Final EPI Report 25032022

1
EXPORT
PREPAREDNESS
INDEX 2021
EXPORT
PREPAREDNESS
INDEX 2021
4 Export Preparedness Index | 2021
CONTENTS
18 22
Summary Introduction
38
India Vs World
70
Methodology
Export Preparedness Index | 2021 5
84
Key Findings
128
Learnings and Strategies
141
State Profiles
214
Appendix
डॉ. राजीव कुमार भारत सरकार
उपाध्य�ॎ नीती आयोग, संसद मागर्
नई �दल्ली-110001
DR. RAJIV KUMAR
VICE-CHAIRMAN
Government of India
Phones : 23096677, 23096688 NATIONAL INSTITUTION FOR TRANSFORMING INDIA
Fax : 23096699 NITI Aayog, Parliament Street
E-mail : vch-niti@gov.in New Delhi-110 001
MESSAGE
Global Trade operating under the principles of comparative advantage plays a significant role in driving rapid economic
growth of nations. Particularly for a developing country such as ours, exports remain an important engine of economic
growth. Fortunately, after experiencing a lull period, India’s merchandise exports are expected to cross the USD 400
billion mark coming fiscal. In the period Apr 2021 to Jan 2022, India has exported USD 335.5 billion worth of goods.
Moreover, compared to the same period last year, India’s overall exports of goods and services increased from USD 396.4
billion to USD 545.7 billion.
When global headwinds have been primarily negative, a significant rise of 38% Y-o-Y export growth rate is
commendable. However, it is essential to be cautiously optimistic about our prospects. It is important to remember the
supply chain shocks caused by the Covid pandemic, the war between Russia and Ukraine, and its negative externalities
in the form of increased energy and commodity prices could at any time derail the global recovery process.
Despite the global factors, it is also heartening to see the success of our Hon’ble Prime Ministers’ economic Vision, Atma-
Nirbhar Bharat. The increase in domestic manufacturing capacity and competitiveness is helping India’s exports grow at
a record pace. Organic Chemicals - 24.7%, Vehicles other than railway or tramway - 36.8%, Electrical machinery - 47.9%
and Apparel & clothing (knitted or crocheted) - 34.7% and Iron & steel - 106.3% are some of the sectors with significant
export growth rates this year. Most importantly, India’s mobile phone exports, which were non-existent till a few years
ago, have reached USD 4.14 billion this year. This is a testament to the success of the economic vision of the Hon’ble
Prime Minister.
While the Central Government plays an active role in enhancing India’s exports, it is also essential for the State
Governments to actively strategize their industrial policies to achieve more significant exports. The top six states in India
- Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana contribute 75% of India’s overall exports. Moreover, the
State Governments have the predominant role in the allocation of factors of production - land, labour, electricity, water,
infrastructure, etc. Therefore, India’s export policy has to be more decentralized and state-specific. NITI Aayog recognizes
this fact and released an Export Preparedness Index (EPI) starting last year to enhance a sense of competition between
States and encourage them to adopt export promotion policies.
The EPI identifies several opportunities and challenges in the export sector at the State level. The index categorizes
States and Union Territories under Coastal, Land Locked, Himalayan States, and UT/City-States. This classification has
enabled a comparison between similarly placed States and across States. The EPI reviews the export policy, business
ecosystem, export ecosystem, and export performance of all the States and also provides policy suggestions for future
implementation.
I want to congratulate the entire team of NITI Aayog, Central Ministries, State Departments, and our Knowledge partner,
Institute for Competitiveness, for bringing out EPI-2021. The policy objective of this exercise is to increase India’s share of
Global Exports of both goods and services. I hope this Report will help in formulating export promotion policies while at
the same time promoting the spirit of cooperative federalism.
(Rajiv Kumar)
अिमताभ कांत भारत सरकार
नीती आयोग, संसद मागर्
नई �दल्ली-110001
AMITABH KANT Government of India
मुख्य कायर्कारी अिधकारी NATIONAL INSTITUTION FOR TRANSFORMING INDIA
NITI Aayog, Parliament Street
Chief Executive Officer New Delhi-110 001
Tel. : 23096576, 23096574 Fax : 23096575
E-mail : ceo-niti@gov.in, amitabh.kant@nic.in
MESSAGE
NITI Aayog has been focusing on the ambition of competitive federalism. The aim is to unite all states to work
as ‘Team lndia’ as we believe in the vision that “strong states make a strong nation”. The second edition of the
Export Preparedness Index considers this multi-dimensional character, as it assesses the export needs and
strengths at the regional level. In the light of Competitive Federalism, this report would encourage states to
take insights from other states achievements and shape their policy measures in line with their unique strengths.
Post-Economic reforms, India’s export market has made a mark at the global level. Following this growth,
some states made notable progress in creating and promoting an export oriented environment within the
state. Over the years, the export ecosystem at the sub-national level has improved, yet some states still need
to garner their full potential. A top-down approach, in this case, would not be able to capture each state’s
accomplishments and perspective. Thus, the necessity to have inclusive participation of the states in forming
their export focus policies arises. Through its well-defined indicators and pillars, the Export Preparedness
Index 2021 will act as a guide to evaluate the State/ UT’s preparedness to export and undertake improvement
measures.
States/UT’s can overcome the economic setback caused by the Covid-19 crisis by focusing on export
potential, which would improve their wealth and thus minimize the regional disparity. Each state can build
up export promotion policies by inheriting competitive advantages. The Index would enable the critical
stakeholders to comprehend the current export ecosystem and partake in the necessary actions for improving
the same.
The index framework has been designed so that the states can inculcate export competitiveness by
recognizing strategic recommendations and enhancing the existing export policies. The Second Edition of the
index will be a significant catalyst for promoting competitive federalism and a fair contest among states/UT’s.
We appreciate the effofts put in by the team from Institute for competitiveness for analyzing and compiling
the vital data on exports. The completion of the second edition of the report was made possible with the
combined efforts of NITI Aayog and the Institute for competitiveness. We hope that Export Preparedness Index
2021 will help states understand their export opportunities and challenges and assist in changing the export
landscape of India.
(Amitabh Kant)
इिश्तयाक अहमद भारत सरकार
सलाहकार नीती आयोग, संसद मागर्
नई �दल्ली-110001
ISHTIYAQUE AHMED
ADVISOR
Tel : 011-23096584 Government of India
E-mail : ahmed.i@nic.in NATIONAL INSTITUTION FOR TRANSFORMING INDIA
New Delhi-110 001
MESSAGE
The Indian economy has shown that it can stand up to the unprecedented challenges posed by a new crisis-
driven world order. Indian merchandise exports in December 2021 grew 37 per cent over December 2020 to USD
37.29 billion, recording the highest ever margin for a single month. This exceptional performance in the middle of an
ongoing global pandemic results from insightful thinking and planned execution by Indian states.
The pandemic revealed the significance of our nation’s Atmanirbhar (self-reliance) philosophy. When the country
was grappling with the shortage of medical supplies, Indian companies came forward and collaborated with
research institutions to develop testing kits, medical equipment and PPE kits. The ‘Vocal for Local’ initiative of
the government of India led the charge in manufacturing indigenously developed PPE kits and masks, even
transforming the nation from a state of acute shortage into a major exporter in the sector. Government initiatives,
such as the Production Linked Initiative (PLI) scheme that promotes large-scale electronics manufacturing create
an ecosystem ideal for capability building and boosting the country’s export capacity.
The Export Preparedness Index (EPI), 2021, reflects the measures taken and implemented at national and sub-
national levels. The index ranks all the states and union territories in the country to determine their export readiness
and performance. The Export Preparedness Index provides a regulatory framework for the regional economies
to inculcate a competitive industrial environment. Hopefully, the second edition continues to cater to the needs
of states in identifying their critical challenges and strengths to foster an export-led growth economy. The index
would continue to provide analytical insights and policy recommendations to the states and union territories in
promoting a robust export ecosystem regionally for the integrated development of the country.
I would take this opportunity to thank the NITI Aayog Vice Chairman Dr. Rajiv Kumar and CEO Mr. Amitabh Kant
for their invaluable guidance and support throughout the completion of the report. I would also like to extend
my regards to the entire team at NITI Aayog for their contribution and everyone who provided support for the
successful completion of the second edition of the Export Preparedness Index.
(Ishtiyaque Ahmed)
कुंदन कुमार भारत सरकार
सलाहकार नीती आयोग, संसद मागर्
नई �दल्ली-110001
KUNDAN KUMAR
ADVISOR
Tel : 011-23096584 Government of India
E-mail : kundan.ias@nic.in NATIONAL INSTITUTION FOR TRANSFORMING INDIA
New Delhi-110 001
MESSAGE
Exports are considered to be one of the major drivers of economic growth and development. Historically, it has
been observed that high economic growth has been preceded by import substitution with more export oriented
and outward looking policies. The stellar economic performances of countries like South Korea and Singapore
were inextricably linked with their higher export potential. Besides boosting growth, exports contribute significantly
to promote innovation.
Exports form an integral part of India’s growth model and has a significant role to play in achieving India’s
objective of becoming USD 5 trillion economy by 2024-25. Despite the challenges posed by Covid pandemic,
Indian exports, surpassing pre-covid levels has recuperated strongly, registering a positive growth. Along with
recovery of global demand coupled with revival in domestic activities, the timely initiatives of the government
also played a vital role in fostering Indian exports. The Economic Survey 2022 mentioned that India has already
attained more than 75 per cent of its ambitious export target of US$ 400 billion set for 2021-22.
As India seeks to improve its share of global trade, states become relevant stakeholders by forming the
manufacturing backbone of the country. Improving the export competitiveness of states could also improve their
wealth and standard of living, which in turn is expected to minimize the regional disparity across states. A holistic
and comprehensive effort is required from all States and UTs in further transforming exports into a formidable
growth driver. Considering the diverse export prospects and challenges of the State and UTs, it is imperative to
have a more customized framework for export planning so as to take fuller advantage of their export potential.
The Export Preparedness Index, via ranking the States and UTs based on export readiness and performance
provides crucial insights to improvise export eco-system of each State & UTs. Thus, with individual focus on States
and UTs, EPI aims at a more specific and integrated approach for consistently rising the share of Indian exports
in the global market. By understanding the distinctive prospects and addressing challenges, EPI 2021 provides a
significant policy roadmap for the states and UTs to foster their exports.
I hope State & UTs would be able to internalize and utilize the insights from the second edition of EPI 2021 report for
better policy making and implementation, so as to mark its solid export presence in the global trade landscape. I
would like to take this opportunity to thank the entire team of NITI Aayog and Institute for Competitiveness for the
efforts in the preparation of Export Preparedness Index 2021. In the light of diverse prospects and challenges of
States and UTs, Export Preparedness Index 2021 can be regarded as a guide to accelerate their export-oriented
potential and make India a global economic superpower.
(Kundan Kumar)
DR. BADRI NARAYANAN GOPALAKRISHNAN भारत सरकार
Lead (Adviser), Trade and Commerce रा��्रय भारत प�रवतर्न संस्थान
संसद मागर्
Tel. : 011-23096758, 23042291
E-mail : badri.narayanan@gov.in
नई �दल्ली-110001
Government of India
National Institution for Transforming India
Parliament Street
New Delhi-110 001
MESSAGE
Exports-led growth is an important principle that is widely accepted by economists and policy makers across
the world. While private consumption, investment and government expenditure are the other drivers of economic
growth in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), exports growth is vital in the context of a country like India that
is so rich in human resources, production capabilities and also natural resources to an extent. In this spirit, the
Government of India has been sharpening its policies and strategies to accelerate the growth in exports.
Traditional trade theories suggest that exports sent from a country depend on its comparative advantage and
endowments, among other aspects. However, in real world, there are numerous overlaps among countries in these
aspects. This has been the basis of competition among the countries across the world in terms of specializing
in exports. Such a competition has also resulted in rapid growth of trade globally over time. At the same time
and in the same vein, a healthy competition among the states/provinces within a given country is required to
boost overall exports from the country. A granular-level examination of preparedness or readiness to export is
an important element for success in promoting this inter-state competition in export promotion strategies. This is
where Export Preparedness Index (EPI) comes into picture, in quite a unique manner.
Furthermore, in today’s global economy, expansion of exports is not merely a function of comparative advantage
or endowments of a country, but also the extent to which the country can specialize in one or more parts of the
increasingly fragmented set of processes embedded in the Global Value Chain (GVC). The various pillars and sub-
pillars considered in this report are extremely insightful and considerate of these nuanced practical aspects that
go way beyond the academic principles.
I deeply appreciate the elegance of this report in marrying the practical details with technical rigour with
enormous success. I sincerely hope and wish that this leads to widespread public consumption and discussion
even surpassing the scintillating accomplishments of the EPI 2020, pushing all the glorious states of India into a
healthy competition, thereby tremendously boosting India’s exports. I would like to express my sincere gratitude
to the NITI Aayog’s top leadership and Industry-1 vertical in particular, as well as the Institute for Competitiveness
team, for their hardwork and efforts in bringing this out, despite humongous challenges due to the different waves
of the COVID-19 pandemic.
(Badri Narayanan Gopalakrishnan)

Amit Kapoor | Chairman
MESSAGE
Since 1991, India has been pushing forward to engage with the global economy. Export growth is an essential tool
for the country’s overall economic growth. India has been formulating outward-looking policies to shift from import
substitution to more export-oriented growth.
The export-oriented policies at the national level have influenced the states to become more competitive. They
are motivated to create an export centric approach within their states by formulating policies according to their
strength and valuable resources. Under this background, the data-driven Export Preparedness Report evaluates
the key parameters impacting the state’s export ecosystem. Acknowledging the complexities and variations
caused by spatial segregations, the report has created four categories: Coastal, Landlocked, Himalayan, and
Union Territoy/City-States. These categories will help the states/UT’s recognize the opportunities and best
practices that can be adapted to expand their export portfolio.
In 2021 we entered another year impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic, but our country learned from the challenges
and developed a better strategy to foster sustained economic growth. Further, the global crisis has provided
India with an opportunity to undertake export-oriented expansion through a focused policy shift to strengthen its
manufacturing capabilities and promote value-added Indian products globally.
The Export Preparedness Index (EPI) is a data-oriented report seeking to identify the opportunities and
bottlenecks for each state and recommend context-specific strategies to address various export-related
challenges. This second edition of the index improves on the methodology and evaluation process undertaken by
the first. The index continues to act as a benchmark in assessing the performance of states and union territories
and promoting peer to peer learning to enhance their respective performances.
The Institute for Competitiveness is grateful to NITI Aayog for their knowledge contribution and constant support
throughout the evaluation process. I want to thank Dr Rajiv Kumar, Vice Chairman, NITI Aayog and Shri Amitabh
Kant, CEO, NITI Aayog, who gave continuous feedback during the time we were working on the report. I want to
acknowledge the valuable insights shared by Shri Ishtiyaque Ahmed, Senior Adviser, NITI Aayog and Shri Kundan
Kumar, Senior Advisor, NITI Aayog, right through preparing the Export Preparedness Report 2021.
Finally, I would like to thank my team at the Institute for Competitiveness, including Sheen Zutshi, Subhanshi Negi,
Jessica Duggal, Akshay Bhambri, Pushpinder Meena, and Rishi Jain for preparing this report. I hope that the
Export Preparedness Report 2021 can be useful for formulating policies and devising export-oriented strategies
at the state level and prove to be an effective instrument for all the states and union territories in their collective
journey to make India an export-driven economy.
(Amit Kapoor)
SUMMARY
India has shown The Export Preparedness
remarkable resistance Index (EPI) aims to examine
to the obstacles created the export performance and
by the pandemic in the export readiness of the
global trade and India states and union territories.
has achieved new The idea behind the index
heights in terms of is to create a benchmark to
export in the financial rank these states and UTs
year 2021-22. In light of to help them individually
this, the Second Edition promote a conducive export
of Export Preparedness environment in the region.
Index 2021 offers a The index is an essential
comprehensive analysis tool for policymakers and
of India’s export milieu exporters to identify the
with new indicators that drivers and obstacles,
have been added that and examine the same to
provide a robust picture strategize a viable export
to this edition. The report map for the state.
is also an attempt to
capture the effects of the The basic structure of
COVID-19 pandemic and the framework remains
recovery from it in terms unchanged from the previous
of exports. edition. Although to enhance
the robustness of the index,
few new indicators have
been incorporated based
on stakeholder suggestions.
The index entails four pillars,
eleven sub pillars and sixty
indicators and covers across
28 states and 8 UTs.
The report consists of seven

chapters. The first chapter
introduces the report and
delineates the importance
of export. Furthermore,
the chapter examines
the factors driving export
growth and the importance
of focusing on the Indian
states to enhance the
export ecosystem in the
country. The second chapter
analyses India’s position
in global trade and maps
India’s performance in
global exports of goods
and services. The chapter
moreover examines India’s
export scenario prior to the
pandemic and its impact on
Indian exports. Lastly, the
chapter identifies the key
obstacles to India’s trade
recovery and maps export
recovery.
The third chapter lays out

the methodology employed
to construct the index and
give an overview of the
framework developed for
the index. The fourth chapter
lays out the key findings
of the index with national,
state and pillar wise analysis.
Gujarat emerged as the
top-performing state in the
‘Coastal States’ category,
followed by Maharashtra
and Karnataka. In the category of

‘Landlocked States’, Haryana was
the best-performing state. Among
‘Himalayan States’ and ‘Union
Territories’, Uttarakhand and Delhi
are the top-performing states
respectively.
The fifth chapter provides

recommendations for sub-national
policymakers to ponder over.
Several learnings emerged during
the course of the preparation of
the report, and it is hoped that the
learnings derived from the report
will help policymakers to give them
direction in terms of enhancing
the export competitiveness in their
respective states. Furthermore,
the detailed state profiles and
scorecards are also attached
in this portion, which provides a
comprehensive snapshot of the
current export landscape of each
state and union territory.
Finally, Appendix I provides the

list of 60 indicators in detail, a
brief explanation of the same,
and the sources; Appendix II
provides weights for all the
indicators. Appendix III delineates
the calculation of the Market
Penetration Index, one of the key
indicators in export performance.
01
INTRODUCTION
The COVID-19 pandemic which was gravely affected achieved a record high
upended the existing worldwide due to the growth. India has been
economic structures and consistent imposition of showing positive statistics
exposed the fragility of lockdowns and shutdown in exports since the
global trade and economy. of major economies. beginning of FY 2021-22
After two years of the Furthermore, events such as and in December 2021 India
COVID-19 pandemic, the the Suez Canal Blockage achieved the highest ever
recovery from adverse oppugned global trade export of, 37 billion USD
effects on economies is still recovery. a 37 per cent jump over
far from achieved. One of December 2020.
the most vital components Despite these challenges,
of an economy is the export India has shown great
of goods and services resilience in exports and
Its However, we need to delve promotion at the sub-

merchandise $30.74 billion further to understand national level. All the states
exports in April 2021 the export policy at the and union territories have
increased
from state-level. Due to the vast been assessed on essential
geographical diversity, we parameters that are critical
$10.17 billion
in April 2020 to cannot implement a national for any typical economic
-level export policy as it unit to achieve sustainable
would not be able to capture export growth. The index
the problems faced by the would be a helpful guide
increasing 197.03%. export-sectors of each state. for the state governments
to benchmark regional
The quarterly data of In the light of this, Export performance concerning
merchandise exports Preparedness Index 2021 export promotion and thus
indicates that India has explores and highlights deliver key policy insights on
crossed the pre-pandemic India’s export potential improving and enhancing
value in the first quarter by examining the different the same.
of 2021. Merchandise contributions made by each
exports for the period April- state and union territories.
December 2021 was USD The Export Preparedness
301.38 Billion as against Index is a data-driven
USD 201.38 Billion during the effort to identify the core
period April-December 2020, areas crucial for export
registering a positive growth
of 49.66 per cent (PIB).
The importance of exports

in an economy is well
recognised and linked to
growth and prosperity in a
country.
Moreover, in India,
export is an inalienable
component of India’s
economic growth as
exports have been
contributing roughly 20
per cent on average to the
GDP of India for the past
decade.
The second edition of Moreover, the index strengthening India’s position

the Export Preparedness attempts to capture the in the World Export Market.
Index offers a effects of the pandemic Therefore, the index entails
comprehensive analysis and recovery from it with the potential to be used
of India’s export milieu a detailed analysis. The to create a roadmap for
with new indicators that index can be an essential the states as it assists in
have been added which tool for the government identifying the areas of
provides a robust picture and the policymakers to strategic importance where
to this edition. promote healthy competition the region is either excelling
among the states and or lagging.
union territories, thereby
Factors Driving Export Growth

The importance of that exports have led to GDP The scatterplot below shows
exports has been well growth for less developed the relationship between
recognized when it comes countries and calls for export exports and GDP for India
to contribution to Gross promotion strategies. In this
2
for the period 2011-12 to
Domestic Product (GDP). regard, exports have been 2020-21. As depicted, the
Wilbur & Haqu have 1
contributing roughly 20 per given variables share a
documented the importance cent on an average to the positive relation. The high
of exports for economic GDP of India for the past R2 value reported shows the
development for both decade now, and it becomes possibility of multicollinearity
developed and developing crucial to identify elements where other variables could
nations. Other studies that have led to growth in be related to exports.
have also pointed out the exports. The expenditure Nonetheless, it is maintained
importance of export- approach of the GDP says: that exports contribute to
led growth.For example, enhancing the GDP.
Bahmani-Oskooee & Alse GDP = Consumption
(1993), using co-integration + Investment +
and error-correction Government Expenditure
+ (Exports – Imports).
modelling, by analyzing data
from 1973 to 1988, concluded
FIGURE 1 : Scatterplot of Exports and GDP (2011-12 to 2020-21)
25000000
20000000 R2 = 0.9215
GDP, current (₹ crore)
15000000
10000000
5000000
0
1000000 2000000 3000000 4000000
Exports of Goods and Services, current (₹ crore)

Source: MOSPI, Government of India.
1
Wilbur, W.I., & Haque, M.Z., (1992). An Investigation of the Export Expansion Hypothesis. The Journal of Development
Studies, 28(2), 297-313.
2
Bahmani-Oskooee, M. (1993). Export Growth and Economic Growth: An Application of Cointegration and Error-Correction
Modelling. The Journal of Developing Areas, 27(4), 535–542.
Raw Materials and Intermediate Goods

Countries such as Japan, five years depicted on the cent of it is levied with anti-
China, South Korea, chart points to a positive dumping duties3. This directly
Singapore and other correlation between the impacts the pricing of export
Southeast Asian economies import of both raw materials goods from India, affecting
were able to achieve and intermediate goods and the cost-competitiveness of
continuous economic merchandise export growth Indian products in the global
growth by expanding their rate. The chart depicts how export market. Therefore,
export capacity through a jump in raw material and India must look into this
integrating well into the intermediate goods import factor to overall improve
Global Value Chain (GVC). in 2016-17 saw a 5.7 per cent the cost competitiveness
The export growth of these growth in overall merchandise of its final merchandise
economies was associated exports and in the same exports. Across years various
with the increased import way a decline in imports measures have positively
of intermediary goods and in 2019-20 saw the export impacted certain sectors like
raw materials, which catered growth rate plummeting duty-free import of computer
to the expansion of export to -5.06 per cent. In India, systems for software export
in final goods. Data on intermediate goods make has greatly enhanced the
import and export growth up 32 per cent of its total IT sector exports from the
rate in India for the last imports, but almost 70 per country.
FIGURE 2 : Total Import (Raw Material and Intermediate Goods) and Merchandise Export Growth rate
Imports (Raw Material) Imports (Intermediate goods) Merchandise Exports growth rate
200000 15
180000
10
Merchandise export growth
160000
rate in percentage
140000 5
USD million
120000 0
100000
-5
80000
60000 -10
40000
-15
20000
0 -20
2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 -20
Source: Ministry of Commerce and Industry

Note: Imports (RM) & Import (IG) in USD millions and Merchandise export growth rate in percentage
3
Kant, A. Exports: India’s Window of Opportunity. National Portal of India. https://www.niti.gov.in/exports-indias-window-
opportunity-growth-future.
The section below highlights some of the important factors that promote exports :-
Research and Development (R&D)

The decision to participate undertaken. Keshari (2016)5,
in the export market is using an unbalanced panel
also influenced by the R&D of data on a sample of
investment undertaken 1835 firms for the period
by the firm. Thomas & 2000-01 to 2011-12, also
Naranayan (2016) , using4
deduced that technological
the probit model for the and knowledge resources
period 1990-2010, shows acquired through ‘learning
that the decision of the by doing’ have a positive
firm to participate in export influence on a firm’s decision
is driven by past export to export. A study by Nayak,
performance and the et al. (2013)6 showed that
amount of R&D investment in 2010 high tech exports
4
Thomas, R. & Narayanan, K., (2016). Productivity Heterogeneity and Export Market Participation: A Study of Indian
Manufacturing Firms. In De Beule, F., & Narayanan, K. (Eds.), Globalization of Indian Industries: Productivity, Exports and
Investment (pp. 97-120). Springer: Singapore.
5
Keshari, P.K., (2016). Role of Technological and Knowledge Resources in a Firm’s Decision to Export: The Case of Inward
Oriented Indian Industries. In De Beule, F., & Narayanan, K. (Eds.), Globalization of Indian Industries: Productivity, Exports and
Investment (pp. 141-170). Springer: Singapore.
6
Nayak, S., et al. (2013). India’s Manufacturing Export Dynamics: An Analysis of Technology Intensity Transition. Centre for
WTO Studies, Working Paper.
contributed over a third in 2011-12 to 2018-19 for relationship between R&D

total exports in countries India is plotted below. The expenditure and increase
like Singapore, Malaysia, graph depicts a positive in the quantity of exports.
Taiwan, Ireland and about relationship between the Consequently, India can
27 per cent in China. The two whereby an increase catch up with other countries
corresponding share for in R&D expenditure is by investing in R&D.
India stood about 7 per cent. accompanied by an
The study also depicts a increase in exports. The
positive relationship between reported high R2 depicts the
the R&D expenditure of possibility of multicollinearity,
India with its manufactured and thus, the magnitude
exports. The relationship of the effect exerted by
between R&D expenditure R&D investment on exports
and exports of goods and is high. Thus, the literature
services for the period points towards a positive
FIGURE 3 : Scatterplot of R&D expenditure and Exports (2011-12 to 2018-19)
4000000
Exports of goods and services (₹ crore)
R2 = 0.8603
3500000
3000000
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
0
20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000
R&D Expenditure (₹ crore)
Source: Compiled from MOSPI and DST, Government of India.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Another important factor necessarily contribute to
for export promotion is export growth; it depends a
Foreign Direct Investment great deal on the national
(FDI). A major share of FDI is policy of the host country.
undertaken by Multinational A country focused on an
Corporations (MNC), which outward-oriented policy
have in-depth knowledge attracts export-oriented
about the international FDI, on the other hand, an
market and can provide inward-oriented economy
well-established channels of mainly attracts FDI focused
contact. on the domestic markets
of the host country7. On the
Taking the case of the other hand, Pradhan (2007)8
pharmaceutical industry has documented how a
in India where the good Outward Foreign Direct
government early on Investment (OFDI) policy
allowed 100 per cent FDI helps boost exports and
for the manufacture of improves the employment
medical devices. situation for the home
country as well.
Subsequently, according
to the data from the
Department of Industrial
Policy and Promotion (DIPP),
India attracted USD 15.59
billion worth of FDI in 17 years,
between 2000 and 2017, for
the pharmaceutical sector.
In the same period, exports
from the sector increased
from just over US$ 1 billion in
1996 to over US$ 20 billion in
2016. But an FDI might not
7
Sharma, K. (2000). Export Growth in India: Has FDI played a role? (No. 1858-2016-152730).
8
Pradhan, J.P. (2007). Growth of Indian Multinationals in The World Economy: Implications for Development. Institute for
Studies in Industrial Development, Working Paper, 2007/04.
Raghutla, C. & Chittedi, K.R. (2019). Is There an Export or Import-led Growth in Emerging Countries? A Case of BRICS
Countries. Journal of Public Affairs.
Export
Infrastructure
and Market
Concentration
India needs better
infrastructure facilities as
it is directly proportional
to its export supply9. For
better export performance,
it is necessary to invest in
developing reliable and
efficient export infrastructure,
which will help in cost
reduction and improve
efficiency in the supply of
exports. And further, it is
beneficial to encourage
domestic firms to the export
sector because the firms that
perform well in the domestic
market have a solid resource
base and procure risk-taking
abilities to get involved in the
export market10.
Post entry into an

export market, a firm’s
decision to export
and its performance is
impacted by the market
concentration in the
specific industry.
9
Srinivasan, T. N. (1998). India’s Export Performance: A Comparative Analysis. India’s Economic Reforms and Development:
Essays for Manmohan Singh, 197-228.
10
Ghosh, P., & Sawhney, A. (2021). Does the Past Performance in Home Market Affect Export Participation of New Exporters?
Evidence from Indian Firms. Trade, Investment and Economic Growth: Issues for India and Emerging Economies, 23.
A high concentration market. Specifically, the domestic market and

of exporters in industry, market concentration in the weakness in the international
for example, the IT or Indian software industry market. Thus, a market
pharmaceuticals sector helped in expanding concentrated with exporters
in India, tends to promote internationally and possesses knowledge of the
investment and infrastructure domestically as against China needs and demands of their
necessary to cater to the which has a low concentration foreign buyers, which leads to
needs of the international level leading to a narrow better export rates11.
Export Diversification
Finally, export diversification sectors12. So, a well-balanced cent in 2001-05 to 13 per cent
plays an important role horizontal and vertical in 2011-15. Likewise, in terms
in achieving stability and export diversification signifies of factor intensities, the share
growth in the export sector. sustainable export growth. of human capital-intensive
Export diversification can export has risen from about
be classified into horizontal How distinct is the product 22 per cent to about 25 per
and vertical export in the market is sometimes cent for the same period.
diversification. Horizontal measured with the Export
export diversification is Diversification Index (EDI). Correspondingly, the share
meant to diversify the exports Barik (2018)13 measured the of unskilled labour-intensive
into different sectors and EDI for BRICS and selected export has fallen from about
decrease export instability ASEAN countries for 2007-15 44 per cent to about 29 per
by reducing the dependence and found that India’s export cent.14
on a few export goods in basket is less diversified in
a volatile export market. relation to other countries. This section sets out to
Vertical export diversification Other studies, however, capture various factors that
means expanding the shows that India has moved drive export growth. Although
exports from primary to to diversify its export basket it is difficult to cull out all the
manufacturing and services from labour-intensive goods possible factors that promote
sectors. Expanding exports to capital or skill-intensive export growth at a granular
beyond primary exports to goods. For example, India’s level, an effort to work
manufacturing and services share of capital-intensive around some of the broad
exports helps long-term goods in manufactured paradigms will go a long way
growth and better knowledge exports has risen from 4.7 per in enhancing export growth.
spillover benefits to other
11
Harris, R., & Moffat, J. (2011). R&D, Innovation and Exporting.
12
Herzer, D., & Nowak-Lehnmann D, F. (2006). What Does Export Diversification do for Growth? An Econometric Analysis. Applied
Economics, 38(15), 1825-1838.
13
Barik A., (2018). Post-crisis India’s Merchandise Export Growth: What Has Changed? The Indian Economic Journal, 66(3-4), 270-293.
14
D’souza, S.A., Naik, P.K., (2018). Trade Liberalisation, Capital-Intensive Export and Informalisation: A Case Study of India’s
Manufacturing Sector. Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 61, 377–399.
Growing Focus on
the Indian States
India is regarded as the fastest
growing economy globally, and
export has become a crucial
constituent for this growth.
Export-oriented policies have
enhanced innovation and
have been instrumental in
increasing the country’s Foreign
Direct Investment flows. But,
the growth-trajectory of our
economy would be incomplete
without considering the export
ecosystem at the state-level.
For a country as vast as India,
the export environment needs
to be understood at the
regional level for constructive
policy formulation. A National
level export policy would not
capture the complexities and
the challenges faced by each
state at the ground level.
Export competence differs
spatially across India; thus,
export policies need to be
more context-specific so that
the state governments can
identify the gaps and formulate
a way forward to reduce such
discrepancies. Thus, a top-
down approach of export policy
in such case might leave out
these challenges and thus curb
the growth of the export sector
at the state level.
Even though studies have 2021, the combined share of total share accounting for
focused explicitly on exports the three states constituted 20.83 per cent as of 2020-
at the national level, not around 60 per cent of the 2021. The state government
much has been written total countries exports. has been concentrating on
regarding the export Relative to the coastal and export promotion policies
performance at the sub- landlocked areas, states and has successfully
national level. But, with the in the hilly terrains are still designed a platform for
existing regional disparity in struggling to make a mark at the export-oriented units
India, it becomes essential the global export network. and companies to promote
to understand the export Such contrast depicts how their products and reach a
landscape at the state level the diverse locations impact global audience. Similarly,
and the factors influencing the state’s export dimensions. Maharashtra, the second-
the export performance. Over largest exporter in the
the years, it has been noticed Gujarat, Maharashtra and country with a 20.06 per
that the coastal states, Tamil Nadu have become cent share, has facilitated
namely Gujarat, Maharashtra the flag bearer of export export growth by focusing
and Tamil Nadu, are the lead growth. Gujarat has on initiatives such as Ease of
significant exporters in the been leading the export Doing business and providing
country. In the year 2020- contribution in India, with its subsidies to SME’s units.15
FIGURE 4 : Percentage Share in Exports of States
Sum of % Shares in 2019-20 Sum of % Shares in 2020-21
25
20
% Share
15
10
0
Gujarat
Maharashtra
Tamil Nadu
Karnataka
Andhra Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Odisha
Haryana
West Bengal
Telangana
Rajasthan
Delhi
Madhya Pradesh
Punjab
Kerela
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Chattisgarh
Jharkhand
Goa
Himachal Pradesh
Bihar
Uttaranchal
Daman & Diu
Pondicherry
Assam
Jammu & Kashmir
Chandigarh
Tripura
Sikkim
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Arunachal Pradesh
Nagaland
Andaman & Nicobar
Manipur
Lakshadweep
Ladakh
States
15
Ministry of Commerce and Industry. https://commerce.gov.in/trade-statistics/export-import-data-bank-monthly/
Robust trade support Gujarat has also led to the States with higher
systems and emphasis on rise in their total Foreign exports also experience
a constructive business Direct Investment flows. As a high Gross State
environment are critical of the Fiscal year 2021, the Domestic Product
factors for improving a state’s state achieved the total (GSDP). US$ 259.25 billion
export sector. Gujarat is FDI inflows at the US $21.89 is the estimated GSDP
now the largest producer of billion16. Similarly, with the of Gujarat in Fiscal Year
processed diamonds, and its largest export promotion 2022. Maharashtra GSDP
total share in India’s export zones, Maharashtra stood at US $366.67
of diamond stands at 80 accounts for 28 per cent of billion in 2020-202117.
per cent. Furthermore, the FDI inflows in the country.
state is now also known as Along with the increase Such statistics give us
the country’s chemicals, and in the FDI inflows, there is evidence that with an
petrochemicals hub and its a correlation between a increase in the export
total petroleum products State’s Gross State Domestic competitiveness of the
exports as of 2020 is US$ Product with its export Share state, leads to an increase
17,972.08 million. An increase in GSDP. in the wealth of the states.
in the Export capability of
FIGURE 5 : States Driving India’s Exports over last few years
MAHARASHTRA GUJARAT TAMIL NADU KARNATAKA ANDHRA PRADESH
30
Percentage share of exports -
20
state wise
10
0
2011-2012
2012-2013
2013-2014
2014-2015
2015-2016
2016-2017
2017-2018
2018-2019
2019-2020
16
India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF). https://www.ibef.org/
17
The above graph depicts In the discussion of gaining Major determinants

how Maharashtra has been export competitiveness, causing the poor exports
consistently securing the top states in the himalayan performance of the states
position among the top five region, such as Sikkim and that lag behind are the
exporters by strengthening Meghalaya, still struggle existing deficient business
export promotion hubs for to uplift their export environment along with the
sectors such as IT, textile, and potential even after sharing absence of secure market
automobile components. borders with neighbouring and financial infrastructure.
Both top-performing countries. Consequently, Suitable business
states have productively their total performance infrastructure is a key to a
managed and expanded has not improved since the states export growth. Lack
their port infrastructure on first edition of the Export of transportation facility,
the coastal line. With 48 Preparedness Index. The power shortages and
ports, Maharashtra has the cumulative Foreign Direct poor internet connectivity
highest number of port’s Investments (FDI) inflow of has become a bane for
in the country, followed by Sikkim amounted to the US the poor performance of
Gujarat with 42 ports. Thus, $6.35 Billion between April the states located in the
the conscious efforts made 2000 to September 2020, himalayan regions. Bihar is
by the state governments which is minuscule when also facing a similar crisis
to establish an export- compared with FDI flows of lack of infrastructure.
oriented ecosystem have of Gujarat or Maharashtra. Correspondingly, states
made a substantial positive Bihar, which is categorized with large markets are
impact on its export share. under the landlocked states, the preferred location
However, Andhra Pradesh still has also lagged in exports for manufacturing units
has a scope for improving potential, with its total and are considered the
its export performance. share in exports accounting centre for competitiveness
Andhra Pradesh needs to for 0.53 per cent. Thus, it and innovation19. A secure
have a definite export policy becomes imperative to financial ecosystem gives
in place. With no significant understand how certain a considerable boost to
investments, the state stands states can perform eminently the business within states.
at the 12 position in FDI
th
better and the major However, the lack of
inflows, with total FDI inflow roadblocks in the export availability and accessibility
being US$ 291.80 million . 18
sector growth of the lagging to credit facilities is
Despite being on the coastal states. impacting the export
side, the state lacks proper capacity of MSME in the hilly
export infrastructure and a region. There is also need for
suitable IT policy in place.
18
19
Pradhan, J. P., & Das, K. (2016). Manufacturing exports from Indian states: Determinants and policy imperatives. Springer
India.
better coordination between government and the relevant

North Eastern States and stakeholder to formulate
Centres, it can also play a inclusive export policies.
vital role in improving their In the light of the existing
export performance. distinctions, the Export
Preparedness Index, 2021
To avoid such barriers in seeks to promote export
the export sector at the potential by ranking
sub-national level, The states and UT’s on key
Government of India is pillars and indicators of
now dwelling further into export readiness. The
understanding the export Export Preparedness
ecosystem at the district Index, 2021, by recognizing
level. Following the vision of the achievements and
‘Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas opportunities available for
aur Sabka Vishwas’, the aim the states, will direct the
is to create district exports regional governments to
hubs within each state. evaluate their performance
The multilevel governance against other states and
would provide a ground- take inspiration from them
level understanding of the to create better policy
available export capabilities measures to improve the
and circumstances within exports sector.
districts, thus guiding the
02
INDIA VS WORLD
India’s export scenario

before Covid-19
India is one of the 18.66% in Economic reforms of 1990-91
fastest growing 202120. have significantly improved
Contribution
economies of the of exports the macroeconomic stability
world with exports of goods of the country and revived
playing an important and services the Indian economy. This
in GDP has
role in the economic increased section of the report gives
growth of the country. from a brief picture of India’s
7.053% export performance from
in 1990 to FY 2015-16 to FY 2019-20 by
analyzing the trends in the
merchandise and services
exports of the country.
Trends in Merchandise exports

FIGURE 6 : Merchandise Exports Trends (2015 -20)
Total Merchandise exports ($ million) YOY growth (merchandise export) (%)
350000 330078 15
303526 313361
8.75 10
300000
275852
262291 10.03
250000 5
5.17
200000 0
150000 -5
-5.06
100000 -10
50000 -15
-15.48
0 -20
2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020
20
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS?locations=IN
The merchandise export of ‘Trading Across Borders’ from -5.06 per cent in 2019-20.
India shows an upward trend 122 in 2014 to 80 in 2018. The The reason for this slowdown
from FY 2015-16 to FY 2018- country’s exports reached its includes both domestic and
19. This is mainly because maximum value of $330078 global factors. Currency
of the serious efforts made million in FY 2018-19. volatility, and fluctuations
by the government. The in the commodity prices,
government also took In 2019-20, India experienced including that of crude oil,
significant measures a compact decline in its led to a major fall in the
to improve the ease of merchandise export value. value of petroleum products,
doing business in India, However, the Year-on- which forms a major part of
which translated into an Year (YOY) growth rate was India’s total merchandise
improvement in the rank of affected at a greater level, exports.21
‘Ease Of Doing Business’ from with its value declining from
142 in 2014 to 77 in 2018 and 8.75 per cent in 2018-19 to
Major commodities driving India’s Merchandise exports
The basket for India’s merchandise exports can be categorized into traditional goods (like
agricultural products, textile products, leather products) and non-traditional goods (like
engineering goods, and chemical & allied products).
FIGURE 7 : Major Export Commodity Basket Trends (2015-20)
Agriculture Products Electronic Products Gems & Jewellery Products

Textile Products Engineering Products Pharmaceutical Products
Chemical & Allied Products
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
USD million
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020
https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/india-exports-dip-18-to-27-billion-in-
21
december-2019-242568-2020-01-15
From FY 2015-16 to FY 2018- traditional sectors (textiles

19, engineering goods and and gems & jewellery),
chemical & allied products volatile international trade,
have shown a continuous and low commodity prices
rise due to a boost in the at a global level. The fall in
country’s manufacturing global commodity prices
sector. Pharmaceutical has adversely affected
products, electronic the exports of agricultural
products, and textile products. Additionally,
products have comparatively India faced an increased
shown stagnant growth competition from the
over time. However, Gems East-Asian economies
& Jewellery consistently like Vietnam, Cambodia,
showed a declining trend Myanmar and Indonesia in
post FY 2016-17. Various the textile sector, gems and
factors are responsible for jewellery, and agriculture
this slowdown in the exports products.
decline of Indian exports in
Trends in Service Exports

FIGURE 8 : Service in Exports Trends (2015 -20)
Total Service exports ($ million) YOY growth (service export) (%)
250000 18.82 20
208000 213190
200000 195100 15
164200
154310
150000 10
6.41
100000 6.62 5
2.50
50000 0
-2.40
0 -5
2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020
Service exports of the a share of 4.1 per cent.23 The has increased by 5 per cent
country have shown an second major contributor during the same period.25
increasing trend continuously to services exports is In the insurance sector,
during the period 2015- telecommunications, the country’s exports have
2020. Commercial services computer and information declined by 2 per cent in
contributed the most to services, which registered an 2019. However, it managed to
the exports of the services increase in the export value remain at 9th rank among the
sector, with an increase from $ 54.53 billion in 2014 major exporters of insurance
in the export value from to $58.25 billion in 2018. 24
and pension services.
$156.61 billion in 2014 to For telecommunication,
US$ 204.48 billion in 2018. 22
computer and information
Additionally, India ranks 7 th
services, India’s rank has
among the major exporters remained 2nd since 2010 up
of commercial services with till now, and its export value
22
INDIA’S SERVICES TRADE – Trade Promotion Council of India (tpci.in)
23
World Trade Statistical Review, 2021, World Trade Organisation.
24
INDIA’S SERVICES TRADE – Trade Promotion Council of India (tpci.in)
25
World Trade Statistical Review, 2021, World Trade Organisation.
Impact of Covid 19- India

Global value chains have a global health crisis, but drop in the services trade
integrated the production also a downturn in various and a 23 per cent drop in the
processes across the economies, deeper than the merchandise trade as the
borders. This is due to the financial crisis of 2008. It has transport and travel industry
continuous liberalization of also created uncertainties were severely impacted due
trade in goods and services, about the future outlook to nationwide lockdowns in
the emergence of the fourth of globalization as there Q2 2020. The fuel exports
industrial revolution leading were growing calls for started to stabilize in
to further advancements to protectionism by all the quarter 4, but service trade
production processes and countries to prioritize the remained steady due to
information technology, fulfilment of their domestic persisting weakness in the
and a decrease in logistics demand for essential goods. travel and transport sectors.
and transportation costs. Trade began to recover as
These factors resulted in the The global exports of goods of mid-2020, but the effects
advent of global production and services declined by of COVID-19 have varied
networks, which accentuated 8 per cent and 21 per cent significantly across countries
the rise in cross-border FDI respectively in 2020. There and regions.
flows and trade in goods. was a record 30 per cent
However, everything came

to a halt when global
value chains were severely
disrupted due to the covid-19
pandemic as countries were
grappled with simultaneous
cessation of demand and
supply. The majority of
economies suffered from
a drop in fuel prices which
affected their revenue. The
impact of restrictions was
also seen on the tourism
industry. The outbreak
of the pandemic had a
devastating impact across
the world. Not only it led to
Impact of Supply
Chain Disruptions
China has occupied a
crucial position in the global
economy during the last
two decades. China, apart
from being a manufacturer
and exporter of consumer
products, has become the
main supplier of intermediate
inputs for manufacturing
companies all over the
world. As of today, about 20
per cent of global trade in
manufacturing intermediate
products originates from
China (up from 4 per cent in
2002).26
A reduction in the Chinese

supply of intermediate inputs
can affect the production
capacity and, therefore the
exports of any given country,
depending on how reliant
its industries are on Chinese
suppliers.
India depends on China for

the import of intermediate
goods worth $21369 million,
and capital goods for
$35820 million.
26
https://unctad.org/system/files/
official-document/ditcinf2020d1.pdf
Impact of Supply
Chain Disruptions on
the Manufacturing
Sector
The Indian manufacturing sector
has the maximum amount of
backward and forward linkages
and has the potential to propel
economic recovery and sustain
the same. But the imposition
of restrictions due to the stark
rise in COVID-19 cases resulted
in the negative growth of the
manufacturing sector.
The manufacturing sector

witnessed a negative growth of
(-)39.3 per cent in Q1 of 2020-
21. Moreover, the share of the
manufacturing sector in total GVA
of the country reduced from 17.5
per cent in Q1 of 2019-20 to 13.8
per cent in the corresponding
period of 2020-21.27 Index of
Industrial Production (IIP) for
manufacturing decreased sharply
in April 2020 (lower than the IIP
for the corresponding month in
2019) till September 2020.28 The
reason for the deceleration of
the manufacturing sector in India
is that it majorly focuses on the
production of finished products.
27
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.
aspx?PRID=1650021
28
Open Government Data (OGD)
Platform India (data.gov.in)
However, for raw materials and intermediate goods, India relies heavily on Chinese imports.
Due to global supply chain disruptions and factory shutdowns in China, imports of raw
material declined; and as a result, firms faced obstacles in their production processes, leading
to a sharp decline in the output of the manufacturing sector.
FIGURE 9 : Index on Industrial Production for Manufacturing Sector (2019-21)
2019-20 2020-21
160
140
120
100
IIP index
80
60
40
20
0
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
Source: Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India (data.gov.in)
Specific Industries under the manufacturing sector that were adversely impacted due to the
supply chain disruptions are automobiles, chemicals, textiles and electronics. However, from
May 2020 onwards, due to the gradual opening of the global economy, the factories started
resuming production, which gave a push to the manufacturing industry. Even so, the annual IIP
of most of the industries for FY 2020-21 is lower as compared to FY 2019-20.
FIGURE 10 : Index on Industrial Production for various sector (2019-21)
2019-20 2020-21 Growth
250 5
0
IIP index weights
200
-5
Growth rate
150
-10
100
-15
50 -20
0 -25
basic metals
refined petroleum
products
chemicals
and chemical
products
food products
pharmaceuticals,
medicinal chemical and
botanical products
motor vehicles, trailers

and semi-trailers
machinery and
equipment n.e.c.
other non-metallic
mineral products
textiles
electrical
equipment
fabricated metal
products, except
machinery and equipment
rubber and
plastics products
other transport
equipment
computer, electronic
and optical products
Source: Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India (data.gov.in)
Impact on Indian Exports

Merchandise Exports (March 2020-March 2021)
The cumulative value of merchandise exports declined from $313.36 billion during April-March
2019-20 to $290.63 billion during April-March 2020-21, registering a negative growth of (-)
7.26 per cent. This decline in exports is attributed to the decline in the export of petroleum
products, gems and jewellery, engineered goods, textiles and electronics.
FIGURE 11 : India’s commodity wise exports in 2019-20 and 2020-21
2020-21 2019-20
Rice
Plastic And Linoleum
Electronic Goods
Cotton Yarn/Fabs./
Madeups, Handloom
Products Etc.
Rmg Of All Textiles
Drugs And
Pharmaceuticals
Organic & Inorganic

Chemical Pharmaceuticals
Gems And Jewellery
Petroleum Products
Engineering Goods
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000
USD million
Source: Monthly Bulletin on Foreign Trade Statistics for April 2021

Decline in the exports of petroleum products
Petroleum products represent The reason behind this fall

a significant fraction of the was reduced demand for
total merchandise exports petrol and falling prices of
of India as they stood at crude oil.29 The decrease in
$22.7 billion in the fiscal year petrol demand combined
2020-21. With the advent with a higher supply reduced
of the Covid-19 pandemic, the crude oil prices, and
exports of petroleum subsequently, prices for
products declined by $15.4 refined petroleum products
billion in the fiscal year and other downstream items,
2020-21, which reflects a notably gasoline.30 The value
decline of (-)37.3 per cent of exports and the quantity
as compared to the fiscal of exports for petroleum
year 2019-20. Moreover, the products declined by (-)
share of petroleum products 42.8 per cent and (-) 10.9 per
in total exports of India fell cent respectively, during the
from 13.2 per cent in the fiscal period April-February 2020-
year 2019-20 to 8.9 per cent 21 as compared to the same
in the fiscal year 2020-21. period in 2019-20.31
Decline in the exports of gems and jewellery products
In April 2020, the export of demand etc. However, it

gems and jewellery recorded witnessed a positive growth
its lowest growth of (-) 98.79 of 4.19 per cent in December
per cent. The export growth 2020. Overall, the exports
of the sector remained of gems and jewellery
negative till November decreased by (-) 40.03 per
2020 due to a slowdown in cent, i.e., from $27.62 billion
manufacturing and trading in April-December 2019
activities, cancellation to $16.57 billion in April-
of business events and December 2020.32
ceremonies, decrease in
29
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1712892
30
https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2020/article/from-the-barrel-to-the-pump.htm
31
32
https://gjepc.org/pdf/Gem-%20Jewellery-Trade-Trends-Quarterly-Report-April-December-2020.pdf
Decline in the exports of engineered goods,

textiles, and electronics
The decline in the exports of a decrease in the output in

engineered goods, textiles the FY 2020-21 as compared
and electronics is attributed to the previous year. As a
to the slowdown in the result, exports have also
manufacturing industry. registered a decline.
These industries experienced
FIGURE 12 : Commodity wise growth in 2020-21
Engineering Goods Petroleum Goods Gems & Jewellery Organic & Inorganic Chemical Drugs & Pharmaceuticals
Rmg of all Textiles Cotton Yarn/Fabs./Madeups, Handloom Products etc. Electronic Goods
Plastic & Linoleum Rice
50
37.89
40
30
18.07
20
% change in exports
10
0.03
0
-2.52 -1.99 -1.17
-10 -5.19
-20
-20.76
-30 -27.51
-40 -37.5
-50
Source: Monthly Bulletin on Foreign Trade Statistics for April 2021
Increase in exports of pharmaceuticals and

medicines
Pandemic led the countries products by 18.07 per

to start stocking the supplies cent year-on-year basis.
of medicines to deal with Moreover, the export of
the situation of shortage of India’s drug formulation and
drugs and medicines. This biologicals accounted for
resulted in an increase in the $19042 million.
exports of pharmaceutical
Service Exports
FIGURE 13 : Service Exports in 2020-21 Fiscal Year (FY)
25000
20000
USD million
15000
10000
5000
0
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
Months
India’s service export growth exports. Software exports

declined from $213 billion remained resilient due to
in 2019-20 to $206 billion in higher demand for digital
2020-21, which is a negative support, cloud services, and
growth of (-) 3.3 per cent. infrastructure modernization
They remained steady as the ongoing pandemic
throughout 2020-21. India’s created new challenges
exports of software services related to the digital world.
(excluding exports through India’s major exports in
commercial presence) are telecommunications,
estimated at $133.7 billion computer, and information
during 2020-21, registering services have increased from
4 per cent growth over the $64933 million to $68248
previous year . Computer
33
million. India ranks 7th in
services and ITES (IT enabled exports and 10th in imports
services) contributed 65.3 for commercial services at
per cent and 34.7 per USD 203 billion and USD 153
cent, respectively, of the billion respectively.
total software services
33
Survey on Computer Software and Information Technology-Enabled Services
Exports: 2020-21
Global Trade Recovery

The pandemic According to UNCTAD 2020 for all economies except
created challenges Global trade report 2021 , 34
China. Notably, throughout
for countries to the effect of a pandemic on 2020, only export of services
attract investment international trade was most from China, and to a lesser
within their domestic severe during the initial two extent in India and the
territory to generate quarters of 2020, with a fall Republic of Korea, appeared
employment; in the value of about 15 per to have fared better than
and, have more cent. Global trade recovery other major economies.
direct control of began in Q3 2020 and more Despite this, India remained
supply chains intensely in the last quarter of in the top 5 host economies
in the backdrop 2020. Trade-in goods grew by for FDI flows in 2020 with $64
of simultaneous about 8 per cent on a quarter billion, i.e. 2.4 per cent of its
cessation of demand over quarter basis, while GDP. Whereas China, the
and supply across the trade in services remained United States of America,
globe. stagnant at below-average and Hong Kong continued
levels. to receive FDI of more than
$100 billion during the same
Much improvement was not period.
seen in the third quarter of
Positive outlook in 2021

The positive trends from commodity prices further
the last quarter of 2020 supported global trade
led to a positive outlook recovery.
for international trade in
2021. This was essentially The graph below shows
due to resilience shown recovery patterns of the
by economies to ensure world’s major economies in
cooperation with other Q1 2021. International trade in
nations, economic stimulus Q1 2021 was higher than the
packages and other pre-crisis level. There was an
government interventions increase of about 3 per cent
across the globe. Subsiding relative to Q1 2019. The value
pandemic-related of global trade in goods and
restrictions and increased services grew by over 10 per
34
UNCTAD Global trade report May 2021
cent YoY. The trade rebound the pandemic. It could be 2021 and have performed
of Q1 2021 was driven by the observed that India, China better compared to pre-
strong export performance of and South Africa have fared pandemic level 2019 and
East Asian economies which relatively better than other 2020 average in Q1 of 2021.
remained less affected by major economies during Q1
FIGURE 14 : Recovery patterns of world’s major economies in Q1 2021
Goods Exports Q1 2021 relative to 2020 average Goods Exports Q1 2021 relative to 2019 average
Service Exports Q1 2021 relative to 2020 average Service Exports Q1 2021 relative to 2019 average
60
40
20
Growth rate
0
Republic of
-20 Korea
Brazil China India United European
Japan States Union
Russian
-40
Federation
-60
South Africa
-80
Source: UNCTAD 2021
Trade growth remains for China and the Republic of In Q3, 2021, India’s Export
uneven but better outlook for Korea. in goods increased by 5 per
countries in Q3 2021. cent, and services increased
China, the Republic of Korea, by 17 per cent relative to Q2
For the major economies, a and Brazil have stabilized 2021. Compared to the 2019
strong recovery in exports for growth rates in goods and average, it has increased by
merchandise goods has been services compared to other 27 per cent and 7 per cent
observed relative to service major economies. Whereas, respectively in goods and
exports. It has been observed India’s trade growth has services exports. However, it
that trade-in services accelerated in Q3 2021 with a must be noted that imports
remained below or around positive growth relative to Q2 of goods and services have
the 2019 level for major 2021 relative to 2019 average increased more relative to Q2
economies in Q3 2021, except in goods and services. 2021 for India.35
35
UNCTAD Global Trade report November 2021
The government
of India has set
the merchandise
export target of
$400 billion for
the year 2021-22.
57
India’s Key Trade Trends &

Recovery in 2021
India has been showing In the light of such scenario,
positive statistics in exports The government of India has
since the beginning of the set the merchandise export
FY 2021-22. It’s merchandise target of $400 billion for
exports increased from $10.17 the year 2021-22. It is in line
billion in April 2020 to $30.21 with Prime Minister Narendra
billion in April 2021, which Modi’s vision on “Local Goes
shows an increase of 197.03 Global: Make in India for the
per cent. Since then, the World’’.
country’s exports have been
witnessing a rising trend.
FIGURE 15 : Quarterly India’s Export Recovery After Q3 in 2020
Merchandise Exports Service Exports
120
Current prices (billion US dollars), seasonally adjusted
100
80
60
40
20
0
Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2
2019 2020 2021
Year
The quarterly data of billion for the same period in India’s merchandise exports
merchandise exports shows the previous year, witnessing crossed the mark of $300
that India has crossed a positive growth of 49.66 billion in the nine months
the pre-pandemic value per cent. As far as services of the FY 2021-22, making
in the first quarter of 2021 are concerned, exports it closer to the ambitious
itself. For the period from increased from $150.09 billion target of $400 billion set for
April-December 2021, in April-December 2020 the current fiscal.
merchandise exports to $177.68 billion in April-
increased to $301.38 billion December 2021, registering a
as compared to $201.38 growth of 18.39 per cent.36
36
https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1789882
Defying COVID 19:

India’s Exports
Improve
India’s export growth has suffered a blow due to the
seen a momentum of high fall in fuel prices in 2020 have
value of exports due to the recovered and its export value
contribution of its top 10 has increased from $25.804
export basket products. billion to $39.503 billion in
Top-performing commodities 2021-22 (till November).
included petroleum products, The rise in petroleum prices
engineering goods and gems globally has pushed the value
and jewellery. Furthermore, of petroleum products exports
petroleum products which up.
FIGURE 16 : India’s Top 10 Exports Products in April – October 2021
April 2020-Oct 2020 April 2021-Oct 2021 Percentage change
40000 160
35000 140
30000 120
Percentage change
Value of Export (US$ Million)
25000 100
20000 80
15000 60
10000 40
5000 20
0 0
Petroleum Goods
Pearls, Precious,
Semiprecious
Stones
Iron and steel
Drugs Formulations,
Biologicals
Gold and other

precious metal
jewlery
Organic Chemical
Electric machinery
and equipment
Aluminium, products
of Aluminium
Products of iron
and steel
Cotton fabrics,
madeups etc.
Source: Ministry of Commerce and Industry dashboard

Agriculture Products
Notwithstanding logistical There are various factors for India’s Agri Product Exports
challenges posed by the this improvement. With the reached their highest value,
COVID19 pandemic, the increase in global demand, $4960 million, in March 2021.
growth of Agriculture expansion of port handling This increase in Agri exports
Products export continues to infrastructure and finally, was majorly driven by its top 3
expand in 2021. the government’s prompt commodity groups, i.e. marine
measures during pandemic products, non-basmati rice
Agri Products 17.56% have ensured sustainable and basmati rice. All valued
Export YoY in 2020-21. export growth. One such at $5962 million, $4811 million
growth rate effort was reintroducing the and $4018 million respectively
has improved Transport and Marketing in 2020-21.
from Assistance Scheme (TMA) with
wider coverage and more India continued to supply its
-9.24% extensive support for one rice during the pandemic,
in 2019 to
year through March 2022. thus having the largest share
in the global rice trade. In
The assistance rate for farm 2020-21, India’s rice exports
exporters select products has (Basmati and Non-Basmati)
been raised by 50 per cent for rose by a massive 87 per cent
exports by sea and 100 per to 17.72 Million Tonne (M.T.)
It has increased
cent for air.
38
from 9.49 MT achieved in
to 23.28% in April- 2019-20.39
November 2021.37
37
Ministry of Commerce and Industry Dashboard
38
FIEO trade update
39
PIB release 16 December 2021
In 2021-22, wheat emerged in India’s top 10 Agri Products export basket valued at $1151.071
million. This is higher than its pre-pandemic year 2019, when India’s wheat exports to the world
were just the $63 million.
FIGURE 17 : India’s exports showed resilience in 2021
Engineering Products Agriculture Products Textile Products
10000
9000
8000
7000
USD million
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
March, 2020
April, 2020
May, 2020
June, 2020
July, 2020
August, 2020
September, 2020
October, 2020
November, 2020
December, 2020
January, 2021
February, 2021
March, 2021
April, 2021
May, 2021
June, 2021
July, 2021
August, 2021
September, 2021
October, 2021
November, 2021
Source: Ministry of Commerce and Industry dashboard
Textile Products
The existing textile and the government’s increased accessories, have driven the
apparel market was efforts to boost the sector exports. The government
affected as manufacturing have led to the textile sector has also achieved 68 per
and exports of essential maintaining a trade surplus cent of the annual target
goods and services were in India’s export basket. The of $44 billion for Textiles
prioritized by all countries YoY growth in textile products & Apparel, including
in the wake of the ongoing increased to 53.86 per cent Handicrafts in 2021-22.
Covid-19 pandemic. in April- Nov 2021, which
However, signs of recovery shows robust growth signals.
are visible in 2021-22. The Cotton fabrics, made-ups
rising consumer demand and and RMG of cotton including
Engineering Goods
Despite a host of challenges chain disruptions. It reached
ranging from high input costs, its all month high for 2021 in
high freight rates, supply August 2021, valued at $9353
chain disruptions and second million. This rise in exports
wave due to delta variant, is driven by two items in its
engineering goods have export basket; a 31.36per
exhibited positive growth in cent increase in iron and steel
its exports. exports and 4.19 per cent
for the aluminium as per the
The Indian engineering sector ministry of commerce data for
is strategically important April-Nov in 2021.
due to its intense integration
with other industry segments The key partner in India’s
and enjoys 100 per cent FDI. export of engineering goods
The engineering sector forms in 2020- 2021 has diversified
almost 25 per cent of India’s with North America (18 per
total exports and remains cent), European Union (19 per
the largest foreign exchange cent), ASEAN (15 per cent),
earner. Therefore, the growth NE Asia (12 per cent), MEWA
in its exports is a positive sign and Africa at 10 per cent 40.
for India. Moreover, it is estimated that
engineering goods shipment
Engineering exports will end on a positive note
increased from November with 37 per cent year-on-
2020 till March 2021 to $8976 year growth in the month
million, an all-time month of December, 2021 with the
for 2020-21, only to fall in Q1 total value estimated at $9.7
of 2021 due to Suez canal billion.41
blockage related supply
40
https://www.eepcindia.org/market-info/22/Export-Statistics
41
EEPC India
IMPACT OF OTHER
GLOBAL EVENTS ON INDIA
Suez Blockage: Disruption in the short-run, les-
son for the nation
The six days of prolonged
blockage from 23rd March
2021 of the Suez Canal
revealed India’s dependence
on the free passage through
the Canal and the Red
Sea. Globally, 13 per cent of
maritime trade depends on
the canal. With India’s entry
on the global stage, the route
holds immense significance.42
Suez canal is used for India’s
trade worth US$ 200 Billion
to/from North America, South
America and Europe. The
blockage led to a 10-15 day
delay in export shipments of
oil, textiles, furniture, cotton,
auto components, and
machine parts. It affected
India’s imports of oil, steel
scraps, machine parts
used in the assembly line,
and chemicals like phenol.
To mitigate the economic
damages caused by the
blockage of the Suez canal
and to facilitate trade, all
countries responded with an
immediate action plan.
42
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/03/suez-canal-ship-global-trade-shipping-economics-international-
globalization
To minimize any long- high freight costs, limited blockages and congestions
lasting devastations from space for cargo on ships, can entail losses for the
the blockage and sustain chronic delays for retailers country in the long run. Since
the exporter’s confidence, and manufacturers. This is heavy shipping connection
the Indian government reflected in World container the USA and Europe happens
announced a four-point index, which was 233 per cent through Suez canal, our
action plan. The focus was higher in March 2021 than a manufacturing industries,
on identifying cargo and year ago. especially in electronics
stabilizing freight rates. and electric equipment,
Further, the task was to Moreover, the blockage of the are exclusively dependent
provide ports advisory to Suez canal also reflected the on it. The freight rate curve
ensure efficient handling vulnerabilities in our global continues to rise globally.
once the canal reopens and trade through sea routes and The weighted freight rate
locate additional shipping its impact on India’s trade assessment of eight major
lines to re-routing ships. landscape. As ships get larger east-west trades reached
and trade increases across its peak with a U.S. $
The obstructions established nations with adverse changes 10377 Freight rate for 40ft
the importance of the Suez in climate, the reliance on the containers in September
Canal. They reinstated that route will become risky as 2021.44 India cannot rely on
events in one corner of any disruption would impact alternative routes around
the globe have significant global trade. Africa, due to tremendous
implications for all nations. increase in shipping costs.
The blockage was temporary Maritime trade routes Furthermore, the route suffers
but caused disruptions in offer both cost-effective from security threats in the
the global supply chain that and efficient modes of face of piracy.
paralyzed export and import transportation. But they need
movements across countries. to pay heed to counteract The economic implications of
It amounted to a delay in these security challenges inter-regional international
shipments and, a surge in and factor in unprecedented trade, which had become
traffic on key ports as the scenarios for making their evident during the Covid-19
vessel was freed. Trade was supply chain more resilient. pandemic, have become
affected by congestion at The shipping bottlenecks more transparent due to Suez
major ports of the world & have exposed one of the canal blockage. During the
the unavailability of space in most profound questions onset of the pandemic, major
containers on Indian ports. 43
for the Indian economy to economies struggled with
The persisting traffic led to consider whether continued substitute suppliers relying
43
Container shortage eases in the country; PIB 2021
44
https://infogram.com/world-container-index-1h17493095xl4zj
on imports from countries High freight costs need to make up for the lost time.
to meet their domestic stabilize in 2022; otherwise, The learning for India could
demands. Therefore, if there will be limited space be to develop supply chain
freight rates don’t decrease, for cargo on ships, which will resilience, invest in innovations
countries like the USA could lead the manufacturers and such as building data systems
import heavy shipping from retailers to endure delays. that can predict disruptions.
other local economies. This could, in turn, increase There is a need to cooperate
Instead of relying on their inflation and further force with its trade partners to
major import trade partner western countries to skip respond rapidly if any crises
India in the long run. low priority Indian ports to occur.
Suez Blockage: Disruption in the short-run,

lesson for the nation
The Semiconductor Industry chain is a unique network. A
is increasing its impact on the given firm has one upstream
world’s economic growth. This supplier for many major
is due to its indispensability components and perhaps just
to the industrial ecosystem. one downstream customer,
It is essential for all creating a web of bilateral
modern industries, from monopolies operating in
communication and extreme interdependence.
healthcare to military and Thus, a breakdown anywhere
clean energy. It is the most along the line can disrupt the
traded commodity with entire system.
a supply chain dispersed
across continents. The
Semiconductor supply
Semiconductor Imports Influence on India’s Automobile Sector:
A global shortage of these high demand in the electronic imports in semiconductor

semiconductor chips that industry meant an increase in devices amounted to
began in 2020 has impacted orders and greater stockpiling $3.12 Billion making India
at least 169 countries, with tendencies. The increased the 11th largest importer of
electronic and automotive demand catapulted in the semiconductor devices.
industries being the most semiconductor industry, India depends upon China,
affected. The Covid-19 reaching its capacities and Singapore, Hong Kong,
pandemic has impacted the acute shortages as the Thailand and Vietnam for
supply-demand chain of automotive industry made a its semiconductor supplies.
these semiconductor chips comeback. While India has a niche
triggering a massive alarm in semiconductor design,
for producers, suppliers and As per a report released it primarily looks towards
consumers alike. With a dip by Semiconductor Industry East Asian nations for chip
in demand in the automotive Association (SIA) in 2020,45
supply. Figure 18 shows that
industry, the companies the semiconductor trade semiconductor imports in
started to cancel their orders accounted for $1.8 trillion India have continued to rise
for semiconductor chips. in total global business, since July 2020, reflecting
With the onset of social with more than one trillion the sudden rise in the import
distancing guidelines and semiconductors being sold of semiconductors to meet
work from home protocols, globally. In 2019, India’s
46
domestic production.
FIGURE 18 : H.S. code- 8541 from Ministry of Commerce and Industry Dashboard - India’s Import
of Semiconductors from January 2019 to September 2021. A clear upward trend from May 2020
onwards is symbolic of the crisis that has engulfed India, enhancing export capacities as the way
out in the long run.
INDIA’S SEMI CONDUCTOR IMPORTS

60000
50000
USD million
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
January
March
May
July
September
November
January
March
May
July
September
November
January
March
May
July
September
2019 2020 2021
45
https://www.semiconductors.org
46
UN Comtrade 2018 Trade Data
Impact on the Automotive industry

As countries worked to in all sectors of the global is that chip production
contain the virus and focus economy, India is not shielded takes time as multiple steps
on economic preparedness from such damage. are repeated a hundred
to avoid a catastrophic times. Producing a single
financial meltdown, the Naturally, a global shortage chip may take up time to
semiconductor industry of semiconductor chips has a 20-26 weeks. The various
had to adjust its production devastating impact on India, pandemic waves have also
operations to deal with shifts especially its electronic and halted any speculated
in the demand patterns. As automotive industries. In fact, resurrection of the industry
the industry continues to the automotive industry has and the semiconductor
face multifaceted challenges been considered one of the industry working at 100 per
in securing a supply chain, worst-hit industries in 2021. cent capacity. However, it
corporate functions, changes This is due to inconsistencies must be noted from figure 19
in consumer behaviour, other in the demand and supply that cyclical slowdown has
sectors that depend on for the chips, which meant been very predominant in the
these chips have continued longer waiting periods for automobile sector since 2019.
to suffer. With semiconductor product delivery due to a halt
shortages causing disruptions in production. The problem
FIGURE 19 : Ministry of Commerce and Industry
INDIA’S EXPORTS OF AUTO MOBILES REMAINS AFFECTED
12000
10000
8000
USD million
6000
4000
2000
0
2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020 2020-2021 2021-2022
Export
Against this backdrop, advantage lies in its design

the only way out of this capacities; with scores of
vulnerable condition for design engineers, such
India is a much-needed roadmaps will nurture existing
focus on becoming self- talent. This step towards
reliant. Following the tenets self-reliance will transform
of Atmanirbhar Bharat, India India from an importer to an
is now investing in fostering exporter of semiconductors
industry-friendly measures and enable the country to
that include the production of access supply chains not
semiconductors and display depending on geopolitical
manufacturing. Notably, the pressures. The only way
union government approved forward is to constructively
a budget of Rs 76,000 allocate financial and
crore for semiconductor human resources to build
manufacturing with a semiconductor chip
incentives for every part manufacturing infrastructure
of the production process, that makes India self-reliant.
from the assembly of Moreover, there is a need to
electronic components to diversify supplies and identify
finished goods. Under the those components that need
scheme announced by the to be restored to prevent
Ministry of Electronics and dependency on overseas
Information Technology, sources for critical parts.
holistic development
of semiconductor The government of India has
manufacturing process worked out some respite to
which includes supporting the automobile and auto
silicon semiconductor fabs, component sector with the
display labs, compound introduction of the Production
semiconductors, design Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme.
and commercialization The scheme already has an
of semiconductor chips. approved budget outlay
India’s most significant of Rs 25,938 crore and will
be implemented over five

years, from the fiscal year
2022-23. This will push the
automobile industry to
further manufacture high
value advanced automotive
technology products in
India. The scheme is open
for existing automobile
investors and new investors
who are not currently in the
automobile manufacturing
business. The scheme will
drive Indian manufacturing
industries to new heights
as they move towards
innovation-led products.47
Government Notifies PLI Scheme for

47
Automobile & Auto components

03
METHODOLOGY
EXPORT PREPAREDNESS
INDEX 2021
The Export The index also delves into among the states and
Preparedness Index and explore the direct union territories, thereby
(EPI) aims to examine (Policies, International access strengthening India’s position
export readiness and etc.) and indirect factors in the World Export Market.
export performance of (number of professional
the Indian States and colleges and research The index has the potential
Union Territories. institutes) promoting and to be used as a roadmap
supporting the export by the states as it assists
environment in the region. in identifying the areas of
Moreover, it can be used as strategic importance where
a tool by the government the region is either excelling
and the policymakers to or lagging.
promote healthy competition
Establishing Framework for EPI

After a rigorous discussion by incorporating essential state” will be sourced from
with NITI Aayog and other feedback from states and DGFT as DGCIS doesn’t
state government officials, organizations such as the have the data. It was further
the framework has been Directorate General of suggested by Gujarat that
improvised from last year’s Foreign Trade (DGFT) and data valid till 31st December
framework. Directorate General of 2020 should be considered
Commercial Intelligence and export as a percentage
The basic structure of and Statistics (DGCIS). of GSDP should be also
the framework remains This exercise helped in the considered.
unchanged from the retention and repositioning
previous edition. Although of key indicators across Many states suggested that
to enhance the robustness various pillars and sub- since districts are being
of the index, few new pillars to broaden the promoted as export hubs,
indicators have been aspects to assess Indian the index should evaluate
incorporated based on states’ preparedness states on whether they have
stakeholder suggestions. accurately. district export action plan.
This suggestion has been
The framework in the second It was suggested that incorporated in the Export
edition of EPI was refined “Number active IECs in the Promotion Policy pillar. A
score of 100 for this indicator export, states are evaluated it has been given number 1
only indicates whether a based on whether states hence the score 100. On the
state has a district export have these policy measures other hand, Meghalaya has
action plan. and there are two scores scored 0 on this indicator as
for such indicators i.e. 100 if the state has no policy for
For binary measure it has the policy measure in the same.
indicators such as whether place and zero if the state
the state has a valid export doesn’t so, for example if
promotion policy, marketing Odisha has a valid policy for
support or thrust sectors for thrust sectors of export, then
20% 40% 20% 20%

Business Export Export
Policy
Ecosystem Ecosystem Performance
Export Business Export Growth &

Promotion Environment Infrastructure Orientation
Policy (10%) (10%) (10%)
(10%)
Institutional Infrastructure Trade Export

Framework (10%) support diversification
(10%) (5%) (10%)
Transport R&D
Connectivity Infrastructure
(10%) (5%)
Access to
Finance
(10%)
Structure
The framework consists of four main dimensions: Policy,
Business Ecosystem, Export Ecosystem and Export
Performance. The rationale behind choosing these pillars is as
follows:
Policy
The existence of favorable the paramount trade policies
trade policy in a region vital for the expansion of
forms the basis for the export business. It evaluates
strategic advantage to whether the particular policy
the stakeholders and has been implemented in
provide a vision of the state the state or not.
government. The pillar covers
Business Ecosystem
A prevalent environment grounds. The existence of
with good infrastructure, efficient business ecosystem
connectivity, and access to strengthens the backward
finance play a significant role and forward linkages of the
in attracting new investments exporting industry, thereby
in any region. A conducive enhancing their output and
eco-system with regulatory growth. It covers a wide
ease and a facilitative range of areas like Ease of
environment spurs business Doing Business, Innovative
activity. This pillar tries to Capacity, Cluster strength,
capture the performance Financial Ability, Logistics
of the states on similar and more.
Export Ecosystem
In addition to the under Export Promotion
comprehensive enabling Industrial Parks, Export
environment in the state, Promotion Zones, Existence
peculiar attention must of Trade Guide, Number
be given to the export of Inspection agencies -
business ecosystem, NABCB certification and
which drives competition others, which are essential
and growth in the export to attract new investors and
specific sector. The pillar increase the productivity of
covers indicators like area the existing ones.
Export Performance
Measuring export based dimension. It helps Diversification of exports
performance is necessary to examine how much constitute the export
to assess actual results. the states have achieved performance of the states
This particular pillar, unlike and improved in the
others, is an output- export sector. Growth and
All the vital parameters, namely Export Promotion Policy, Institutional Framework, Business
Environment, Infrastructure, Transport Connectivity, Access to finance, Export Infrastructure,
Trade Support, Research and Development Infrastructure, Growth Orientation and Export
Diversification have been covered as sub pillars under the four main dimensions of the index.
The sub-pillars cover sixty indicators in total.
Geographical Coverage
The index is designed to cover all the states and union territories (UT’s) in the country. India
consists of 28 states and 8 union territories at present.
States Categorization
The heterogeneity and the sector given the availability extensive range of export
vastness that prevails in of their natural resources; potential, productivity,
our country across states Demographic factors output and competitiveness.
in terms of geographical like ageing population, Thus, it will be unfair
size, language, culture, migration; Economic factors to compare the states
and policies create like a business ecosystem, without acknowledging the
complexities in the index infrastructure and socio- existence of immense spatial
analysis. Every state differs cultural factors like shared segregation in India.
in their ability to engage values and norms. This
and perform in the export variation results in an
Considering the above they have been further

mentioned factors, the states segregated according to
have been classified into two their geographical outreach
stages. First, the states and -Major states into Coastal
union territories have been and Landlocked states,
distinguished based on their Minor states into Himalayan
geographical area into Major states and Union territory/
and Minor/Small States. City-states. (Figure 20)
Then, within each category,
FIGURE 20 : State categorization
Group A- Coastal Group C- Himalayan States

Group B- Landlocked Group D- UT/City-States
Group C-
Himalayan States
Group D- UT/ Himachal Pradesh
City-States Uttarakhand
Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur
Ladakh, Delhi, Chandigarh
Meghalaya
Group B- Mizoram
Landlocked Sikkim
Group B- Landlocked Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Tripura
Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh Nagaland
Haryana Arunachal Pradesh
Group A- Coastal
Gujarat,
Maharashtra
Group D- UT/
City-States
Dadra and Nagar Haveli,
Daman and Diu, Goa
Group B- Landlocked
Assam, Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand, Telangana
Group A- Coastal
Group A- Coastal Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Kerala Odisha, West Bengal
Group D- UT/
City-States Group D- UT/
Puducherry City-States
Andaman
Group D- UT/ and Nicobar
City-States Group A- Coastal
Lakshadweep Tamil Nadu
Access to ports is of of India with an exemption of City State in the index

strategic importance to Assam have been considered due to its small size.
any state when engaging under the category of And considering it in the
in international trade as himalayan states and the former category would
landlocked regions might hilly states of north India have created challenges
face the comparative due to their geographical in the comparative
disadvantage of high trade resemblance. analysis across states and
costs and hindrances in the U.T.s.
freedom of transit from the It is important to note
seas. The seven sister states 1) Goa, despite being a 2) Jammu and Kashmir have
state according to the been categorized under
Indian Constitution, U.T.s/City-States this year.
which should have been In the previous edition,
categorised under it was classified under
coastal states, has been landlocked states.
considered under U.T./
Index Calculation
Indicator Selection and Data Collection
The indicators for the index The existence of district level Existence of District Level
have been cautiously chosen export action plan as an Export Promotion Policy and
under their respective pillar indicator was incorporated existence of valid sector-
and sub-pillar, given the after stakeholder meetings. It specific policy for exports
rationale and the conceptual was discussed in the meeting to which equal weights
linkage between the two. that this indicator would were assigned. This ensured
They were approved after provide more comprehensive consistency in the weights of
detailed discussions with insights regarding a state’s the methodology.
experts, NITI Aayog and state export strategy and help
governments. enable export-led growth. In addition, eight new
indicators have been added
The state government This view is consistent with this year, based on the
provided data for the the fact that only 24 states insights from the stakeholder
majority of the indicators of India have a valid export meetings for a more
along with supporting promotion policy. However, comprehensive analysis.
documents . For remaining
48
not all states have a district However, three indicators
indicators, data was either export action plan. Since the from the previous framework
collected from publicly government of India aims to have been dropped from the
available government promote districts as export analysis.
sources. Sources of each hubs; it’s crucial to study
indicator are mentioned in export promotion at district For a few indicators like
the APPENDIX I. level. This would enhance internet facilities and
districts role in boosting banking facilities, we
This year’s Export manufacturing and export requested data from the
Preparedness Index growth. state government and
framework is an improved ministry. For the robustness
version of its previous edition For this purpose, states and the uniformity of the
as it also includes information were evaluated based on 3 data, we have considered
about the export-related parameters i.e. Existence of a the data from the ministry in
policy at the district level. valid Export Promotion Policy, the calculation of the index.
48
There were few states like Delhi which failed to provide the supporting document for the data they sent. While the data
received should have been rejected due to the missing evidence, a joint decision was taken to incorporate their input in the
calculation of the index.
While working on the based pillars, growth instance focus should be on

second edition of export orientation and export the state’s expenditure on
preparedness to incorporate performance. Data for export promotion activities. It
data from all states, it is manufacturing exports, is also suggested to conduct
imperative to standardize market penetration, and a stakeholder survey
the data we capture. export concentration was of exporters, and some
sourced from DGCIS. weightage could be given to
The granularity of the data it as an indicator.
we captured in the second Another approach that
edition has improved from the next edition of EPI This new approach — and
the first edition. More states must focus on is collecting the changes needed to
have provided documents export-oriented data in the make it happen — must be
supporting their efforts in first place for an indicator about cultivating a data-
policy for export. Moreover, such as FDI inflows and R&D driven mindset across the
this edition also had better expenditure. The granularity country, as states strive
data to understand the of data would ensure a to become more export-
deepening of exports quality and detail-oriented oriented and efficient over
across India, especially for approach throughout the coming years.
indicators under output- process. For newsletters,
Indicators that have been Added

• Existence of District Level Export Promotion Plan
• Constitution of DEPC: a. Whether states have DEPC? b. How many?
• Industrial Land as % of Total Area
• FDI inflow
• Capacity and utilization of labs
• R&D spending by state as a % of state GDP
• Manufacturing Exports to GDP Ratio
• Service Exports to GDP Ratio
Indicators that have been Removed

• Financial incentives to boost exports
• Land allotment for exporters
• Average Export Growth
Indicators that have been Modified

Indicator 2021 Framework’s Definition 2020 Framework’s Definition
Sectoral Export Has the State set up District Has the State set up an Export Promotion
Promotion Export Promotion Council/ Council/Agency that acts as an umbrella
Councils (EPCs) Agency that acts as an for all sectors?
umbrella for all sectors?
Newsletters The amount of expenditure What are the number of newsletters
on the newsletter as a published per month for exporters by the
percentage of total export State Government and the Council?
Power Cost Fixed charges of high tariff Industrial Tariff cost per unit
industrial cost
Dealing with Missing values

There were many instances Policy has been implemented received, fixed charges of
where input data was not in the state, otherwise 0. high tariff industrial cost was
received from the state taken for all the states from
government or the assigned If the particular policy has their respective government
Ministry, resulting in the been ‘formulated’, ‘notified’ electricity board authority.
problem of missing values. or is ‘in progress’ in the state For indicators like area
In such cases, zero value but not implemented, 0 covered by Air Cargo
was given to the state for value was given. facilities, ICD’s, Multi-Modal
the indicators if data was Logistics Hubs MMLH, and
unavailable from any other Indicator named ‘Power trade exhibition centres-
reliable governmental source. Cost’ in the sub-pillar only a few states provided
Business Environment reflects the information of the area
In the first pilar named Policy, the industrial tariff cost per covered by them. Zero value
all the indicators are binary
49
unit in the state. The data has been given to the states
variables which means that was requested from the which have just provided the
the indicators can take only respective state government; number and not the area.
a value of 1 or 0. Value 1 was however, due to the vast
assigned to the states if the variability in the data
49
Except indicator ‘newsletter’, the amount of expenditure on the newsletter as a % of export value was considered.
Data Limitations
While calculating the index Another major issue faced merchandise exports of each
scores, a few hindrances was with three of the state provided by DGCIS.
were faced because of the newly added indicators in For indicator 4.1.4, each
paucity of data. terms of data availability state’s value of service
and reliability. Data for export was not available
The Gross State Domestic indicator 3.3.1.2 Capacity with any reliable government
Product (GSDP) of Ladakh and Utilization of labs was source. Since this is a crucial
is unavailable as a Union not received. As a result, the indicator for measuring the
Territory separately. Thus, the weightage of the indicator export performance of each
GSDP of Jammu and Kashmir was allocated to its other state, its weightage was
is used as a proxy. sub-indicator 3.3.1.1 Number not transferred to any other
of NABL accredited labs. indicator. All the states were
Labor Reforms, an important given 0 value.
indicator to measure the The value of manufacturing
business environment in the exports for each state was
states, was proxied by labor unavailable, which was
reforms in the Ease of Doing then proxied by the value of
Business Index. 50
Data Transformation
Calculation of the index unitless by rescaling it For example, suppose an
scores involves collecting with a mean equal to zero indicator has actually less
data for all the 60 indicators and a standard deviation variance but is measured on
from multiple and varied equal to 1. Standardizing a larger scale in comparison
sources. The indicators are the data makes data to other indicators. In that
measured in a different type points comparable, which case, it may reveal itself
of unit of measurement is crucial for accurate having greater variation,
like Binary, score, ratio or analysis, especially when resulting in imprecise
percentage, which makes the indicator’s scale differs analysis.
it difficult to compare remarkably. Skipping the
them. The standardization process of standardization In addition, negative
process makes the indicator can give inconsistent results. indicator like power cost
50
It was earlier decided among the stakeholders that the indicator will be dropped if data of Labor Reform Index is not
provided by the Ministry of Labor.
has been transformed to imply that a higher value would result in a lower
positive by inverting it. This
51
means a higher score for score, which is a misleading
was done to make all the the states. Without it, lower interpretation as it actually
indicators homogenous to power costs in the state should increase the score.
Weightage
The weightage of each as proposed and accepted weightage has been
pillar and sub-pillar in the by the stakeholders. In the assigned according to the
2021 framework remains earlier edition, each indicator importance of the indicators
the same as the previous had equal weight within within each sub-pillar.
year’s framework. However, the respective sub-pillar Detailed information
alterations have been made as calculated by Principal is provided in Table in
to the weightage assigned Component Analysis (PCA). Appendix II.
to the individual indicators In the existing framework,
Aggregation
The following steps have 3. Sum up all the values 5. Score of each pillar54 is
been adopted for the obtained in step 2 for all calculated by taking an
calculation: the indicators under each average of the scores of
sub-pillar for each state. its respective sub-pillars.
1. Standardizing each
indicator [ Standardized 4. Score of each sub-pillar52 6. The overall score of Export
X = (X-mean)/ Standard is calculated using the Preparedness is the sum
Deviation] formula (Xj-worst case) of the weighted scores of
/ (Best case-Worst the four pillars.
2. After standardizing, each case)*100 , where Xj
53
indicator is multiplied by represents the value

its weight. obtained in step 3.
51
The values of the indicator have been multiplied by (-1)
52
Score of each sub-pillar is obtained out of 100
53
For Sub-pillars Trade Support and Research & Development in Pillar 3 multiply by 50 instead of 100
54
Out of 100
04
KEY FINDINGS
Country Level Analysis

FIGURE 21 : Country-Level Analysis of Export Preparedness Index
70
60.65
60 54.99
50 44.92
38.40 39.62
40 36.52
29.91
30 26.66
24.33 23.20
20 14.86
7.64
10
0
Export
promotional
policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
EPI
The country-level Overall, India has scored states. This is important for us
analysis is essential an average of 36.52 on to make India emerge as a
to further develop a the index. A much clearer major player in global trade,
comprehensive level of picture emerges when the for which it needs to boost
understanding of export average is broken down its manufacturing sector to
preparedness in India. into sub-pillars. Both Export support exports.
The overall strength and Promotion Policy and
weakness regarding Business Environment are the Trade support remains a
export preparedness can two highest-scoring pillars, low-scoring sub-pillar. One
help formulate efficient with the Trade support being of the reasons is that states
strategies and policies to the least scoring pillar. Most lag in identifying key trade
improve export growth in of the states have fared low facilitation issues, conducting
the long run. in infrastructure for business capacity building workshops
and export ecosystem, and no approved projects
further reflecting that for under TIES. The projects
India’s export growth to under this scheme have
improve, all states must not been approved for 22
possess a necessary basic regions, especially union
and export infrastructure. territories, limiting their
The states which lag behind, financial assistance to
hold tremendous untapped upgrade existing export
potential; therefore, it’s infrastructure. However,
crucial to enhance the the states are also mainly
export prospects of the lacking in providing essential
trade support, such as considerable gap in the

accessibility of information to national average and an
exporters a trade guide. This average score of coastal
makes it difficult for states states like Gujarat and
to seek financial assistance Maharashtra, reflecting their
to upgrade their export higher contribution to the
ecosystem. overall export growth of
India. Moreover, there is an
Other than trade support, increase in exporters in only
growth and orientation 10 out of 36 regions, reflecting
remain the second- the need to assess its existing
lowest sub-pillar reflection initiatives to improve export
of regional disparity in growth and orientation.
export growth. There is a
State Level Analysis

There is a high scoring range amongst Indian states on the EPI, where Gujarat has the highest
score of 78.86 and Lakshadweep with the lowest score of 2.12.
GUJARAT has topped the export contribution of more

index with a strong display than 50 per cent in India in
in various sub-pillars such 2020-21.
as Export promotion policy,
Business Environment and The best performing states
Infrastructure. Notably, in EPI have also been some
other coastal states such as of the top scorers in the
Maharashtra and Karnataka innovation and LEADS
occupy the index’s second index, which reflects the
and third positions. All three role of increasing innovative
states have performed capacity and logistical
consistently across pillars, infrastructure in shaping
thus consolidating solid export growth. Moreover,
scores. These states are these states have struck a
among the top states in the balance in existing basic
and export infrastructure, manufacturing tendencies Himalayan and UT/city

driving the export growth in in the region. Every regions need to fill the gap
the regions. An additional region needs to strike this in their existing business and
advantage to these states balance between overall export ecosystem.
is that they enjoy the strong competitiveness, innovation
presence of industries that and export performance like
drive investment and FDI Gujarat and Maharashtra.
inflows, further enhancing Other States specifically,
EPI Score
FIGURE 22 : State-wise Export Promotion scores
2.12 78.86
From landlocked states, it is lack in both enabling and better transport connectivity,
HARYANA that emerges as facilitating factors that could logistics and investment
a top performer. Except for drive the states towards attracted because it is the
trade support and export export-oriented growth. A national capital. Delhi’s
growth and orientation, policy measure is not enough satisfactory performance
the state has performed to foster export business and on the innovation index has
tremendously well across export growth in a region. also driven its score in the
all pillars and sub-pillars. Even though Bihar has business environment sub
Bihar and Chhattisgarh are necessary policy measures, pillar. On the other hand,
some of the weaker states in it does not have adequate Uttarakhand has attracted
this category. They need to infrastructure to facilitate an significant investments over
improve their performance enabling export environment. the last three years. It has
under the business brought initiatives such as
ecosystem. Amongst Himalayan single-window clearances,
states and City-states, a loan scheme for exporters,
Export Ecosystem and UTTARAKHAND and DELHI a trade guide and further
export performance are the top-performing improved export market
pillars, considering that states. Delhi performs well on penetration.
they indicate a glaring EPI due to higher FDI inflows,
Category Wise ranking

Himalayan Coastal
State Score Rank State Score Rank
Uttarakhand 40.79 1 Gujarat 78.86 1
Himachal Pradesh 40.43 2 Maharashtra 77.14 2
Tripura 27.46 3 Karnataka 61.72 3
Sikkim 27.41 4 Tamil Nadu 56.84 4
Manipur 15.78 5 Andhra Pradesh 50.39 5
Nagaland 13.99 6 Odisha 42.04 6
Meghalaya 13.39 7 Kerala 40.92 7
Mizoram 12.58 8 West Bengal 39.78 8
Arunachal Pradesh 11.18 9
UT/City States Landlocked

Delhi 43.66 1 Haryana 53.20 1
Goa 41.95 2 Uttar Pradesh 51.09 2
Jammu and Kashmir 30.06 3 Madhya Pradesh 51.03 3
Chandigarh 28.41 4 Punjab 50.99 4
Puducherry 22.19 5 Telangana 47.92 5
Dadra Nagar and 17.08 6 Rajasthan 47.13 6
Haveli & Daman and Assam 41.57 7
Diu
Jharkhand 38.16 8
Andaman and Nicobar 15.26 7
Islands Chattisgarh 36.96 9
Ladakh 13.09 8 Bihar 32.06 10
Lakshadweep 2.12 9
Overall Rankings
State Export Preparedness State Category Overall
Scores Rank
Gujarat 78.86 Coastal 1
Maharashtra 77.14 Coastal 2
Karnataka 61.72 Coastal 3
Tamil Nadu 56.84 Coastal 4
Haryana 53.20 Landlocked 5
Uttar Pradesh 51.09 Landlocked 6
Madhya Pradesh 51.03 Landlocked 7
Punjab 50.99 Landlocked 8
Andhra Pradesh 50.39 Coastal 9
Telangana 47.92 Landlocked 10
Rajasthan 47.13 Landlocked 11
Delhi 43.66 UT/City States 12
Odisha 42.04 Coastal 13
Goa 41.95 UT/City States 14
Assam 41.57 Landlocked 15
Kerala 40.92 Coastal 16
Uttarakhand 40.79 Himalayan 17
Himachal Pradesh 40.43 Himalayan 18
West Bengal 39.78 Coastal 19
State Export Preparedness State Category Overall

Scores Rank
Jharkhand 38.16 Landlocked 20
Chhattisgarh 36.96 Landlocked 21
Bihar 32.06 Landlocked 22
Jammu and Kashmir 30.06 UT/City State 23
Chandigarh 28.41 UT/City States 24
Tripura 27.46 Himalayan 25
Sikkim 27.41 Himalayan 26
Puducherry 22.19 UT/City States 27
Dadra Nagar and Haveli & 17.08 UT/City States 28
Daman and Diu
Manipur 15.78 Himalayan 29
Andaman and Nicobar 15.26 UT/City States 30
Islands
Nagaland 13.99 Himalayan 31
Meghalaya 13.39 Himalayan 32
Ladakh 13.09 UT/City States 33
Mizoram 12.58 Himalayan 34
Arunachal Pradesh 11.18 Himalayan 35
Lakshadweep 2.12 UT/City States 36
Policy Pillar

Madhya Pradesh 94.66 1 Jharkhand 62.93 14
Maharashtra 82.47 2 Himachal Pradesh 61.68 15
Karnataka 81.12 3 Andhra Pradesh 60.49 16
Gujarat 80.03 4 Haryana 58.58 17
Odisha 79.66 5 West Bengal 58.20 18
Rajasthan 77.53 6 Tripura 57.76 19
Assam 77.51 7 Jammu and Kashmir 56.99 20
Tamil Nadu 76.70 8 Goa 56.86 21
Bihar 75.09 9 Kerala 53.57 22
Uttar Pradesh 73.50 10 Sikkim 47.02 23
Punjab 71.47 11 Uttarakhand 44.96 24
Telangana 66.45 12 Ladakh 36.25 25
Chhattisgarh 63.35 13 Nagaland 32.52 26

Andaman and Nicobar 25.94 27 Puducherry 10.99 32
Islands Delhi 7.58 33
Chandigarh 18.41 28 Arunachal Pradesh 7.26 34
Meghalaya 16.91 29 Dadra Nagar and Haveli 0.00 35
Manipur 12.51 30 & Daman and Diu
Mizoram 11.34 31 Lakshadweep 0.00 36
Business Ecosystem Pillar

Delhi 88.58 1 Dadra Nagar and Haveli 33.32 24
& Daman and Diu
Maharashtra 86.46 2
Puducherry 33.05 25
Karnataka 74.29 3
Sikkim 30.68 26
Haryana 64.89 4
Bihar 30.58 27
Gujarat 64.54 5
Tripura 27.70 28
Tamil Nadu 60.98 6
Mizoram 24.09 29
Telangana 54.18 7
Manipur 23.47 30
Andhra Pradesh 51.84 8
Meghalaya 22.36 31
Goa 50.40 9
Arunachal Pradesh 21.93 32
Madhya Pradesh 49.89 10
Andaman and Nicobar 19.29 33
Chandigarh 49.87 11
Islands
Jharkhand 49.39 12
Nagaland 16.15 34
Uttar Pradesh 48.81 13
Ladakh 13.10 35
Punjab 47.59 14
Lakshadweep 4.98 36
Kerala 47.19 15
Rajasthan 47.15 16
Uttarakhand 44.67 17
West Bengal 44.38 18
Himachal Pradesh 40.40 19
Chhattisgarh 40.37 20
Assam 37.08 21
Odisha 36.94 22
Jammu and Kashmir 36.61 23
Export Ecosystem Pillar

Gujarat 85.21 1 Tripura 23.24 20
Maharashtra 81.27 2 Manipur 18.72 21
Uttar Pradesh 55.48 3 Chandigarh 18.32 22
Karnataka 52.68 4 Puducherry 17.79 23
Uttarakhand 49.90 5 Bihar 17.69 24
Assam 46.65 6 Goa 16.33 25
Tamil Nadu 44.43 7 Jharkhand 15.67 26
Punjab 41.67 8 Delhi 13.62 27
Haryana 40.38 9 Jammu and Kashmir 12.24 28
Andhra Pradesh 37.03 10 Andaman and 10.89 29
Nicobar Islands
Madhya Pradesh 36.45 11
Dadra Nagar and 10.38 30
Telangana 33.24 12
Haveli & Daman and
Kerala 31.81 13 Diu
Chhattisgarh 30.83 14 Arunachal Pradesh 3.94 31
Himachal Pradesh 30.60 15 Meghalaya 3.59 32
West Bengal 29.03 16 Nagaland 3.38 33
Sikkim 26.13 17 Mizoram 2.73 34
Odisha 26.05 18 Ladakh 2.10 35
Rajasthan 23.67 19 Lakshadweep 0.00 36
Export Performance Pillar

Gujarat 100.00 1 Uttar Pradesh 29.11 12
Andhra Pradesh 50.85 2 Karnataka 26.39 13
Maharashtra 49.37 3 Kerala 24.74 14
Punjab 46.44 4 Madhya Pradesh 24.33 15
Tamil Nadu 41.48 5 West Bengal 22.94 16
Rajasthan 40.23 6 Delhi 20.12 17
Haryana 37.51 7 Uttarakhand 19.80 18
Goa 36.12 8 Puducherry 16.21 19
Telangana 31.67 9 Jharkhand 13.47 20
Odisha 30.83 10 Chhattisgarh 9.95 21
Himachal Pradesh 29.13 11 Assam 9.53 22

Dadra Nagar and 8.38 23 Ladakh 0.90 30
Haveli & Daman and Tripura 0.90 31
Diu
Andaman and 0.88 32
Jammu and Kashmir 7.87 24 Nicobar Islands
Bihar 6.34 25 Arunachal Pradesh 0.82 33
Chandigarh 5.57 26 Manipur 0.71 34
Sikkim 2.53 27 Lakshadweep 0.65 35
Nagaland 1.73 28 Mizoram 0.63 36
Meghalaya 1.70 29
PILLAR AND SUB PILLAR -

ANALYSIS
Pillar One: POLICY
Category Policy states/UTs have performed Maharashtra, among the top

Coastal 71.53 above the national average 5 scores in the policy pillar.
in Policy Pillar. Himachal Pradesh (61.68) and
Himalayan 32.44
Tripura (57.76) have scored
Landlocked 72.11
Out of 36 states/UTs, at least highest amongst Himalayan
UT/city average 26.67
19 have scored more than states, leaving other states
National 49.95
average the national average in the behind in implementing
sub pillar export promotion policy measures.
policy and institutional
The Policy Pillar consists framework. Amongst UT/City-states,
of two sub-pillars: Export Goa is a positive outlier as
Promotion Policy and Madhya Pradesh has it has scored highest in the
Institutional Framework. This occupied the highest score category. Other city-states
pillar reflects whether policy in the policy pillar, i.e., 94.66. like Chandigarh and Delhi
measures have enabled This is because it has all the had no policy in place and
necessary conditions to policy measures to steer hence have performed
ensure a pathway for export growth in India’s poorly in this pillar; as a
export-led growth in the landlocked state. It is closely result, bringing down the
region. Overall, 22 out of 36 followed by coastal states overall U.T./city average
like Gujarat, Karnataka & score to 19.50.
Sub-Pillar One: EXPORT PROMOTION POLICY
Category Export promotion around export promotion

Coastal 83.42 based on its performance
measurement system.
Himalayan 33.43
Landlocked 80.97
Lack of sector-specific
export policies, marketing
National average 54.99
support and policy emphasis
on product quality and
As the average above KERALA is the only state standards has dragged the
suggests, this sub-pillar which has not performed Himalayan states and Union
is dominated by coastal well despite being a coastal Territories down in the sub-
and landlocked states as state, with 43.62 below the pillar rankings. Most of them
top performers. Coastal national average. It has only have also fared poorly in
states have the highest identified export promotion this sub-pillar as they have
average score of 83.42, policy and sector-specific scored below the sub-pillar
with Maharashtra, Gujarat, exports in the region, with no average of 17.65. In UT-city
Karnataka, and Odisha focus on the sector-specific states, Delhi, Chandigarh,
scoring a perfect 100. exports and a standard and Puducherry have scored
However, a score of 100 district export action plan. 0 on all indicators.
here only indicates the The lack of absolute focus
states ability to implement on an effective export policy UTTAR PRADESH and
the strategic measures reflects later in the export ASSAM have performed
evaluated relative to the performance of states. exceptionally well in this sub-
rest of the country. It only Identifying focus areas such pillar in landlocked states.
implies that the other states as thrust sector for exports, This is why its performance is
lag behind in identifying valid district, and sector- at par with the coastal states
and implementing export specific export policy isn’t like Tamil Nadu. Both states
promotion measures than enough. Marketing support have no district-specific
those scoring 100 in the and other policy measures export policy but have all
sub-pillar. Moreover, policy such as product quality other policy measures in
measures alone cannot drive standards and performance place.
export promotion in any measurement systems
region. States would need to are crucial for effective BIHAR has performed
implement these measures export promotion policy. extremely well in the export
to increase their export Still, only 10 out of 36 states promotion policy sub-pillar.
growth. have facilitation measures It has all policy measures
except for facilitating the marketing supporting and which have also scored 89.98
performance measurement award systems to create an in this sub pillar. Overall,
system. It has identified encouraging environment less variation in scores of
sector-specific Policy for promoting exports in landlocked states has been
for exports, thrust sector the region. This is why its observed in the policy sub
for exports, and product performance is at par pillar.
quality and standards with the other landlocked
Policy. Moreover, it has states of Madhya Pradesh,
other mechanisms, such as Rajasthan and Punjab,
llar FIGURE 23 : State wise Export Promotion Policy scores EPI Score
0.0 100.00
on Longitude (generated) and Latitude (generated). Color shows Export promotional policy. Details ar
Sub-Pillar Two: INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

Category Institutional framework that only 7 out of 36 states
Coastal 59.64 have no existing state-
Himalayan 31.45 centre coordination cell.
Landlocked 63.24
UT/city average 24.94 In the himalayan states
National average 44.92 category, only encouraging
performance has been
displayed by Uttarakhand
In this sub pillar, Madhya a total of 17 states hasn’t which scored a total score
Pradesh is a positive outlier met for DEPC meetings in of 62.86. It has access to an
with a perfect score of 100. the last year. This has been existing empowered export
Its overall performance reflected in their scores as committee, international
relative to the rest of the they show less variation. markets, and a state-centre
country is high since it’s the coordination cell. Moreover,
only state which has scored In Coastal states, DEPC has held 13 meetings
high across all indicators Maharashtra has scored and appointed a full-time
measured in the institutional 64.94, and Kerala has export commissioner in the
framework. Its performance achieved 63.53 in this sub past year. The region is
is consistent with its pillar. This implies that closely followed by Tripura,
performance in export while states have identified with a score of 55. Their
promotion policy. It has specific export promotion efforts clearly reflect their
achieved 89.32, reflecting policy measures, they are performance, as its score
the importance of both sub also required to equally is much higher than U.T./
pillars to perform well in the build the policy necessary City-states average scores.
policy pillar. infrastructure to implement It is further noted that a
the vision. substantial effort to develop
Scores of states in this the policy vision will lead to a
sub pillar are also based Himalayan states & U.T./city better enabling environment
on whether states having states have scored 31.45 and for export promotion in the
District export promotion 24.94, respectively, which region.
committee (DEPC) have is lower than the national
met in the last year. It has average of 44.92. Moreover,
been noted that Sikkim, most of them don’t have
Meghalaya & Andaman and state-centre coordination
the Nicobar Islands have not cells and grievance
constituted DEPC. Moreover, redressal. It is further noted
ar FIGURE 24 : State wise Institutional Framework scores Institutional Framework
0.0 100.00
Longitude (generated) and Latitude (generated). Color shows Institutional Framework. Details are show
Pillar Two: BUSINESS ECOSYSTEM

Category Business Ecosystem
Coastal 58.32
Himalayan 27.94
Landlocked 46.05
A robust business
environment attracts
investment in any region.
It contributes to a greater
capacity of exporters in the
trade expansion of a region.
It truly reflects the internal
and external factors such as
investor-friendly policies and
a balance between levels
of protection and incentives
that encourage the private
sector’s contribution in
the region. The Business
Ecosystem pillar evaluates
states performance across
four components: Business
Environment, Infrastructure,
Transport Connectivity and
Access to Finance.
Maharashtra and Karnataka satisfactory performance

are the top performers in on the Innovation index has
coastal categories and is also driven its score in the
closely followed by Gujarat business environment sub
and Tamil Nadu. These pillar. Therefore, since Delhi
states have performed well has high performance across
on ease of doing business all the sub pillars, it has
and are benefitted by higher scored highest in this pillar.
investment inflows. All of
these states offer investor- Overall, most of the states
friendly services for obtaining have shown satisfactory
infrastructure-related utilities performance except states
like power availability, in the Himalayan category.
industrial land etc. whereas, Uttarakhand has emerged
landlocked states such as as a top performer in this
Haryana, Telangana and category with a score of
Madhya Pradesh are top 44.67, which has scored
performers in this pillar. above the national average
i.e., 42.14. However, the rest
Under the category of of the states in this category
U.T./City-states, Delhi has have scored below the
expectedly performed well national average, which
with a score of 88.58, leaving has been reflected in their
behind almost at par with scores. Most of the states
other top performers in struggles with issues related
Maharashtra. Delhi performs to transport connectivity
well on this front mainly due in comparison with other
to higher FDI inflows and categories of states. But
investment attracted owing these scores can improve in
to the fact that it is the future as there is room for
national capital. Moreover, improvement for states by
UT City has one of the best increasing access to finance
transport connectivity as to existing and new business
it has displayed strength along with better internet
in terms of its performance connectivity facilities.
logistics sector. This is
reflected by its score of
3.36 in Leads Index. Delhi’s
Sub-Pillar One: BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

significant ticket investments.
Category Business Environment
The National Payments
Coastal 81.78
Corporation of India (NPCI)
Himalayan 42.85
invests US70 million in its
Landlocked 75.57
own Tier-IV data centre in
Hyderabad.55 This has been
reflected in its Ease of doing
business score of 48.6.
This sub-pillar captures of Telangana, Andhra
all the necessary and Pradesh and Gujarat have Telangana’s performance
different factors that enable significantly contributed to is a positive outlier; hence
substantial aspects of this. it must be understood
the business environment. relative to other states. The
To assess the enabling Telangana, a landlocked state’s efforts at improving
business environment, state, has shown the the business environment
states are measured on best performance with are commendable. Still,
indicators like labour reforms, 100 scores, leaving Uttar there is definitely scope for
Innovation capacity, and the Pradesh and Rajasthan improvement in the state’s
investments attracted in the behind. This is primarily performance in future.
last three investor summits. due to its innovation index
And finally, measures such performance and lower In Himalayan states, top
as single-window, power power cost. The capital city performances are displayed
availability and industrial of Telangana, Hyderabad, by Uttarakhand. The state
power costs. is a hub for Information has attracted significant
Technology (I.T.) and the investments over the last
Overall, there is the excellent pharmaceutical industry. This three years. It has brought
performance of all states is also reflected in its top 10 initiatives such as single-
in this sub pillar. At least 17 export basket commodities. window clearances to ease
states have scored above Moreover, Hyderabad is setting up businesses.
the national average. As emerging as a hotspot in
the average scores suggest, the data centre space. IT, One of the surprising low
coastal and landlocked ITeS, pharmaceuticals, and performances was Odisha
states have performed cloud solution companies’ among the coastal states.
better than other states. presence in the state act Although Odisha, unlike
The overperformance as demand drivers for its other high-performing
55
https://www.ibef.org/states/telangana.aspx
coastal and landlocked the most cost-competitive environment. Sikkim, Manipur,

counterparts, has not state judged by the cost Meghalaya and Mizoram
attracted significant of setting up and running a have performed poorly
investments within the business. as there was no investor’s
assigned period, it has summit in the last three
taken additional measures Cost-competitiveness is years. Further, they have
to create an enabling a practice that can be performed lowest on all
environment to attract emulated by other states parameters that matter for
businesses. For instance, across all the categories investment.
Odisha has been rated as to boost their business
ar FIGURE 25 : State wise Business Environment scores Business Environment
0.0 100.00
n Longitude (generated) and Latitude (generated). Color shows Business Environment. Details are shown
Sub-Pillar Two: INFRASTRUCTURE

Category Infrastructure the country. The number of
Coastal 42.51 wireless data subscribers per
Himalayan 17.95 lakh population for Delhi is
Landlocked 26.53 232011.8, while the national
UT/city average 34.40 average stands at 110072.3.
In the Himalayan category,
Himachal Pradesh and
In this sub pillar, Uttar Pradesh has the Uttarakhand have performed
good performance is second highest cluster well. Still, their scores are
dominated by U.T. city strength, i.e., 61, and it has lower than the national
and coastal states. They scored above the national average. The state has
have scored above the average. Haryana and 158931.3 subscribers per lakh
national average, i.e., Madhya Pradesh have also population, which is higher
29.91. Delhi dominates in scored above the national than the national average.
the U.T. city-state with average in the landlocked
a score of 75.57, and category. On the other hand, a peer
Maharashtra has scored state like Uttarakhand has
100 in the infrastructure Cluster strength represents only 128094.6 subscribers.
sub-pillar. the potential of a Thus, hilly states are at a
region’s cluster portfolio natural disadvantage and
Maharashtra’s good measured by summing up do not have adequate
performance is driven by an the performance across infrastructure to steer
increased presence of I.T. individual clusters based business growth. However,
and Software technology on employment creation, increased industrial land as a
parks, i.e. 653. Moreover, as specialization, and location percentage of total area and
a percentage of the region’s quotient. This provides the cluster strength has helped
total area, higher industrial state with an opportunity to them perform well under this
land reflects its robust promote these clusters and sub pillar.
infrastructure for supporting accelerate their exports.
the environment for exports.
Maharashtra is also the The high score of Delhi is
top performer in displaying mainly driven by the fact
cluster strength. Its cluster that it provides the highest
strength stands at 82, while internet connections in
the country average is 36.25.
FIGURE 26 : State wise Infrastructure scores Infrastructure
r 0.0 100.00
ongitude (generated) and Latitude (generated). Color shows Infrastructure. Details are s
Sub-Pillar Three: TRANSPORT CONNECTIVITY

Category Transport Connectivity Karnataka & Delhi, the
Coastal 53.30 common factor has well-
Himalayan 29.92 established air-cargo
Landlocked 41.10 facilities, multimodal
UT/city average 30.59 logistic hubs, and inland
National average 38.40 container depots.
This enables them to

ensure smooth transport of
goods and attract major
investments for the states.
Delhi has the record of
handling the second highest
freight management in the
country, primarily because it
is the nation’s capital.
LEADS Index measures the

performance of states in
the logistics sector. States
like Gujarat, Punjab and
Chandigarh have the highest
LEADS index score, i.e., 3.62,
3.46 and 3.45, respectively.
However, states that scored
high on the LEADS index
haven’t necessarily scored
high in this pillar.
Overall, only 8 states, Maharashtra have There is a considerable gap

out of which four are emerged as the top- in Haryana’s and the rest of
coastal regions, have performing states under the state’s performance in
scored above the this sub-pillar. Delhi the Landlocked category.
national average, is at par with the top- Haryana has scored
i.e. 38.40. Karnataka, performing states. In 84.04, whereas all other
Delhi, Haryana and all these states except landlocked states except
Assam have scored below management, multimodal 15 states have Multi

38.40, i.e., the national hubs, air cargo facilities and Modal Logistics Hubs
average. On the other scored low on the LEADS (MMLH) and 17 states
hand, barring Uttarakhand, index. have ICDs.
Himalayan states lack freight
FIGURE 27 : State wise Transport Connectivity scores Transport Connectivity
0.0 100.00
ated) and Latitude (generated) and Latitude (generated). Color shows Transport Connectivit
Sub-Pillar Four: ACCESS TO FINANCE

Category Access to Finance accentuated. This is due
Coastal 55.6 to the higher percentage
Himalayan 21.02 of banking facilities in
Landlocked 44.74 the region, measured
UT/city average 38.23 relative to its population,
National average 39.62 even though these
regions have no loan
Overall, Delhi, Maharashtra These are the same states schemes for exporters
and Karnataka have scored with the top share in total and FDI inflow as a
high in the sub pillar. Delhi is FDI inflows. Gujarat was percentage of state GDP
a positive outlier in U.T/City- the top recipient state is also less than 1 per
states with a score of 100 during 2020-21 with a 37 per cent, except for Delhi.
relative to the performance cent share of the total FDI Most of the Himalayan
of the rest of the states. The equity inflows, followed by states do not even have
score is driven high due to Maharashtra (27 per cent) the scheme provision to
the state providing higher and Karnataka (13 per cent). provide loans to their
credit to exporters and the exporters.
influx of higher FDI inflows. It has been observed
that Himalayan and Gujarat’s score has
Overall, only 5 states have U.T./city states scores dipped to 50.95 due to
FDI inflow as a percentage relative to coastal banking facilities per
of GSDP greater than one. and landlocked states lakh population, i.e. 13.8
56
per cent being lower of GDP is more than 1 per

than states in Himalayan cent, it has to improve
and UT/city category. in other measures to
Even though its FDI improve access to
inflow as a percentage finance.56
ar FIGURE 28 : State wise Access to Finance scores Access to Finance
0.0 100.00
56
Longitude (generated) and Latitude (generated). Color shows Access to Finance. Details are shown
Pillar Three: EXPORT ECOSYSTEM

In the Himalayan category,
Category Export Ecosystem
only Uttarakhand and
Coastal 48.44
Himachal Pradesh have
Himalayan 18.03
performed well by scoring
Landlocked 34.17
above the national average
of 27.59. Himachal Pradesh
lacks an informative trade
guide but has conducted
The pillar export ecosystem Overall, 28 states out of 36 146 capacity building
aims to assess the conducive states/UTs have scored workshops as a part of trade
business environment above the national average, support. On the other hand,
specific to exports. It’s i.e., 27.59 in the export Uttarakhand has 11 projects
imperative to support ecosystem. Uttar Pradesh, approved under the TIES
existing firms to increase Assam and Punjab have scheme. Its membership of
productivity and boost emerged as top-performing exporters has also increased,
competition in all states and states in this pillar among the reflecting the state’s effort in
union territories. This pillar landlocked states. The UT/ improving the existing export
has considered indicators city states have performed ecosystem.
underlined in export poorly primarily because
infrastructure, research and the regions lag behind in The other hilly states are
development infrastructure export infrastructure and lagging behind because they
and available trade support there is inadequate support have not taken adequate
to business in the states. for trade. This is observed steps to improve existing
as some of the UT have trade support and export
Most of the coastal states not provided complete infrastructure. Further, there
which have performed best information regarding certain is scope for improvement in
in the Business Ecosystem indicators in the sub pillars. creating an enabling export
pillar have also scored high infrastructure.
in the Export ecosystem.
This further implies their
significant progress in
creating an enabling export
system. However, most of
the states still lag behind in
achieving the same.
Sub-Pillar One: EXPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

exhibition centres in this
Category Export Infrastructure
category.
Coastal 50.41
Himalayan 11.17
In the Landlocked category
Landlocked 35.51
– Telangana (17.45)
and Jharkhand (16.50)
need to fill gaps in their
infrastructure facilities to
Overall, the Coastal states approvals and 22 SEZs with improve the overall export
have performed exceedingly notified approvals. This has
57
ecosystem. This can be
well, as displayed by their been reflected in the state’s done by introducing export
average scores. All states in revenue generation by Food promotion hubs SEZ in the
this category have scored and Agro-Industry units in regions and making trade
above the national average, SEZs during the last two guides more transparent
i.e., 24.33, except Andhra years. It has jumped from and accessible with relevant
Pradesh, with 20.75. 21.94 crores in 2019-20 to export information. This will
41.32 crores in 2020-21. improve the existing export
Gujarat: Gujarat is the top Moreover, their export infrastructure, improving
performer in this sub-pillar promotion hubs are diverse the export of various
with a perfect score of 100, and spread across the state. commodities and services.
which is a positive outlier. Since the variation between On the other hand, UP
Its performance relative to Gujarat and other states is (55.28) and Punjab(45.53)
other states needs to be high, it’s a positive outlier. have ranked high due to Agri
understood very carefully. Gujarat can serve as a role export zones and performed
Gujarat scored high due model for its peer states to well in other indicators.
to the increased Export strengthen export promotion
Promotion Industrial parks, parks and hubs. Its score All those under the category
Export Promotion Zones and should only be seen as a of union territories/city-
Special Economic Zones benchmark for improving states do not have any
with 15 Agri export zones. It peer states. trade guide or online portal
boasts of the presence of 21 except Andaman and
operational SEZs. In addition, Further, only two states, Nicobar Island, which has an
as of December 2020, Andhra Pradesh and online portal. Accessibility
Gujarat had four SEZs with Kerala have no presence of of information, thus, remains
valid in-principle approvals, knowledge and information a significant challenge for
26 SEZs with formal portal for exporters & trade the majority of these states.
57
This reflects clearly in the U.T./cities states category with a poor average score within the
sub-pillar. Overall, only 16 states provide a trade guide, and 19 states offer an online portal for
exporters. This reflects that most states have a challenge in providing information related to
existing infrastructure.
FIGURE 29 : State wise Export Infrastructure scores Export Infrastructure
0.0 100.00
gitude (generated) and Latitude (generated). Color shows Export Infrastructure. Details
Sub-Pillar Two: TRADE SUPPORT

Category Trade Support Karnataka, which have an
Coastal 14.81 existing strong presence in
Himalayan 4.78 the export system. These
Landlocked 11.06 states have more than 6
UT/city average 0.26 projects approved under
National average 7.63 this scheme. Meanwhile,
Uttarakhand has the highest
number of projects approved
Trade support has the lowest been launched to enhance in the Himalayan category,
national average across all export competitiveness i.e., 11, highest across all other
sub pillars of the index. All of regions by focusing on states approved under the
states and union territories export-oriented projects; TIES scheme.
have performed low under Hence bridging sector-
this pillar, especially union specific infrastructure gaps Assam: Assam’s Performance
territories and himalayan in export infrastructure by has emerged as an excellent
states. further addressing quality example for himalayan
and certification measures. 58
regions on how the State’s
States need to identify key efforts improve its trade
trade facilitation issues in The projects under this support to exporters. Assam
strategic policies and further scheme have been has held 15 trade fairs and
assess capacity building/ approved for states like conducted 21 workshop
orientation workshops to Maharashtra, Gujarat and
ensure trade support to
exporters in the region.
These workshops are
organized to bridge the
gap in information among
exporters, which guides the
states to improve the quality
of their export products
and benefit from potential
market opportunities in the
export landscape.
Trade Infrastructure for

Export Scheme (TIES) has
58
“Trade Infrastructure for Export Scheme” (TIES) Guidelines 15th FCP (FY 2021-22 to FY 2025-26)
training for capacity building comparable states. Assam’s

of exporters. Furthermore, efforts in these parameters
they have the highest have driven its score to 33.95,
enrolment of members in the higher than the national
export promotion council average (7.63). This score is
accounting for 26.43 per highest across all states in
cent, which stands at zero or this pillar.
one per cent for all the other
r FIGURE 30 : State wise Trade Support scores Trade Support
0.0 100.00
ongitude (generated) and Latitude (generated). Color shows Trade Support. Details are shown for State
Sub-Pillar Three: R&D INFRASTRUCTURE

Category R & D Infrastructure helps increase exports,
Coastal 31.64 further improving its region’s
Himalayan 20.14 competitiveness and
Landlocked 21.71 economic growth.
National average 23.19 The increase in exports
driven by knowledge
There is a consensus in improve the efficiency of accumulation can be
the economics literature existing firms and have obtained through only
on technology as an spillover effects in the region. endogenous R&D activities.
endogenous variable in As R&D activities increase, The created innovations
increasing exports. Research products or services become resulting from R&D activities
and Development (R&D) more innovative and meet domestic demand and
activities lead to the competitive in international foreign demand through
creation and development markets, thus leading to export61.
of new products based on a competitive advantage
knowledge and technology. that positively affects the
New Production techniques region’s exports.59,60 This
59
Neves, A., Teixeira, A. A. C., Silva, S. T. (2016). Exports- R & D investment complementarity and economic performance of
firms located in Portugal. Investigación Económica, 75(295), 125-156.
60
Yüksel, S. (2017). The impacts of research and development expenses on export and economic growth. International
Business and Accounting Research Journal, 1(1), 1-8.
61
Özer, M., Çiftçi, N. (2009). Ar-Ge harcamaları ve ihracat ilişkisi: OECD ülkeleri panel veri analizi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi
Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23, 39-49.
States need to increase their going into Experimental The indicators measured
R&D expenditure driven by Development Research. under this pillar are
the private sector, especially There is a need for the proportion to either state
in export-oriented activities, private sector and state population, GSDP or
to increase their footprint governments to increase the businesses. Therefore, their
in the foreign export overall R&D spending. performance needs to be
landscape. Therefore, the evaluated with caution. In
state’s spending on R&D States in the coastal the Himalayan category,
as a percentage of Gross category have performed states like Manipur (34.19),
State Domestic product best in this pillar across all Uttarakhand (40.49) and
has been introduced as a indicators. This is because Sikkim (50) have scored
new parameter in the pillar. Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, higher than the national
This will ensure that the Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, average, i.e. 23.19. Similarly,
state does not ignore the and Karnataka have scores of landlocked
complementarity in R&D and the highest number of states, like Punjab (30.91),
exports in the long run. NABL accredited labs Madhya Pradesh (24.79)
and inspection agencies and Uttar Pradesh (24.52),
According to DST 2019-20 accredited by NABCBs. The are lower than states in the
data, it has been observed High scores of these states Himalayan category. Their
that all the states of India are driven by complimenting scores were affected as
spend less than 1 per cent performance in other they are measured relative
of their R&D expenditure indicators such as R&D to their large populations
relative to its state gross spending and percentage of and businesses. It is not due
domestic product. Only 13 professional college per lakh to the bad performance
states have expenditure of the population. of these states across R&D
more than the national indicators. It’s important to
average of states, i.e., Only 13 states have understand this to evaluate
₹232.63 crores. Furthermore, inspection agencies the performance of all states
it is also noted that the accredited by the National keeping these factors in
driving force in the spending Accreditation Board for mind.
in R&D activities of a region Certification Bodies (NABCB).
should not be only the The role of inspection
central government. agencies accredited by
NABCB and NABL accredited
In most developed countries, labs is critical in certifying
the private sector majorly the safety and quality of
drives the R&D expenditure, products exported from India
with significant investment in tune with international
standards.
r FIGURE 31 : State wise R&D Infrastructure scores R@D Infrastructure
0.0 100.00
ongitude (generated) and Latitude (generated). Color shows R & D Infrastructure. Details are shown fo
Pillar Four: EXPORT PERFORMANCE
Category Export Performance
Coastal 43.19
Himalayan 6.43
Landlocked 24.70
The Export performance Only 16 states out of 36 and Himachal Pradesh

examines the reach of export states/UTs have scored are the only eight states
footprint and diversification above the national average that have scored above
across all states and union in the Export performance the national average in
territory; it’s the only output pillar. Their performance has sub-pillars; growth and
based pillar. varied drastically for two orientation & export
reasons: Regional Export diversification.
The strong performance of Disparity, as coastal states
coastal states contributed a continue to dominate the In most developed countries,
68 per cent share in India’s export sector across states the private sector majorly
exports. This is observed of India. Another reason is drives the R&D expenditure,
in the category’s average that indicators have been with significant investment
score, i.e. 43.19, which is evaluated relative to their going into experimental
above the national average. exports’ contribution to its research.
As with Gujarat, the export GDP, which impacts scores
share is 20.83, and the lowest of smaller regions.
is in Kerala with 1.35. This has
been reflected in Gujarat’s Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh,
top rank, and Kerala is at the Maharashtra, Punjab,
bottom in this category. Haryana, Telangana, Odisha
Sub-Pillar One: GROWTH AND ORIENTATION
Category Growth & Orientation an average score of coastal
Coastal 32.07 states, i.e., 15.55. Gujarat is a

positive outlier with a perfect
Himalayan 5.01
score of 100. The score has
Landlocked 13.99
accentuated high as scores
are relative to the remaining
states of India. It must be
noted there is a considerable
This sub-pillar measures of exports. Similarly, the scope of improvement in
the relative growth in the number of exporters present Gujarat’s export growth.
state-level exports. Through in the state will indicate a Since 2010, its exports share
the export-GDP ratio, conducive environment. have hovered around 20-22
the states will be able to There is a considerable gap per cent 62. Further progress
assess the contribution in the national average and in the state’s export growth
62
DGCIS calculations
63
State wise Export Data -Ministry of commerce and Industry dashboard
is imperative. Therefore, its products, pharmaceuticals including Delhi Chandigarh,

high performance should be has continued to drive its have scored lower than the
understood carefully with exports to share in India. 65
national average. In the
respect to the rest of the U.T./city state category,
states. Furthermore, the exporters Goa is closely followed by
in the region have also Puducherry with 21.65. The
Gujarat’s performance is increased, reflected in the performance of Puducherry
high, contributing more state’s expanding export is encouraging as it has
than 20.83 per cent to growth. scored relatively high than
India’s exports . Further,
63
its peers due to its improved
its performance is driven Goa, a U.T./city state, has share in exports by 20.11
due to its rise in the share scored 53.94 and has the per cent. There is also
of manufacturing exports, second-highest overall an increase in exporters,
reflecting its higher value. score. Its difference is 45.87 which has reflected the
The coastal state is the with Gujarat’s score in this state’s attempt to improve
world’s largest producer sub pillar score. Its score is its export growth. It must
of processed diamonds. It low as there are no active be noted that there is an
accounts for 72 per cent Import-Export Codes (IEC) increase in exporters in
of the world’s processed in the region, and exporters only 10 out of 36 regions
diamond share. Moreover,
64
decreased in 2020-21. reflecting the need to assess
its top 10 export basket There are no active IECs its existing initiatives to
contribution in agro in any U.T./city-state. The improve export growth and
chemicals, petroleum rest of the U.T./city states, orientation.
64
https://www.ibef.org/states/gujarat.aspx
65
Ministry of commerce and Industry dashboard
r FIGURE 32 : State wise Growth and Orientation scores Growth & Orientation
0.0 100.00
Longitude (generated) and Latitude (generated). Color shows Growth & Orientation. Details are shown for
Sub-Pillar Two: EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION
Category Export Diversification
Coastal 54.30
Himalayan 7.83
Landlocked 35.58
Diversification of exports can With a score of 75.73, Tamil It is noted that Uttar
lower instability in export Nadu has shown its resilience Pradesh’s performance
earnings and increase in exports even though its is better relative to other
revenue through various share of exports in India states in this category. The
other channels. Export decreased from 9.58 in top 10 export basket is
diversification captures 2019-20 to 8.98 in 2020-21. majorly driven by Telecom
changes in the composition It’s driven by its’ diversified instruments, Buffalo meat,
of a region’s existing export manufacturing sector. Its Carpet excl skill made, which
basket mix or destinations exports basket consisted of has reflected in its share of
and the extent to which top exports in the footwear exports of 2020-21.67 There
the region’s exports have of leather, motor vehicle/ is a jump of 0.65 per cent
reached existing and new car, RMG cotton and other in its exports from 2019-20.
markets. It is measured via textile material and auto Uttar Pradesh’s Performance
export concentration and components. It has further is above the national
market penetration. been observed that the average due to high export
Chennai Sea remained as a concentration and diversified
Export concentration is used choice under the top 5 ports top export basket, especially
to measure the dispersion of for exports with USD 11890.8 when compared to coastal
trade value across a state’s million in 2020-21. regions. Its market extent
export products. In contrast, is not much diversified.
Market penetration measures Further, it has been observed Haryana follows Uttar
the extent to which a state’s that even though Andhra Pradesh (55.35) closely with a
exports have reached proven Pradesh’s share in exports score of 53.60 as its exports
markets in a year. This also has improved by 19 per cent were driven by basmati
tells us whether regions are over last year. This is mainly rice, auto component part,
diversifying to new markets due to the rise in foreign engineering equipment etc.
and to what extent. demand of marine, ship, Even though Rajasthan has
boat and floating struct; emerged as a top performer
In this pillar, coastal however, there is scope for in the landlocked states, with
states have satisfactory more improvement in its the state being a leading
performance. These states performance. Only Kerala exporter in sandstone.
share accounted for 49.8 per is a negative outlier in this Rajasthan exports sandstone
cent of exports in 2020-21. category due to its lower to 78 countries out of 113
Gujarat’s score is the only product concentration countries. Still, its export
positive outlier with 100, and market penetration concentration is relatively
followed by Maharashtra performance. low compared to its global
(76.37) and Tamil Nadu market extent, which needs
(75.73). 66
to be looked into.
66
State wise Export Data – Ministry of Commerce and Industry dashboard
67
DGCIS data
States in the Himalayan borders with neighbouring connectivity to support

category have untapped countries. This has also been exports. The potentiality is
potential as they have reflected in their average immense, but regions need
borderland advantages in scores of 27.94 business to identify industries and
trade. Especially for states ecosystems. It is low due to products with comparative
like Mizoram, Manipur, Sikkim, lack of infrastructure, volatile advantage.
Tripura, which have the borders, weak business
advantage of close trade environment, weak transport
ar FIGURE 33 : State wise Export Diversification scores Export Diversification
0.0 100.00
n Longitude (generated) and Latitude (generated). Color shows Export Diversiﬁcation. Details are s
Comparison between
2021
2020 rankings
Before comparing states, it observed that there are standardized data has been
is imperative to remember gaps in data provided taken to ensure states remain
that Export Preparedness by states and central comparable.
as an exercise will continue government. Such gaps
to deepen with every new can cause considerable The idea is to make a robust
addition. As the exercise variations in scores and have framework that deepens the
goes along, there will be been considered before state’s actions to improve
some methodological calculating rankings. Overall its manufacturing base
changes. It will remain true to data provided by state and export landscape for
the objective, i.e., identifying governments merely reflects a competitive industrial
untapped potential and their effort to understand environment. This is
opportunities for each state their respective export exceedingly important as
to address various export- ecosystem in-depth. India aims to double its
related challenges. merchandise and service
Before calculating rankings, exports to over USD 1 trillion
In the second edition, it it is imperative to use under the New Foreign Trade
has been observed that comparable data; to ensure Policy by 2026.
the granularity of data has that data has been collected
improved, and there are from the same source. No
changes in the methodology state has been penalized as
and weights assigned to
new indicators. It has been
Landlocked Category
In the Landlocked category, Moreover, Assam’s R&D infrastructure. But its
Assam is up two notches performance has shown the overall scores have fallen
over 2020 and now ranks state’s efforts to improve its in the export ecosystem
7 . The overall score is up
th
trade support to exporters. and export performance
18.76 points to 41.57. It places It has held 15 trade fairs pillars. Moreover, the
15 across all states of India
th
and conducted 21 workshop state needs to improve
and union territories. Assam training for capacity building its efforts in strengthening
has improved in the eight of exporters. These factors policy measures for better
sub pillars and outperforms have driven it’s score high performance in the export
the national average in 4 overall. preparedness index.
of the 11 sub-pillars. It has
performed exceptionally Telangana has slipped
well in this sub-pillar but has from 2nd to 4th position in
all other policy measures in the landlocked category. Its
place. It has all the policy performance has improved
mechanisms except for in the Business Environment,
no district-specific export Access to finance and
action plan.
Punjab improves four has a 3.46 LEADS index However, it lags behind in
positions, reaching 4 in
th
score. The overall condition trade support to exporters
this category. Its scores has improved scores in and export diversification of
have increased from 39.63 the business environment, basket, which require careful
to 50.99 in 2021. The state is transport connectivity, attention to improve its
making strides to increase access to finance and overall export preparedness
its Agri-export zones and R& D efforts in the region. score.
There is a fall in the overall But their variation in overall of exports is lower than 2.3
scores of Chattisgarh, ranks is high, as other states per cent, reflecting a need to
Jharkhand and Rajasthan. have performed better than assess their existing export
Their overall scores haven’t these states on all the sub ecosystem to perform better
fallen drastically in the index. pillars. Moreover, their share in export performance.
Uttar Pradesh and Madhya business environment, export possible in the short run if
Pradesh have improved and R&D infrastructure they continue their efforts
their overall ranks by 5 scores. However, they have a to strengthen the export
positions from 11 and 12
th th
long way to go as their input ecosystem, which will improve
rank respectively in EPI 2020. pillars’ good performance is their export performance
This is because there is an not reflected in their output- more evidently.
overall improvement in their based pillar scores. This is
Haryana’s position is up However, progress in by improving export

two places from 3 to 1 rd st
the business ecosystem diversification and
and it is a top performer in hasn’t been reflected strengthening efforts to
the landlocked category. in its export ecosystem enhance existing export
Its robust performance pillar performance. This infrastructure and trade
is reflected in improved further demonstrates support to exporters.
scores in all sub pillars of the need to improve
the business ecosystem. export competitiveness
Coastal Category
Gujarat continues to of business environment, in it’s export growth.
be a leader in export influenced by its ease However, there is the scope
preparedness ranking, with of doing business score of further diversification,
1 position. The state has
st
and improved innovative new destinations must
improved its performance capacity. It’s continued be identified based on
by 3.67 points. The state is efforts to strengthen export products in which state has a
well-positioned in terms diversification has reflected comparative advantage.
As India’s financial capital, context. At the same time, parks, a higher presence
Maharashtra attracts major it has also maintained its of clusters, and improved
investments for the states. second position (+2 points).Its export diversification.
Moreover, its relatively robust good performance is driven
export infrastructure gives it by strong basic infrastructure
an advantage compared to and export infrastructure
other states in the regional in the region, IT/ software
It noted that in Karnataka 55.17 to 61.72, and its rank is cent jump. It reflects the
and Andhra Pradesh 3 in this category. On the
rd
state’s efforts to improve
performance has improved other hand, Andhra Pradesh performance across almost
significantly. Karnataka’s scores have jumped from all sub pillars in their
score has increased from 35.58 to 50.39, i.e. 14.81 per respective regions.
Tamil Nadu’s rank is down It has been noted that there cent, especially compared
by one position from 3 tord
is a fall in the overall ranks of to the rest of the country.
4 rank in EPI 2021. A strong
th
Odisha and Kerala. Ideally, all Therefore, their relative high
performance is observed coastal states score higher performance has outpaced
in the export performance on export performance. the scores of Odisha and
pillar, an output-based pillar. Some coastal states like Kerala despite them showing
The scores have increased Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil satisfactory performance
from 35.04 to 75.73 in this Nadu and Andhra Pradesh across other pillars.
pillar. However, due to a will always dominate India’s
marginal fall in scores of overall export performance.
other pillars, the state’s Their combined share of
overall score has decreased. exports is more than 54 per
UT/City Category
In 2020, Dadra and Nagar Overall, in the UT category, lag behind in export
Haveli and Daman and Diu J&K has emerged among infrastructure, trade
were merged into one union top performers, reaching support, growth and
territory. Similarly, Ladakh 3 position. Its scores
rd
orientation, and export
scores were not evaluated have increased from 12.27 diversification, asserting
separately last year, so to 30.07. This year it has the need to improve both
a comparison cannot be performed exceptionally the business and export
made. Moreover, data well in the policy pillar. It ecosystem to support
related challenges were has provided data for all export growth in the region.
faced for some UTs this year the measures enabled
as well. in the region. However,
its scores continue to
City-states – like Delhi pillars. However, they need domain and provided by
and Goa have shown less to improve their existing DGCIS.
variation in their scores trade support and export
and they have maintained infrastructure to exporters. Overall there is a need
their first and second ranks to improve the scope of
respectively in this category. Lakshadweep has scored performance of UT/city-
Scores have improved lowest again as no data states.
in access to finance, was provided by UT. It has
business environment, been evaluated based on
and policy measures sub data available in the public
Himalayan Category
The uniqueness of the lag behind in almost all Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim
himalayan regions makes its pillars. Especially when scores have improved in
challenges more appalling as compared with all other policy measures, access to
these states have untapped states of India. Their finance, and trade support
potential but lag behind constraint remains the same, to exporters. There is huge
due to inherent constraints they lack basic infrastructure variation in ranks of states
due to their geography. and do not have the strong like Mizoram, Nagaland,
States like Sikkim, Manipur, business environment to Arunachal Pradesh but
Mizoram can develop a support a developed export it’s due to relatively
competitive advantage in infrastructure. lower performance when
certain products that help Borders volatility and weak compared with states
close trade borders with support to traders and leading in EPI index.
neighbouring countries. existing businesses have
driven scores most of the
Except for Uttarakhand, states in this category
other states in this category down. However, states like
Variation in EPI rank over the year
State Category EPI Rank 2020 EPI Rank 2021

Gujarat Coastal 1 1
Maharashtra Coastal 2 2
Karnataka Coastal 9 3
Tamil nadu Coastal 3 4
Haryana Landlocked 7 5
Uttar Pradesh Landlocked 11 6
Madhya Pradesh Landlocked 12 7
Punjab Landlocked 18 8
Andhra Pradesh Coastal 20 9
Telangana Landlocked 6 10
Rajasthan Landlocked 4 11
Delhi UT/City States 15 12
Odisha Coastal 5 13
Goa UT/City States 16 14
Assam Landlocked 28 15
Kerala Coastal 10 16
Uttarakhand Himalayan 13 17
Himachal Pradesh Himalayan 19 18
West Bengal Coastal 22 19
Jharkhand Landlocked 14 20
Chattisgarh Landlocked 8 21
Bihar Landlocked 30 22
Jammu and Kashmir UT/City States 35 23
Chandigarh UT/City States 27 24
Tripura Himalayan 17 25
Sikkim Himalayan 26 26
Puducherry UT/City States 29 27
Dadra Nagar and UT/City States
Haveli & Daman and 33 28
Diu
Manipur Himalayan 31 29
Andaman and UT/City States
32 30
Nicobar Islands
Nagaland Himalayan 24 31
Meghalaya Himalayan 21 32
Ladakh UT/City States 36 33
Mizoram Himalayan 23 34
Arunachal Pradesh Himalayan 25 35
Lakshadweep UT/City States 34 36
05
LEARNINGS AND
STRATEGIES
The Key learning that emerged from this edition of EPI has been that India scored well on
average across sub pillars. The sub pillars are export promotion policy, business environment,
transport connectivity and access to finance. India has scored an average of 36.52. Most
states and union territories have a satisfactory performance in policy & business ecosystem
pillars. Many states have fared high in export promotion policy, a sub pillar of policy.
Regional divergences are present in export preparedness in states across different pillars
and sub-pillars. This has been extensively discussed in the last chapter. The analysis
section and score cards would allow the states to track their performances over time
and enable them to track their export drivers over time.
01
It is noted that Gujarat features as a positive outlier
in several sub pillars such as export promotion policy,
export infrastructure, growth and orientation and export
diversification. Other coastal states such as Karnataka
and Maharashtra have also emerged as a positive
outlier across sub pillars. There is a considerable gap in
the national average and an average score of coastal
states like Gujarat and Maharashtra, reflecting their
higher contribution to the overall export growth of India.
Thus demonstrating that export growth has accelerated
coastal states but has not permeated beyond the rest
of the country.
02
Overall 18 out of 36 regions have scored above the
national average in the export performance pillar. It
has the lowest median in Pillar scores i.e. 17.91. Their
performance has varied drastically for two reasons:
regional export disparity, as most of the state’s
contribution to exports relative to coastal states, is
significantly less. Another reason is that indicators have
been evaluated relative to their export’s contribution
to its GDP, which impacts scores of smaller regions.
03
Trade support remains a low-scoring sub-pillar and has the lowest median score in the index
i.e. 3.02. Major states lack essential trade support, such as accessibility of information to
exporters a trade guide and have not approved projects under TIES. This makes it difficult
for states to seek financial assistance to upgrade their export ecosystem. Other than trade
support, growth and orientation remain the second-lowest sub-pillar with a median score of
7.98, reflecting the regional disparity in export growth.
04
The median scores for export infrastructure and growth and orientation sub-pillars are lower
than other sub-pillars. Export ecosystem and export performance have two pillars that
observe most states scoring below the median score for these sub-pillars.
Figure 34 : Relative Scores of States and Union Territories in Pillars & Sub-Pillars
BOX PLOT
100
Gujarat Gujarat Madhya Pradesh Gujarat Maharashtra Karnataka Delhi Gujarat Gujarat Gujarat
Madhya Pradesh
90
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
80 Maharashtra
Haryana Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Karnataka Delhi Maharashtra Tamil nadu
70 Maharashtra
Rajasthan
Gujarat
60 Tamil nadu Odisha
Karnataka
Score
Jammu and Kashmir Uttar Pradesh Goa

50 Kerala Jammu and Kashmir Haryana
Maharashtra
Himachal Pradesh
Uttarakhand
40 Andhra Pradesh
Nagaland
Chandigarh
30 Nagaland Rajasthan Odisha
Uttarakhand Gujarat
Nagaland
20
Mizoram
Arunachal Pradesh
10 Ladakh
Meghalaya
Arunachal Pradesh Manipur
Manipur
0
Dadra Nagar and Haveli & Daman and Diu Dadra Nagar and Haveli & Daman and Diu Ladakh Lakshadweep Ladakh Dadra Nagar and Haveli & Daman and Diu Ladakh
Export Ecosystem
EPI SCORE
Policy
Business
Ecosystem
Export
Performance
Export
promotional
policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversiﬁcation
Score for each Pillar/Sub-Pillar1. The marks are labeled by State1.

Sub-Pillar Key Learning

Identifying focus areas such as thrust sector for exports, valid district, and
Export sector-specific export policy isn't enough. Marketing support and other
Promotion Policy policy measures such as product quality standards and performance
measurement systems are crucial for effective export promotion policy.
Apart from identifying specific export promotion policy measures,

Institutional it is required to build the necessary infrastructure like State Center
Framework coordination cells, grievance redressal cells, access to an export
committee and international markets.
States which have taken initiatives to make the business environment

more conducive by reducing power costs, setting up single-window
Business
systems and improving innovation capacity have witnessed significant
Environment
growth. Cost competitiveness must be practised by states to improve the
business environment.
Industrial land and internet facilities are important as they reflect robust
infrastructure for supporting the environment for exports. Moreover, states
Infrastructure
with high cluster strength have a lot of potential to promote the clusters
and accelerate their exports.
Well-established air-cargo facilities, multimodal logistic hubs, and

inland container depots are necessary to ensure the smooth transport of
Transport
goods and attract major investments for the states. States which have
Connectivity
performed low in this parameter lack freight management, multimodal
hubs and air cargo facilities.
States must work on providing higher credit to exporters by increasing

Access to the banking facilities in the region relative to its population. States which
Finance have low FDI inflow but a higher percentage of the banking facilities in
the region have performed better.
Existing export infrastructure needs to be improved by introducing Export

promotion hubs SEZ and agriculture export zones in the regions and
Export
making trade guides more transparent and accessible with relevant
Infrastructure
export information. States should also work on improving access to
information.
States need to identify key trade facilitation issues in strategic policies

and further assess capacity building/orientation workshops to ensure
trade support to exporters in the region. These workshops bridge the
Trade Support
gap in information among exporters, which guides the states to improve
the quality of their export products and benefit from potential market
opportunities in the export landscape.
For increasing competitiveness in the international market, states need

to increase investment in R&D in export-oriented activities to make their
R&D products and services more innovative. Participation of the private sector
Infrastructure is important for increasing overall R&D spending. States also should
work on increasing the number of NABL accredited labs and inspection
agencies accredited by NABCBs
States that account for more than 60 per cent of exports are leading in
this sub pillar. However, other states need to identify products and further
Growth and boost manufacturing to increase exports and the number of exporters.
orientation Only 10 out of 36 states/UTs witnessed an increase in the number of
exporters, which shows the need to assess the state's existing initiatives
to improve export growth and orientation.
Diversification of exports is important for improving stability in

Export export earnings and higher revenue. States need to balance export
Diversification concentration and diversify their top exports by identifying industries and
products with comparative advantages.
Strategies
Based on the learnings, However, the purpose of the growth of exports. This
it is evident that states this Index is to promote has to be explored outside
face these fundamental competitive federalism the context of this study
challenges in export wherein each state can as it requires a much-
promotion. The learnings do identify their critical detailed analysis. However,
show that most of the states challenges from the detailed in the short run, significant
in the country have failed scorecards and then bottlenecks could be
to address intra- and inter- establish context-specific addressed by undertaking
regional disparities in exports strategies to address the the following strategies:
due to gaps in exports same. In order for states
infrastructure and further to come up with relevant
poor trade support, R&D strategies for these, it’s
infrastructure and growth important for them to
orientation among states address the factors inhibiting
1. States need to Boost support in the area of concerns:

The regional disparities in enable the export ecosystem complement this, states
trade support, R&D and as they lag behind in must further strengthen their
export infrastructure have the presence of export logistic hubs since transport
been dealt with in great promotion industrial parks, connectivity continues
detail throughout the Special Economic Zones to be another bottleneck
report. Since trade support (SEZs) and export zones. in limiting the state’s
remains a low-scoring sub- It noted that not every manufacturing capacities.
pillar, states would need state will boost its export- Further, it is noted that
to increase their efforts in based on one size for all export promotion policies
providing essential trade policy. That’s why states are will continue to play an
support. This could be encouraged to identify the important role in determining
achieved by conducting export policy first. the areas which require
more capacity building immediate focus to improve
workshops & undertaking States lagging behind should growth and orientation of
financial assistance from the be encouraged to boost exports. Therefore before
state government to upgrade their R&D infrastructure, focusing on building stronger
existing export infrastructure. focusing on introducing infrastructure, states must
This could be done under products intensive under identify key drivers which
joint projects with the central High tech exports in their inhibit their exports from
government under TIES. export basket along. This growing in the long run.
would require states to
Apart from coastal states, focus on the innovative
most states struggle to capacity of the states. To
It is noted that states would achieving growth in exports continue in addressing the
need to develop strategies requires target policy action. associated bottlenecks for all
for export preparedness It must be facilitated at the states in strengthening
based on their scores both state and central the existing export
and learnings from peer levels. Therefore, the role of ecosystem.
performances. However, the central government will
2. Capitalizing on India’s comparative advantage in

Low-skill Manufacturing Exports:
Both exports of that India has not fully exports, it must boost its
manufacturing and services exploited the Lewis curve manufacturing capacity
are skill intensive. India’s for low–skill manufacturing to further exploit this
specialization has become compared with more skill- opportunity. India lags
more skilled intensive intensive exports. Low/ behind to tap on existing
in exports of auto and Un-skilled exports include market potential in contrast
auto parts, electronics, apparel, textiles, leather, with Vietnam, Bangladesh
machinery, pharmaceuticals and footwear. Since the and China, which continue
in contrast to opposite nation has a comparative to lead exports in this
belief. Moreover, it is noted advantage in low skilled category.68
68
India’s Export-Led Growth: Exemplar and Exception , Shoumitro Chatterjee, Pennsylvania State University Arvind
Subramanian, Ashoka Universit
India’s One District – One However, it would be crucial approved with an outlay of
Product scheme can be to identify such products 1.97 lakh crore during Union
used by states to include under the ODOP scheme, Budget 2021-22 for 13 key
traditional products, such as since in states every product sectors to create national
textile, to scale up existing cannot be marketable. It manufacturing champions,
industries around the low would be crucial for states including the textile sector.
skilled driven labour. This will to identify products with Factories based under tier
ensure that quality products which they have revealed 3, 4 cities and aspirational
are manufactured; it further comparative advantage and districts will be given priority.
can boost domestic supply are marketable in domestic Beneficiary states will likely
and drive increased exports and international markets. be Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh,
of such products. It would Already under Production Andhra Pradesh, Telangana.
ensure cost-competitive and Linked Incentive (PLI) Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and
quality exports. scheme which has been Punjab.69
3. Effectiveness of FTAs/RTAs under upcoming foreign

trade policy
Currently, India has 11 RTAs/ UAE and is at the advanced In contrast, India’s export
FTAs with various countries/ stage of concluding the with SAFTA countries has
regions, namely, Japan, interim agreement with increased from 18.60 in
South Korea, Mauritius, Australia. Remarkably, FY 2015-16 to 22.08 billion
countries of the Association merchandise exports to US dollars in FY 2020-21.
of South East Asian Nations countries/regions with India Moreover, it’s export with
(ASEAN) region, and the share trade agreements South Korea has increased
South Asian Association such as RTAs/FTAs have from 3.52 in FY 2015-16 to
for Regional Cooperation registered a growth of 20.75 4.68 billion US dollars in
(SAARC). Furthermore, India per cent in the last five the FY 2020-21. Moreover,
is actively negotiating RTAs years. 70, 71
Noticeably, India’s the cumulative investment
and FTAs with countries such export to the ASEAN region received from the above
as Australia, Canada, Israel, has increased from 25.13 in countries/regions in the
United Kingdom, European the FY 2015-16 to 31.49 billion last five years is to the tune
Union etc. It has finalized the US dollars in FY 2020-21. The of 89.46 billion US dollars.72
Comprehensive Economic same trend follows with other The data above represents
Partnership Agreement with countries/regions as well. a significant increase in
69
https://www.livemint.com/economy/pli-scheme-in-textile-govt-to-accept-applications-from-jan-1-check-
details-11640699628178.html
70
Source: Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCI&S)
71
India-Mauritius Comprehensive Economic Cooperation and Partnership Agreement (CECPA) have not been calculated as
it was implemented only w.e.f. 10.04.2021.
72
Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)
exports to the countries/ an export-driven economy. the other hand, India saw
region, with India having India achieved the highest a slight improvement in the
FTAs/RTAs. However, the ever exports of 37 billion US trade deficit with China from
assertion that the growth dollars in December 2021, 52.67 billion US dollars in FY
replicates the effectiveness which is 37 per cent higher 2015-16 to 44.02 billion US
of these FTAs/RTAs are far than December 2020. Hence, dollars in FY 2020-21, despite
from established. Notably, trade agreements help not having any FTA with
India’s export to the USA open doors for a country China. This remains an area
has increased from 40.33 to increase exports, but of concern since India’s trade
in FY 2015-16 to 51.63 billion asserting the increase in balance with countries has
US dollars in FY 2020-21. exports as the impact of only increased despite increasing
India’s export to China has FTAs/RTA’s would mislead the exports via existing FTAs/
increased dramatically from bigger picture. RTAs. It is true that FTAs/
9.01 to 21.18 billion US dollars RTAs give better access to
during the same period. India India has accounted for a new markets and facilitate
has achieved a rise in exports trade deficit of 15.95 billion exports. But there is an
to the USA and China despite US dollars in FY 2020-21 with urgent need to address the
not having any FTAs with ASEAN countries. At the same key issues such as reducing
both countries. The increase time, the trade deficit with the trade deficit to make
in export is part of India’s Japan remained 6.49 billion these FTAs/RTAs more
increasing focus on making US dollars in FY 20-21. On efficient and effective.
4. Export Roadmap for the States:
There are existing gaps because of their socio-

between states, especially economic and geographical
in terms of the export milieu. Identifying and
ecosystem. To overcome the boosting those particular
gap and to be able to build industries in the states will
a robust export ecosystem potentially contribute to
in the country, developing India’s goal for a 5 trillion
an export roadmap for economy.
the states can be a viable
solution. The export roadmap
will create vision documents
for every state in India and
provide concrete solutions
and policy recommendations
at the national, state and
district levels to boost
exports in different sectors.
These vision documents
can aim to provide policy
recommendations to
enhance the export capacity
of the states and help India
become a potential export
hub at the global level.
Moreover, such an exercise
can develop a roadmap
for industries where Indian
states can build capacity
and enhance manufacturing
in the next few years to
become a global exporters
in those sectors. Additionally,
the state-wise export vision
documents will identify the
potential industries in every
state that can grow faster
06
THE WAY
FORWARD
Since, the economic- and implementation. But The Indian export sector
reforms in the 1990’s, the the foundational dictum requires timely technology
production and distribution of the index is to promote upgradation and upskilling of
of cost-effective quality competitive federalism. It has the labour force to promote
products and services drove to be achieved by identifying efficiency. Further, investment
the export growth in the various critical challenges in R&D and design are
country. However, with the and addressing them important to encourage
rise in standard of living, through context-specific Indian exporters to shift
the cost competitiveness strategies advocated within focus from exporting raw
of India is reduced. For the scope of this report. materials and intermediary
example:- increase in the goods to complex and
cost of labour would impact The threat of the pandemic unique economic goods
the exports in the country. heavily impacted the global for long term sustainable
Thus, India needs to assess supply chain and affected export growth. Initiatives
its export challenges and demand for goods across such as Make in India aimed
preparedness in order to the world. India defying all at transforming India into a
maintain the export growth odds, registered a significant manufacturing hub coupled
of the county. rise in its exports in 2021, with state-level intervention
especially in merchandise to foster design and R&D
The Export Preparedness exports. This resulted from will fundamentally boost the
Index goes beyond a Public-Private Partnership country’s export growth.
identifying and measuring (PPP) in addressing the
individual states’ export challenges and incorporating So, the way ahead is full
preparedness to assess the changes brought in by of opportunities but, it is
their level of preparation a crisis-driven world. India necessary to continuously
for expanding export faces stiff competition on monitor the export
capacity in the coming its cost-effective exports preparedness of the states
years. The index clearly from countries like Vietnam, to promote peer-to-peer
states the need to address Laos, Cambodia and the learning in the spirit of
the lack of a viable export Philippines. The report corporative federalism.
ecosystem in various explores the possibilities States have to recognise the
states across the country. of expanding the long- socio-economic challenges
These inter and intra-state term productivity of Indian unique to their region,
disparities need to be exporters and further carefully analyse some of the
overcome through strong developing complex, unique, best practices of their peers
national and sub-national and value-added Indian and implement them in a
level policy formulation products for the world. manner best suited for them.
This has to be achieved Preparedness Index (EPI) institutes to exploit the

while discouraging regional and proceed forward with competitive advantage of
disparities among the states, inculcating the four general states and bring forth unique
which could impact India’s strategies identified in the and complex products that
direct engagement in a previous section. would help expand the
global market. The focus international export market
here is to observe the drivers The central government for Indian products and set a
and bottlenecks for various and the state governments precedent for the future.
States based on which they need to work closely with
were ranked in the Export the exporters and academic
06
STATE PROFILES
ANDAMAN AND Overall Rank
NICOBAR ISLANDS 30
Category - UT/City States (Rank-7)
Distance to Frontier
Andaman and Best Performing State
Nicobar Islands
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Performance Ecosystem
Export
Ecosystem
Comparative Analysis
Andaman and Nicobar Islands Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 15.26
Score Score
Export Promotion Policy 33.61 Institutional Framework 18.28
25.94
Existence of a valid sector-specific for exports 100 Appointment of full time export commissioner 0
Existence of district export action plan 0 Existence of a state-centre coordination cell 0
Existence of valid export promotion policy/ Strategy 100 International access 0
Thrust sectors for export 100 Existence of export promotion councils 0
Policy emphasis on product quality and standards 0 Existence of DEPCs 0
Marketing support 0 Establishment & functioning of empowered
committee 100
Policy
Facilitation measures: Performance

measurement system 0 Meeting frequency of empowered committee 14.29
Facilitation measures: Awards for Newsletters 0
excellence in export 0 Grievance redressal 100
Score Score
Business Environment 34.37 Infrastructure 21.85
19.29
Ease of doing business index 8.85 Power Availability 99.33

No. of investor summits 1.22 Internet facilities 41.74
MOU’s/Lol’s signed per summit 0 Number of industrial corridors 0
Value of MOU’s/Lol’s signed 0 Industrial land 0
Power cost 92.42 Number of clusters 39.73
Single-window clearance 100 Number of IT/SFT/food parks 0
Labour reforms 0
Innovative capacity 40.54
Score Score
Transport Connectivity 0.05 Access to Finance 20.88
Ecosystem
Business
Area covered by Air cargo facilities 0.08 Banking facilities 40.21

Area covered by ICD’s 0 Export credit to exporters 0
LEADS index 0 FDI inflow to states 0
Multi-Modal Logistics Hubs (MMLH) 0 Loan schemes for exporters 0
Score Score Score

10.89
Export Infrastructure 15.55 Trade Support 0.39 R & D Infrastructure 5.83

Area under Export promotion Capacity Building/ No. of NABL accredited labs 0.46
industrial parks, EPZ & SEZ 0 Orientation Workshops 0 0
No. of Inspection agencies
No. of Agri- Export Zones 0 Memberships of
Research institutes 0
Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 0
Presence of knowledge and
info portal for exporters 100 No. of trade fairs by R&D Spending (% of GSDP) 0
Export
Total area under trade govt dept 2.22 No. of professional colleges 24.29
exhibition centres 0 Projects approved
Trade guide 0 under TIES 0
Score Score
Key
0.88
Growth & Orientation 1.09 Export Diversification 0.67

Import Export Code (IEC) 0 Overperforming
Export Concentration 0
Performing within expected range
Export as a% of State GDP 0.36 Market Penetration 1.52
Index Underperforming
Performance
Manufacturing exports to
GDP ratio 0.55
Service exports to GDP ratio 0 Relative scores are pillar, sub
Export
pillar and indicator wise for this

Increase in number of
year. Strengths and Weaknesses
exporters 89.23 are relative to 10 states/UTs
with similar GDP: Arunachal
Pradesh, Mizoram, Sikkim,
Manipur, Puducherry, Meghalaya,
Chandigarh, Tripura, Goa,
Ladakh.
ANDHRA Overall Rank
PRADESH 9
Category - Coastal (Rank-5)
Andhra Best Performing State
Pradesh
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Andhra Pradesh Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Andhra Pradesh 50.39
Score Score
60.49
committee 100
Policy

Meeting frequency of empowered committee 0
measurement system 100
Score Score
51.84
Ease of doing business index 100 Power Availability 100

MOU’s/Lol’s signed per summit 0.21 Number of industrial corridors 11.11
Value of MOU’s/Lol’s signed 8.95 Industrial land 8.4
Single-window clearance 100 Number of IT/SFT/food parks 5.50
Labour reforms 100
Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Area covered by ICD’s 0 Export credit to exporters 20.58
LEADS index 94.48 FDI inflow to states 3.98
Score Score Score

37.03

industrial parks, EPZ & SEZ 3.44 Orientation Workshops 4.12 92.38
No. of Agri- Export Zones 9.76 Memberships of
Research institutes 12.13
Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 3.87

info portal for exporters 0 No. of trade fairs by R&D Spending (% of GSDP) 16.47
Export
Trade guide 100 under TIES 36.36
Score Score
Growth & Orientation 42.38 Key
Export Diversification 59.13
50.76
Import Export Code (IEC) 28.51 Overperforming

Export Concentration 22.59
Performance
GDP ratio 52.79
Export

with similar GDP: Rajasthan,
Telangana, Delhi, Madhya
Pradesh, Kerala, Haryana, West
Bengal, Punjab, Odisha, Bihar.
ARUNACHAL Overall Rank
PRADESH 35
Category - Himalayan (Rank-9)
Arunachal Best Performing State
Pradesh
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Arunachal Pradesh Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Arunachal Pradesh 11.18
Score Score
Export Promotion Policy 0 Institutional Framework 14.52
7.26
committee 0
Policy

Score Score
21.93
Ease of doing business index 0 Power Availability 98.52

Labour reforms 17.95
Score Score
Ecosystem
Business
Area covered by Air cargo facilities 0 Banking facilities 27.42

Score Score Score

Export Infrastructure 0 Trade Support 0 R & D Infrastructure 7.87
3.94
Area under Export promotion Capacity Building/ No. of NABL accredited labs 0
Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 0
Export
Total area under trade govt dept 0 No. of professional colleges 33.40
Score Score
Key
0.83

Performance
GDP ratio 0.06
Service exports to GDP ratio 0 Relative scores are pillar,
Export
sub pillar and indicator wise

for this year. Strengths and
exporters 89.20 Weaknesses are relative to 10
states/UTs with similar GDP:
Rajasthan, Telangana, Delhi,
Madhya Pradesh, Kerala,
Haryana, West Bengal,
Punjab, Odisha, Bihar.
Overall Rank
ASSAM 15
Category - Landlocked (Rank-7)
Assam Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Assam Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Assam 41.57
Score Score
77.51
Policy emphasis on product quality and standards 100 Existence of DEPCs 65.38
committee 100
Policy

Score Score
37.08

MOU’s/Lol’s signed per summit 0.71 Number of industrial corridors 0
Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Multi-Modal Logistics Hubs (MMLH) 18.72 Loan schemes for exporters 100
Score Score Score

46.65
industrial parks, EPZ & SEZ 0.02 Orientation Workshops 12.35 0
Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 100

Export
exhibition centres 17.24 Projects approved
Score Score
9.52

Performance
GDP ratio 3.66
Export

with similar GDP: Jharkhand,
Chattisgarh, Uttarakhand,
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and
Kashmir, Ladakh, Bihar, Odisha,
Punjab, Goa.
Overall Rank
BIHAR 22
Bihar Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Bihar Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Bihar 32.06
Score Score
75.09
committee 100
Policy

Score Score
30.58

Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

17.69

Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 0
Export
Score Score
Key
6.35

Performance
GDP ratio 7.73
Export

exporters 79.67 are relative to 10 states/UTs with
similar GDP: Odisha, Punjab,
Haryana, Kerala, Chattisgarh,
Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand,
Assam, Delhi, Uttarakhand.
Overall Rank
CHANDIGARH 24
Chandigarh Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Chandigarh Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Chandigarh 28.41
Score Score
18.41
committee 0
Policy

Score Score
49.87

Value of MOU’s/Lol’s signed 0 Industrial land 50.18
Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

18.32
Export Infrastructure 0 Trade Support 0.29 R & D Infrastructure 36.35

industrial parks, EPZ & SEZ 0 Orientation Workshops 0.59 0
Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 0
Export
Score Score
Key
5.56

Performance
GDP ratio 5.06
Export

with similar GDP: Meghalaya,
Puducherry, Tripura, Manipur,
Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal
Pradesh, Goa, Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, Ladakh.
Overall Rank
CHATTISGARH 21
Chattisgarh Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Chattisgarh Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Chattisgarh 36.96
Score Score
63.35
committee 100
Policy

measurement system 0 Meeting frequency of empowered committee 0
Score Score
40.37
Ease of doing business index 54.79 Power Availability 100

MOU’s/Lol’s signed per summit 0 Number of industrial corridors 18.52
Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

LEADS index 83.15 FDI inflow to states 0
Score Score Score

30.83

industrial parks, EPZ & SEZ 0.04 Orientation Workshops 0 0
Ecosystem

Export
Score Score
Key
9.88

Performance
GDP ratio 19.48
Export

similar GDP: Jharkhand, Assam,
Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh,
Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh,
Bihar, Odisha, Punjab, Goa.
DADRA NAGAR AND Overall Rank
HAVELI & DAMAN AND DIU 28

Dadra Nagar and Best Performing
Haveli & Daman and Diu State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Dadra Nagar and Haveli & Daman and Diu Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Dadra Nagar and Haveli & Daman and Diu 17.08
Score Score
Export Promotion Policy 0 Institutional Framework 0
0.00
committee 0
Policy

Score Score
33.32

No. of investor summits 0 Internet facilities 54.21
Labour reforms 100
Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

10.38

Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 0
Export
Score Score
Growth & Orientation 0 Key
8.38

Performance
GDP ratio 0.01
Export

with similar GDP: Lakshadweep,
Maharashtra, Tamil nadu, Gujarat
Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, West
Bengal, Rajasthan, Andhra
Pradesh, Telangana.
Overall Rank
DELHI 12
Delhi Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Delhi Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Delhi 43.66
Score Score
7.58
committee 0
Policy

Score Score
88.58

No. of investor summits 0 Internet facilities 100
Innovative capacity 100
Score Score
Transport Connectivity 99.68 Access to Finance 100
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

13.62

Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 0
Export
Score Score
Key
19.94

Performance
GDP ratio 25.91
Export

Madhya Pradesh, Telangana,
Kerala, Haryana, Andhra
Pradesh, Rajasthan, West,
Bengal, Punjab, Odisha, Bihar.
Overall Rank
GOA 14
Goa Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Goa Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Goa 41.95
Score Score
56.86
committee 100
Policy

Score Score
50.40

Score Score
Ecosystem
Business
Area covered by Air cargo facilities 0.19 Banking facilities 100

Score Score Score

16.33

Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 0
Export
Score Score
Key
35.77

Performance
GDP ratio 91.12
Export

similar GDP: Tripura, Chandigarh,
Meghalaya, Puducherry, Manipur,
Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal
Pradesh, Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, Ladakh.
Overall Rank
GUJARAT 1
Gujarat Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Gujarat Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Gujarat 78.86
Score Score
80.03
Existence of valid export promotion policy/ strategy 100 International access 100
committee 100
Policy

Facilitation measures: Awards for Newsletters 0.53
Score Score
64.54
Ease of doing business index 38.53 Power availability 92.45

Labour reforms 100
Score Score
Ecosystem
Business
Area covered by air cargo facilities 0.07 Banking facilities 30.26

LEADS index 100 FDI inflow to states 26.97
Score Score Score

85.21

No. of inspection agencies
No. of agri-export zones 36.59 Memberships of
Ecosystem

info portal for exporters 100 No. of trade fairs by R&D spending (% of GSDP) 12.61
Export
Score Score
Key
100
Growth & Orientation 100 Export Diversification 100

Export concentration 100
Export as a% of state GDP 100 Market Penetration 61.46
Performance
GDP ratio 100
Export

for this year.Strengths and
Tamil nadu, Uttar Pradesh,
Karnataka, West Bengal,
Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh,
Pradesh, Kerala.
Overall Rank
HARYANA 5
Haryana Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Haryana Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Haryana 53.20
Score Score
58.58
committee 100
Policy

Score Score
64.89

Labour reforms 100
Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

40.38
Ecosystem

Export
Score Score
Key
37.30

Performance
GDP ratio 43.36
Export

Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,
Delhi, Telangana, Andhra
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab
Odisha, Bihar, West Bengal.
HIMACHAL Overall Rank
PRADESH 18
Himanchal Best Performing State
Pradesh
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Himanchal Best Performing State
Pradesh
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Himachal Pradesh 40.43
Score Score
61.68
committee 0
Policy

Score Score
40.40

Labour reforms 100
Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

30.60
Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 0
Export
Score Score
Key
29.05

Performance
GDP ratio 28.50
Export

Goa, Uttarakhand, Tripura,
Chandigarh, Meghalaya,
Puducherry, Manipur, Sikkim.
JAMMU AND Overall Rank
KASHMIR 23
Jammu and Best Performing State
Kashmir
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Jammu and Best Performing State
Kashmir
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Jammu and Kashmir 30.06
Score Score
56.99
committee 100
Policy

Score Score
36.61

Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

12.24

Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 0
Export
Score Score
Key
7.87

Performance
GDP ratio 2.81
Export

Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh,
Goa, Tripura, Uttarakhand,
Overall Rank
JHARKHAND 20
Jharkhand Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Jharkhand Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Jharkhand 38.16
Score Score
62.93
committee 100
Policy

Meeting frequency of empowered committee 28.57
Score Score
49.39

Labour reforms 100
Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

15.67
industrial parks, EPZ & SEZ 0 Orientation Workshops 0 42.25
Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 0
Export
Score Score
Key
13.41

Performance
GDP ratio 14.33
Export

similar GDP: Assam, Chattisgarh,
Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh,
Bihar, Odisha, Punjab, Goa.
Overall Rank
KARNATAKA 3
Karnataka Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Karnataka Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Karnataka 61.72
Score Score
81.12
committee 100
Policy

Score Score
74.29

Score Score
Transport Connectivity 100 Access to Finance 74.66
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

52.68

industrial parks, EPZ & SEZ 0 Orientation Workshops 39.41 18.26
Ecosystem

Export
Score Score
Key
26.22

Performance
GDP ratio 27.74
Export

with similar GDP: Uttar Pradesh,
Gujarat, Tamil nadu, West
Pradesh, Telangana, Delhi,
Madhya Pradesh, Kerala.
Overall Rank
KERALA 16
Kerala Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Kerala Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Kerala 40.92
Score Score
53.57
committee 100
Policy

Score Score
47.19

Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

31.81
industrial parks, EPZ & SEZ 4.37 Orientation Workshops 0 13.52
Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 0
Export
Score Score
Key
24.83

Performance
GDP ratio 14.51
Export

Haryana, Madhya Pradesh,
Delhi, Telangana, Andhra
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab,
Odisha, Bihar, West Bengal.
Overall Rank
LADAKH 33
Ladakh Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Ladakh Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Ladakh 13.09
Score Score
36.25
committee 0
Policy

Score Score
Business Environment 0 Infrastructure 22.12
13.10

Labour reforms 0
Innovative capacity 0
Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

2.10

Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 0
Export
Total area under trade govt dept 2.22 No. of professional colleges 0
Score Score
Key
0.92
Growth & Orientation 1.83 Export Diversification 0

Export as a% of State GDP 0 Market Penetration 0
Performance
GDP ratio 0
Export

with similar GDP: Jammu and
Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,Goa,
Tripura, Uttarakhand,
Overall Rank
LAKSHADWEEP 36
Lakshadweep Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Lakshadweep Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Lakshadweep 2.12
Score Score
Export Promotion Policy 0 Institutional Framework 0
0
committee 0
Policy

Score Score
Business Environment 19.93 Infrastructure 0
4.98

No. of investor summits 0 Internet facilities 0
Labour reforms 0
Score Score
Transport Connectivity 0 Access to Finance 0
Ecosystem
Business
Area covered by Air cargo facilities 0 Banking facilities 0

Score Score Score

0
Export Infrastructure 0 Trade Support 0 R & D Infrastructure 0

Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 0
Export
Score Score
Key
0.66

Export as a% of State GDP 0 Market Penetration 1.18
Performance
GDP ratio 0
Export

similar GDP: Maharashtra, Tamil
nadu, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh,
Telangana, Delhi.
Overall Rank
MADHYA PRADESH 7
Madhya Pradesh Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Madhya Pradesh Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Madhya Pradesh 51.03
Score Score
Export Promotion Policy 89.32 Institutional Framework 100
94.66
committee 100
Policy

Score Score
49.89

Power cost 0 Number of clusters 35.62
Labour reforms 100
Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

36.45

Ecosystem

Export
Score Score
Key
24.25

Performance
GDP ratio 23.39
Export

exporters 90.45 Weaknesses are relative to
10 states/UTs with similar
GDP: Kerala, Haryana, Delhi,
Telangana, Andhra Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Punjab, Odisha,
Bihar, West Bengal.
Overall Rank
MAHARASHTRA 2
Maharashtra Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Maharashtra Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Maharashtra 77.14
Score Score
82.47
committee 100
Policy

Score Score
Business Environment 86.88 Infrastructure 100
86.46

Power cost 28.48 Number of clusters 100
Labour reforms 100
Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Area covered by ICD’s 0.01 Export credit to exporters 79.33
Score Score Score

81.27
Export Infrastructure 70.71 Trade Support 50 R & D Infrastructure 41.84

Ecosystem

Export
Score Score
Key
49.04

Performance
GDP ratio 57.24
Export

exporters 0 are relative to 10 states/UTs with
similar GDP: Tamil nadu, Gujarat,
Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, West,
Pradesh, Telangana, Delhi,
Madhya Pradesh.
Overall Rank
MANIPUR 29
Manipur Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Manipur Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Manipur 15.78
Score Score
12.51
committee 0
Policy

Score Score
23.47

Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

18.72

Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 0
Export
Score Score
Key
0.72

Performance
GDP ratio 0.10
Export

similar GDP: Sikkim, Mizoram,
Arunachal Pradesh, Puducherry,
Meghalaya, Chandigarh,
Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
Tripura, Goa, Ladakh.
Overall Rank
MEGHALAYA 32
Meghalaya Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Meghalaya Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
Score
40
30
20
10
0
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Meghalaya 13.39
Score Score
16.91
committee 100
Policy

Score Score
22.36

Power cost 69.70 Number of clusters 0
Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

3.59

Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 0
Export
Score Score
Key
1.71

Performance
GDP ratio 0.90
Export

GDP: Puducherry, Manipur,
Sikkim, Chandigarh, Mizoram,
Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura,
Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, Goa, Ladakh.
Overall Rank
MIZORAM 34
Mizoram Best Performing State

Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Mizoram Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
Score
40
30
20
10
0
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Mizoram 12.58
Score Score
11.34
committee 0
Policy

Score Score
24.09

Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

2.73
Export Infrastructure 0.17 Trade Support 0 R & D Infrastructure 5.28

industrial parks, EPZ & SEZ 0.44 Orientation Workshops 0 0
Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 0
Export
Score Score
Key
0.63

Performance
GDP ratio 0.08
Export

GDP: Arunachal Pradesh,
Sikkim, Manipur, Puducherry,
Meghalaya, Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh,
Tripura, Goa, Ladakh.
Overall Rank
NAGALAND 31
Nagaland Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Nagaland Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
Score
40
30
20
10
0
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Nagaland 13.99
Score Score
32.52
committee 100
Policy

Score Score
16.15

Labour reforms 0
Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

3.38

Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 0
Export
Score Score
Key
1.74

Performance
GDP ratio 0
Export

with similar GDP: Dadra Nagar
and Haveli & Daman and Diu,
Lakshadweep, Maharashtra,
Tamil nadu, Gujarat, Uttar
Pradesh, Karnataka, West Bengal,
Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh.
Overall Rank
ODISHA 13
Odisha Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Odisha Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
Score
40
30
20
10
0
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Odisha 42.04
Score Score
79.66
committee 100
Policy

Score Score
36.94

Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

26.05

Ecosystem

Export
Score Score
Key
30.64

Performance
GDP ratio 51.97
Export

Punjab, Bihar, Haryana, Kerala,
Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh,
Jharkhand, Assam, Delhi,
Uttarakhand.
Overall Rank
PUDUCHERRY 27
Puducherry Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Puducherry Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
Score
40
30
20
10
0
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Puducherry 22.19
Score Score
10.99
committee 100
Policy

Score Score
33.05

Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

17.79

Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 0
Export
Total area under trade govt dept 0 No. of professional colleges 100
Score Score
Key
16.08

Performance
GDP ratio 35.29
Export

with similar GDP: Meghalaya,
Manipur, Sikkim, Chandigarh,
Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh,
Tripura, Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, Goa, Ladakh.
Overall Rank
PUNJAB 8
Punjab Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Punjab Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
Score
40
30
20
10
0
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Punjab 50.99
Score Score
71.47
committee 100
Policy

Score Score
47.59

Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

41.67

Ecosystem

Export
Score Score
Key
46.62

Performance
GDP ratio 26.85
Export

GDP: Odisha, Bihar, Haryana,
Kerala, Chattisgarh, Madhya
Pradesh, Jharkhand, Assam,
Delhi, Uttarakhand.
Overall Rank
RAJASTHAN 11
Rajasthan Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Rajasthan Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Rajasthan 47.13
Score Score
77.53
committee 100
Policy

Score Score
47.15

Labour reforms 100
Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

23.67

Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 0
Export
Score Score
Key
40.16

Export as a% of State GDP 19.26 Market Penetration 100
Performance
GDP ratio 20.23
Export

Andhra Pradesh, Telangana,
Delhi, West Bengal, Madhya
Pradesh, Kerala, Haryana,
Overall Rank
SIKKIM 26
Sikkim Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Sikkim Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Sikkim 27.41
Score Score
47.02
committee 0
Policy

Score Score
30.68

Labour reforms 100
Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

26.13
Export Infrastructure 0 Trade Support 2.26 R & D Infrastructure 50

Ecosystem

Export
Score Score
2.53

Performance
GDP ratio 1.00
Export

with similar GDP: Manipur,
Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh,
Puducherry, Meghalaya,
Chandigarh, Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, Tripura, Goa,
Ladakh.
Overall Rank
TAMIL NADU 4
Tamil Nadu Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Tamil Nadu Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Tamil Nadu 56.84
Score Score
76.70
committee 100
Policy

Score Score
60.98

Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

44.43

Ecosystem

Export
Score Score
Key
41.13

Performance
GDP ratio 42.79
Export

GDP: Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh,
Pradesh, Kerala.
Overall Rank
TELANGANA 10
Telangana Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Telangana Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
Score
40
30
20
10
0
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Telangana 47.92
Score Score
66.45
committee 100
Policy

Score Score
Business Environment 100 Infrastructure 29.20
54.18

Labour reforms 100
Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

33.24

industrial parks, EPZ & SEZ 0 Orientation Workshops 3.53 29.15
Ecosystem

Export
Score Score
Key
31.57

Performance
GDP ratio 28.17
Export

GDP: Andhra Pradesh, Delhi,
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,
Kerala, Haryana, West Bengal,
Overall Rank
TRIPURA 25
Tripura Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Tripura Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
Score
40
30
20
10
0
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Tripura 27.46
Score Score
Export Promotion Policy 60.52 Institutional Framework 55
57.76
committee 100
Policy

Score Score
27.70

Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

23.24

Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 0
Export
Score Score
Growth & Orientation 1 Key
0.90

Performance
GDP ratio 0.58
Export

Chandigarh, Goa, Meghalaya,
Puducherry, Manipur, Sikkim,
Mizoram, Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, Ladakh.
Overall Rank
UTTAR PRADESH 6
Uttar Pradesh Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Uttar Pradesh Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
Score
40
30
20
10
0
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Uttar Pradesh 51.09
Score Score
73.50
committee 100
Policy

Score Score
48.81

Labour reforms 100
Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

55.48

Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 0
Export
Score Score
28.85

Performance
GDP ratio 29.39
Export

Karnataka, Gujarat, Tamil
nadu, West Bengal, Rajasthan,
Andhra Pradesh, Telangana,
Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala.
Overall Rank
UTTARAKHAND 17
Uttarakhand Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
Uttarakhand Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
Score
40
30
20
10
0
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
Uttarakhand 40.79
Score Score
44.96
committee 100
Policy

Score Score
44.67

Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

49.90

Ecosystem

Export
Score Score
Key
19.75

Performance
GDP ratio 22.56
Export

GDP: Assam, Jharkhand,
Chattisgarh, Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir,
Ladakh, Goa, Tripura,
Chandigarh, Meghalaya.
Overall Rank
WEST BENGAL 19
West Bengal Best Performing State
Policy
100
80
60
40
20
0
Export Business
Export
Ecosystem
West Bengal Best Performing State
100
90
80
70
60
50
Score
40
30
20
10
0
Export
Promotion
Policy
Institutional
Framework
Business
Environment
Infrastructure
Transport
Connectivity
Access to
Finance
Export
Infrastructure
Trade Support
R&D
Infrastructure
Growth &
Orientation
Export
Diversification
West Bengal 39.78
Score Score
58.20
committee 100
Policy

Score Score
44.38

Labour reforms 100
Score Score
Ecosystem
Business

Score Score Score

29.03

Ecosystem
exporters in TPC 0
Export
Score Score
22.90

Performance
GDP ratio 23.91
Export

exporters 100 Weaknesses are relative to 10
Pradesh, Kerala, Haryana,
Karnataka, Punjab, Odisha.
07
APPENDIX
APPENDIX I
Pillar 1
POLICY
Indicator Name Explanation Source
EXPORT PROMOTION POLICY

Existence of a valid Export The Export Promotion Policy is a public policy measure aimed at State Government
Promotion Policy enhancing export activity at the National or State level.
Existence of District Level The District Level Export Promotion Policy is a public policy State Government
Export Promotion Policy measure aimed at enhancing export activity at District Level
Existence of valid sector- Every State has an edge in some sectors either due to the State Government
specific policy for exports presence of natural resources or due to human capital.
Some States focus on these sector specific export policy rather
than a common one.
Thrust sectors for exports Each State has a competitive advantage in specific sectors. It is, State Government
therefore, necessary that the States identify these thrust sectors
and focus on developing their export strategy around them.
Policy emphasis on product To become a part of the global value chain, it is important to State Government
quality and standards adhere to international standards and quality for exports as
defined by WTO’s Agreement on Technical Barrier to Trade
(TBT Agreement), Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS
Agreements), Pre-shipment Inspection (PSI Agreement), USDA
Certification, Conformity European or any other certification
Marketing Support It is crucial for the State Government to work towards enhancing State Government
the visibility of State level products in international markets
Performance Measurement A State level program to honor companies involved in State Government
System international business is a good way to encourage exporters.
The selection committee can evaluate the applications taking
into consideration the value of exports, ratio of exports to sales,
level of value addition, adoption of best practices, product and
process innovation, R&D activity, etc.
Award for Excellence in A State level program to honor companies involved in State Government
exports international business is a good way to encourage exporters.
The selection committee can evaluate the applications taking
into consideration the value of exports, ratio of exports to sales,
level of value addition, adoption of best practices, product and
process innovation, R&D activity, etc.
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Appointment of full time In 2015, the Centre had asked States to appoint Export State Government
Export Commissioner Commissioners and prepare export strategies as a step to
promote exports.
Existence of a State-Centre In order to facilitate a continuity with respect to trade policy State Government
coordination cell at the level of the Centre and the States, a coordination cell is
required to review and act upon new developments that are
important to State exports
International Access It is crucial for the State Government to work towards enhancing State Government
the visibility of State level products in international markets.

Existence of Export State level Export Promotion Councils are constituted for various State Government
Promotion Councils sectors to direct, promote and ensure monitoring of the export
related activities in the State.
Constitution of DEPC: a. District level Export Promotion Councils are constituted for State Government
Whether states have DEPC? various sectors to direct, promote and ensure monitoring of the
b. How may? export related activities in the District.
Establishment and An Empowered Committee is necessary for export related State Government
functioning of an inter-departmental co-ordination and policy formulation. It will
Empowered Committee act as an advisory body of the State Government for export
promotion.
The Committee will also review the progress of different export
infrastructural projects, export performance of the State,
banking, discussing sectoral issues and other taxation issues
faced by exporters.
Newsletters State usage social media, and websites to disseminate State Government
information, updating exporters about the latest policy changes
within the State and the current export scenario. Such a
practice would address the issues of information asymmetry
between exporters and the State Government.
Grievance Redressal Exporters need to have access to grievance redressal State Government
mechanism to approach the Government for any information or
resolution of problems.
Pillar 2
BUSINESS ECOSYSTEM
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
Ease of Doing Business Ease of Doing Business Index is a measure of regulations that EODB 2019, DPIIT
Index enhance business. It includes: starting a business, dealing with
construction permits, getting electricity, registering property,
getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes,
trading across borders, enforcing contracts, and resolving
insolvency.
Investor summits: number of Investment Summits are organized by State Governments to State Government
investor summits attract investment. However, it is important to focus on the end
results of these summits as well.
Investor summits: MOU's/ MoUs and LoI are signed and undertaken in such investor State Government
Lol's signed per summit summits, enhancing the business ecosystem of exports.
Investor summits: Value of MoUs and LoI are signed and undertaken in such investor State Government
MOU's/ Lol's signed summits, enhancing the business ecosystem of exports.
Power Cost States compete among themselves on the cost of products and Electricity Board of
services essential for running a business. each State
Single-window Clearance Facilities like single-window clearance eases the procedures for State Government
businesses to obtain various clearances.

Labour Reforms Labour regulation is important to assess the optimal balance EODB
between adequate worker protection and labour market
efficiency. To attract foreign investment to the country, firms
consider the strength of worker bargaining power when making
sourcing decisions.
Various legislative, administrative and e-governance initiatives
have been taken by the Governments to generate employment
and facilitate ease of doing business. This indicator will capture
those reforms.
Innovative Capacity The innovative capacity of states shows the extent to which India Innovation
a state can diversify its products and compete in different Index 2020, NITI
markets. Aayog
INFRASTRUCTURE
Power Availability Availability of quality power in States is a basic requirement for Central Electricity
production of goods and services. Authority
Internet Facilities The availability of information and communication technologies Telecom Regulatory
(ICTs) in a State is crucial for the ease of business operations. Authority of India
Number of Industrial To accelerate growth in manufacturing, ensure systematic, State Government
Corridors planned urbanization, provide employment opportunities and
promote sustainable development
Industrial Land as % of Total "The total areas covered under the industrial land as a DPIIT (India
Area percentage of total area. The total land area will include Industrial Land
industrial corridors, industrial estates, Special Investment Bank)
Regions (SIRs), etc.
Number of Clusters Several towns have emerged as dynamic industrial clusters Clusters Mapping,
contributing handsomely to India’s exports. These industrial EAC-PM (PLFS 2019)
clusters maximize the States’ potential and enable them to
move up the value chain and to tap new markets. (Towns of
Export Excellence - TEE).
Number of IT Parks/ The objective of STPI - Software Technology Parks in India is to State Government
Software Technology Parks/ encourage, promote and boost software exports from India
Food Parks
TRANSPORT CONNECTIVITY
LEADS Index LEADS makes a perception-based assessment of international Department of
trade logistics across Indian states and UTs – focusing on users Commerce, Ministry
and stakeholders. It also provides indicator-level assessments of of Commerce and
performance on specific dimensions. Industry
Multi-Model Logistic Hubs The indicator will capture total area under MMLH catering to State Government
exporters (as a percentage of state area)
Area covered by Air Cargo The indicator will identify the proportion of area within a State Ministry of Civil
Facilities catered by air cargo facilities to assess the connectivity of Aviation
businesses to air cargo facilities.
Area covered by ICDs The last leg of the supply chain, denoting the transportation of State Government
goods from a transportation hub to its final destination. This final
destination could be the location of an end customer or inland
container depots (ICDs)
ACCESS TO FINANCE
Banking Facilities Banks serve as one of the main pillars of economic Reserve Bank of
empowerment by taking care of the financial needs. They are India
critical for the industry to grow by ensuring credit availability.
Loan Schemes for exporters Banks serve as one of the main pillars of economic State Government
empowerment by taking care of the financial needs. They are
critical for the industry to grow by ensuring credit availability.
Export Credit to exporters Banks serve as one of the main pillars of economic Reserve Bank of
empowerment by taking care of the financial needs. They are India
critical for the industry to grow by ensuring credit availability
FDI inflow FDI inflows indicates the willingness of foreign investors to DPIIT
provide finance to a region, which can help drive export
performance.
Pillar 3
EXPORT ECOSYSTEM
TRADE SUPPORT
Presence of knowledge Government's website with information regarding export State Government
and information portal for process/ clearances/ logistics/ services integrated
exporters
Area under Export The establishment of EPIPs, EPZs and SEZs by states provide State Government
Promotion Industrial Parks, exporters with attractive investment opportunities through
Export Promotion Zones and incentives like tax benefits.
Special Economic Zones (as
percentage of State area)
Total area under trade The number of trade fairs and exhibitions conducted by the State Government
exhibition centres (as State Governments help the exporters by providing them
percentage of State area) a platform to showcase their products, meet with industry
partners and examine recent market activities and trends.
Trade Guide Publication of trade guide with geography -based information State Government
on process, commodity, buyers/market intelligence etc. by state
Number of Agri-Export An Agri Export Zone or AEZ is a specific geographic region State Government
Zones in a country demarcated for setting up agriculture-based
processing industries, mainly for export..

The Government of India has launched TIES with the objective
to assist Central and State Government Agencies for creation
Projects Approved under of appropriate infrastructure for growth of exports from the
Trade Infrastructure for States. The Scheme provides financial assistance in the form of State Government
Export Scheme (TIES) grant-in-aid to Central/State Government owned agencies for
setting up or for up-gradation of export infrastructure as per the
guidelines of the Scheme.
"The number of trade fair and exhibitions conducted by state
Number of trade fairs
government help the exporters by providing them a platform
conducted by government State Government
to showcase their products be in with industry partners, and
departments
examine recent market activity and trends.
Capacity Building/ The capacity building schemes help by providing exposure to

State Government
Orientation Workshops exporters.
Membership of exporters in
Total membership of exporters (% of total exporters) in trade
Trade Promotion Council / State Government
promotion council / agencies
Agencies
R&D INFRASTRUCTURE
Laboratory accreditation: an authoritative body gives formal
Number of NABL accredited recognition of technical competence for specific tests/
NABL
labs (per exporter) measurements, based on third party assessment and following
international standards.
Utilization of existing NABL accredited labs in the state. To

Capacity and utilization of
assess the quality of work done and capacity utilization of these State Government
labs
labs.
National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies (NABCB)
Number of Inspection accreditation: to provide international equivalence and
Export Inspection
agencies - NABCB acceptance of certificates and reports so that Government
Council
certification (per exporter) and Industry can take advantage and facilitate domestic trade,
regulatory compliance and export competitiveness
Research Programmes mainly on Crop Improvement,
Research institutes
Biotechnological interventions, Soil testing based Nutrient
dedicated to Industry/
Management Studies, Pest and Disease Management, Farm DST
Export Specific Products
mechanisation feasibility etc. in States can boost their export
(per exporter)
readiness competitiveness in the global markets.
"How much state is spending as a proportion of its GDP in

R&D spending by state as a
Research and Development. DST
% of state GDP
"
Number of professional Professional colleges and universities that are All India Council
colleges (per lakh of of Technical Education (AICTE) accredited will be considered to AICTE
population) promote a culture of research and development.
Pillar 4
EXPORT PERFROMANCE
GROWTH & ORIENTATION

Import Export Code (IEC) IEC is a registration code required by companies for importing State Government
(as a percentage of total and exporting from India, making them eligible for recognition
businesses) as a status holder.
Export as a % of State GDP This indicator calculates the total value of export of the state as DGCIS
% of State GDP
Manufacturing Exports to This indicator gives the contribution of manufacturing exports of DGCIS
GDP Ratio a state to its GDP
Service Exports to GDP This indicator gives the contribution of service exports of a state DGCIS
Ratio to its GDP
Increase in number of Increase in number of exporters in a State will indicate whether DGFT
exporters the business environment in States promotes exports.
EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION
Export Concentration "Product Concentration Index is used to measure the dispersion DGCIS
of trade value across an exporter's products. it is also an
indicator of an exporter's vulnerability to trade shocks
"
Market Penetration Index Market Penetration Index measures the extent to which exports DGCIS and Trade
from a State reach already proven markets. It is calculated as Map
the number of countries to which a State exports a particular
product divided by the number of total countries that import
that product in a year.
APPENDIX II
Pillar 1
POLICY (20%)
Sub-Pillar Indicator Weights
Existence of a valid Export Promotion Policy
Existence of District Level Export Promotion Policy 2
Existence of valid sector-specific policy for exports
EXPORT Thrust sectors for exports 2
PROMOTION Policy emphasis on product quality and standards 2
POLICY (10%) Marketing Support 2

Facilitating measures around export promotion
Performance Measurement System
2
Award for Excellence in exports
Appointment of full time Export Commissioner 1.4

Existence of a State-Centre coordination cell 1.4
International Access 1.4
INSTITUTIONAL Existence of Export Promotion Councils
FRAMEWORK Constitution of DEPC: a. Whether states have DEPC? b. How 1.6
many?*
(10%)
Establishment and functioning of an Empowered Committee 1.4
Newsletters 1.4
Grievance Redressal 1.4
Pillar 2
BUSINESS ECOSYSTEM (40%)
Ease of Doing Business Index 2
Investor Summits
Investor summits: number of investor summits
Investor summits: MOU's/ Lol's signed per summit 2
BUSINESS
Investor summits: Value of MOU's/ Lol's signed
ENVIRONMENT Cost of Doing Business
(10%) Power Cost
2
Single-window Clearance
Labour Reforms 2
Innovative Capacity 2

Power Availability 2
Internet Facilities 2
INFRASTRUCTURE Number of Industrial Corridors
2
(10%) Industrial Land as % of Total Area**
Number of Clusters 2
Number of IT Parks/Software Technology Parks/Food Parks 2
LEADS Index 2.5

TRANSPORT Multi-Model Logistic Hubs 2.5
CONNECTIVITY Area covered by Air Cargo Facilities 2.5
(10%) Area covered by ICDs 2.5
Banking Facilities 2.5

ACCESS TO Loan Schemes for exporters 2.5
FINANCE (10%) Export Credit to exporters 2.5

FDI inflow** 2.5
Pillar 3
EXPORT ECOSYSTEM (20%)
Presence of knowledge and information portal for exporters 2
Area under Export Promotion Industrial Parks , Export
EXPORT Promotion Zones and Special Economic Zones (as percentage
of State area)
2
INFRASTRUCTURE Total area under trade exhibition centres (as percentage of

2
(10%) State area)
Trade Guide 2
Number of Agri-Export Zones 2
Projects Approved under Trade Infrastructure for Export

1.25
Scheme (TIES)
TRADE SUPPORT Number of trade fairs conducted by government departments 1.25
(5%) Capacity Building/Orientation Workshops 1.25

Membership of exporters in Trade Promotion Council / 1.25
Agencies

Number of NABL accredited labs (per exporter )
1**
Capacity and utilization of labs
R&D Number of Inspection agencies - NABCB certification ( per

1
exporter )
INFRASTRUCTURE Research institutes dedicated to Industry/Export Specific 1
(5%) Products (per exporter)
R&D spending by state as a % of state GDP 1
Number of professional colleges (per lakh of population) 1
**Whole weightage was given to 3.3.1.a because of data unavailability
Pillar 4
EXPORT PERFROMANCE

Import Export Code (IEC) (as a percentage of total
2
businesses)
GROWTH & Export as a % of State GDP 2
ORIENTATION Manufacturing Exports to GDP Ratio 2
(10%) Service Exports to GDP Ratio 2
Increase in number of exporters 2
EXPORT Export Concentration 5

DIVERSIFICATION
Market Penetration Index 5
(10%)
APPENDIX III
The following section has been taken from DGCIS – the information has not been modified in any manner.
State Hs Code Commodity Value in INR Number of

countries to
which state
exports the
products
Andaman And 3035910 INDIAN MACKERELS (RASTRELLIGER SPP.) ₹ 7,35,91,909 2
Nicobar
Andaman And 29415000 ERTHROMYCIN AND ITS DRVTVS SLTS ₹ 1,87,98,666 1
Nicobar THEREOF
Andaman And 84089090 OTHERS ₹ 75,37,390 1
Nicobar
Andaman And 29182190 OTHER SALICYLIC ACID AND ITS SALTS ₹ 59,13,376 1
Nicobar
Andaman And 02023000 BONELESS MEAT OF BOVINE ANIMALS, ₹ 45,10,542 1
Nicobar FROZEN
Andaman And 68022390 OTHERS ₹ 39,35,031 3
Nicobar
Andaman And 63026090 TOILET LINEN AND KITCHEN LINEN, OF ₹ 35,43,008 1
Nicobar TERRY TOWELLING OR SIMILA
Andaman And 85443000 IGNTN WIRING SETS AND OTHR WIRING ₹ 28,87,223 1
Nicobar SETS OF A KIND USED IN V
Andaman And 82011000 SPADES AND SHOVELS ₹ 26,13,379 1
Nicobar
Andaman And 71171910 BANGLES ₹ 16,83,636 1
Nicobar
Andhra Pradesh 03061720 VANNAMEI SHRIMP (LITOPENAEUS ₹ 1,52,92,19,64,557 54
VANNAMEI)
Andhra Pradesh 89059090 OTHER UNDER HDNG 8905 ₹ 1,35,95,56,78,735 6
Andhra Pradesh 30049099 OTHER MEDCNE PUT UP FOR RETAIL SALE ₹ 73,62,22,79,146 155
N.E.S
Andhra Pradesh 09042110 OF GENUS CAPSICUM ₹ 41,10,86,47,866 35
Andhra Pradesh 72071190 OTHERS ₹ 40,67,57,77,353 11
Andhra Pradesh 10063010 RICE PARBOILED ₹ 34,35,75,65,372 45
Andhra Pradesh 72023000 FERRO-SILICO-MANGANESE ₹ 31,96,76,94,880 74
Andhra Pradesh 87032391 MOTOR CAR WTH CYLNDR ₹ 25,78,26,80,813 73
CPCTY>=1500CC BUT <3000CC WTH
SPRK-I
Andhra Pradesh 16052900 OTHER SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS ₹ 24,90,87,43,302 25
Andhra Pradesh 24012010 FLUE CURED VIRGINIA TOBACCO PARTLY ₹ 22,35,71,19,232 50
/ WHOLLYSTMD/STRIPPE
Assam 09024010 TEA BLACK IN PCKT>3KG BUT<= 20 KG ₹ 7,67,34,20,748 44
Assam 09024020 TEA BLACK,LEAF IN BULK ₹ 6,44,93,08,908 42
Assam 09024090 OTHER BLACK TEA ₹ 4,27,22,80,355 35
Assam 27101944 AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL FUEL, NOT ₹ 2,55,92,89,841 2
CONTAINING BIODIESEL, CONFORMING
Assam 27040020 COKE AND SEMI-COKE OF LIGNITE OR ₹ 1,29,03,11,828 3
OF PEAT

countries to
which state
exports the
products
Assam 09024040 TEA BAGS ₹ 1,04,47,09,465 33
Assam 09023020 BLACK TEA IN PACKT>25 GM BUT<=1 KG ₹ 54,17,69,311 26
Assam 44029090 OTHER ₹ 50,14,90,029 1
Assam 27011920 STEAM COAL ₹ 43,15,61,274 2
Assam 09024030 TEA BLACK,DUST IN BULK ₹ 28,18,06,820 13
Bihar 27101949 HIGH FLASH HIGH SPEED DIESEL FUEL ₹ 31,90,97,49,515 1
CONFORMING TO STANDARD IS
Bihar 02023000 BONELESS MEAT OF BOVINE ANIMALS, ₹ 15,96,87,96,582 28
FROZEN
Bihar 27101241 MOTOR GASOLINE CONFORMING TO ₹ 10,23,34,17,299 1
STANDARD IS 2796
Bihar 10061090 OTHR RICE IN HUSK ₹ 8,06,19,08,295 2
Bihar 10059090 OTHER ₹ 7,83,00,51,457 2
Bihar 27111990 OTHER ₹ 5,03,71,20,250 1
Bihar 10059011 YELLOW ₹ 3,90,26,15,550 2
Bihar 10019910 WHEAT ₹ 2,63,97,88,993 3
Bihar 10063090 RICE EXCPTG PARBOILED (EXCL BASMATI ₹ 2,05,31,93,150 5
RICE)
Bihar 02062900 OTHR EDIBLE OFFAL OF BOVINE ₹ 1,77,66,84,897 16
ANIMALS,FROZEN
Chandigarh 85171211 MOBILE PHONES, OTHER THAN PUSH ₹ 59,23,27,622 1
BUTTON TYPE
Chandigarh 90079100 PRTS AND ACCESSORS FR ₹ 50,46,82,658 74
CINAMATOGRPHC CAMERAS
Chandigarh 84485190 SNKRS,NEDL ETC. OF OTHER TXTL ₹ 47,17,70,347 4
MACHINERY
Chandigarh 84523090 NEEDLES FR OTHER TYPE SEWNG MCHNS ₹ 30,82,06,809 4
Chandigarh 90181990 OTHR ELCTRO-DIAGNOSTC APPRTS ₹ 28,93,45,446 3
Chandigarh 90229090 OTHERS ₹ 24,77,73,122 6
Chandigarh 90229040 X-RAY EXAMN OR TRTMNT TABLE, CHAIR ₹ 19,83,91,946 3
OR LIKE
Chandigarh 10063020 BASMATI RICE ₹ 19,75,58,185 15
Chandigarh 21069099 OTHER FOOD PREPARATION NES ₹ 16,34,21,510 9
Chandigarh 30041090 OTHER MDCMNTS CNTNG PENCLLNS/ ₹ 15,29,16,277 4
DRVTVS THROF WITH A PENCLLNC AC
Chhattisgarh 10063010 RICE PARBOILED ₹ 35,49,74,64,986 51
Chhattisgarh 76011010 ALUMINIUM INGOTS-NOT ALLOYED ₹ 30,61,44,67,313 8
Chhattisgarh 26011210 AGGLOMERATED IRON ORE PELLETS ₹ 14,42,14,93,495 3
Chhattisgarh 10064000 BROKEN RICE ₹ 12,23,32,24,667 25
Chhattisgarh 26011139 65% FE AND ABOVE ₹ 11,56,88,78,485 2
Chhattisgarh 10063090 RICE EXCPTG PARBOILED (EXCL BASMATI ₹ 6,92,72,24,272 40
RICE)
Chhattisgarh 26011119 65% FE AND ABOVE ₹ 6,27,96,20,692 1

countries to
which state
exports the
products
Chhattisgarh 26011142 55% FE OR MORE BUT BELOW 58% FE ₹ 5,41,19,90,859 2
Chhattisgarh 72071920 MILD STEEL (M.S.) BILLETS ₹ 4,83,02,90,002 4
Delhi 84111200 TURBO-JETS OF A THRUST>25 KN ₹ 1,37,18,21,22,502 19
Delhi 10063020 BASMATI RICE ₹ 24,60,56,28,991 107
Delhi 71131910 JEWELLERY OF GOLD UNSET ₹ 14,56,18,68,205 13
Delhi 85171211 MOBILE PHONES, OTHER THAN PUSH ₹ 13,42,44,87,155 8
BUTTON TYPE
Delhi 88033000 OTHR PRTS OF AEROPLANES/ ₹ 11,34,36,53,781 39
HELICOPTERS
Delhi 61091000 T-SHIRTS ETC OF COTTON ₹ 10,17,44,12,692 101
Delhi 84071000 AIR-CRAFT ENGINES ₹ 9,43,27,23,379 8
Delhi 88024000 AEROPLANES AND OTHR AIRCRAFT,OF AN ₹ 7,63,40,09,279 4
UNLADEN WEIGHT EXCEEDING
Delhi 62114300 OTHER GARMENTS OF MAN-MADE FIBRES ₹ 7,19,02,01,018 100
Delhi 30049099 OTHER MEDCNE PUT UP FOR RETAIL SALE ₹ 7,07,36,06,298 141
N.E.S
Goa 30049099 OTHER MEDCNE PUT UP FOR RETAIL SALE ₹ 28,88,28,07,448 140
N.E.S
Goa 26011141 BELOW 55% FE ₹ 14,82,59,77,506 3
Goa 30049069 OTHER NONSTEROIDAL ₹ 7,64,76,30,731 48
ANTIINFLAMATORY, ANALGESTICS AND
AN
Goa 85176290 OTHER ₹ 6,86,44,87,488 35
Goa 30049039 OTHER ANTINISTANINICS, ANALGESTICS ₹ 6,72,19,61,016 50
AND AN
Goa 72011000 NON-ALLOY PIG IRON CONTNG <=0.5% ₹ 6,27,21,34,265 5
PHOSPHRS
Goa 30049079 OTHER ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS ₹ 5,09,71,65,020 51
Goa 30049081 PHENOBARBITONE, MEPHOBARBITONE, ₹ 4,89,98,76,236 25
PRIMIDONE, PHENYTOIN, CARBAMAZ
Goa 26011142 55% FE OR MORE BUT BELOW 58% FE ₹ 4,72,92,63,797 2
Goa 38089199 OTHER INSECTICIDE NES ₹ 4,28,15,16,722 18
Gujarat 27101944 AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL FUEL, NOT ₹ 3,24,74,39,67,917 31
CONTAINING BIODIESEL, CONFORMING
Gujarat 27101949 HIGH FLASH HIGH SPEED DIESEL FUEL ₹ 1,32,62,27,19,966 26
Gujarat 30049099 OTHER MEDCNE PUT UP FOR RETAIL SALE ₹ 1,03,64,11,20,149 185
N.E.S
Gujarat 27101920 AVIATION TURBINE FUEL (ATF) ₹ 1,02,56,48,07,316 18
Gujarat 71023910 DIAMOND(OTHR THN INDSTRL DIAMOND) ₹ 94,93,11,73,935 44
CUT OR OTHERWISE WORKED B
Gujarat 27101241 MOTOR GASOLINE CONFORMING TO ₹ 94,09,24,39,643 12
STANDARD IS 2796
Gujarat 29024300 P-XYLENE ₹ 88,84,69,54,133 11

countries to
which state
exports the
products
Gujarat 71131120 SILVER JEWELLERY SET WITH GEMS ₹ 82,72,43,59,508 19
Gujarat 69072100 OF A WATER ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT ₹ 76,39,15,85,956 178
BY WEIGHT NOT EXCEEDING 0.
Gujarat 27101290 OTHER ₹ 62,96,47,51,455 14
Haryana 10063020 BASMATI RICE ₹ 1,56,95,51,39,447 122
Haryana 87089900 OTR PRTSANDACCSSRS OF VHCLS OF ₹ 20,38,57,70,566 146
HDG 8701-8705
Haryana 87083000 MOUNTED BRAKE LININGS ₹ 17,49,72,49,588 106
Haryana 94049099 OTHR MATRESS SUPORT AND ARTCLS OF ₹ 14,54,04,20,680 91
BEDNG ETC
Haryana 87112029 MOTR CYCLWTH CYLNDR CPCTY >75 ₹ 13,74,28,73,423 52
BT<=250 CC
Haryana 87032291 MOTOR CAR WTH CYLNDR ₹ 13,26,52,03,709 61
CPCTY>=1000CC BUT < 1500CC WTH
SPRK
Haryana 87032191 MOTOR CAR WTH CYLNDR CPCTY<=1000 ₹ 12,00,55,91,593 54
WTH SPRK-IGNTN
Haryana 10063090 RICE EXCPTG PARBOILED (EXCL BASMATI ₹ 11,83,45,89,911 77
RICE)
Haryana 63026090 TOILET LINEN AND KITCHEN LINEN, OF ₹ 10,71,44,85,751 74
TERRY TOWELLING OR SIMILA
Haryana 57039010 CARPETS ETC OF COTTON (NT DURRIES) ₹ 9,96,87,69,418 86
Himachal Pradesh 30049099 OTHER MEDCNE PUT UP FOR RETAIL SALE ₹ 34,69,47,82,484 154
N.E.S
Himachal Pradesh 30042099 OTHR MEDICAMENT CONTAINING OTHR ₹ 5,28,15,03,401 104
ANTIBIOTICAND PUT UP FOR RE
Himachal Pradesh 30049079 OTHER ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS ₹ 5,20,63,96,246 76
Himachal Pradesh 29420090 OTHER DILOXANIDE FUROATE, ₹ 4,40,22,97,184 75
CIMETIDINE, FAMOTIDINE NES
Himachal Pradesh 30049039 OTHER ANTINISTANINICS, ANTACIDS, ₹ 3,45,21,72,285 63
ANTIULCER, ANTIEMITICS AND OT
Himachal Pradesh 48239019 DECORATIVE LAMINATES ₹ 3,22,68,01,364 55

Himachal Pradesh 30049057 OTHER ANTITUBERCULAR DRUGS ₹ 2,76,27,22,379 94
Himachal Pradesh 30049069 OTHER NONSTEROIDAL ₹ 2,71,71,12,659 75
ANTIINFLAMATORY, ANALGESTICS AND
AN
Himachal Pradesh 30042019 OTHER CEPHALOSPORINS AND THEIR ₹ 2,62,13,55,743 79
DERIVATIVES
Himachal Pradesh 30049081 PHENOBARBITONE, MEPHOBARBITONE, ₹ 1,70,51,50,540 25
Jammu and 62142010 SHAWLS OF WOOL ₹ 1,77,77,79,582 21
Kashmir
Jammu and 30049099 OTHER MEDCNE PUT UP FOR RETAIL SALE ₹ 1,30,87,20,305 39
Kashmir N.E.S
Jammu and 55095300 OTHER YARN OF POLYSTER STAPLE FIBRS ₹ 52,06,92,691 12
Kashmir MIXED MAINLY/SOLELY WITH

countries to
which state
exports the
products
Jammu and 30049079 OTHER ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS ₹ 48,20,24,440 22
Kashmir
Jammu and 57019090 CRPTS AND FLR CVRNGS KNOTTD OTHR ₹ 42,50,03,078 18
Kashmir THAN COTTON
Jammu and 29341000 CMPNDS CNTNG AN UNFUSED THIAZOLE ₹ 42,17,96,016 14
Kashmir RING (W/N HYDROGENATED) IN
Jammu and 55095100 OTHR YARN OF POLYSTR STPL FIBRS ₹ 39,25,19,092 15
Kashmir MIXED MAINLY/SOLELY WITH
Jammu and 39206110 PLTES SHTS ETC OF PLYCRBNTS RIGID, ₹ 37,85,92,420 1
Kashmir PLAIN
Jammu and 30049072 VERAPAMIL, NIFEDIPINE, AMLODIPINE AND ₹ 35,76,46,398 33
Kashmir LACIDIPINE
Jammu and 10063020 BASMATI RICE ₹ 31,89,67,679 15
Kashmir
Jharkhand 72083930 SHEETS OF FLAT-ROLD PRDCTS IN COILS ₹ 32,82,26,31,820 13
OF A THCKNS< 3 MM HOT-
Jharkhand 72071920 MILD STEEL (M.S.) BILLETS ₹ 13,17,57,19,718 6
Jharkhand 72083830 SHEETS OF FLAT-ROLD PRDCTS IN COILS ₹ 6,77,28,12,890 9
OF A THCKNS>=3 BUT< 4.7
Jharkhand 72083940 STRIPS OF FLAT-ROLD PRDCTS IN COILS ₹ 5,49,79,11,355 4
Jharkhand 26011142 55% FE OR MORE BUT BELOW 58% FE ₹ 4,64,77,34,549 2
Jharkhand 72101290 OTHER PLATES,SHEETS,STRIPS ₹ 3,96,80,16,283 18
Jharkhand 87089900 OTR PRTSANDACCSSRS OF VHCLS OF ₹ 3,74,56,15,202 21
HDG 8701-8705
Jharkhand 72139190 OTHERS ₹ 3,27,67,76,090 8
Jharkhand 72031000 FERS PRDCT OBTND BY DRCT RDCTN OF ₹ 2,76,06,61,611 1
IRON ORE
Jharkhand 72071190 OTHERS ₹ 2,15,05,30,582 2
Karnataka 72083940 STRIPS OF FLAT-ROLD PRDCTS IN COILS ₹ 43,14,27,17,056 15
Karnataka 27101949 HIGH FLASH HIGH SPEED DIESEL FUEL ₹ 28,38,54,50,848 12
Karnataka 30049099 OTHER MEDCNE PUT UP FOR RETAIL SALE ₹ 24,01,94,42,842 133
N.E.S
Karnataka 85044010 ELECTRIC INVERTERS ₹ 21,60,52,86,674 54
Karnataka 26011210 AGGLOMERATED IRON ORE PELLETS ₹ 20,77,51,62,055 6
Karnataka 88033000 OTHR PRTS OF AEROPLANES/ ₹ 17,12,23,76,016 49
HELICOPTERS
Karnataka 85044090 OTHERS ₹ 16,77,21,99,909 80
Karnataka 84129090 PARTS OF OTHER ENGINES AND MOTORS ₹ 16,09,09,47,027 45
Karnataka 27101920 AVIATION TURBINE FUEL (ATF) ₹ 15,99,14,47,813 9
Karnataka 62052090 OF COTTON: OTHER ₹ 14,78,27,43,674 91
Kerala 71131910 JEWELLERY OF GOLD UNSET ₹ 20,19,75,70,915 5
Kerala 27101229 FULL RANGE NAPHTHA ₹ 15,31,02,75,875 4

countries to
which state
exports the
products
Kerala 8013220 CASHEW KARNEL, WHOLE ₹ 14,70,58,79,407 40
Kerala 3061720 VANNAMEI SHRIMP (LITOPENAEUS ₹ 9,67,23,17,728 26
VANNAMEI)
Kerala 03061790 OTHER SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS ₹ 8,55,75,51,334 36
Kerala 03074320 WHOLE SQUIDS FROZEN ₹ 7,77,68,40,925 32
Kerala 27101941 GAS OIL ₹ 7,48,87,22,540 6
Kerala 03074310 CUTTLE FISH FROZEN ₹ 5,92,03,27,010 26
Kerala 89012000 TANKERS ₹ 5,29,33,60,544 2
Kerala 61112000 BABIES GARMENTS ETC OF COTTON ₹ 5,27,69,82,043 53
Madhya Pradesh 30049099 OTHER MEDCNE PUT UP FOR RETAIL SALE ₹ 65,59,14,09,913 160
N.E.S
Madhya Pradesh 76011010 ALUMINIUM INGOTS-NOT ALLOYED ₹ 29,99,84,40,380 18
Madhya Pradesh 23040010 OIL-CAKE AND OIL-CAKE MEAL OF SOYA ₹ 22,40,41,97,046 27
BEAN EXPELLER VARIETY
Madhya Pradesh 23040030 MEAL OF SOYABEAN,SOLVENT ₹ 20,54,49,57,081 43
EXTRACTED (DEFATTED) VARIETY
Madhya Pradesh 52010015 INDIAN COTTON OF STAPLE LENGTH ₹ 16,79,97,36,374 11
28.5MM (1.4/32) AND ABOVE
Madhya Pradesh 63053200 FLEXIBLE INTERMEDIATE BULK ₹ 13,25,09,24,644 69
CONTAINERS OF MAN MADE TEXTILE M
Madhya Pradesh 10063020 BASMATI RICE ₹ 12,48,00,04,289 52
Madhya Pradesh 63026090 TOILET LINEN AND KITCHEN LINEN, OF ₹ 10,17,23,00,102 33
Madhya Pradesh 52052410 GREY2401 ₹ 7,81,02,49,377 35
Madhya Pradesh 85451100 ELECTRODES OF A KIND USED FOR ₹ 7,73,87,30,751 38
FURNACES
Maharashtra 30049099 OTHER MEDCNE PUT UP FOR RETAIL SALE ₹ 89,63,18,85,007 196
N.E.S
Maharashtra 17019990 OTHR REFND SUGAR INCLUDNG ₹ 46,49,12,26,623 93
CENTRIFUGAL SUGR
Maharashtra 02023000 BONELESS MEAT OF BOVINE ANIMALS, ₹ 45,34,92,54,428 48
FROZEN
Maharashtra 17011490 OTHER CANE SUGAR EXCL. THOSE ₹ 29,36,76,11,838 40
SPECIFIED IN NOTE 2
Maharashtra 52010015 INDIAN COTTON OF STAPLE LENGTH ₹ 23,88,84,02,380 18
Maharashtra 10063010 RICE PARBOILED ₹ 23,28,34,26,883 84
Maharashtra 08061000 GRAPES FRESH ₹ 20,18,49,39,955 51
Maharashtra 07031010 ONIONS FRESH OR CHILLED ₹ 18,04,78,25,409 57
Maharashtra 10063090 RICE EXCPTG PARBOILED (EXCL BASMATI ₹ 17,60,88,74,174 96
RICE)
Maharashtra 30022019 OTHER SINGLE VACCINE ₹ 15,33,18,23,879 147
Manipur 90183990 OTHERS ₹ 5,73,14,610 2
Manipur 90183920 CARDIAC CATHETERS ₹ 43,02,916 1

countries to
which state
exports the
products
Manipur 30049099 OTHER MEDCNE PUT UP FOR RETAIL SALE ₹ 23,71,872 1
N.E.S
Manipur 84798999 OTHER ₹ 13,15,860 1
Manipur 71023910 DIAMOND(OTHR THN INDSTRL DIAMOND) ₹ 12,18,672 1
CUT OR OTHERWISE WORKED B
Manipur 75052200 WIRE OFNICKEL ALLOYS ₹ 9,05,876 1
Manipur 87089900 OTR PRTSANDACCSSRS OF VHCLS OF ₹ 6,73,796 1
HDG 8701-8705
Manipur 84841090 OTHER GSKTS AND SMLR JOINTS ₹ 5,82,546 1
Manipur 84243000 STM/SND BLSTNG MCHNS AND JET ₹ 3,92,112 1
PRJCTNG MCHNS
Manipur 30041090 OTHER MDCMNTS CNTNG PENCLLNS/ ₹ 2,91,560 1
DRVTVS THROF WITH A PENCLLNC AC
Meghalaya 25210090 LIMESTONE OTHR THN LIMESTONE FLUX ₹ 24,69,61,397 1
Meghalaya 25061010 QUARTZ, LUMPS ₹ 11,98,90,875 1
Meghalaya 12119080 AGARWOOD (INCLDNG CHIPS AND ₹ 11,97,78,540 5
DUST)
Meghalaya 27040020 COKE AND SEMI-COKE OF LIGNITE OR ₹ 11,79,17,957 1
OF PEAT
Meghalaya 25231000 CEMENT CLINKERS ₹ 8,07,70,804 2
Meghalaya 25169010 PAKUR STONE ₹ 6,96,42,742 1
Meghalaya 72022100 FERRO-SILICON CONTNG>55% OF ₹ 1,67,50,359 1
SILICON
Meghalaya 25232910 ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT, DRY ₹ 1,29,52,915 2
Meghalaya 96031000 BROOMS AND BRUSHES,CONSTNG OF ₹ 21,55,683 2
TWIGS/OTHR VGTBL MTRLS BOUN
Meghalaya 19021900 OTHR UNCOOKD NOTSTFD/OTHRWSE ₹ 20,77,882 2
PRPD PSTA
Mizoram 08051000 ORANGES FRESH OR DRIED ₹ 1,72,00,221 1
Mizoram 82071900 OTHER ROCK DRILNG OR EARTH BORNG ₹ 1,42,23,227 1
TOLS, INCLUDING PARTS
Mizoram 08059000 OTHER CITRUS FRUITS FRESH OR DRIED ₹ 97,06,653 1
Mizoram 23012090 FLR MEALS ETC OF OTHR AQUATIC ₹ 78,00,116 1
INVERTEBRATS
Mizoram 25232930 PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT ₹ 6,90,799 1
Mizoram 09101110 FRESH ₹ 4,39,042 1
Mizoram 25210090 LIMESTONE OTHR THN LIMESTONE FLUX ₹ 2,25,743 1
Odisha 76011010 ALUMINIUM INGOTS-NOT ALLOYED ₹ 1,35,57,35,43,850 25
Odisha 26011142 55% FE OR MORE BUT BELOW 58% FE ₹ 1,15,15,68,48,320 4
Odisha 26011210 AGGLOMERATED IRON ORE PELLETS ₹ 68,75,68,22,522 10
Odisha 72083930 SHEETS OF FLAT-ROLD PRDCTS IN COILS ₹ 43,37,65,50,855 13
Odisha 72024100 FERRO-CHROMIUM CARBON ₹ 40,51,33,85,432 24
CONTNG>4% BY WT

countries to
which state
exports the
products
Odisha 26011149 60% FE OR MORE BUT BELOW 62% FE ₹ 31,56,80,19,070 1
Odisha 27101949 HIGH FLASH HIGH SPEED DIESEL FUEL ₹ 31,09,83,47,923 11
Odisha 03061720 VANNAMEI SHRIMP (LITOPENAEUS ₹ 27,87,45,46,844 24
VANNAMEI)
Odisha 28182010 ALUMINA CALCINED ₹ 25,26,46,20,963 8
Odisha 76012020 ALUMINIUM BILLETS - ALLOYED ₹ 24,08,58,29,318 34
Puducherry 29420012 IBUPROFANE ₹ 3,38,45,45,141 49
Puducherry 73082011 T0WERS FOR TRANSMISSI0N LINE W/N ₹ 2,88,58,29,227 17
ASSEMBLED
Puducherry 30049099 OTHER MEDCNE PUT UP FOR RETAIL SALE ₹ 2,17,64,55,779 58
N.E.S
Puducherry 30049063 IBUPROFEN WITH OR WITHOUT ₹ 1,81,09,64,432 13
PARACETAMOL OR OTHER COMPOUNDS
Puducherry 84128090 OTHERS ₹ 1,37,90,16,139 8
Puducherry 85361040 HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY FUSES ₹ 1,33,16,07,269 28
Puducherry 87089400 STERNG WHEELS,STERNG COLUMNS AND ₹ 1,05,77,47,155 11
STERNG BOXS
Puducherry 63049260 TOWEL ORHT THN TERRY OF COTN, ₹ 84,95,98,579 5
NTKNTD/CRCHT
Puducherry 84129030 PRTS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINES AND ₹ 82,96,55,339 12
MOTORS
Puducherry 30049081 PHENOBARBITONE, MEPHOBARBITONE, ₹ 77,13,15,833 10
Punjab 10063020 BASMATI RICE ₹ 53,20,03,15,565 97
Punjab 87089900 OTR PRTSANDACCSSRS OF VHCLS OF ₹ 15,79,43,78,922 131
HDG 8701-8705
Punjab 52052310 GREY ₹ 13,10,48,12,870 46
Punjab 02023000 BONELESS MEAT OF BOVINE ANIMALS, ₹ 12,75,17,10,709 26
FROZEN
Punjab 63026090 TOILET LINEN AND KITCHEN LINEN, OF ₹ 11,13,76,72,042 60
Punjab 73084000 PROPS AND SMLR EQUIPMENT FOR ₹ 8,53,38,56,353 76
SCAFFOLDING, SHUTTERING OR PI
Punjab 82041110 HND-OPRTED SPANERS NON ₹ 8,26,26,23,464 114
ADJUSTABLE
Punjab 52052410 GREY2401 ₹ 7,85,79,18,428 38
Punjab 87019300 OTHER TRACTORS, OF AN ENGINE ₹ 7,27,06,22,603 97
POWEREXCEEDING 37 KW BUT NOT EX
Punjab 30049099 OTHER MEDCNE PUT UP FOR RETAIL SALE ₹ 6,93,50,28,861 94
N.E.S
Rajasthan 94036000 OTHER WOODEN FURNITURE ₹ 37,89,22,91,827 108
Rajasthan 79011100 ZINC,NOT ALLOYD,CONTNG BY ₹ 24,90,79,45,181 23
WT>=99.99% ZINC
Rajasthan 40117000 OF A KIND USED ON AGRICULTURAL OR ₹ 13,06,72,52,819 77
FORESTRY VEHICLES AND MACH

countries to
which state
exports the
products
Rajasthan 71131120 SILVER JEWELLERY SET WITH GEMS ₹ 10,05,55,87,624 89
Rajasthan 68022390 OTHERS ₹ 9,98,68,25,680 113
Rajasthan 94032090 OTHERS ₹ 7,39,75,42,484 91
Rajasthan 13023230 GUARGUM TREATED AND PULVERISED ₹ 6,85,24,50,924 71
Rajasthan 25162000 SANDSTONE ₹ 6,82,81,94,419 78
Rajasthan 55151130 FBRC OF POLSTR,MXD WTH VISCOS ₹ 6,45,85,51,317 76
RYON,DYED
Rajasthan 68109990 0THERS ₹ 6,36,82,07,947 33
Sikkim 30045039 OTHER AMINO ACID/ PROTEIN PREPN. ₹ 15,52,30,909 2
WITH / WITHOUT VIT
Sikkim 90278090 OTHERS ₹ 12,22,57,260 25
Sikkim 30049099 OTHER MEDCNE PUT UP FOR RETAIL SALE ₹ 10,29,50,499 21
N.E.S
Sikkim 19022010 COOKED STUFFED PASTA ₹ 8,02,54,767 1
Sikkim 30042019 OTHER CEPHALOSPORINS AND THEIR ₹ 6,01,42,144 5
DERIVATIVES
Sikkim 30049029 OTHER ANTHELMINTICS ₹ 2,91,73,664 8
DRUGS;ANTIAMOEBIC AND OTHER
ANTIPROTOZOA
Sikkim 30045036 VITAMIN D IN TABLETS, CAPSULES, SYRUP ₹ 2,43,29,813 1
ET
Sikkim 30049079 OTHER ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS ₹ 1,81,44,621 4
Sikkim 30049091 SALBUTAMOL, TERBUTALINE, EPHEDRINE, ₹ 1,48,78,055 2
SALMETEROL AND MET
Sikkim 21069091 OTHER DIABETIC FOODS ₹ 1,19,24,636 11
Tamil Nadu 87032291 MOTOR CAR WTH CYLNDR ₹ 74,62,80,00,261 86
CPCTY>=1000CC BUT < 1500CC WTH
SPRK
Tamil Nadu 61091000 T-SHIRTS ETC OF COTTON ₹ 62,49,00,71,650 144
Tamil Nadu 87089900 OTR PRTSANDACCSSRS OF VHCLS OF ₹ 55,32,47,71,868 139
HDG 8701-8705
Tamil Nadu 61112000 BABIES GARMENTS ETC OF COTTON ₹ 34,53,98,87,701 95
Tamil Nadu 87032391 MOTOR CAR WTH CYLNDR ₹ 30,72,42,86,047 40
CPCTY>=1500CC BUT <3000CC WTH
SPRK-I
Tamil Nadu 84834000 GEARS AND GEARNG,EXCL TOOTHD ₹ 29,10,92,70,778 82
WHEELS,TRNSMSN ELMNTS PRSNTD SE
Tamil Nadu 87032191 MOTOR CAR WTH CYLNDR CPCTY<=1000 ₹ 28,42,52,70,490 42
WTH SPRK-IGNTN
Tamil Nadu 84818030 INDUSTRIAL VALVES(EXCL PRESSURE- ₹ 24,34,66,44,365 101
REDUCING VALVES,AND THRMSTC
Tamil Nadu 68022390 OTHERS ₹ 23,11,74,92,887 112
Tamil Nadu 87112029 MOTR CYCLWTH CYLNDR CPCTY >75 ₹ 22,30,38,60,167 73
BT<=250 CC
Telangana 30049099 OTHER MEDCNE PUT UP FOR RETAIL SALE ₹ 1,01,34,25,44,000 170
N.E.S

countries to
which state
exports the
products
Telangana 29339990 OTHER ₹ 25,88,02,36,004 99
Telangana 29349990 OTHER ₹ 15,61,61,05,659 86
Telangana 25161100 GRANITE CRUDE OR ROUGHLY TRIMMED ₹ 11,90,25,66,190 15
Telangana 29333990 OTHER CMPNDS CNTNG AN UNFUSED ₹ 11,65,05,15,424 92
PYRDN RING (W/N HYDRGNTD) IN
Telangana 29242990 OTHER CYCLIC AMIDES AND THR DRVTVS ₹ 11,54,11,50,085 61
AND SALTS
Telangana 84111200 TURBO-JETS OF A THRUST>25 KN ₹ 11,06,77,54,366 12
Telangana 29335990 OTHER CMPNDS CNTNG A PYRIMIDINE ₹ 10,57,31,49,125 86
RING (W/N HYDRGNTD) OR PIPER
Telangana 52010015 INDIAN COTTON OF STAPLE LENGTH ₹ 10,41,55,00,332 10
Telangana 29419090 OTHER ANTIBIOTICS ₹ 9,93,42,27,910 81
Tripura 84119900 PARTS OF OTHER GAS TURBINES ₹ 76,88,54,594 1
Tripura 94038200 WOODEN OF BAMBOO FURNITURE OF ₹ 1,40,62,730 1
THE KIND USED IN BED
Tripura 40070010 THREAD OF VULENSE RUBR,NOT COVRD ₹ 1,27,92,333 1
ELSEWHERE
Tripura 30021500 IMMUNOLOGICAL PRODUCTS, PUT UP IN ₹ 1,05,71,847 1
MEASURED DOSES OR IN FORM
Tripura 07031010 ONIONS FRESH OR CHILLED ₹ 50,60,769 2
Tripura 14019090 OTHR VEGTBL MATRLS OTHR THN CANES ₹ 38,10,690 2
EXCL BAMBOO AND RTN
Tripura 09093129 OTHER SEEDS OF CUMMIN EXCL. BLACK; ₹ 36,36,014 1
NEITHER CRUSHED NOR GROUN
Tripura 09101110 FRESH ₹ 32,74,426 1
Tripura 40012100 NATRL RUBR IN SMKD SHEETS ₹ 26,19,000 1
Tripura 87112029 MOTR CYCLWTH CYLNDR CPCTY >75 ₹ 15,38,399 1
BT<=250 CC
Uttar Pradesh 85171211 MOBILE PHONES, OTHER THAN PUSH ₹ 1,69,20,18,66,053 31
BUTTON TYPE
Uttar Pradesh 2023000 BONELESS MEAT OF BOVINE ANIMALS, ₹ 1,23,66,55,82,520 47
FROZEN
Uttar Pradesh 73269099 ALL OTHER ARTICLES OF IRON/STEEL NES ₹ 25,70,44,95,029 124
OTHER STEERING OR
Uttar Pradesh 76011010 ALUMINIUM INGOTS-NOT ALLOYED ₹ 25,63,31,29,019 14
Uttar Pradesh 29061100 MENTHOL ₹ 19,27,22,91,712 59
Uttar Pradesh 17011490 OTHER CANE SUGAR EXCL. THOSE ₹ 15,53,55,98,441 17
SPECIFIED IN NOTE 2
Uttar Pradesh 17019990 OTHR REFND SUGAR INCLUDNG ₹ 14,78,98,05,422 42
CENTRIFUGAL SUGR
Uttar Pradesh 76169990 OTHERS ARTICLES OF ALUMINIUM N.E.S. ₹ 14,21,96,68,335 117
Uttar Pradesh 64039190 LTHR FTWEAR OF OTHR SOLE ₹ 14,20,15,46,079 66
Uttar Pradesh 10063090 RICE EXCPTG PARBOILED (EXCL BASMATI ₹ 12,78,17,03,733 51
RICE)

countries to
which state
exports the
products
Uttarakhand 79011100 ZINC,NOT ALLOYD,CONTNG BY ₹ 25,91,84,20,360 16
WT>=99.99% ZINC
Uttarakhand 71131910 JEWELLERY OF GOLD UNSET ₹ 19,97,80,67,839 3
Uttarakhand 89011010 SHIPS ₹ 13,14,11,40,376 1
Uttarakhand 71189000 OTHER COIN ₹ 9,39,59,67,414 3
Uttarakhand 30049099 OTHER MEDCNE PUT UP FOR RETAIL SALE ₹ 8,58,07,67,240 134
N.E.S
Uttarakhand 89069000 OTHER UNDER HDNG 8906 ₹ 7,55,47,61,916 1
Uttarakhand 87089200 SILENCERS AND EXHAUST PIPES ₹ 3,54,87,54,585 23
Uttarakhand 87112029 MOTR CYCLWTH CYLNDR CPCTY >75 ₹ 3,27,20,29,466 11
BT<=250 CC
Uttarakhand 78011000 REFINED LEAD ₹ 3,00,24,28,801 8
Uttarakhand 29053100 ETHYLENE GLYCOL (ETHANEDIOL) ₹ 2,47,55,47,760 13
West Bengal 72071920 MILD STEEL (M.S.) BILLETS ₹ 41,16,94,34,812 9
West Bengal 10063010 RICE PARBOILED ₹ 28,00,04,90,614 55
West Bengal 71131910 JEWELLERY OF GOLD UNSET ₹ 26,31,33,26,240 13
West Bengal 26011210 AGGLOMERATED IRON ORE PELLETS ₹ 24,00,81,64,033 3
West Bengal 03061720 VANNAMEI SHRIMP (LITOPENAEUS ₹ 22,51,91,16,134 39
VANNAMEI)
West Bengal 67030010 HUMAN HAIR DRESSED OR OTHERWISE ₹ 15,38,92,54,456 17
WORKED
West Bengal 42032910 GLOVES FOR USE IN INDUSTRY ₹ 13,00,51,21,413 90
West Bengal 10063090 RICE EXCPTG PARBOILED (EXCL BASMATI ₹ 11,47,18,13,647 53
RICE)
West Bengal 52010015 INDIAN COTTON OF STAPLE LENGTH ₹ 11,04,63,91,159 4
West Bengal 72023000 FERRO-SILICO-MANGANESE ₹ 10,96,41,66,619 55
Note: All images used in the report are for representation purposes only
Institute for Competitiveness, India (IFC) is the Indian knot in the global
network of the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness at Harvard
Business School. IFC India is an international initiative dedicated to the
enlarging and purposeful dissemination of the body of research and
knowledge on competition and strategy, as pioneered over the last 25 years
by Professor Michael Porter of the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness
at Harvard Business School. Institute for Competitiveness, India conducts
and supports indigenous research, offers academic and executive courses,
provides advisory services to the corporate and government sectors, and
organises events. The institute studies competition and its implications for
company strategy; the competitiveness of nations, regions, and cities and
thus, generates guidelines for businesses and those in governance and
suggests and provides solutions to socio-economic problems.
The Institute for Competitiveness

U24/8, U-24 Road, U Block, DLF Phase 3, Sector 24, Gurugram, Haryana
122022 info@competitiveness.in | www.competitiveness.in

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1

(Badri Narayanan Gopalakrishnan)

The report consists of seven

The third chapter lays out

and Karnataka. In the category of

The fifth chapter provides

Finally, Appendix I provides the

Its However, we need to delve promotion at the sub-

The importance of exports

The second edition of Moreover, the index strengthening India’s position

Factors Driving Export Growth

FIGURE 1 : Scatterplot of Exports and GDP (2011-12 to 2020-21)

Exports of Goods and Services, current (₹ crore)

Raw Materials and Intermediate Goods

Source: Ministry of Commerce and Industry

Research and Development (R&D)

contributed over a third in 2011-12 to 2018-19 for relationship between R&D

FIGURE 3 : Scatterplot of R&D expenditure and Exports (2011-12 to 2018-19)

R&D Expenditure (₹ crore)

Source: Compiled from MOSPI and DST, Government of India.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Post entry into an

A high concentration market. Specifically, the domestic market and

FIGURE 4 : Percentage Share in Exports of States

Sum of % Shares in 2019-20 Sum of % Shares in 2020-21

FIGURE 5 : States Driving India’s Exports over last few years

MAHARASHTRA GUJARAT TAMIL NADU KARNATAKA ANDHRA PRADESH

The above graph depicts In the discussion of gaining Major determinants

better coordination between government and the relevant

India’s export scenario

Trends in Merchandise exports

Total Merchandise exports ($ million) YOY growth (merchandise export) (%)

Source: Ministry of Commerce and Industry

Major commodities driving India’s Merchandise exports

FIGURE 7 : Major Export Commodity Basket Trends (2015-20)

Agriculture Products Electronic Products Gems & Jewellery Products

Source: Ministry of Commerce and Industry

From FY 2015-16 to FY 2018- traditional sectors (textiles

Trends in Service Exports

Total Service exports ($ million) YOY growth (service export) (%)

Source: Ministry of Commerce and Industry

Impact of Covid 19- India

However, everything came

A reduction in the Chinese

India depends on China for

The manufacturing sector

FIGURE 9 : Index on Industrial Production for Manufacturing Sector (2019-21)

FIGURE 10 : Index on Industrial Production for various sector (2019-21)

2019-20 2020-21 Growth

motor vehicles, trailers

Impact on Indian Exports

FIGURE 11 : India’s commodity wise exports in 2019-20 and 2020-21

Plastic And Linoleum

Rmg Of All Textiles

Organic & Inorganic

Gems And Jewellery

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000

Source: Monthly Bulletin on Foreign Trade Statistics for April 2021

Decline in the exports of petroleum products

Petroleum products represent The reason behind this fall

Decline in the exports of gems and jewellery products

In April 2020, the export of demand etc. However, it

Decline in the exports of engineered goods,