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PHOS Of zespivataey od use deat t insects Cesa in all tight envizormént for atleast 1-8 se a) Cyan » Carbor) monowde ete: Scanned with CamScannerPropesties x an Ideal insec Olt Should be & freely aualabla in Ue Markit uUndaz Aiffezent mi tlabic es - ® Gt Should be ee and kilt Ka fest sequuced to be contelled. ® 9 Should not be toxic te non- target Species, Uke animals, natuzal onenves ote- @® St Should not be Phyte toxic to ke Czops. : © % Should ba lass hazmpul to — himan beings and otter animals. _ Page (7 Scanned with CamScannerSeale of toxicity: \ ‘Classification | Extremely toxic \ Highly toxie toxic | 50-S00me ke 2 OR 500-S000my ke ‘a ~~ Slightly toxic 05-5emik 5-15 gnvkg OR 5000-15000me/ r 7 Pre E >15emike OR >15000mg/k BRIEF HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY. isons were developed by ancient peoples in all parts of the world, and many are still in Arrow p use (Masai hunters — 18000 years ago) Ebers Papyrus (1500 B.C.) The oldest well preserved medical document Contains 110 pages on anatomy and physiology, toxicology and treatment recorded contain recognized poisons (opium, More than 800 medicinal and poisonous recipes, many hemlock, lead...) ——_ Socrates (470-399 B.C.): sentenced to death by drinking a mixture containing poison hemlock, Cleopatra ~ Queen of Egypt (69-30 B.C.): Experimented with strychnine and other poisons on h Egyptian Asp (Egyptian cobra sometimes used in fe was found guilty of corrupting the minds of the youth of Athens and prisoners and poor. Committed suicide wit executions). Pedanius Dioscorides (40-90 A.D.): Greek physician w ho classified poisons for Nero. Wrote the Materia Medica (5 volumes) documenting over 600 medicinal plants he encountered while traveling with the Roman military, as well as carlier compilations of Roman and Greek knowledge, ‘This was a standard text for 16 centuries! Swiss physician Paracelsus (1493- 1541) credited with being “the grandfather of toxicolog’ Scanned with CamScanner“All substances are poisons: there’is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy.” Catherine Medici (1519-1589): She often used poisoning as a litical tool during her reign. She experimented with poisons on the sick and poor to develop more advanced poisons. In 15th Century in Italy, Cesar and Lucrezia Borgia assassinated many of their political rivals by poisoning with arsenic, copper and phosphorus eae gee eit Mathieu Orfila (1787 - 1853) Orfilais regarded as the father of modem toxicology because of his historical contribution to this subject. He established a systematic correlation between the chemical and biological properties of poisons, He demonstrated effects of poisons on specific organs by analyzing autopsy materials for poisons and their associated tissue damage. (& 2th Century Chemical Warfare (1915): By the middle of the 1910's, chemicals had been developed to be used by the military as weapons. Agents such as Chlorine, Chloropicrin, Phosgene and Mustard gas were all used in chemical warfare. Humans and dogs were fitted with gas masks. Gerhard Schrader (1903-1990): Accidentally developed the toxic nerve agents Sarin, Tabun, ‘Soman, and Cyclosarin while attempting to develop new insecticides. As a result, these highly toxic gases were utilized during World War II by the Nazi's. He is sometimes called the "father of the nerve agents". DDT - 1939, Paul Hermann Miller - DDT was recognized as insect ‘cide 1¢ Swiss scientist Paul Hermann Miiller, who was awarded ert the 1948 Nobel Prize in PI logy. and Medicine. DDT was banned in late sixties and early seventies. Rachel Carson: Alarme ecology and as well as safet * cyustde against the use ‘ pollutant. She wrote a b book ‘Silent Spring? 4 pesticides. Scanned with CamScanner