Professional Documents
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Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Members of Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases | April 6, 2021
A Guide for Community Partners
Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Members of Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities
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A Guide for Community Partners
Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Members of Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities
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A Guide for Community Partners
Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Members of Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities
As seen in Figure 2, this Guide is organized into four sections with information on how community
partners can:
1. Coordinate regarding available funding and resources
2. Understand and define needs in the community
3. Identify the strategies and interventions that could best address and support those needs
4. Implement and monitor vaccination efforts (including by collecting data by race and ethnicity) to
improve confidence and access
Note: This Guide uses the term vaccine “confidence” to address both people’s trust in vaccines
(“hesitancy”) and people’s desire to protect against the risks of COVID-19 (“complacency”).i
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A Guide for Community Partners
Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Members of Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities
Immunization programs will allocate funding to local health departments and/or community partners
to support COVID-19 vaccination efforts in communities of focus. A community of focus can be a
specific racial or ethnic minority group in a specific geographic area. As COVID-19 vaccination efforts and
supply differ by state; partners and efforts should be tailored not only to the community of focus but
also to local guidelines.ii
To support these efforts, community partners can
• Look through Funding Opportunities, right, for Funding Opportunities
information on specific activities for funding.
Funding to build vaccine confidence and
o Consider: Is the organization a connector,
connect communities with vaccination
connecting community members to
providers.
services and information, and/or a
vaccination site host, working with local • Funding from state, territorial, and
health departments or other partners to local immunization programs and
host a vaccination site? health departments:
• Reach out to, or use relationships with, relevant o Connect with relevant
immunization programs and local health immunization programs and
departments to understand available funding and local health departments.
resources for activities to support or lead. o Review COVID-19 Vaccination
• Reach out to or engage with local pharmacies Supplemental Funding Guidance
and any future guidance for
and Community Health Centers to understand
eligible activities for funding.
their vaccine supply and determine if they could
o Review Appendix A for activities
partner to engage the community.
CDC is funding through new
• If able, share information with immunization grant programs for national
programs and local health departments on: partners and CBOs to build
o What communities should be prioritized vaccine confidence.
for support—immunization programs can • Other funding opportunities:
receive data analysis support from CDC to o CDC’s Center for State, Tribal,
identify disproportionately affected Local, and Territorial Support -
communities; however, community Strengthening Public Health
partners can also use publicly available Systems and Services through
data (see Appendix B) or other local or National Partnerships to
qualitative data. Improve and Protect the
o What other community partners should Nation's Health
be involved or engaged— community o HHS’ Office of Minority Health -
partners may have deeper networks in the Advancing Health Literacy to
community to also engage (see Appendix Enhance Equitable Community
C for additional ideas). Responses to COVID-19
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A Guide for Community Partners
Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Members of Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities
In addition to accessing available funding, community partners can play an essential role in identifying
the unique needs in the community regarding COVID-19 vaccine confidence (Do community members
want to get vaccinated?) and access (Can community members easily get vaccinated?).
To drive these efforts, community partners can
• Use available resources and tools to
help define specific vaccine confidence,
access, and uptake needs in the
community —such as CDC’s COVID-19
Vaccine Confidence Rapid Community
Assessment (RCA) Guide
• See Page 7 on Defining Needs for
Confidence and Access in the
Community — this is a non-
comprehensive list of potential needs in
the community, which should ultimately
be defined by and specific to the
community and validated by community
members or organizations.
• Participate in convenings and focus
groups/surveys hosted by immunization
programs or local health departments to
help understand and define needs.
• Share insights on the needs and
experiences in the community of focus:
o What does the community need
to increase COVID-19 vaccination? For example, how close are the nearest vaccination
sites? Do community members have access to cars or public transportation to reach
COVID-19 vaccination sites?
o What beliefs, attitudes, misinformation, or lived experiences drive these needs? For
example, did community members have negative experiences with COVID-19 testing or
fear they can get COVID-19 from the vaccines?
o What gaps or questions in information exist? For example, do community members
have concerns about the vaccines’ side effects or long-term risks, or can those without a
primary care provider get their questions answered by a healthcare professional?
o Where are community members most likely or willing to get vaccinated? For example, is
there a community center or health clinic that they can easily access and trust?
o What services does the community access frequently that could be used to promote and
offer COVID-19 vaccination?
o Given historical discrimination and mistrust among racial and ethnic minority groups,
what other needs might exist to gain trust in the medical and public health system?
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A Guide for Community Partners
Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Members of Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities
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A Guide for Community Partners
Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Members of Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities
If they haven’t already, community partners can help identify strategies and interventions to be
implemented in their community to increase COVID-19 vaccine confidence and access. Depending on
their role, community partners can later lead, contribute to, or advise on implementation.
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A Guide for Community Partners
Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Members of Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities
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A Guide for Community Partners
Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Members of Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities
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A Guide for Community Partners
Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Members of Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities
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A Guide for Community Partners
Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Members of Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities
Local health clinics or centers that Two non-profits in the District of Columbia requested
usually serve Black or permission from the local health department to opt out of
Hispanic/Latino communities may the online registration portal and start scheduling
see people registering for appointments on their own with their own community
People outside of the available appointments that live members, prioritizing eligible community members and
community consuming outside of the community. seniors who were most at risk.xvi Two weeks after the non-
most or all available Additionally, those with higher profit began this approach, the percent of vaccinations given
vaccine appointments socioeconomic status or more to Black community members rose from 22% to 75%.xvii
or supply technology access may book
multiple appointments or fill
disproportionately more spots.
Online registration systems have Many states and local health departments are taking a
created challenges for older multi-faceted approach to vaccination registration. Setting
community members, people with up mechanisms for online registration, in-person
low digital literacy, and people registration, and a call center can increase access to those
Online registration without regular access to who don’t have or use the Internet, as well as address
systems are technology. challenges with online systems related to high volume or
inaccessible to other difficulties.xviii,xix
community members,
or do not have enough
appointments available
Community partners may have As many vaccination clinics may face constraints with
different knowledge or capacity to capacity, hours, staff, and more, engaging other community
reach the community, disseminate leaders to support vaccination efforts, such as EMT
messages, or host vaccination workers or faith leaders, can increase access.xx However,
Heavy or inflexible provider sites. Too many inflexible these partners should define upfront what their capacity,
requirements for other requirements for what community flexibility, and resources are to support COVID-19
community partners to partners must have, do, or report vaccination efforts. Additional approvals may be needed at
support efforts may limit the ability or trust of the local or state level to ensure requirements for
those partners to participate. vaccination clinics can be met.
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A Guide for Community Partners
Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Members of Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities
Depending on their role, community partners can 1) use available funding, COVID-19 vaccine supply,
and other forms of non-monetary support from immunization programs, local health departments, and
other partners to implement their identified strategies and interventions; and 2) play an integral role in
collecting required data and real-time feedback directly from the community. The urgent and
unprecedent nature of the COVID-19 pandemic means collecting, learning from, and quickly acting on all
the data generated will be critical to supporting racial and ethnic minority communities.
To drive these efforts, community partners can:
• Access resources from CDC, immunization programs, and local health departments.
o See Page 5 for more information on funding, and Page 14 on Resources for
Implementing and Monitoring COVID-19 Vaccination for resources.
• Leverage non-monetary support from state or local health departments, which could include:
o Providing feedback on plans, strategies, activities, resources, and measures and
outcomes
o Providing support in compiling, analyzing, and storing data
o Sharing or disseminating promising or effective ideas and materials across partners
o Addressing issues or challenges with vaccine supply or vaccine appointment registration
o Helping with or providing necessary approvals
o Providing access to contacts or experts
• Coordinate with local officials on the required data to collect and how community partners
are best able to help given their capacity — this may include discussing the importance of
collecting data on race and ethnicity with community members.
• Join frequent touchpoints with relevant immunization programs, local health departments,
and other community partners to share, learn from, and make changes based on data.
o CDC plans to provide support for this to the 64 state, territorial, and local immunization
programs through data technical assistance and support.
o Discuss questions like: What racial/ethnic disparities exist? Are there disparities in who
signs up to receive a vaccine or who shows up for appointments? Are there
communities receiving more or less vaccine than planned? What interventions or sites
are effective or promising? Are there community groups/leaders that are effective at
outreach in the community? How are most people hearing about the vaccines?
• If data show some communities are receiving less vaccinations than others, consider collecting
anecdotal information directly from community members in a low-burden way.
o See Page 16 on Example Questions for Community Members for ideas of different
questions to ask—community partners can consider starting a community ambassador
program or using social media monitoring, surveys, or conversations with community
members and people involved at the local level.
• As new data findings suggest changes are needed, quickly revise strategies, engage new
partners or vaccination sites, and/or engage additional communities.
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A Guide for Community Partners
Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Members of Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities
Resource Description
COVID-19 Vaccination
Communication Toolkit for medical centers,
Toolkit clinics, pharmacies, and
clinicians to use or adapt
ready-made materials to build
confidence about COVID-19
vaccination among healthcare
teams and other staff. The
toolkit is also shared on
BlackDoctor.org.
Communication
Resources for COVID-
19 Vaccines
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A Guide for Community Partners
Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Members of Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities
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A Guide for Community Partners
Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Members of Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities
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A Guide for Community Partners
Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Members of Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities
APPENDIX A
Recent CDC funding for organizations with community-level reach – including activities for CBOs in the
COVID-19 Vaccination Supplemental Funding to IP19-1901, and CDC-RFA-1P21-2108, “Partnering with
National Organizations to Support Community-Based Organizations to Increase Vaccination Coverage
Across Different Racial and Ethnic Adult Populations Currently Experiencing Disparities” – covers
activities to increase flu and COVID-19 vaccination coverage. A summary of activities relevant to COVID-
19 is below.
Work with communities to identify and address drivers of vaccine hesitancy, influential community
messengers and partners, and community-acceptable approaches for improving vaccination availability,
accessibility, and acceptability.
• Conduct surveys, interviews, town halls, or focus groups to identify drivers of vaccine hesitancy,
influential messengers, and community-acceptable approaches.
• Document and share relevant findings from events, conversations, or convenings.
• Identify common drivers of vaccine hesitancy and collect other key information.
• Based on community interactions and findings, share tangible insights, common challenges, and
key lessons learned with organization leadership to inform CDC’s and organization's strategies
for addressing racial and ethnic disparities in vaccination.
Educate and empower trusted voices in the community to support vaccine education and delivery.
Build partnerships between vaccination providers (e.g., pharmacies) and the community to increase the
number, range, and diversity of opportunities for vaccination.
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A Guide for Community Partners
Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Members of Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities
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A Guide for Community Partners
Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Members of Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities
APPENDIX B
Table 6: Example data sources to use
CA TE G OR Y D AT A DE SCR I PT IO N W H AT T O USE F OR H OW T O
SO UR CE AC CE S S
TI TLE
Immunization Jurisdiction- All 50 states and the District Low influenza vaccine Varies by
level of Columbia have IISs that can administration data may jurisdiction
immunization collect and can generate indicate challenges with access
information reports of vaccine and/or hesitancy and may be
system (IIS) administration data. The used as a proxy for or indicator
data availability of local-level data of COVID-19 vaccination
and data stratified by various challenges.
demographic factors, such as
race/ethnicity, will vary by Health equity concerns may be
jurisdiction. indicated if low vaccine
administration is observed in
locations with a substantial
racial/ethnic minority
population.
Immunization CDC’s CDC administers surveys to Low influenza vaccination Link to data
FluVaxView generate influenza coverage estimates may
vaccination coverage indicate challenges with access
estimates by various and/or hesitancy and may be
demographic factors, used as proxy for or indicator of
including race/ethnicity, for COVID-19 vaccination
every influenza season. Data challenges.
are available nationally and
for all 50 states and the Health equity concerns may be
District of Columbia through indicated if low coverage is
2019–2020. County-level observed in locations with a
coverage estimates will be substantial racial/ethnic
available soon. minority population.
Immunization State reports A subset of states publicly A high rate of non-medical Link to data
of school reported school vaccination exemptions to school
vaccination requirement data—including vaccination requirements may
requirement those related to non-medical indicate general vaccine
exemptions exemptions—at a local level hesitancy within a community.
(i.e., county, school district, or In states that allow non-medical
school). exemptions, identifying local
areas with higher exemptions
may point to the need to focus
COVID-19 vaccination efforts.
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A Guide for Community Partners
Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Members of Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities
COVID-19 CDC COVID Non-vaccination tabs from the High COVID-19 disease burden Link to data
Disease Data Tracker CDC COVID Tracker report may help focus vaccination
Burden various measures of COVID-19 efforts on disproportionately
disease burden down to the affected communities.
county level.
COVID-19 Health Center Weekly health center data of High COVID-19 disease burden Link to data
Disease COVID-19 total COVID-19 tests may help focus vaccination
Burden Testing conducted and positive efforts on specific racial/ethnic
Dashboard COVID-19 tests by race and minority communities.
ethnicity.
Demographics U.S. Census Impact planning reports and Counties with high populations Link to data
and Social Bureau demographics at the county of racial/ethnic minority groups,
Vulnerability COVID-19 Site level. as well as other socioeconomic
demographics, may help focus
vaccination efforts on specific
communities.
Demographics Social CDC index of social Counties with high vulnerability Link to data
and Social Vulnerability vulnerability at the county scores may help focus
Vulnerability Index level using 15 variables to vaccination efforts on specific
measure social vulnerability. communities.
Demographics County Health County-level data on Counties with low rankings for Link to data
and Social Rankings demographics, health health outcomes and health
Vulnerability outcomes, and health factors factors may help focus
to better understand vaccination efforts on specific
individual counties. communities.
Demographics U.S. Census Data on population density to Counties with high populations Link to data
and Social Population see what areas have high of racial/ethnic minority groups,
Vulnerability Data prevalence of racial/ethnic as well as other socioeconomic
minority communities. demographics, may help focus
vaccination efforts on specific
communities.
Demographics HRSA Data on HRSA’s Health Areas with high HPSA or MUA/P Link to data
and Social Shortage Professional Shortage Areas scores may help focus
Vulnerability Areas (HPSAs) and Medically vaccination efforts on specific
Underserved communities.
Areas/Populations (MUA/Ps)
at county level.
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A Guide for Community Partners
Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Members of Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities
APPENDIX C
Community partner examples for racial and ethnic minority groups, such as Black and
Hispanic/Latino communities
i
World Health Organization. (2014, October 01). Report of the Sage Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy.
Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/october/1_Report_WORKING_GROUP_vaccine_hesitanc
y_final.pdf
ii
Simmons-Duffin, S. (2021, February 18). How to Sign Up For A COVID-19 Vaccine In Your State. Retrieved from
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/02/18/967448680/how-to-sign-up-for-a-covid-19-vaccine-in-
your-state
iii
Hamel, L., Kirzinger, A., Muñana, C., & Brodie, M. (n.d.). KFF COVID-19 Vaccine Monitor: December 2020.
Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/report/kff-covid-19-vaccine-monitor-december-2020/
iv
REACH Program.
v
REACH Program.
vi
REACH Program.
vii
REACH Program.
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A Guide for Community Partners
Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Members of Racial and Ethnic Minority Communities
viii
WCBS 880 Newsroom. (2021, February 21). Pop-up sites bring COVID vaccines to public housing complexes in
NYC. Retrieved from https://www.radio.com/wcbs880/news/local/pop-up-sites-bringing-covid-vaccines-to-public-
housing
ix
Fairfax County Health and Human Services (2021, February 24). Fairfax County Health and Human Services
COVID-19 Response Updates. Retrieved from https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/neighborhood-community-
services/sites/neighborhood-community-services/files/assets/documents/coronavirus/hhs-update.pdf
x
Perlow, B., Moton, K. (2021, January 12). Barbershops in Black communities provide information on COVID-19,
vaccine. Retrieved from https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/barbershops-black-communities-provide-information-
covid-19-vaccine/story?id=75198074
xi
REACH Program.
xii
Bump, B. (2021, February 3). Mobile vaccination clinics to reach Albany's homebound seniors start this week.
Retrieved from https://www.timesunion.com/news/article/Mobile-vaccination-clinics-to-reach-Albany-s-
15921605.php
xiii
Office of Mayor Muriel Bowser. (2021, January 27). Mayor Bowser Thanks President Biden for Answering the Call
for More Vaccine. Retrieved from https://mayor.dc.gov/release/mayor-bowser-thanks-president-biden-answering-
call-more-vaccine
xiv
Brindley, Emily (2021, March 1). Connecticut asks COVID-19 vaccine providers to commit to equity targets, as
white residents continue to receive shots at higher rates. Received from
https://www.courant.com/coronavirus/hc-news-coronavirus-vaccine-clinic-equity-targets-20210301-
wtbniw3gxvfhxg64duuafd6yhq-story.html
xv
Williams, E. (2021, February 13). Here’s How D.C. Community Health Clinics Have Adjusted To Vaccine Rollout
Problems. Retrieved from https://dcist.com/story/21/02/13/heres-how-d-c-community-health-clinics-have-
adjusted-to-vaccine-rollout-problems/
xvi
Williams, E. (2021, February 13). Here’s How D.C. Community Health Clinics Have Adjusted To Vaccine Rollout
Problems. Retrieved from https://dcist.com/story/21/02/13/heres-how-d-c-community-health-clinics-have-
adjusted-to-vaccine-rollout-problems/
xvii
Jones, G. (2021, February 26). Opinion: How we’re working toward racial equity in distributing coronavirus
vaccines in D.C. Retrieved from https://www-washingtonpost-
com.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/local-opinions/how-were-working-toward-
racial-equity-in-distributing-coronavirus-vaccines-in-dc/2021/02/25/13fed062-75e4-11eb-9537-
496158cc5fd9_story.html?outputType=amp
xviii
D’Amours, K. (2021, February 6). State call center to help register those eligible for vaccination appointments.
Retrieved from https://www.wwlp.com/news/health/coronavirus-local-impact/state-call-center-to-help-register-
those-eligible-for-vaccination-appointments/
xix
Barthel, M. (2021, February 12). Virginia Is Revamping Its Vaccine Pre-Registration Process. D.C. Isn’t Far Behind.
Retrieved from https://dcist.com/story/21/02/12/virginia-is-revamping-its-vaccine-pre-registration-process-d-c-
isnt-far-behind/
xx
Leonhardt, D. (2021, February 17). The Biden administration’s been cautious in its public vaccination goals, but
experts make a case to speed things up. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/17/world/the-biden-
administrations-been-cautious-in-its-public-vaccination-goals-but-experts-make-a-case-to-speed-things-up.html
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