Numerical Constants Fundamental Physical Constants* ‘Name Symbol Value ‘Speed of light in vacuum ‘Magnitude of charge of electron Gravitational constant Planck’s constant Boltzmann constant Avogadro's number Gas constant Mass of electron. Mass of proton Mass of neutron Permeability of vacuum Permitivity of vacuum, 2.99792458 x 10° m/s 1.60217683( 14) x 10°C 6.6742(10) 107!" N-m’/kg* 6.6260693(11) x 10" J-s 1.3806505(24) x 10° J)K 16.0221415(10) x 10* molecules/mol 8.314472(15) J/(mol-K) 9 1003826(16) 10°" ke 1.67262171(29) x 10° ke 1.67492728(29) x 10” kg 4 X 10°" WoT “m/A S8S4187817 --- x 10° C}](N-m*) 8987551787 --» x 10°N-m'/C Other Useful Constants* Mechanical equivalent of heat ‘Standard atmospheric pressure Absolute zero Electron volt Unified atomic mass unit Electron rest energy Volume of ideal gas 0°C and | atm) Acceleration due to gravity (standard) 1 aum ok lev bu. me s 4.186 J/cal (15° calorie) 1.01325 x 10° Pa =273.15°C 1,60217653(14) x 10°F 1,66053886(28) x 10°” kg. 0.510998918(44) MeV 22.413996(39) liter/mol 9.80 m/s? "Source: National Institute of Standards and Technology (htp:/physies.nist govieuu), Numbers in parentheses show the uncertainty in the final digits ofthe main number, for example the number 1.64S4(21) means 1.6454 + 0.0021. Values shown without uncertainties From Appendix E of College Physics, Ninth Edition, Hugh D. Young. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Published by Pearson Addison-Wesley. All ights reserved. 507Astronomical Datat ‘Appendix: Numerical Constants Body Mass (kg) Radius (m) ‘Orbit radius (m) ‘Orbit period : Sun 199 x 10S (6390 10° = — i ‘Moon 735 x 102 1.74 x 108 3.84 x 10° 2134 Mercury 330 x 10% 2.44 x 10° 579 880d Venus 4.87 x 10% 6.05 x 10° 108, 22474 Ean S97 x 10% 6.38 x 10° 1.50 365.34 Mars 642 x 10? 3.40 x 10° 228 687.04 Jupi 1.90 x 10” 691 x 10° 178 x 10! 1.86 y ‘Satum 5.68 x 10% 6.03 x 10° 143 x 10 2945 Uranus RoR x 10% 256 x 107 287 x 1 402 y Neptune L02 x 10% 2.48 x 10° 450 x 10 164.8 Pluto 131 x 102 LIS x 10° 591 x 10 2879 y "Source: NASA Jet Propulsion LaboratorSolar System Dynamics Group (htp:/sd,ptnasa.gov), and P. Kenneth Seidelmann, ed, Explanatory ‘Supplement tothe Astronomical Almanac (University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1992), pp. 704-706. For each body, “radius” its radius at its equator and “orbit radius” ists average distance from the sun (forthe plants) or from the earth (forthe moon. Prefixes for Powers of 10 Power of ten 10 10" 10-18 yooto- zepto- femo- pico- rn ‘cent- kilo- mega- sigs peta Pddorroamod sen, Examples: | femtometer | nanocoulom 1 microkelvi 1 miltivolt = 1 mv = 10° V 1 kilopascal = 1 kPa = 10° Pa T megawatt = 1 MW = 10" W: 1 gigahertz = 1 GH: 10° HzAPPENDIX The Greek Alphabet Name | : i ‘Alpha Bota Delta, Epsilon Zeta ‘The Tota Kappa Lambda Mu eke ean een eax eeagpacms