‘The Contemporary World | 2020 @) sxascasstareuwessery ion 5 UNIT V_ GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY ‘Coverage: Wooks 12, 18 and 14 Duration: @ hours ‘The Gioba City (Bhours; week 12) ‘Global Demography (3 hours; wook 13) Global Migration (3 hours; week 14) Leaming Objectives: After studying the unt the students shouldbe able to: Define what global city is entiy the ttibutes of «global city Define demography Describe and explain the the theory of demographic transtion and ts effect on global population entity the effects of overpopulation on the economic welfare Ientiy the types and reasons fr migration ofthe people Analyze the factors underying the global movements of people Discuss the effects of global migration on the economic wol-being of states 1. The Global City 2. Global Demography 3. Global Migration Global City: Its Definition and Concepts ‘As defined, a global city is an urban centre that enjoys significant competitive ‘advantages and that Serves as a hub within a globalized economic system. The term has its origins in research on cities carried out during the 1980s, which examined the common characteristics of the world’s most important cities. However, with increased altention being paid to processes of globalization during subsequent years, these world cities came to be known as global cities. Linked with globalization was the idea of Spatial reorganization and the hypothesis that cies were becoming key loci within 8s stileglobal networks of production, finance, and telecommunications. In some formulations of the global city thesis, then, such cites are seen as the bullding blocks of globalization. ‘What constitutes a global city were primarily economic. As such, New York, London, and Tokyo can be identified as global cities, all of which are hubs of global finance and copitalism. "This concept of global ciies was used to describe these three urban centers of New York, London, and Tokyo as economic. centers that exert control Cover the world's poltical economy. World cites are categorized as such based on the global reach of organization found in them. Not only are there inequaities between these cies there also exists inequalities within each city. ™ Alternatively, these cities can be seen as important nodes in a variety of global networks. 1* Atthough cities are major beneficiaries of globalization, they are also the most severely affected by global problems. Therefore the city faces peculiar political problems, wherein itis often fuitlessly seeing to deal locally with global problems and Jacal politics has become overloaded.17” Indicators of a Global City “The following are the foremast characteristics of a global city. 1, Seats of Economic Power [New York may have the largest stock market in the world but Tokyo houses the ‘most number of corporate headquarters (613 company headquarters as against 217 in New York, ts competitor). Shanghai may have a smaller stock markel compared to New York and Tokyo, but plays acrical role inthe global economic supply chain ever since China has become the manufacturing center of the world. Shanghai has the world's busiest container pot, moving over 33 milion container units in 2013, 2 Centers of Authority Washington DC may not be weelthy as New York but itis the seat of American state power. People around the world know its major landmarks: the White House, the Capitol Building (Congress), the Supreme Court, the Lincoln Memorial, and’ the Washington Monument. Similarly, compared with Sydney and Melboume, Canberra is a sleepy town and thus is not as atracive fo tourists. But as Australia's poical capital, it is home tothe county’ top politicians, bureaucrats, and policy advisors. 3. Centers of Poltical Inftuence Cites that house major intemational organizations may also be considered centers of poltical influence. The headqualers of the United Nations is in New York, land that of the European Union is in Brussels. An influential poltical city near the Philippines is Jakarta, which isnot just the capil of Indonesia, but also the location of the main headquarters of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). 86 Sooo te‘ ae eae Oem Powerful political hubs exert influence on thelr own counties as well as on international affairs. The European Central Bank which oversees the Euro (the European Union's currency), is based in Frankfurt 4. Centers of higher Learning and Culture A city’s intellectual influence is seen through the influence of its publishing Industy. Many of the books that people read are published in places like New York , London, or Paris. The New York Times carries the name of New York City but itis fat from being a local newspaper. People read it not just across America, but also all over the world. One of the reasons for many tourists visting Boston is that they want to see Harvard University - the world's top university. Many Asian teenagers are moving to cities in Australia because of the leading language universities there. Los Angeles, the center of the American flm industry may also be considered a global city. A less obvious example, however, is Copenhagen, the Capital of Denmark. It is so small that one can tour the entire city by bicycle in thirty minutes. It is not the home of a major stock market, and its population is rather homogenous. However, Copenhagen is now considered as one of the culinary capitals cf the world, with its top restaurants incommensurate with ts size. Similarly, Manchester, England in the 1980's was a dreary, industrial city. But many prominent post-punk and New Wave bands - Joy Division, the Smiths, the Happy Mondays - hailed from this city, ‘making ita global household name. In Southeast Asia, Singapore is slowly becoming a cultural hub for the region. It ‘now houses some of the region's top television stations and news organization (MTV Southeast /Asia and Channel News Asia). its various art galleries and cinemas also show paintings from artists and filmmakers respectively from the Philippines and Thailand, tis, in fact, sometimes easier to watch the movie of a Filipino indie fimmaker in Singapore than its in Manila, 5. Economic Opportunities Economic opportunities in a global city make it attractive to talents from across: the world. Since the 1870's, many of the top IT programmers and engineers from Asia have moved to San Francisco Bay Area to become some of the Key figures in Silicon ‘Valley's technology boom. London remains a preferred destination for many Filipinos with nursing degrees, 6 Economic Competitiveness Te Economist Intelligence Unit has added other criteria lke market size, purchasing power of citizens, size of the middle class, and potential for growth. Based ‘on this criteria, tiny Singapore is considered Asia's most competitive city because ofits Strong market, efficient and incorruptible government, and livability. It also houses the regional offices of many major global corporations. 87 oo ete€Y) narancas srare univenstry Cities as Engines of Globalization Cities are the engines of globalization. They are social magnets, growing faster ‘and faster. In the currant generation, urban life has become the dominant form of human life throughout the world. An inereasing number of large cities, with populations of over five million, are already identified as global cites, cities that are nodes of global ‘a8 much as national networks. In 2000, there were 18 megactties (over 10 milion). such ‘a5 Mumbai, Tokyo, New York City/Newark and Mexico City had populations in excess, ‘of 10 million inhabitants. Greater Tokyo already has 35° milion. The Hong Kong/Guangzhow area is even larger, perhaps 120 milion, The social magnetism of these urban areas Is generating larger and denser ‘metropolitan communities to the point that they are joining together to become regional ‘conurbations. In 1900, 5% of the world population was urban. In 2007, the count passed 50%. By 2050, up to 75% is anticipated. Urban growth is faster outside the Western ‘world, fastest in the poorest areas, such as Attica and the poorer parts of Asia, producing the most serious problems, which as the processes of globalization also progress will cease to be Aftican and Asian problems and will become global problems. Movernent into cities increases political voice and participation, as previously isolated rural populations become players on city streets, on the Internet, and in migration, As the pace of growth accelerates, the distinguishing cultural features of established historical cities become diluted, Established institutional forms of govemance and services do not work with larger numbers. In the past, cities worked differently in culturally different parts of the world, and experienced different problems. ‘Now, institutional innovation is failing to keep up with the rate of growth and change, and the problems confronting urban populations depend more on size and the rate of {growth than on cultural expectations. "©(ay) Lea Ace OR Lo Ren ITNEUAN RGey 48MP QUAD CAMERA