Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Estruturas Mistas Volume 1 - Capítulo3
Estruturas Mistas Volume 1 - Capítulo3
:$","-,&-)(',"1(2("'()"1(&3%1#1("&,)4#09" 0$"#"%&3'#:%0%1#1("0,-#0"1("(0(4(&',3"1#"3(*+,"
1,".()/%0"1("#*,B"1(2%1#"#"/,)*#"&,)4#0",<"4,8"
-$"',1#3"#3"3(*;(3"1(2(4"3()"1<.0#4(&'("3%8" 4(&',"/0(',)B"&+,".,1("3()"4,'%2,"1("/#0I#"1,"
4=')%-#39" .%0#)B"1(2(&1,"3()"#'(&1%1#3"#3"-,&1%*;(3V"
F$"&,3"-#3,3"1#3"G%F<)#3"67H8#"("67H8:B"1(2(4" ]#)#"0(2#)"(4"-,&'#",3"(/(%',3"1#")(')#*+,"
(>%3'%)"#)4#1<)#3"0,&F%'<1%&#%3"("')#&32()3#%3" (" 1#" /0<L&-%#" 1," -,&-)(',B" ," 4_1<0," 1("
.#)#"F#)#&'%)"#"%&'(F)%1#1("1,"-,&-)(',9" (0#3'%-%1#1("["-" 1(2(""3()"")(1<D%1,"".#)#"","
-J0-<0," " 1(" " .),.)%(1#1(3" 1(" .%0#)(3" 4%3',3B"
I$"&,"-#3,"1#"G%F<)#"67H8:B".#)#"F#)#&'%)"(33#" -,4,"#"3(F<%)V
%&'(F)%1#1(B" =" &(-(33J)%," E<(" #3" #)4#1<)#3"
')#&32()3#%3"#')#2(33(4"#"#04#"1,".()/%0",<B"#08" +'
+ ' $ ()* =
'()&#'%2#4(&'(B"1(2(4"3()"<3#1,3"-,&(-',)(3" (& + %$#ϕ )
-,4," 4,3')#1," &#" /%F<)#B" -,4" (3.#*#4(&'," ,&1( , =" ," -,(/%-%(&'(" 1(" /0<L&-%#" 1,"
0,&F%'<1%�"%F<#0",<"%&/()%,)"#"?AA 449" -,&-)(',B".,1(&1,"3()"',4#1,"%F<#0"#" B?".#)#"
3(*;(3" (&2,02%1#3" ','#0" 5G%F<)#" 67H8#$" ,<"
%$".#)#"E<("<4#"#)4#1<)#"0,&F%'<1%�"3(K#"-,&8" .#)-%#04(&'("5G%F<)#"67H8:$".,)"-,&-)(',"("%F<#0"
3%1()#1#"&#")(3%3'L&-%#"1#"3(*+,B"3<#"J)(#"1(2(" #"D(),".#)#"3(*;(3"'<:<0#)(3".)((&-I%1#3"-,4"
/%-#)"(&')("AB6M"("@M"1#"J)(#"1("-,&-)(',"5'(8" -,&-)(',"5G%F<)#3"67H8-"("67H81$7"
0#3"3,01#1#3"&+,".,1(4"3()"<3#1#3".#)#"(3'#"
/%�%1#1($9" 67 7 R%F%1(D"(/('%2#"1#"3(*+,"4%3'#"
K$" ," .),K('," 1#3" #)4#1<)#3B" %&-0<%&1," #$"R%F%1(D"(/('%2#"O"-,4.)(33+,"#>%#0"
(3.#*#4(&',B"-,:)%4(&',"1("-,&-)(',B"1%3'N&8" 5[`$"(" a"["#"`"#" b"["-B)(1"`"-" b"["3"`"3"
-%#"0%2)("(&')("#3":#))#3"(",".()/%0B"-,&'(&*+," 5.#)#"<'%0%D#*+,"(4"#&J0%3("(0J3'%-#$"
-,&')#"/0#4:#F(4"1#3":#))#3"('-7B"1(2("#'(&8"
1()"O3".)(3-)%*;(3"1#"PQR"SHHT9" :$ R%F%1(D"(/('%2#"O"/0(>+,"
5[c$"(" a"["#"c"#" b"ABS["-B)(1"c"-" b ["3"c"3"
U$"&,"-#3,"1#"G%F<)#"67H8#",3"-,:)%4(&',3"1,"
.()/%0"1(2(4"#'(&1()"#,3"0%4%'(3V" 5.#)#" <'%0%D#*+," (4" #&J0%3(" (0J3'%-#" ("
1('()4%&#*+," 1#" /,)*#" #>%#0" 1(" %&3'#:%0%1#1("
(0J3'%-#"d"%'(4"67 7?$
!"
-)(',B"3(&1, α ,"-,(/%-%(&'("1(/%&%1,"&,"%'(4" 676"8"\%4(&3%,(&',"1(".%0#)(3"
67 76B"A"5D(),$".#)#"J)(#3"')#-%,#3"1,"-,&8" 4%3',3"E<("#'(&1#4"#3"(>%FL&-%#3"1,"
-)('," %'(4"67H"
e:3()2#*+,V".#)#"(3'#:(0(-()","(E<%0f:)%,"1#3"
/,)*#3B"="&(-(33J)%,"(3'#:(0(-()"I%._'(3(3"3,8" `3"3,0%-%'#*;(3"1("-J0-<0,"1(2(4"3()"1('()4%8"
:)("#".,3%*+,"1#"gP]"5-,)'#&1,"#"#04#"1,".()8" #3".,)"4(%,"1("#&J0%3("(0J3'%-#"1("3(F<&1#"
/%0B"-,)'#&1,"#"4(3#B"/,)#"1,".()/%0B"('-7$7" ,)1(4"5F0,:#0"("0,-#0$"-,4"#"1(2%1#"-,&3%1()#8"
*+,"1#3"%4.()/(%*;(3"1#"(3')<'<)#"5%'(4"@7C7!"
67 7S7 "8"\('()4%&#*+,"1#")(3%3'L&-%#"1("-J0-<0," 1#"PQR"TTAA$7"\(2(4"3()"-,&3%1()#1,3",3"(38"
1#"3(*+,"O".0#3'%/%-#*+,".(0,"4,4(&',"/0(',)" '#1,3"0%4%'(3"i0'%4,3"1#1,3"&,3"%'(&3"6767H"("
5^".0BR1$"
"
6767 "#"3(F<%)7"
h4#"2(D"0,-#1#"#"0%&I#"&(<')#".0J3'%-#B"'(483(" 6767H"8"G#0I#"1,".()/%0"1("#*,"3<K(%',"O3"
^".0BR1" a Σ 5G"%1"X"%"$",< Σ5G"%1">"%"$B"3(&1,V" #*;(3"1("-J0-<0,"#.0%-#1#3"#&'(3"1#"-<)#"1,"
-,&-)(',7"
G"%1" a"/,)*#"1("-J0-<0,"&,"-(&'),"1("F)#2%1#1("1,"
(0(4(&', % 5#)4#1<)#"0,&F%'<1%�B"(0(4(&',"1(" j#3,"#"-,&-)('#F(4"1,".%0#)"4%3',"3(K#"/(%'#"
-,&-)(',"3<:')#f1,"1("(2(&'<#0"J)(#"1("#)4#1<8" #._3"#"4,&'#F(4"1,".()/%0"1("#*,B"(3'("1(2("
)#B"(0(4(&',"1("#*,$B"%F<#0"O"J)(#"1,"(0(4(&'," )(3%'%)"#"',1#3"#3"#*;(3"1("-J0-<0,"#.0%-#1#3"
4<0'%.0%-#1#".(0#"'(&3+,"1("-J0-<0,"#.0%-J2(0"5/"XY"
"
#&'(3"1#"-<)#"1,"-,&-)(',7"`"2()%/%-#*+,"1(2("
HBH".#)#",".()/%0"1("#*,B /"X3YHBH?"".#)#"#"#)4#1<8"
"
3()"/(%'#"1("#-,)1,"-,4","%'(4"?7?7H"1#"PQR"
)#"0,&F%'<1%�"( α /"-U" YHB@".#)#","-,&-)(',"-,48" TTAA7"
.)%4%1,$9"
6767 "8"G#0I#"1,".%0#)"4%3',"3<K(%',"#"',1#3"#3"
X"%"B">"%" a"1%3'N&-%#"1("G"%1" #'=","(%>,"1("3%4(')%#" #*;(3"1("-J0-<0,"5#.0%-#1#3"#&'(3"("1(.,%3"
-,&3%1()#1,B"%3',"=B"(%>,">8>".#)#"4,4(&',")(8" 1#"-<)#"1,"-,&-)(',$"
0#'%2,"#,"(%>,">8>"("(%>,"X8X"".#)#"4,4(&',")(0#8"
'%2,"#,"(%>,"X8XB")(3.(-'%2#4(&'("51(2%1#"#'(&8" #$"G#0I#".,)"%&3'#:%0%1#1("1(2%1#"O"/,)*#"#>%#0"
*+,"1(2("3()"1#1#"#,3"3(&'%1,3"1,3"4,4(&',3" 1("-,4.)(33+,"
1#3"/,)*#3"(4")(0#*+,"#,"(%>,"1("3%4(')%#"-,&8"
3%1()#1,$7" k<#&1,",".%0#)"/,)"3<K(%',"#.("#"/,)*#"#>%#0"
1("-,4.)(33+,B"1(2(83("'()"
P,"`&(>,"]"1#"PQR"TTAA"5%'(4"]7?7@$"(&-,&8"
')#483("(>.)(33;(3".),&'#3".#)#"#"1('()4%" P"l1" Z P"R1B"
"
*+," 1#" )(3%3'L&-%#" 1(" -J0-<0," 1#" 3(*+," O"
.0#3'%/%-#*+,".(0,"4,4(&',"/0(',)B".#)#"',1#3"#3" ,&1("
3(*;(3"4,3')#1#3"&#"G%F<)#"67H7"
P"l1" ="#"/,)*#"#>%#0"1("-,4.)(33+,"3,0%-%'#&'("1("
-J0-<0,9"
P"R1" ="#"/,)*#"#>%#0"1("-,4.)(33+,")(3%3'(&'("1("
-J0-<0,B"1#1#".,)V"
P"R1" a χ P".0BR1B"-,4
"
"
P".0BR1" ="1('()4%#"-,4,"&,"%'(4"67 769
χ - *).)(/012*3 )/ 451673 *) "%$/ 80.)/ 9:;:<=$
'3143(/) 0.)/ <:9:9 *2 >?@ AA%%:
C"
,&1(V" n#:(0#"67H7"e3"-,&(-',)(3B"E<#&1,"&(-(33J)%,3B"
1(2(4"3()"1%4(&3%,,3".#)#"#"','#0%1#1("1,"
m"l1" ="#"/,)*#"-,)'#&'("3,0%-%'#&'("1("-J0-<0,"&#" /0<>,7" `3" '(&3;(3" &#" %&'()/#-(" 1(2(4" 3()"
0%F#*+,9 1('()4%#3"-,4":#3(""/,)*#3"-,)'#&'(3"
δ - 3 42.3( *) '31.(0B50673 *3 263 80.)/ 9:;:C=D 3,0%-%'#&'(3" 1(" -J0-<0,B" -,&3%1()#&1,83(" ,"
^"l1" =","4,4(&',"/0(',)"3,0%-%'#&'("1("-J0-<0,"&#" -,&-)('," &+," /%33<)#1," (" -,4.,)'#4(&',"
0%F#*+,9" (0J3'%-,B"0(2#&1,"(4"-,&'#",3"(/(%',3"1(")(')#*+,"
^".0B#BR1" =" #"-,&')%:<%*+," 1,".()/%0" 1("#*," .#)#" ("/0<L&-%#7"
^".0BR1"B" (4" )(0#*+," #," (%>," 1(" 3%4(')%#"
-,&3%1()#1,B"0(2#&1,"(4"-,&'#"#".,3%*+,"1#" P+,"="&(-(33J)%,".)(2()"-,&(-',)(3"&,3"')(-I,3"
0%&I#"&(<')#".0J3'%-#7"h'%0%D#&1,83(","%'(4 ]7?7@7H" (&')(" )(F%;(3" 1(" %&'),1<*+," 1(" -#)F#3" .#)#"
1#"PQR"TTAAB","2#0,)"1( ^".0B#BR1" ="%F<#0"#" .%0#)(3"-,4"#3"3(*;(3"1#1#3""G%F<)#3"67H8"
4E #B"67H8-"("67H81B"E<#&1,"#")(0#*+,"(&')("#"/,)*#"
(F2 − F21 ) #>%#0"1("-,4.)(33+,"3,0%-%'#&'("1("-J0-<0,"("#"
&$& /,)*#"#>%#0"1("-,4.)(33+,")(3%3'(&'("1("-J0-<0,"
^".0BR1" =" ," 4,4(&'," /0(',)" )(3%3'(&'(" 1(" O".0#3'%/%-#*+,"','#0"1#"3(*+,"/,)"3<.()%,)"#"AB67"
.0#3'%/%-#*+,"1("-J0-<0,"1,".%0#)"4%3',B"-,&/,)4("
,"%'(4"67 7S7" 67@"8"]%0#)(3"4%3',3"8"(>(4.0,"H"
($"j%3#0I#4(&',"1#3"3<.()/f-%(3"1("-,&'#',"(&')("
,"-,&-)(',"(",".()/%0"1("#*,"(&')(")(F%;(3"1("
%&'),1<*+,"1("-#)F#3"
\(2(4"3()"<3#1,3"-,&(-',)(3"&,3"')(-I,3"(&')("
)(F%;(3"1("%&'),1<*+,"1("-#)F#3".#)#"F#)#&'%)","
/0<>,"1("-%3#0I#4(&',"0,&F%'<1%�"(&')(",".()/%0"
1("#*,"(","-,&-)(',B"3(4.)("E<("#3"'(&3;(3"&#"
%&'()/#-(" <0')#.#33#)(4" ,3" 2#0,)(3" 1( τR1" 1#" G%F<)#" 67 " d" l(*+," 1," .%0#)" 4%3',
6H"
]%0#)(3"4%3',3 "
U$"&,"-#3,"1#"/%F<)#"67H8#",3"-,:)%4(&',3"1,"
.()/%0"1(2(4"#'(&1()"#,3"0%4%'(3V"
6S"