ase INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 4.1 Historical Background 4.2. Role of Structural Analysis in Structural Engineering Projects 1.3 Classification of Structures 4.4 Analytical Models Summary Dipindai dengan CamScannerres, rss, ad see a evelopment of the simplified n ing has been an essential part of ine : ithe middle ofthe seventeenth rane 1 wea : ) ures, Earlier engineering structures : ra 1g rules of thumb based on past ex- Roman coliseums and aqueducts nerally considered to be the originator of Ok entitled Tivo New Sciences, which was ed the failure of some simple structure: igh Galileo’s predictions of strengths of by f structures. In h in 1638, Galileo ana s, in yeams Pioneering work, the knowles rapid pace inthe second halt of tie seventeenth century 63a oe rnane the notable investigators ofthat period 703) law of linear relation- ‘dge of structural me~ (Hooke’s law); Sir Isaae lotion and developed cal- ‘4 the principle of virtual t (1707-1783), who developed lated the laws of m« Oulli (1667-1748), who formulate the theory of buckling of lomb (1736-1806), wi ho presented the analysis of Dipindai dengan CamScannerFig. 1.1. The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris Was Completed in the Thirteenth Century Photo courtesy ofthe Fren Government Tourist Ofice In 1826 L. M, Navier (1785-1836) published a treatise on elastic behavior of structures, which is considered to be the first textbook on the modern theory of strength of materials. The development of structural mechanics continued at a tremendous pace throughout the rest of the nineteenth century and into the first. half of the twentieth, when most of the classical methods for the analysis of structures described in this text were developed. The important contributors of this period included B. P. Clapeyron (1799-1864), who formulated the three- Moment equation for the analysis of continuous beams; J. C. Maxwell (1831-1879), who presented the method of consistent deformations and the law of reciprocal deflections; Otto Mohr (1835-1918), who developed the conju- gate-beam method for calculation of deflections and Mohr's circles of stress and strain; Alberto Castigliano (1847-1884), who formulated the theorem of least work; C. E. Greene (1842-1903), who developed the moment-area method; H. Miller-Breslau (1851-1925), who presented a principle for constructing in- fluence lines; G. A. Maney (1888-1947), who developed the slope-deflection method, which is considered to be the precursor of the matrix stiffiess method; and Hardy Cross (1885-1959), who developed the moment-distribution Dipindai dengan CamScanneri structures that is ral partof any neva Sickid aaa the various phases of ing projet is presented in Fig. 1.2. As this diagram Planning layout and dimensions of th structures (eg, rigid fram 3 (e.g, struc r concrete). This phase may also involve consid ors, such as aesthetics, environ- ‘outcome of this phase is usually tional requirements and is expected to be hase is perhaps the most crucial one of the entire stand requires experience and knowledge of construction practices in ad- 1g ofthe behavior of structures. ur ign In the preliminary structural design hase, the sizes of the various members of the structural system selected in the mning phase are estimated based on approximate analysis, past experience, ae pee a ia ae member sizes thus selected are used in the next 1] impact ofthe s 1 system that n Tn struct ee analysis, the values of the loads are orstes reslani inthe ee east itor to determine the stresses ne, mbers and the deflections at various points of the Sas Dipindai dengan CamScanner( 6. Revised Structural Design If the code requirements are not satisfied, then the member sizes are revi ised, and phases 3 through S are repeated until all. the safety and serviceability requirements are satistial Except fora discussion ofthe types of loads that can be expected to act on stcrates (Chapter 2), our primary focus in this text will be on the analysis of structures, CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES ‘ As discussed in the preceding section, Perhaps the most important decision made by a structural engineer in implementing an engineering project is the se- lection of the type of structure to be used for supporting or transmitting loads. Dipindai dengan CamScanner(of tension structures include ver- 10 support balconies or tanks) and Dipindai dengan CamScannerFig. 1.6 Column Section 1.3 Classifieation of Structures 9 Cabie anchorage Fig. 1.4 Suspension Bridge Fig. 1.5 Tacoma Narrows Bridge Oscillating before lis Collapse in 1940 Smithsonian Institution Photo No, 72-787 Compression Structures Compression structures develop mainly compressive stresses under the action of external loads. Two common examples of such structures are columns and. arches. Columns are straight members subjected to axially compressive loads, as shown in Fig. 1.6. When a straight member is subjected to lateral loads and/or moments in addition to axial loads, iis called a beam-column, Dipindai dengan CamScanneree sifrequently used t0 ibte to buckling oF instabiliy, cure Feit jn their designs; if neces. Fedto avoid such Faillres. , ted at their ends by hinged ae rape) When the loads are ap. either elongate or shorten. Thus, etter in uniform tension or in Unie ‘constructed by connecting mem- ‘Although the rigid joints the members of a truss when itis loaded, Si all, and the assumption of {inmost cases such: bending stresses are small, cistern ae aes. Ps are always \ A Pr Fig. 1.8 Plane Truss ‘Trusses, because of their light ‘weight and high strength, are among the ‘most commonly used types of structures. Such structures are used in a variety of applications, ranging from supporting roofs of buildings to serving a8 SUP” por structures in space stations, Shear Structures arcsec ss tintored concrete shear walls (Fig. 19), are used = Rey reduce lateral movements due to wind loads and earth a . develo la i a P mainly in-plane shear, with Fel small ending stresses under the action of exter Weed, Dipindai dengan CamScannerFig 1.19 Aigid Prune tis varying stress distribution, the cross sections of (See Fig. 1.10), with most of the material in the ‘Shaped cross sections are most effective in resisting - x Fig. 1.10 Beam Beneral, subjected to hending moment, shear, and axial compression oF fensiow nder the action fester loads. However, the design of horizontal mea ‘orbeams angular frames is often governed by bending and shear stresses only, since the axial forces in such memhers are Frames, like trusses. ane among the int conmuy y seul types of struc tures. Structural steel and reinforced frames are commonly used in Imultistory buildings (Fig. 1.12), bridges, and indusirial plants. Frames are also used a8 supporting structures in airplanes, ships ‘aerospace vehicles, and other aerospace and mechanical applications, i may be of interest to note thatthe generic term Jramed structure is fre- Guently used to refer to any structure composed of straight members, including 4 truss. In that context, this textbook is devoted Primarily to the analysis of Plane framed structures. Dipindai dengan CamScannerFig. 1.12 Skeleton ofa Sructural Steel Frame Building Photo couresy of Behlebem Stel Corporation ANALYTICAL MODELS An analytical models a simplified representation, or an ideal, of a real struc- ture for the purpose of analysis, The objective of the model is to simplify the analysis of alcomplicated stcture, The analytical model represents, as accu fately as practically possible, the behavioral characteristics of the steucwure of inverest to the analyst, While discarding much of the detail about the members Serer tant $00n, thats expected to have little effect on the desired chat Fees chit a DUAhMED( ofthe analytical model is one of the rons important Sheps Of ibe analysis process it requires experience ora knowledge of design Romenbey tstiottoa thorough understanding of the behavior of structures the sua! fesponse predicted from the analysis of the the extent that the model Tepresents the actual structure. | generally involves consideration of model is valid only 0 Developmen ofthe anayncn the following factors, a Dipindai dengan CamScannerHinged support by ( Actual bolted connection Idealized hinged connection © Fig. 1.13 Framing ofa Bridge Dipindai dengan CamScannernected at thes inal trusses. Thi “transmitted by the isses, in turn, transmit ng acts on each {russ in fe multistory building | Mr slab rests on floor beams weight of the slab, and the fing rigid frames. This applied aeeach frame can, therefore, ‘us transferred to each frame f columns and then finally to the i Ww ieee ] ale ae Pian (slab not shown) meaifelnte Columns Sh rr Ginders | ea Fixed supports beams Elevation Be @ Line diagram ofthe multistory rigid frame Fig. 1.14 Framing of Multstory Biding (b) _——— Dipindai dengan CamScannerSection 1.4 Analytical Models 15, Although a great majority of actual three-dimensional structural systems can be subdivided into plane structures forthe purpose of analysis, some struc- tures, such as latticed domes, aerospace structures, and transmission towers, cannot, due to their shape, arrangement of members, or applied loading, be Subdivided into planar components. Such structures, called space structures, are analyzed as three-dimensional bodies subjected to three-dimensional force systems. Line Diagram ‘The analytical model ofthe two- or three-dimensional body selected for analy- sis is represented by a line diagram. On this diagram, each member of the structure is represented by a line coinciding with its centroidal axis. The di- ‘mensions of the members and the size of the connections are not shown on the diagram. The line diagrams of the bridge truss of Fig. 1.13(a), and the rigid frame of Fig. 1.14(a) are shown in Figs. 1.13(b) and 1.14(b), respectively. Note that two lines (2—2) are sometimes used in this text to represent members on the line diagrams. This is done, when necessary, for clarity of presentation; in such eases, the distance between the lines does not represent the member depth, Connections ‘Two types of connections are commonly used to join members of structures: (1) rigid connections and (2) flexible, or hinged, connections. (A third type of connection, termed a semirigid connection, although recognized by structural steel design codes, is not commonly used in practice and, therefore, is not con- sidered in this text.) A rigid connection or joint prevents relative translations and rotations of the member ends connected toi; thats, all member ends connected to a rigid Joint have the same translation and rotation. In other words, the original an- sles between the members intersecting at a rigid joint are maintained after the structure has deformed under the action of loads. Such joints are, therefore, capable of transmitting forces as well as moments between the connected members. Rigid joints are usually represented by points at the intersect ‘members on the line diagram of the structure, as shown in Fig. 1.14(b), Ahinged connection or joint prevents only relative translations of member ends connected to it; tha is, all member ends connected to a hinged joint have the same translation but may have different rotations. Such joints are thus ca- able of transmitting forces but not moments between the connected members. Hinged joints are usually depicted by small circles atthe intersections of mem- bers on the line diagram of the structure, as shown in Fig, 1.13(b). The perfectly rigid connections and the perfectly flexible frictionless /hinges used in the analysis are merely idealizations of the actual connections, which are seldom perfectly rigid or perfectly flexible (see Fig. 1.13(c)). How- ever, actual bolted or welded connections are purposely designed to behave like the idealized cases, For example, the connections of trusses are designed with the centroidal axcs of the members concurrent at a point, as shown in Dipindai dengan CamScanner: a. Dipindai dengan CamScannerLOADS ON STRUCTURES 241 Dead Loads 2.2. Live Loads 2.3 Impact 2.4 Wind Loads 2.5 Snow Loads 2.6 Earthquake Loads 2.7 Hydrostatic and Soil Pressures 2.8 Thermal and Other Effects 2.9 Load Combinations Summary Problems Earthquake-Damaged Bridge Photo courtesy of Bethchem Stee! Corporation 7 Dipindai dengan CamScannerure is finally desi : tion of loads that is likely to occur se load combinations f ji ified in building codes. The national ildings, bridge ay [12 Manual for Railway Eng litional p Uniform Building described in the codes ar c en ditional load amber that the engineer is ull: sible for the safe design of the structure. objective of this chapter is to descrit pes of loads commonly introduce the basic concepts of first describe dead loads and then discuss live loads for es. We next conside Seri toads, and earthquake live loads Dipindai dengan CamScannerEXAMPLE 2.1 wv Ito th system. For example, the dead loads for a building “structure include the weights of frames, framing and bracing systems, floors, ‘roofs, ceilings, walls, stairways, heating and air-conditioning systems, plumb- ing, electrical systems, and so forth. ‘The weight of the structure is not known in advance of design and is usu- ally assumed based on past experience. After the structure has been analyzed and the member sizes determined, the actual weight is computed by using the member sizes and the unit weights of materials. The actual weight is then com- pared to the assumed weight, and the design is revised if necessary. The unit weights of some common construction materials are given in Table 2.1. The weights of permanent service equipment, such as heating and air-condit joning systems, are usually obtained from the manufacturer. Table 2.1. Unit Weights of Construction Materials Unit Weight Material lite kN/m? Aluminum 165 25.9 Brick 120 188 Concrete, reinforced 150 26 Structural steel 490. 710 Wood. 40 63 The floor system of a building consists of a S-in.-thick reinforced concrete slab resting ‘on four steel floor beams, which in tur are supported by two steel girders, as shown in Fig, 2.1(2). The cross-sectional areas ofthe floor beams and the girders are 14.7 in? and 52:3 in?, respectively. Determine the dead loads acting on the beams CG and DH and the girder AD. "Copies ofthis standard may be purchased from the American Society of Civil Engineers, 345 East 47th Stect, New York, NY 10017, Dipindai dengan CamScannerpois 8,1001b 4.390 1b Esme sq 5 «at geo S178 tot vin) Jab supported by beam CO hiss plus half the distance be; 10 = 240 ft) 1e tributary for beam CO: a7 for Mp ni weight of rnforced onee and structural stee! from Table 21 to compute the dead load per foot of length of beam CG as Follows 5 (3) = 625 lb/ft ‘Concrete slab; (1SOIbVFE)(10 1 (1 . Steel beam: conn (220°) (1 ft) = 50 Ib/ft Total load = 675 lb/ft ans. This oad i ct See ty te the beam, as shown in Fig. 2 1(b). This figure als Se Every pes be supporting girders at the ends of the beam. AS the ee magnitudes ofthe reactions are equal to half of the Re= Ro = ic = Ro = $(675 Ib/ft)(24 ft) = 8100 Ib [Note thatthe magnitudes ote thatthe magnitudes ofthe transmitted to ofthese end react ; the supporting girders AD and. Pack, pon toa being: s C and G, respectively- he i Dipindai dengan CamScannershownin Fig-21(0) ans. LIVE LOADS. Live loads arc loads of varying magnitudes and/or positions caused by the use of the structure, Sometimes, the term live loads isused to referto all loads on the structure that are not dead loads, including environmental loads, such as snow loads or wind loads, However, since the probabilities of occurrence for envi- ronmental loads are different from those due tothe use of structures, the current. ‘codes use the term live loads to refer only to those variable loads caused by the use of the structure. Its in the latter context that this text uses this term. ‘The magnitudes of design live loads are usually specified in building ‘codes. The position of alive load may change, so each member of the structure ‘must be designed for the position of the load that causes the maximum stress in that_ member. Different members of a structure may reach their maximum stress levels at iferent positions of the given load, For example, as a truck ‘moves across a truss bridge, the stresses in the truss members vary as the posi- tion of the truck changes. If member A is subjected to its maximum stress when the truck is at a certain position x, then another member B may reach its maxi- ‘mum stress level when the truck is ina different position y on the bridge, The procedures for determining the position of alive load at which a particular re- sponse characteristic, such as a stress resultant or a deflection, of a structure is ‘maximum (or minimum) are discussed in subsequent chapters. Live Loads for Buildings Live loads for buildings are usually specified as uniformly distributed surface loads in pounds per square foot or kilopascals. Minimum floor live loads for Dipindai dengan CamScannerTable 2.2 Mininaum Floor Live Loads for Buildings Live Load Cccupancy or Use psf a FHospla privae rooms and wards, resident iwellings, apartments hotel guest ‘OMS school classrooms os Library reading rooms, hospital operating £20rS Ee and laboratories aan Dance halls and ballrooms, restaurants gymnasitms 100 a ‘Light manufacturing, light storage warehouses, ‘wholesale stores 1s a Heavy manufacturing, heavy storage warehouses 250 134 “ASCET-88, Minimum Design Loads or Buildings ‘Source: Adapted with permission from. dnd Other Structures, July 1380. ‘some common types list of live loads for various types of buildings and for p roof live loads, concentrated loads, and reduction in referred to the ASCE ? Standard. Live Loads for Bridges Live loads due to vehicular traffic on highway an Association of State Highway and TrFig. 2.2 Live Loads for Highway. = Sea Tee rm he Standard Speciation for Mighay Bridges, Copyright 1989, American Associaton of State High- way and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. Used by permission, ____In addition to the aforementioned single-truck loading, which must be placed to produce the most unfavorable effect on the member being designed. AASHTO specifies that a lane loading, consisting of a uniformly distributed toad combined with a single concentrated load, be considered: The lane loading represents the effect of a lane of medium-weight vehicles containing a heavy truck. The lane loading must also be placed on the structure so that it causes maximum stress in the member under consideration. AS an example, the lane loading corresponding to the H20-44 and HS20-44 truck loadings is shown in Fig. 2.2(0). The type of loading, either truck loading or lane loading, that causes the maximum stress in a member should be used for the design of that ‘member. Additional information regarding multiple lanes, loadings for contin- 'uous spans, reduction in load intensity, and so on, can be found in the AASHTO Specification Live loads for railroad bridges are specified by the American Railway En- Bincering Association (AREA) in the Manual for Ruilivay Engineering [24). These loadings, which are commonly known as Cooper E loadings, consist of {wo sets of nine concentrated loads, each separated by specified distances, rep= resenting the two locomotives followed by a uniform loading representing the ‘weight of the freight cars. An example of such a loading, called the E80 load- ing, is depicted in Fig, 2.3, The design loads for heavier or lighter trains can be obtained from this loading by proportionately increasing or decreasing the ‘magnitudes of the loads while keeping the same distances between the con- Centrated loads, For example, the E40 loading can be obtained from the E80 Toading by simply dividing the magnitudes of the loads by 2. As in the case of Dipindai dengan CamScannerChapter 2 Loads on Structures Locomotive 1 2.3 Live Loads for Railroad Bridges 4 Se ae hk 'sn'sr'snl on 'salonisa’ 8 52 keach atonal E80 loading Jive toads on railroad bridges must he jously, highway bridges considered previo" ys ton the member undep xe the most ul placed so that they will eause the m consideration. {favorable el IMPACT When live loads are applied rapidly to a structure, they cause larger stresses than those that would be produced ifthe same loads would have been applied gradually, The dynamic effect of the load that causes this increase in stress in the structure is referred to as impact. To account for the increase in stress due to impact, the live loads expected to cause such a dynamic effect on structures are increased by certain impact percentages, or impact factors. The impact per= centages and factors, which are usually based on past experience and/or exper. imental results, are specified in the building codes. For example, the ASCE 7 ‘Standard specifies that all elevator loads for buildings be increased by 100% to ‘account for impact. For highway bridges, the AASHTO Specification gives the expression for the impact factor as AO, 4 L+125 ~ in whieh L is the length in feet of the portion of the span loaded to cause the maximum stress in the member under consideration. Simi ration. Similar empirical expres- sions for impact factors to be esi o ager ers aa hie Used in designing railroad bridges are specified WIND LOADS Wind loads are produced by luced by the flow tudes of wind loads tht may ep i round the structure. The magn ‘cn i 4 Structure depend on the peogra “al 10- peti res ce Fpl itself Although these a the vibrational characteris t the tte tion of wind loads eee SUS described inthe varion des for the estima Yon of wi ually vary in details ny is s codes for the estimé ionship between he st of them are based on the same induced ona flat surface normal Dipindai dengan CamScannerin which 4. the velocity pressure at height zn pounds per square foot: Vis the basic wind speed in miles per hour (Fig. 24): lis the importance factor; K ‘the velocity pressure exposure coefficient; and Kis the (topographic factor. ‘When converted to SI units, Eq.(2.3) becomes (24) The elocity pressure exposure coeiien, K:.is given by k= {201% for stom <2 70° Com for <6 < 45° For cold roofs | ie ee for45°<@ <70° (2.10) C=0 fore > 70 In Eqs. (2.9) and (2.10), 6 denotes the slope of the roof from the horizontal, in degrees. These slope factors are based on the considerations that more snow is Dipindai dengan CamScannerEXAMPLE 2.3 SOLUTION allow ones, and that red 10 80 .j structures than those ifs of heat roofs, 08 ide off te f° istikely © “es minimum be designed. If Ps < 20 psp ues of snow loads for Which mil specifies 15° must? Jif Pe > serutures jess than Pe Sn), then Pr iA Bor psf (0.96! N/M?) ; fon only a part of the roof may a ei root iS lade To cea for sucha cause higher sue E that in designs of SIUCTUTES Wi gba ASCE 7S rec of a8 *ripalanced uniform load of a rg side of tne roof, with the wind. 20 psf (0.96 kN/n ibility. Pore slopes of 15" S92 ayy tne nitude eqval 13 pace applied the ward si fF snow, also be considere of the gabled frame of an apartment Determine the design S207 Joads for the roo! Ceang shown in Fig, 2-7 pe building is tated Senda ee orn of several wees neat | ‘exposure factors C Chicago, Mlinois, where the fhe structure, assume the Flat-Roof Snow Load p= 25h Gal (heated structure) (from Table 2.3 for nones the Natroof snow load is obtained as 7€.Cily = 0.1125) S psf which is greater than 15%, so the minimum valu sential building, category 1) From Eq. (2.7), ‘The slope is 0= 35% eres es of py need not 20 pst COT ono @ iL (b) Bat lanced Snow Load (c) Unbalanced Snow Load Fig.2.7 Dipindai dengan CamScannerem it = tah stata a a fia tne 2.6 EartHal : ; ila Ancora ta ion ofa portion of the earth's a ‘though the horizontal and vertical dir ingan e vertical component of is usually Li z lificant effect on most the horizontal 1 of ground motion that causes structural damage and that must be consic structures located in earthquake-prone areas, During an earthquake, as the foundation of the structure moves with the ‘ground, the above-ground portion of the structure, because of the inertia ofits mass, resists the motion, thereby. causing the structure to vibrate in the hori- zontal direction (Fig. 2.8). These vibrations Produce horizontal shear forces in. the structure, For an accurate prediction of the stresses that ‘may develop in a Structure in the ease of an earthquake, a dynamic analysis, considering the Deformed conjnudion | Initial (undeformed) ! ‘configuration ' | T ' Ground motion Fig. 2.8 Effect of Earthquake on a Structure e Dipindai dengan CamScannerfig. 2.9 Hsdronatic Pressure 25Cs @ pene po Rk soil profile, and on “epi coefficient Based On) the acceleration (Av) ‘and the effective peak ac- denotes the FesPOnse modification factor: and fof vibeation of NE structure. acceleration (A design base shear, depend be obtained from the con- modification factor mn of the ego of the structure, and call pe ASCE 7 Stan R ‘energy-dissipation capacity 1.25 for plain unreinforced masonry The ASCE 7 Standard provides simple formulas for Me ememal period T om the overall dimensions of the vari= ‘ous types of buildings. The total lateral force Vihus obtained is then distributed over the he of floor levels of the she building. The procedure for distributins Vw the various building is deseribed in the ASCE 7 Standard. HYDROSTATIC AND SOIL PRESSURES ‘Structures omg pemane ‘water, such as dams and tanks, as well as coastal sue om pany. ly submerged in water must be designed 10 resist ydrosta- oe ene ee piesa oe normal to the submerged surface of the ‘Thus the ee e eT linearly with height, as shown in Fig. 2.9: acl abi ated at a distance /t below the surface of the p= yh (2.13) ER aah wes which y = unit weight of the liquid. Dipindai dengan CamScanner29 i LOAD COMBINATIONS ~ peerea eet) strength to resist the most unfavorable of all the load combinations. |In addition to the aforementioned strength or safety requirements, a struc- ture must also satisfy any serviceability requirements related to its intended use. foncemed with deflections vibrations, cracking, corrosion, and fatigue. SUMMARY In this chapter we learned about the loads that act on common civil ‘engineer- ing structures. These loads can be grouped into three classes: (1) dead loads, (2) live loads, and (3) environmental loads. Dead loads have constant magnitudes and fixed positions, and they act Permanently on the structure. Live loads have varying magnitudes and/or po- sitions and are caused by the use or occupancy of the structure. Each member ofthe structure must be designed for that position of the live load that produces the most unfavorable effect on that member. For structures subjected to rapidly applied live loads, the dynamic effect, or the impact, of the loads should be ‘considered in design, Dipindai dengan CamScanner~wwvy PROBLEMS yard Wa" F a st factor, Cp is the extemal eeeG) for! mn rie Oc gust fle at height 2 Which is x. isthe mean fete velocity Pe whee tient amt a press fas = 900256 ip coefficients Ku = topographic factor, i ins ¢ factor ain K. = velo pressure OOF yo i yrtancé son = a= Pe y wih ee win SPE od fo pi we 0.7C.ClP« 4 (2.7) C, = thermal factor, and = exposure facto", Cr eee a ne gn sloped-r0o" sno Toad is expressed as se factor. aa E . 6, = sons eis si puildings is given bs wih rl soi de" (OE for regular buildings is given by v= GW on mie response coefficient. and W = dead load of the in which C, building. “The magnitude ofthe hydrostatic Pre the liquid is given by ssure at a point located at a distance below the surface of pie (2.13) inwhich y = unit weight ofthe liquid. fabrication shrinkage of material, dered in designing statically i= designed to withstand the most ‘The effects of temperature changes, errors, and support settlements should be consi determinate structures. The structure must be unfavorable combination of loads. section 2.1 es Ame 13 Steel ‘A The floor system of an sparen building consis of ae ae 2A ghick reinforced concrete slab resting on thre ste 5 cole aan which in tur aze supported by tvo sel a airders, as 4in, eae ig, 1 The ares ross sen fe or bea concrete sb aoe pnders arc 18.3? and 327 in? respectively, Deter a ripe dead loads acting on he beam CD and the ge 2.2. Solve Problem 2.1 if a in -thick brick wall, which IE, _ Steel floor bean 2 at 12 f= 24 2 er tng, bests ily onthe top of beam mui A =183in5 ‘| Fig. P21. ee E Fig. P 21 P22, P2.5 —_—_—_ Dipindai dengan CamScannerFig. P2.3, 2.6 24 The roof system of an office building consists of a 4-in- thick reinforced conerete slab resting on four steel beams (A = 16.2 in, which are supponed by two steel girders (A = 42.9 4n2). The girders, in turn, are supported by four columns, as shown in Fig, P24, Determine the dead loads acting on the sirder AG. Section 2.2 2.5. For the apartment building whose floor system was de- scribed in Problem 2.1, determine the live loads acting on the bbeam CD and the girder AE, See Fig. P2.1 2.6 For the gymnasium whose floor system was described in Problem 2.3, determine the live loads acting on beam BF and. girder AD. See Fig. P23. 2.7. The roof of the office building considered in Problem 2.4 is subjected to a live load of 20 psf. Determine the live loads acting on the beam EF, the girder AG, and the column A. See Fig. P24, Section 2.4 28 Determine the external wind pressure on the roof of the gabled frame of an apartment building shown in Fig. P2.. The building is located in the Los Angeles atea of California, where 0 fig m8 29 Determine the external wind pressure on the roof of the ‘gabled frame of a schoo! building shown in Fig. P2,9. The struc ‘ure is located in a suburb of Chicago, Illinois, where the terrain is representative of exposure B. The wind direction is normal to the ridge as shown, Wind —— + 29m —__| Fig. P2.9, 2.13 Dipindai dengan CamScannerDipindai dengan CamScanner