig of wd met ‘Theres yo may thi tendo alter the temper: hgh al {Be pret faa sbdie i tnt ate aod hang me pace f omip tort, what le bce this might tle Sel Ges, ‘The Send mstng esclue of ragour bene, twas the ely soca Sone tat might have ipl he with ia What Is an American? + 169 one dee of eawation in neat. I then surpeing to einen tne stated, ommenel is gest ad hea abou, ‘Sieneate aided I bathers wonder the elt aot more Hlicve The Moron snd the Queer are te ely istaees {Seeptinn tow [Bae advance The State etsy, Fs clony ofthe sary wich emigrate hey ear wih Cet thts orn, womhp ney, and dseney the ethes hve bea ip ht ty ae aye bi to buy improvenents, i which thee BP argeatsdvanagy for by, that time the cnet i overt omits Bat asanys" +> "What Ea ee dof the four New England proveces, no soln depeneny of manne he eer enone he ana Det ‘Sokeettes ave been Sap wid the Bounds of decency, end ferment, by mens fe a, and bythe ince oft {jon Wi tesa en sch people sat have gien fo he Ives of ths Huypersal They wade ah hen the Wot of re peril do that sich none bot pons of the TePShtcba thal be employed in Tey gt dak oh them, fl ote fied he fadaoy Tht amie temeved fom the ea, Enons 0 Bounds, tnd sel y the le ders Sie then ad een ‘Hen funder of lancet people Save een sae forthe ‘Riau of lew: Iwas ts couyomcr of much chavo ha {fe Indias tok te hatter ave the Viginans 2774 ‘Tis av ou Oat ‘pr tod, hor ne oor fot te fel ia bythe mot vos of ous people and thus the ‘feed fr alofs ond sod ber da the ae Ae hs fesldesy tbe ot epee set of pope fo th at of ie we seb ea, Bory npn the pant shar ef freedom they posi, the got replant thet fie sd fe etending be ade sd the Gaminion of Semedercomty. * Te nw coy at wm ny hes aes to arpa v0 many Tenpatons fo remain {Enver in Bap becomes tanga at oo 3 he quis hit Adpuoes bet fi cberwie here" We inow, propsty spain te ange hi ee eo ‘he nea of oat ‘a arin clits, gvemeenty aed pode, hth me. ‘BE Sick mat pave vent. No sone des an Bupa foes a0 ates fat const, Unt Mis ees ae epee ‘on te popes be Sea gue pce, he Yomes ty of hs ows cy semen, te perpetually hes the oar fai and towns wf lc be aged he es ar 2324 = toms, ee in of lay {ed facia. He ease sinie sgh sure ney {erie ad god tv, sd ou ney acm inrdomy tre couy thee eg Se ee he ie Engnd te wen mcr Boiss tee weed ‘sg Peon ote dst e's fone pant sa rey mn al Oe vil of Ten the ps ‘nag the te his. don oot od rin ae a rc, et rep beside Sone St poe as cli Oat lel oping tt sree ssh ‘eto mim Thee orn © ection neat TS Ful ent orinduty? be cst ee eae ood sade secu Io les nectar ere he Inte mien nan raped be a no "apectd Det ves sash We peat tare ses be muy parse what he acts anh Gores bee ‘Apeien fesse boa, het at dese eet tet many a nor ree say ioral ea itd thoshh of st pee este este ‘ase chap. Whiter be his tents or tcionone if Wye, ott be may tf ee 8 Si il pow sch se nes BET Se tet biome bbe aac SES epee Se ay ae ny ten ony sah woe be yas gM ‘bro hunided miles formedly sppeated 2 very great distance, it SSR he tool ee a te ‘hod ead Rees ea om ‘& his own country, There the plenitude of sccity ‘celine ay eh ed en ei he et Pee ‘heh en nt mato Sead Be, Mees Wee: The of ey sede py ist neo tyes on ue oc eee a ta se teal geome oct gee oh athe tle epee’ ge sae ee ict eben: edn tr ng, ed ete of be al pe ge as Inthe crening I love fo hes them tl the tanee aera What Is an American? + 191 sae wth ew ies Ist ot and Tete tthe ancien iste, ‘hucvng in meny af then a stong dee of pastude fo Gl fd the govenmene Many a wel ant senor hae Tpesshcd {o rome of them. When I found lines and inatenon pe ‘al she cl ni tom whinge hasan ca tes, efter having wadegene vo many tig. Who could wh Ini good ale? Wat s happy change ft mat by fo een from the high stede, blak Ids of Solend, where ving {8 fan ad fl to resto some fel ene in tse le ‘pote Sach tnion mur ave sede the rt pe lst, ‘The flowing dblogue paved at an otstitenent, whee [ lately pa [4 ad, tod os do so, ee ly a is op ‘rps tase your bow da you gy 90 ith you nw ctng od hing Very wel god Sig wetlan the eo the se bey, el make itor ne hee 2 aly flo teal every ye ies rn aboot, tnd crne ome fal of sll oa hogs fet tof ‘acres inthe woods Ob thi good coast Ged Hs {he Hag, zed Wit Penny we shall 85 vey well by and ye ‘we fep on bts. Your log house lok ns light whet id 00 ge thse singe? One of our aeihours & a New'Engand {Brn and he showed ws how to pt them eat of chet: Nov for ban, but all in good tne, hee arene ews fo bald vith, Who isto fume i, Suze you dont tndetnd that wok Yet? A countnmsn of ous to ha Been im Ame the ten ‘es fest malt ie ney el the sco op ded [nv Wot did you ge for your find? Thtye lings or ‘cy pales seen yeas How any ats have Jou go A Ronde! spd ty That enough te begin wth wot yor nd prety asdf cla? Yep Se bard enough, bot i would be ner stl ft were rend cece, for then we sould bave ac er andT love he woods mack; te ad footing tout them, Have not you fomd oat any bss yet? No, Sin od if we had we shld at Eno what to do wth tem vl Jou by snd by. You are sey lind. Feely bones et, Cod poet Jou: vlenseryoa te towed ute fr jo Ee eal fcteruin you kad, povided you bing Bim god tags hom our fmty and farm. thir manner {tea vt them an ere Fy exams ther hove, hee mde of ingens le fat nap and mate them ll teal ey now, and dose ai theft, Thaw se sane wih 1 ele you would wing, sinew me: wall emember your plsntropic tm of id 1st aot beter fo eastamplnte ander these humble rly the ‘iments of ate wealth and popason, than to bool the192 +S. Jean de Crévecorur secumabied bales of Ugo pape in the oc of twpe? ‘To examine bow the no ix gay stie, How te Bowling amp geared nto apesng meadow, Se roogh ge ats Soe aed to athe cher whiting the rel ag whee ‘Ser met no mound fear before, ae the fel of the ogee serch of te oof he Mig of the male? Here an Bape, ‘Steed with emcy, Se, an plese, ay Bd overt Tein n'a solo ating sense aectng ts they a ‘ow gle, hh now cont so many domes 0 ay eat, ‘ier once tie i» pce wondy and may baba no {he fous neon for srs snd cammee, ere once Plted "ike oor nla Te county nl each ns fr, an the fame oberon il be made wiih T hate st delete, Pterty mal lok back ith avidity and pce t,tce, ‘Ponte heen of ths orth paeeuesetlamet. =" "te fie fy et of Earp ae od come scien Tet hi devoutly Ker tote ve fut get fest which aye to him, "Wileome Yo my sory deed Enopen, btw he hoor ia wick thow dese my tent Sindy my fs ave sen, ody gees sountaas—1 ov swt wotk, 1 ave bred for thee thou wt be boss, aber, 4d ledustom, have gate evzdy to confer oo thee 15 independence. Iw oe thee ldo fo! ad date Dee iden by what Ionia tay ond tl ‘mean thou hast pose, and + deat bel to epte {hal endow thee Bede mah the iments of « Geeman TE thos oa ctctaly casa iy chen tech em gutace (Gal, tod sowrene to Set goverment, Oat pilenope em men, wick bs called here So many teh snd made Sem mens we ‘From Sketches of Bighteenth Century America ame of the Aaarans® wl gle ese rete ‘rasa rtlaieuales fee fa 9.7 ri to tee fer of pope than the pepe ‘Wether is eetoed by ae perpetual aod sees ig {hg gos which contany sends the exaberancy of fll okt: pn ew ny wb poze fo ot ge ‘Bother is at ese fouder of rade whichis but an change, Tees ei smn tre fm 2 eyo Jens © dtemiol to impowe i ote by removing to Rew ‘inc aod evento phase mock ad a wl allot ‘stale ey one of hs cae, —a plows tod wich es 10 many ren welt peole to wll thc ptsimonia ‘Sates to eng thei pee Of son tnd le #seliet ‘Bhertane te porn. ‘No gene served thn he ike the infomation be can i rege to te sent be proposes 9 go fo iat. He {as out al ten who have er om he spot Be ewes SRentcy wigs Ge ese and ddhainges of inte Sonn sao, eng be compas twith ora. A wold of he ‘aot ponderous sdeton mst ees ll his mind, He a at (per © Be capil and pps fo some grat nds, He ‘tutto makes porcine Bach py sts forth the peal pad Treffer te aie poviblechewastenes of eth, fol, prowly of ley nes suis, et Mapua preted © facut ane send efor hin ae pieces of Une fo he Shop of per What sgsity mut thi oman fees Be, Ent fo sate him to chose the proves, te col, the P= hdr wet mest pecale fhe fran, then fo est (2 whe Sd the sph of fee Heme ten armed with al he pomp of thee lp aunt Yet hess atch for them all Thee ‘Geena fees and show of paper mould erent noth {De ua of icin Europe, et he endestand hes en (hen the wow cues by sie the fies and mows Sow, ie ear them whe inte wood 208 one tac thee tngh the imperoe est, an 1 rao0 ‘onic opm De eve sod mules ey De eet {Eads by te suneyct meget or gporece inthe reprints Utthen, He seenrs poe destons and dears fr the ended ‘cy Foch wots ove end cman eve he pute "When aca the soe es aan, pcp «hts of whisk a De Fonte a fly and sed of being lst and tnd fn ‘Be id of hee vy trent es the plas of ening a Uhh tne hese) found. Ta ol the ies he 2626ma ae ond oaaanr rae fo ta monoeteaumuoumee ‘peony for gated To mst of he wo habia we 9 Be rahe eae eae as Siege ela maibtimesmccerteaai Snecma memes oir te Rare ‘oad conment on unl ator beees he: bun sod cee ee iaih de veer eee Soe ieee See ee Saas 3 ISHMAEL REED What's American About America? ‘The Abicimamesnn not por edt, and est hse Reel was bm in 195 in Changs, Tenuate, Rnorn bt hte i Bed abs esd ranges yi hsv ete fe soe a pel ed f Bn fare ater magi ed ‘ode, hth antec he elt "Nee atv hk ped (Foe fein sath reer nd rte Plight Gna "6 4 cleat fine: penx Spring (195) isc ‘lente posing over mach. among oer woe Bes tng pbttig sv slumer pty aed eae Rede ‘rotted esp opes sed unde ping compe deste {0 the oi of ule ehne we werent a ot eet ‘the Unies af Cli Bele “ts nnn Abou ‘ar iste om the Shp 1997 ine Render A loge ‘eon galls n Reed's i Pig 583), “Reet sages nis eae the United Ste ot he SP (oie Alo Son Pott san of Norman Reel pete, Indeed, white Ames my became 4 minoty ithe tent ‘eat, Cena ates show hat sla oe ot fot hers tec Hispania db ted ys 200. allen papain of Hispanic, An ik fave doaled whe ee popsaton wil ine nee oi Sx percent in sve pts ft county ~ Com those ot ‘camp ~ a ona jihad» aly Armee tad ore ‘Abeta ecg the deny fon plato snd hese cs ‘or schsWat ngage daw peat ld do we cane 10 Whoa our heros ealeng te glean bin srr An te em the Now Yok Times Je 23, 1985: "At the anal Lover Eat Se evith Fea eed.» Chnee worn ates pies ie oat of Ty Thuan Dac Vitmmese grocers, Bese het Span, ‘Shspaking family patois a eat th tac sgn in es ad Rese by Rab Ape Ad ae fe psa sn ut eens a (On the dy before Memoria Da, 183,» poet elled me fo desibe 4 sly he had jute. He id thst one setion‘nloded money but bythe Mamie pope who dulled here Atundg his ening fe Sg were le mmbers of Hip people, 40000 ef whom ve Boston: Bidpe Bont, 1994 ar28 4 The at nde sl the ame iy, He wa ot ing so led ty Teted in me inser rep othe wal The cy he ted wu Devo Tic bef a Iwas ling Tea, {ead heaped ve usd gue pannge fo et comecion a Be Dally Aiport ar ‘once he iy toy Spt and gh Th end ely tein ar one exten ase et, ‘set rant aw Meena, Spanish ws the Seiten Iegange tee Spnah sce on athe meer ay fe hy ale my Tes tp Tt in campus autre st he Unrest of West at Mile a le prewe— whoe oeg ful wat on he nfoence of Aiea utes upon hs oe Aes Tele resem fom some ela eres ~ allied op and dv the ile an osne Souther rei, acing nd ar ‘ing te opel aterm span ewe Aone nines and oa vo chen an aplised Ns perance. $e pean ware” Afr bis kee. ecomened id a pep Cf Mbvastsse— a of whom spoke orb, ough el Be ple Sor had wrested Ai ‘One hea teed me At Bs palais, which nla Aen and Aenean mybolgel symbol and nage, ee fgg inthe lol MecDonds tsar The net da net MeBoras and snp pres of ing oun cng hab fi below pings ht culd ge the le fy of he cous {Shang muta’ The manage fae MeDona i dont thor tat ou Boa daa, bt The 87 he camisole tal pen tebe Nes Such bain fella sles ocus in every fe inthe United Sater ta gener etent han snyore ean imagine: Theres 3 wha the abrementoned Tale profes, Robert Thompson, refered to 8 ‘lal boule. Yet member of he nations present edcsinal nd cul let il cing t the noon tha the Unted States Blogs te ame vaguely dened eny they fer to as “Westen cain” by thi they ean, pesumably a ina eee by pape of Europe, tif Europe can een be vewed In monolithic tems. ls Beste’ [Ninth Sphony, which nchdes Tun marches,» pt of Wester Cheatin? Orth ate-intent and teniethcentuty reach pit ings, whose eratos were infuenced by Jpanese at? And what of the ‘ibis, through nfiom the infuence of Alcan at changed modem (ting? Or te suring, who wee 20 impr with the a ofthe Freie Nosh Indane tht inet map of Not Aree Alsen Bea the over eight tei se? Feed! Wht Aion At Amie? ‘rhe Rain who ae of std thi adoption ef"Wes- x" wa ty Tain Gnd me obese Nest cn? ‘And what fem f arpa hove Sk conan on cen ck Aus hang opi Ene cours be hae of yan? Ae he “roe pt Westen con? re Hangin wh orgie ase Urns peeled reer Hang? Ores one fom Bete Peg tet te an ot rn ptf We cin ae or “tin of cmon deed Fom Ease es shalengt by Neve Anesan horns wh ay ate oni Shes, Benin oka ec, nv cal ncn Oe ‘gsm of govenment thal ey opted by ego nds tye parte ral of Eocene ‘te csston ten, ec note conhsig eeoy ~ He ‘hd Wo Jenin cule ~ whoa ep 1s ‘inp male view of poll an cll lly eon 9 comple weil Oar mo peed ere cena the Ween ili ase pes achive of mankind an me Bat Souris on teste cl mes ype noe Whe Fever ‘Nigge ed Spc Sak oie vs a pe Whee sucha ate, Wh fs ened mich ie td depesion tur ran, mich hs tid nn cur ace seine ep Anais tt cad fe ncnceion ef ences fen dng Wo he eae Catone ond Chace Ames, he nearest ote Idan, ad te mdr sod Srching fh of Aenea efit andl ht he ot eee“ acy ino cone pane we ek ine aed thee sn ght okt te Now Wr xem ak Enos Nate Aneesh) nos ojala tar te sg Tnke ngs peli a ced ee se 2 The artans hee bd santa They hed eed «Panna Chess The panied pela re! nd inhuman ser thie hiden tho Sebo te pets Te exer the nda, ho hal tng hem ow tse na on ero Shem Ad tech eas ain rm fora fen Bats wong ns Slo ts’ hcl ed oe without ete “The Penny hart and ees cont ed he eine of genus ety at vea The Wt ond te Wadd “The cult tds ofthat eal elect continu tbe oie in evry ifs inthe United Sates the pein of» ding uni ‘oy ings ete the Tims, being the study of Aca ‘hon the eos nebreck tht promoted sow on Vana it the bot at thea cepreteted "he fn sehievenen ofthe hurr "hen {hear chooleacher wa the ether nght aboot the invasion ofthe Aretian elution tem y frien cara Iwate el At the tls st, “Lady, they aleady ere” thas led begun Treense he wos hve. The wold har been ating thee shores for at leat 19000 yexs fiom Europe, Aen, and Asia. Iv the Ite rinetemh and eaytwenbeh centres, Inge aumber of Earpeans ve aig ther cltoresto hse fhe European, Asn, and Ain fete who were aeay her, and eceny illo hae been exering the county Rom South Amerce and the Carbbean, making Rabet ‘Thompronsbouilabise sicher and hicks ‘Noth Ameren dees a mote esting desiy than as «reposr, cof Wester sviaton’ We can become spac where th eles of the world erro Thit & pouible becatse the United Stats and ‘Canad augue in he woo: The wo shee EXPLORATIONS Witte he ding ier osu bali” re. 6) How rth geo he Usted Ste fer ore gael he "hig pr 2, What en do al Reed ve dung thet te Unie ‘Stan bags stn eaten ga 6? Wht ene dose eth -0e nen post sonal neil et ng oak on? De yon he none ence rt scan? Why sy? ‘Whats Reto? What erento dese mc and ehom CONNECTIONS 1. Look at altro’ “The Westra of he Wl (40 Haan ) pers 12 the New Worlsto establish liberty ) tiemsetues had come t atomic deny th Ores ‘sine Tigh to any other eamest 4338 AMERICAN LerenaRY THOUGHT sgeberalter God's tush as sevesled-r-the Bible? The only fnower dat Cotton could make was that Williams wis 12 ‘wong in what he saw in the Bible that he war aualy soning 2gunse his own conscience, Because of creumnsets af time and place, Cation easily won the immediate veto aver his ash opponent: bue ie was ally Willams who ore ‘querd in the end by his uncompromising stand fora eek le dat was to Be of gest impéranee in undermining Pure ‘Giautioritarianism. Gut the principle had already been fabled when Marin Luther sent his fotlowess back ep their Bibles, x told them chatfeyery crue believer could be his own pries_|Calvnism, go les authortacian iw many ways than the mifieval ChGreh, was equally rainenblewe Eeamonpiccag imeacrateen teaching. ‘But Belore we give final edi to Roger Willa. the true founder of our democratic ideal, we should remember that he wat a devoutly religious man, whose ideal coo smunity was ont in which everyone should beso Bred with the love of Chie (enc-f-his own way), that there would ‘be no nerd for the Church to have recourse to the powet af the State to enforce its authority over the consciences of ten, So intense was his own soulsarching that he eves cualy laf even ue Baptist Chureh which he founded nd became a Secker—one who felt compelled to search through out ile forthe ulkimate ruth about God. His writing oe polital theory, tiberal as they ar, ere dined solely om 1s reading ofthe Bible, and hema John Cotton ie for text in their historic controversy. He despaired at lengeh of finding any chuteh sufciently uncorrupted to cay far Gots purposes in the world, and fee the Christ would have © send out apostles anew to found a hew and purer cures, ‘The infor which ine Hutchinson es banished was (0 she Puritans) theulimatein here, the crime offntinenee Tien] Tals was a form of religious enthusiasm exe —43~ j etibeeiss eteg t ai 39 Jt that in surrendering in God's la he ha the cone 2A Ee akunaie be The eibers-16 doff their hats to any man, of whatever degree, ‘Go the grovnd hae it indiated servlity, for which they found sanction inthe Bile A modern atacand tea ectuch a ehorahs Wineses wae tse, pound et contienc, out he ag Anne Hutchins woman of vgooes and independent sind and eomidealy in nase er mes ep Ble ing merge in her om home whee te semen of te povow Sunday vere dacosed and te miisers ee, Bie Sty dectsed the she fad reed new dot by cn npiro| ond haya se inlaus iRoom sweceactall reacting a coenant of wake hy iting on Coulormiy tothe Puan moe of wonbip. Grr rain this Anne Hotchinos'ct the oanan ah Se pannraar cmamumeavorbeven ete ie oct and bi Maker ‘Whether ti consented rel antinolaniam of ot ‘Huucinon was rebelling agua the only autos th frm aod her cldchns ware the more experaing 0 te Posie miners beenuse they were bled the inns Tigh uber than on thology sizable rounds Bt ip Batcin’s Gndslons vere ln te de Amba tien, adhe probed wene et e F tal amore donne eet tthe pinto he Giveral prs ofa toe bebe Like Roger Wir ode nse on oro single Peneciion, But I wa a hollow tumph or the Beton Eiders forte Baptie pincer that she sed Wiliams sood foraprsd wo rap nthe Puritan clone that a ely (Gssgbtenry Dotter the presen of Haran Calage see salamat reigned hi porn when he fet tat Be40 AMERICAN LitzRARy THoUciET Gould no longer acrpt the doctrine ofthe necesty fin fone baptiam| oe u One final instanceof a ore general nature will serve taste the early modification that Pritanism expesionea tnder the impact of colonial conditions As orev ee sted, the New England Congregacanal. ceeseeoy, mpined i wembeship only Sdslw of genuine Chetan selidnce anCIREE duldren. However as thew chides tum began to mary and have familes oftheir own, they were naturally evtous that their cre, should be of ried to chuteh membership luugh ca got actually experieneed convenion, The sere miniva ‘lieved dat ony the oping of cosesed believer smouid be admitted co baptisms but the more liberal element hed thac the children of such non-egenerae membem might be baptized, bue chat they should not parake of the Lordy Suppers, nor could chey vote in ures afar, "Naturally the controversy on such an iste waxed hot. fa volving sit did the cardinal Calvinistic point of the neces sity for w mstieal sense of unin 2 vise seeméd to'many earnest divines the beginnitgs of « deccece into the moras of toleration, Serangely isa 9 ‘pd ofall the Masnchusets chats jl 669 that fale ut he offi tea of approval onthe “ 5 it was called, although the srle continued long after with the churches in Harford, Stratford, and Windsor i Connecticut, and even the First Chureh in Boston Being spl over die sue: To the orthédoy Calvinise the Pat Way Covenant was a logical impossibility. Seredly speaking, there could be no such ereature ava “hall way" Puriianr ne the mere faet that such liberalism was offically spproved. ot carly as 1652, les than chirtvive years alter the founding ‘of the Massachuseus Bay colony, shows how rapidly che Ideas of the Puritans were being modified. Of all the emigre ‘ions of disaffected groups inthe euly years of the colony, though many of them had _ PURITANISS¢ " surely the strangest ofall was the setting of New Ark, New ene by 2 rou of src Puram who ad fae eel serie to “burly” the Pasian Church at New Haven! “Ts the great hour ofthe Puricans was of bret duration in New England-Like 2o many other groupe of eartest reaiots of thae day, they had dreamed of & New Canaan to be founded on the american continent, with themselves 3s the prophets and teacher of perpetual theoracy wherein ‘nan shuld live in ue mundane word, and yet with hier turned sendy toward Heaven. Bt within the lnits of {be thee generations ofthe Mather dynasty (Richard 1508- 1660; Inerese 1630-1733; Cotton 1653-1788), it had be core obvious that the New World was not to be made &p ola seris of Bible Commonwealth, and that: selon, {ervor ths had fred the fre stlers was burning lx. One Durltsn divine exanperatelyrelrred to his econdgeners tion congregation as 4 “goepelglted, sermonpree ge eration” while Cotton Mather, the third in ine af God's Geputie in New England, spent mort of bis considerable coergier in ¥ vai atempt to rekindle the orginal fres of, Patan vient a eng reasons fr this phenomenon are many and comple, and wil dei with a deal Inthe noe Capt on Enlightenment. However, certain base factors contributing to.the decline of Puritan iere present Irom the st id thie fects were merely acelerated by the conditions STEER pic mat beremembered hate number of “unchurched” colonists was uch renter chan gen rally supposed. nis eaimated that ache bet of ses only twenty per conto the eal len ere eb of 3 posible inthe Carly days by reiting sutrage to churchfied and by 1691 was eliminated in Massachusetts complet ‘From the earliest days shere-weremany to whom the sig surveillance of private life fans va Bey ‘Fisome, and no dout ae Sener ey maim Ree Sears perma cere ee oie coal cure embentip it could claim, a fact which a Erasye amb galt es eh node owe rem pe aatemrd cotinine an nae $B one of she tins] Puritan vttyes and hard ano ealting lL comnay oi eee ied in abundae in i Net WOR oe Prisingly short time A visitor to the Bay colony in i671 ‘emaiKed Tater tha: he found many of the“ ivil and ecclesia. thal tae” noc only “uannaby hake Ge See covetoun and prod’ judges tnt seo fr of cai wealth and theta of eas indeed balled bya ange puns he meee eae (Gemegiry ore hunt screeds fen kind ye cimres Saeed wait on sbiethans ulead an age SE on hs yar Hesven Hane peop eT Sammgiortonginma suis saen mane tatoo Boat nliated opportonites raring, ele an, tree soon pped te alain loro ee he dicpaag cect 0 Unter bel oe wk vers priethod oft uy tepentane Caen he tented earlier, bt there wero dae ne isd approach to religion ut adoped byte Caine care in win they ft be he unnerse ar Se rosie in the wold of wile fat sane Ga ge et may any an emigrant to Rhode Tslan™ PUREANISM 43 ‘object lesson), the Puritans flee to exercise tothe wimost their powers of reson in attempting to sila Tome faint GeagEDT He Gu nature of God. Thus they Fad 52 lear olscence sa pasile undermine of GT and whethe cin or he sun was the center of the universe made erence, since either theory served equally well 10 ae testo the power and glory of God. Of the great controversy between religion and scence that vas tage in the nine teenth century, they could have had no iden, andl most Purian divine accepted the theories of Newton a reaily as they had astimilted those of Copernicus. Ie is strange anomaly that both Increase and Coston Mather incomed the violent hostility of their congregation because they 2d ‘ocated smallpox inoculation during the epidemic of 721. According to conventional modern notions of Puritanism, they should have aceepied it as Go's will an let the people die. Finally, the whole fabric of Putian theology, with ies {nstence on the complete depravity nd helplesnes of man, sas broughe sharply into-question by she actual conitians (Of ontier If, In their nical wea wo esablsh the Kingdom Ean Ne Hogan he Pr ad gl dang and even nature iSeTE se OBER: chown in their say by the Desh The blunt frontier maxim—the only good Fndian isa dead indion—thus had i equvatene in Puritan dimes even belore the pioneer land hunger had begun to demand economie warfare against thee ‘limbs of Satan.” the Puritans ceganed chem. Bu this very seruggle to ex fend the Kingdom called forth on the part of the individsal the greatest posible ingenuity, courage. and selfreliance, and inevitably, among those who survived, resulted in an Increae in material biesings. “Though the frst setlers were devout i ascribing their in- creasing wellbeing to the hand uf God in their lives. there tere soon many who felt that they hal done it petty largelyie was equally 44 AMERICAN LiTeRaRy THOUGHT ty theses. Furs a as been noted evi, the sub ‘aonalzation by which the Portars had tome to sea increased wealth ad materi wellbeing ss monks of Catt favor, led o'a moral confeson in whieh the neqisiion ot vesith beamea “good workin full alvin hal ol tee no man could know whether be wast be sive or neta the pachological meceity of Snowing wan ae gre tee peop who belived impli in ele that suc raona tons evntvally sapped Puritanism of ie moral Signe fe bitter adraughtas pure Calvinism way theony ney wecsing is ull bene wa to take saighs Most ofthe modern misconrptions regarding the Pus tens arte from the fet that we soinchow ane tha Sey sedatly after the Relarnation the te of Eosope lene 2€ one fom the sixteenth entry into the arene ae ing the Partan fr behind in supenttious uorsnce sed dichard conservatism, Nothing could be mow loucarses ‘White itis rue that they attempted tive according wey mont imposible ident of religious consecration, ey ae shared inthe supenstion-and biouy oftheir dane Toate Puritans hanged twenty peron at wiches at Salt in egg, e that in England one nowetious wicks finder alone was respontibie for tending ives ined ites othe gallows beoveen 4g and tgp and tnt oe ‘orl number of persons so condemned in Europe berweca the fourteenth and eighteenth centuries Tan ins the heey dreds of thousands, The Puritans banged four Queser ty Boston, but in ttabethe reign alone tres thawed Gas ershad died in English prison boar they were cient til, The Purtans Sanised Roger Wilton beens be dated to question their interpretaden of the Bible tar a England he could have been snmarly beheaded for ving touch les John Buayan spent twelve yeas prison seco Beatie he would not promise to dicontinue pence’ she sees: but William preached separation fro the Ee | 1 PURITANISM 6 tablished Church, from the very pulpit of the Salem church, ist oly “admonished,” a8 the word was lermore, the asceticism of the early Puritans has been reatly exaggerated. Though the New England legal code Frovided peralie for abbathbreabing lees, drunken hes, and sexual immorality, he Busitans wece in-thesnsin. following Old. Testament precedent, and they were against aing, gaming “and canl-plaving lage beauia thee Theit minds idle and frivolous and wasted valuable time which might otherwise be employed in sth Lord. Aline Ee ya OP ig Puritans ved wel, dred wel Zed thought it no sin to dlplay outvard evidence of God's aver. Beer and wine were dietiry staples and even the 0: Galed “hard” iquors were permited. The Puritans believed thatfood and dink were intended by a gracious Providence for he comfort of mankind, and they advocated maderation rather than ssc selédenial. The tame ideal held for 0- Cal occasions, but de evidenl indicts that private merry. soaking at weddings funerals, bapisings abd church and house Fisings was convivial beyond even the broadest inter tation of moderation. P'Sae there was another side to Puritanim that isle de fensible ts Saas on Cie copies HTronvicsion eia.aa unhealthy degree of llquetoning ‘Gnd inward forment. This constant soulesrehing, whieh vin Had fisted on an part of the regenerate man's duty ve ier conversion, was Obvisisly intended ar aleguard Sgeinst moral buckling, but ts eect on many sinple, tarnest people was to reduce them toa state of newroicim. Gonverely, armang thre who fle themselves tobe among the elect, J bred aa overweening eelGrighteouiness On th point of “eleeon and elling sure Ruan nate was a3 Tile able to stand crtainy a8 ik was to remain in perpetual outs, 47 |a 45 avenicay teremany suovener Ao, the Purlan bet dat cy epneig. howe mints de elt af Cob os orp inthe nord proved Ge an ou Bingen cal ena oe ay ee a Foren Go Tent ne eee Se faltures, fires, epidemic, and Indian wars were regacded ‘eaathing forthe hen ito ee calamity. series of such disasters preceded the wick pense ‘cutions a¢ Salem, and this, together with King. Philip's 7 and he om ofr chr, coniny ee aE of New England Moana ng emi iia oer oui eee? te eo te of iets ate he ere eth ot resign at over, thee tan, bu tet sy temic dem aly. ts anxiyto vod ee exces made posite by te meiival tery af baton asec oe vin had lente he principe at eraser ee ee ith agree sets tows alae cious As posed ues did ot ongiaate wih de W of sai radon God ene gfiman, and ac the semen had insisted on his acer ne or reprobation. Ths though it conformal to ability to alter his predestined election approach to the problem of evil ai fleece Dau PunrTanisne 9 of prayer or intercession. ‘There is much talk of “the sweet ness and wonder of God's love” im Puritan sermons, but here is much more on his wrth coward miserable sinners [As the flame of fith burned loner in aceesve generations ft berame necesary to init mote and more strongly on man's depravity and helplesines, until Jonathan Edwards, in rjqi m his awl sermon Sinner in the Hands of bn ‘Angry God, pictured the people 3s loathsome spiders whom God held perpetually suspended over the fares of Hell and whom He would let drop at any instant i sulted Sis pleasure, Further than thi, Poritan exhortation could not ao, and with the death of Edwards in 1758 the lst great attempt to stem the tide of the forces undermining ‘Ca. Vinism had ended in failure. ‘The moral atticudes of the Puritans pensted in New England long after its susaiing religious convicion was gone, and the advent of over one hundred thousand Scotch Tesh Presbyterian immigrant in the fist hall of the eight fenth century, and thelr dispel along she {enter back country from Massachuseusto Virginia earied the Calvinist view of life solidly into the setlement of the great Miss sippi valley. The religious comeratin that exist to this ay in much of the Midwest, South, and Souther 308m {Qie-temendout moral forge exerted by Scotch PrESEE— tetlaniim, The fact that the famous Scipes monkey ial” Br Tennenee in age ended in'a victory for Wiliam Jen ning Beyan and the fundamental wat regarded by wiany ss an example of incredible bacoardnes, but the religious aiutudes that made such a verde ponsble ae relatively easy Vestigial remnants of Puritan condemnation of tivality cx.the Sabbath ae to be een in he slope Se aes in cenain ces regulating the houts ol bata port us, Religion Tas ended (9 give way toa general humman {arian and our moral codes have become automatic re ‘ponies he conventions of vocal respec. ntcHO . arse inst §*8 AMERICAN LITERARY THOUGHT 4m the moral confusion ofa character such as George F. Babbite in the briliane social novel by Sinelais Lew we see something of the dilemma of modern man—cages forthe pleasures ofthis life yec unable to give himself over to com, plete enjoyment of them because of vague scruples of con. Science: believing in che American ideals of Work snd Progress, without any real object in life to make them “worthochite: deprived of the pomibility of religious conic tion. yet full of indefinite longings and disatafactions stumbling into the relationships of husband and father, only to be caught in a dull and pesty routine of domestic bick- ting and vulgarity I was part of Lewis satire that he made Babbitt a member of the Chatham Roed Presbyterian (Church end it would be hard to say which revelation would hhave astonished that worthy realtor the more: that he was supposed to believe in infant damnation and the total de ‘Pravity of man; or that it was his solexin obligation to live ‘every waking moment of his life wo the greater glory of God. sources cLisary Betenson, Documents ofthe Christon Church; John asin, Iatitatens ‘Stcoxoane James T. Adam The Founding of New Englend (Bowon, gnu: James T. Adaas Province Souety seso-ifts (g'qy, Ret land H. Baintom Here Slane Lifeof Martin Lulhos one Douglas Campbell, The Purian i Holland, Engend, and eee fea (V8ge. 980); John Fiske, The Beginnings of News englerd (Boston, ior7): Wiliam Halle, The Ris af Puvianism (oad Perey Miller. The New England Mind; The Seventeial Costey, (:939): Perry Mili. The New Englind lind: From Colony 1 Brovinee (1953), Perry Miller rend into the WViermes (rs6, Perry Miler snd Thomas #. Johnian, Fhe Puritans (eos Seog lel E, Moston, The Puritan Pronaos (990) Samuel © Merion, ‘Inclectual Life of Colonial New England (998: Ralph B. Peay, unsrasin 0 mtn Baty meen rim end Demo (a0) Pe rete a NaS ae es Se En Sin oy er See Pa, i gun Segara n Ol nd Ne nnd a ian ance ee Te Sry of Ron nee (Bo oy He vey eqn ene eo apn (25, Jee toy ttn Lit Fe ds NN 0h theta ence, Fie Firt alt ath Gait those enenahe The nt Simetans tye gah Thome |: Wenenbaker, Phe Pur tev ottacy ae sent om) Gane Ge ip tend of tne an Cope ova, Chops Pe, The sea tegele Chaps et Baagon Vol nS Schneider, Chapt 49-49~ 60America (George B. Tindall and David E. Shi) NY & London: Norton, 1984, ‘Weee) [ew nrcusko wneuchry Tessas cenipalyingMestcia- {ees waaton fem Paranoia to ey colony reached so “abapp clin nthe wher tra a Sales Vlog toe Dara in 1008 Bat twice as wsteprend Seog raided ‘ut European and Nov England souety ine sevententhcen- 7 Sty ond Beem Ne England © 7 se alegre dana ds en nt a New (nosy lowers, ‘zurzal tomer spose or widows) had been secured arwitces, snd sore sy ange Se Sl ees ite nope in {ov andraigius i was compounded inthat locale by acm ft of vase bemveen 1 commeaty rooted in the sbsstence farm economy and Se hrving port of Salem proper. Seething Inert and fy cones ohn the community appar ety aad ny rents recat fo ans ae Set gids tat they had boon Bewitched. The epuode began etl toons girls baoune entranced enero voodoe evel Ti We an eet ang ‘sa gbaldng grovelngsnd titling oop. ures room, The fown dotorcoacladod tat they ad been ‘ietehed andthe pre pointed to Tita advo white women, ‘the alps, Soon twa dwellers woo telzed wil pate at Sex ed th the de wan hr mtd weg oe, Ata he eager the "alice {Sled os the deur in sovulebe lea ie ttee women were ‘Teton by the magnates Inthe mis of syste ca SEal He ee nee nan cerenig oe ‘rerperformng the dens workar wel ay Deel ita ir ro i ifs82 Golo ae o With the the crazed gs bora png acag agent exes of retena inding vel of tae at each ie z Sateen psone (cling some te) ad been bane ar alice cs Cn pl te eos {2d more tan 100 ote ned Bato ene Pr ‘picid wider, eateding fa oyond te coninsofSdens ghar agro datie wisn reac: Waco the alte gil charged Samyet Wieg Sy pst of Eons Fe Cart ed reset ‘eam, th fata even: was Sly ver Neely eee Faerie eel en rete nig utelte happened nth slots arin detsrpe beset Scheer beg ence me me -6t-‘he moe soverign contmpe That hay have flower prover noting No Indian eines ast i place ‘Mor flowers dan a thi © the glows, Southern Ltrry Masengr, Joly 136 ree . The Labray of Irmeccas » WY A984 ( The Pbilesophy of Composition 'HAQLSS DICKENS, a «note now ing belo me, and ing to an eamiaion {ance made ofthe echanian of “Bartaby Rage" sys-—"By the way ae Jou rar hat ‘Goan wiowe hs ‘Caleb Willams Yard He fs. volte bis heroin = web of diets, fing the second Volume and de, for the fet estab i ft some moe of acon fr wher had been dane” TTeanzot think this the prece mode of procedure on the pac of Godwin—and ince what he hima ckoowledges, [Bho shogeie: in acondance with Me: Dien? er the author of “Caleb Wiliams" was to good an att 20 © perceive the advantage derble fom st least 4 somewhat Sila proces, Nodung i more dear shan Gat cer ploy ‘wrt ame, ae Bae ws anche ty thing be aterpeed wath the pen es only ih he de totenet constant in We tht we cn gives ot ind enable sc of cnsequener, of-eaation, by making the cident, and epeialythe-tone at all pol send the ‘Thread eo, think, in the ual me feo sercting a sory. ihr history afte + thor one "gested bya inn of the day—on ot See autor fe hire Work in the eombinaon of tng erent co fm merely the buss of his arive—degings goer, te Gin with deerpin, datgss, or atonal Gonmeny ‘whacver crevices of fe, 0 action, nay, om page page, ‘der hemscves appre, 1 prefer commencing With the consideration of an. Xeeping ecg nfo i view —far bei be oo hie? ‘wo vnc to dpe ith o ovis sn so cays tbl a source of ineren--I say ro mel inte Bt place, Of the innumerable efits, oc impressions, of which tex the inlet (note geal) the sl pace ‘iat one shal 7, on the prese ection select" Having hon 2 noel, and tconly a vivid ‘ec, cone wether ca Best be wrought by incident or tone—wheter by extnay ines wn poe fone, o he Somer, ot Lp ge!54 by pointy both of nie and tone afer ang 2hotee (oF therm) do mcr combines of cee de tone shal beeen he ore of te Tine ofen thrugt how map pepe sight be ween yay subor who meat by, ‘tho ue tp yeh pose wish a pn ead rae pine compe ‘a. Wy sch» paper ar sve ben gen oe won Soe as be oy ie pom : (Sho wisps in Spea-pee eg a Sosa tay algo yf pe oe CSc lon ot eal peli Sti Lag fe poe per tlind We vn te abt ad wing cso Singh pons Sapte oneness fen tet or Sited se we ony al cee ly towel Anis diac ir par wammagahl =e ratiou ako nd esa Ge pul ee te gains t woe he pene Saiheeedanr a tana, tuaps—the cocks feathers, the red paint and the black fale, nay af ie baad ‘She angers Tamerica oe bas te eee by meas common ohh steal coe nce SEeapby ous cnt ayaa age gy henge en pad on cor mir Toray om pu Tn ce pathy with te pup sar ded fy hon ty ye ear ale eng mie poplar ac of yoy Sonata en ane ec fo ea Sint nek ohne cna gece ge Sepa of uy el ocd nto thing ik wl ee ped te of cou Sy Tinta sho te ml pray wh secon SP Em wos wat pt spice Ice "ine Rav tae gency Kowa ey age to rf aie Seca pone ns mpi eke Gh = ¢ Lo) a scridens or inmiton thatthe work posed, wep bys, {0 is completion with the precion shee eomreqocee ‘oatmeal problem, Le dns a relevent the poem pos, the ccm seo th cetyl ge ‘ew the intention of comnpoing » poe ha shold as nc the pope and ect eae ‘We emer, hei this ineaton, jhe nt corsiderton was a of eet If any ley ‘wor sto log to be read aoa singe mus be cate to dipase withthe immensely porn cite canal atom inky of smprenion for, i wo stings be reaued, the aa of the wold nna and ory tg ike ua Js at once deswoyed, Bu nce, ae panna no poe can Aford to dapense wih ay thy that nay advance his de Sig, bu renin be sta wheter teen nen ny scanrage vo counttblne he low of tity wich as iz Heresy a, stance. What we sem song poe a ‘fee. Ir snes > Ganon tt 8 oct 4. ech, only saemuch 5 ntennly exis by erg te ‘cul and all intense exciements a eeough 3 pyc noes |S fle Foc hi reo, at eat one lt “aie mis exencaly rosea scson of poss ccs ‘eens itespened, Seiad, wih ing depres Sone wae Being deprive hough eb extn of fs eng ofthe vat imprest cement, ony, sai, of ee. Te tpeas evden, then, che there os segue oval work feet Gena cn {ge stig—and hay aldough in eetan cates of prose omporiton, each a “Robison Cro" (demanding. 20 uni) slime may be aanegeusyoespe, an ‘ever rope be ovispased ins pou Wika tle the exten of ¢ poem may te made wo bear mathematic fe lon cot mein other wets, fo de xstemen or aon again in oder Wordn 0 the deg Of the Foetal eer which ie capac of ndings fe its ea © tha th rei stein det ti of te eit ote] Jntenad cect th with oe proviso ear scan de][ge of duration & absolutly reuse forthe production of fy ef atl in View these consieraions, aswel shat of cxeteaent wiih I deemed not sbore the popula, whi Seth cot, a1 hed oe a oe, ‘aed the prope eng for my inteedpoem—a ‘out one handed ines. Te in it, a hundred and eight. "My next thoagtconccra the choice of an impresion, ce ‘eft, to be conveyed andere 1 ay as well Observe tha, Tepe sei i view the de shoal Semele en eter ety aied a SOROS eo Teeter eis ee Thos: pore ny Believe, found inthe contemplation of che "Wh, indeod, ten spesk of Beary, they mean, Presi), nota Quali, ae mpposed, but a eflet—they dort 9 das nee and pe ration of have som pecan at {uy pasiomste wil compeiend me) which ae ably {edglanec to tne Deny Wik {ann be xe {Pe or pase vation, of th sol Irby no means Bowen any hing ee i hat psn, oF en tay THE PuILosoPMY oF coMrosirioN 17 ‘aay not be incoduced, and even proiably inwodoed, ato {poem —for ey may serve in elation, o aid the neal 1 do dsconds a mas, by conteat~—but the tue a [Sew alvaye conve, Sn, one them ine prope mbes ayy on alin rely Cape Ser iRiver os copper ert Sposa pre ry purl tency Sng i tose Toned, howe, it spo imply of ‘od vom "Thee pont being seed, next bethought me ofthe m= sue of wy rein. Since is appiation was be repetcly ‘ied, it ta clear thatthe nmin Boel? mast be bt, for tte woald have been an imurowuneble ili in fe56 er in ny scence of gi In open tothe ntiy ofthe enlace woul. eae Cee of te varton This ede ton sng ean. pe goon ac aot wt the dart of th wok iing made up my tind t 8 rane don of the Poshag taste, cong cain he ean frming the cose to cach ama That sch sce, to hae ‘Sr thst be sonata mceptb of promecel emp fi, admited no doubt and thee conierstion inevahiy Se log ae eon vowe ne Son with ras oe moe “The sound ofthe npn beng chs decried i became cxsty 1 set 2 word embosyng this sound ands te ‘ine ine inthe flee posable eepangw tac nobly ‘whch I ad he tne of te pou In ct ‘estrch to ve been absoliey 1 ovroak the word "Neveroce” Inf, ie wat the vey fet Whi preented ine “The net ddim was spe fc the continuous we of the one word “ncvemone” Ir obcving the alicly ‘which one fund in mening fine re ton for continous rpeison I did soe ‘hat this icy sore sy fom the pee-abnenpdon tat {he word watt be 9 ono or soacconcy open by «uma being did nc fat prc, shor tat ‘he ify ny he reconton Of tt monotony with {he ere of eaton on he prof the este open te ‘ord r,t sro thee of nowt Ing sere cpu of speech snd, sry natal pr ‘nthe fie sans, soggesed fle bt wae forcwt by a Raven, a equal capable of sen, ad ne ‘Seip more in Beping wi headed ane ‘had now gona vor he conception ofa Raven—the tied of if omen—monotonoly tepesting the ne ord, "Nevermore," tthe econ of eth wi in poem of cin one, ln a toe i not ofthe objec pees) om, sal pont kod mysell— orden ng! ‘wha, sealing to the wntenl wndentanding of —55- th f ' > Dexter he obvious py And whey” Ta hime melanin of opi now fees Han we ine ety pel rey ‘the answer, here also, is obvious—" ‘it most dlosely al- is a "the ‘woud iovanswenc the “And ete sas that I sew at once the Monde forthe effect on ‘which Thad ben otha 9 sy the i of the Seon of aps Use that could ake the et query the lovee—the fet gary to wach the Haven ‘Seiden "Neeoor—it bl mae ay one-=the ssn lee othe Sd stl es, fd so on=oni length the lever sari rom his org Sl nonahle by te meancly chance of the Word ky is Segaeneepetion and by # consideration of Se tlw hunted of te fowl Se uel oo ipo ced epertoon tnd wily propomdr uses Gf far diferent charcrer—quere hove Solin Be has fsioncey st Hest propoanar them iin sopertion Ti ha in he speci of Upa which delight a seleoe ‘ee—propounds then ot eee he belive in the prophece or demoniae arscer ofthe bid wich es bu bese Be = [Ege quacans baie fom te peed Newsman? the mos dedous because the most llerble of srr Pecling the oppominisy thus eorded me—on, oe th ein the progres ofthe cons font fat erable in mind te ee, or conclaing ‘qucy—tint fo which “Nevermore” should be in he I lice an answers in weply whic is word “Neve